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6.013/ESD.013J Electromagnetics and Applications, Fall 2005

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6.013 - Electromagnetics and Applications

Fall 2005

Lecture 12+13 - Transient Waves on Transmission Lines

Prof. Markus Zahn

October 25 and 27, 2005

I. Wave equation (Lossless)

2
v
i
2v
2 v
= L
=
c
z
t
t2
z 2
i
v
1
1
= C
c=
=
z
t

LC

Solution: v(z, t) = V+ t zc + V t + zc

Proof: Let = t

z
c

1
= 1,
z = c

z
Superposition: v+ (z, t) = V+ t
c
dv+
dv+
v+
=
=
t
d t
d
2
2
v+
d v+
d2 v+
=
=
t2
d2 t
d2
v+
dv+
1 dv+
=
=
z
d z
c d
2 v+
1 d2 v+
1 d2 v+
=

=
2
z 2
c2 d
c d2 z

2
2
2
v+
d v+
1 d2 v+
d2 v+
2 v
2
=
=
c
=
c
=
t2
d2
z 2
c2 d2
d2
Negative z directed waves: Let = t +
v
t
2 v
t2
v
z
2
v
z 2
2 v
t2

=
=
=
=
=

z
c

= 1,
z =

1
c

dv
dv
=
d t
d
d2 v
d2 v
=
d 2 t
d 2
dv
1 dv
=
d z
c d
2
1 d v
1 d2 v
=
c d 2 z
c2 d 2

2
2
d v
1 d2 v
d2 v
2 v
2
=
c
=
c
=
d 2
z 2
c2 d 2
d 2

II. Solution for current i(z, t)

v
i
= L
z
t

i
v
= C
z
t

2
2i
2 i
=
c
t2
z 2

Solution: i(z, t) = I+ t zc + I t + zc

v(z, t) = V+ t zc + V t + zc

1
+z solution: = t zc ,
t = 1, z = c

i+
dv+
v+
1 dv+

= L
=
z
t
d z
c d
di+
= L
d t
di+
= L
d

di+
L di+
di+
dv+
L di+
= Lc
=
=
= Z0
d
d
C
d
d
d
LC

z
z
v+ = i+ Z0 I+ t
= Y0 V+ t
c
c

C
1
Y0 =
=
L
Z0

z solution: = t + zc ,
t = 1, z =

1
c

v
i
dv
1 dv

= L
=
z
t
d z
c d
di
= L
d t
di
= L
d

dv
di
L di
L di
di
= Lc
=
=
= Z0
d
d
d
C d
LC d

z
z
v = i Z0 I+ t +
= Y0 V t +
c
c

z
z
v(z, t) = V+ t
+ V t +
c z
c z
i(z, t) = Y0 V+ t
V t +
c
c
III. Transmission Line Transient Waves
A. Transients on Innitely Long Transmission Lines
1. Initial Conditions

z
z
v(z, t = 0) = V+
+ V
=0
z c
z c
i(z, t = 0) = Y0 V+
=0
V
c
c
z
z
V+
= 0, V
=0
c
c
z
z
z > 0, t > 0 t + > 0 V t +
=0
c
c

z
z
z
t > 0 if t > to allow V+ t
= 0
c
c
c

z
z
v(z, t)
With V t +
= 0 v(z, t) = V+ t

= Z0
c
c
i(z, t)

z
i(z, t) = Y0 V+ t
c
2. Traveling Wave Solution
v(z = 0, t) = V (t) = V+ (t)
Z0
V (t) = V+ (t)
v(z = 0, t) =
Z0 + RS
V (t)
i(z = 0, t) = Y0 V+ (t) =
RS + Z0

z
Z0
v(z, t) =
V t
Z0 + RS
c

1
z
i(z, t) =
V t
RS + Z0
c

From Electromagnetic Field Theory: A Problem Solving Approach, by Markus Zahn, 1987. Used with permission.

B. Reections from Resistive Terminations

1. Reection Coecient

From Electromagnetic Field Theory: A Problem Solving Approach, by Markus Zahn, 1987. Used with permission.

l
l
+ V t +
At z = l : v(l, t) = V+ t
c
c
= i(l, t)RL

l
l
= Y0 RL V+ t
V t +
c
c

V t + cl
RL Z0

=
L =
l
RL + Z0
V+ t c
Special cases:
a. RL = Z0 L = 0 (matched line)
b. RL = 0 L = 1 (short circuited line)

If RL < Z0 , L < 0

c. RL = L = +1 (open circuited line)

If RL > Z0 , L > 0

2. Step Voltage
At z = 0:
v(z = 0, t) + i(0, t)RS = V0
V+ (z = 0, t) + V (z = 0, t) + Y0 RS [V+ (z = 0, t) V (z = 0, t)] = V0
Z0 V0
RS Z0
V+ (z = 0, t) = S V (z = 0, t) +
, S =
Z0 + RS
RS + Z0
a. Matched Line: RL = Z0 , L = 0; RS = Z0 , S = 0
L = 0 V t + zc = 0, V+ (z = 0, t) = V20 , in steady state after time T = cl
b. Short circuited line: RL = 0, L = 1,RS =Z0 , S = 0

L = 1 V+ = V . When V+ t zc and V t + zc overlap in space,

V0
v(z, t) = 0. For t 2T = 2l
c , v(z, t) = 0, i(z, t) = Z0 .
c. Open circuited line: RL = , L = +1, RS = Z0 , S = 0

L = +1 V+ = +V . For t 2T = 2cl , v(z, t) = V0 , i(z, t) = 0

From Electromagnetic Field Theory: A Problem Solving Approach, by Markus Zahn, 1987. Used with permission.

From Electromagnetic Field Theory: A Problem Solving Approach, by Markus Zahn, 1987. Used with permission.

From Electromagnetic Field Theory: A Problem Solving Approach, by Markus Zahn, 1987. Used with permission.

3. Approach to the DC Steady State (neither end matched)

Z0
RS Z0
z = 0 : V+ (t) = 0 V0 + S V (t), 0 =
, S =
RS + Z0
RS + Z0

l
l
RL Z0
z = l : V t +
= L V+ t
, L =
c
c
RL + Z0
at z = l:
V+n = 0 V0 + S V(n1)
V(n1) = L V+(n1)
V+n = 0 V0 + S L V+(n1) V+n S L V+(n1) = 0 V0
Particular Solution:
V+n = constant
constant (1 S L ) = 0 V0
0 V 0
constant =
1 S L
Homogeneous Solution:
V+n S L V+(n1) = 0
Try a solution of the form: V+n = An

A n S L n1 = 0 = S L
0 V 0
+ A (S L )n
V+n =
1 S L
6

Initial Condition:
V+1 = 0 V0 =

0 V 0
0 V 0
+ A(S L ) A =
1 S L
1 S L
0 V 0
V+n =
[1 (S L )n ]
1 S L
V(n1) = L V+(n1) Vn = L V+n
V0 (1 + L )0 V0
[1 (S L )n )]
1 S L
RL
=
V0 [1 (S L )n ]
RL + RS
RL
lim Vn =
V0
n
RL + RS

Vn = V+n + Vn = V+n (1 + L ) =

From Electromagnetic Field Theory: A Problem Solving Approach, by Markus Zahn, 1987. Used with permission.

Y0 (1 L )0 V0 [1 (S L )n ]
1 S L
V0 [1 (S L )n ]
=
RL + RS

In = Y0 [V+n Vn ] = Y0 (1 L )V+n =

a. Special Case: RS = 0, RL = 3Z0 .

RL Z0
S = 1, L = R
= 24 = 12 S L = 21
L +Z0

n
1
Vn = V0 1
2

n
V0
1
In =
1
3Z0
2

z=l

b. Special Case: RS = 0, RL = 13 Z0
7

S = 1, L =

RL Z0
RL +Z0

23
4
3

= 12 S L = + 12

n
1
Vn = V0 1
2

z=l

c. Special Case: RS = 0, RL = (open circuit)

S L = 1
Vn =

RL
V0 [1 (S L )n ] = V0 (1 (1)n )
RS + RL

0
n even
=
2V0 n odd

d. Special Case: RS = 0, RL = 0 (short circuit)

S L = +1
In =
S =
L =
IN =

V0
[1 (S L )n ] Indeterminate
RL + RS

RS
RS Z0
RS 2
RS
Z0 1
= R
12
1
S
RS + Z0
Z0
Z0
Z0 + 1

2RL
RL Z0
1
RL + Z0
Z0

V0
2RL
2R S n
1 1
1
RL + RS
Z0
Z0

n
V0
2(RL + RS )
1 1
Z0
R L + RS

V0
2n(RL + RS )
11+
RL + RS
Z0
V0 2n

Z0

di
This approximates an inductor: V0 = (Ll) dt
i = VLl0 t
e. Special Case: RL = (open circuit)
L = 1 Vn = V0 [1 nS ]
This approximates the transmission line as a capacitor being charged through
the resistor RS :

v(t) = V0 1 et/

= RS Cl

From Electromagnetic Field Theory: A Problem Solving Approach, by Markus Zahn, 1987. Used with permission.

From Electromagnetic Field Theory: A Problem Solving Approach, by Markus Zahn, 1987. Used with permission.

C. Reections from Arbitrary Terminations

From Electromagnetic Field Theory: A Problem Solving Approach, by Markus Zahn, 1987. Used with permission.

l
l
v(z = l, t) = VL (t) = V+ t
+ V t +
c
c

l
l
V t +
i(z = l, t) = IL (t) = Y0 V+ t
c
c

l
l
Eliminate V t +
2V+ t
= VL (t) + IL (t)Z0
c
c

l
l
V t +
= VL (t) V+ t
c
c
1. Capacitor CL at z = l, RS = Z0 V+ =
t>T

V0
2

VL (t) = vc (t), IL (t) = CL

Z0 CL

dvc
dt

dvc
+ vc = 2V+ = V0 , t > T
dt

vc (t) = V0 1 e(tT )/(Z0 CL ) , t > T

l
c
V = vc (t) V+

V0
= + V0 1 e(tT )/(Z0 CL )
2
V0
=
V0 e(tT )/(Z0 CL )
2
dvc
V0 (tT )/(Z0 CL )
ic = CL
=
e
,t > T
dt
Z0
T =

2. Inductor LL at z = l
LL

diL
+ iL Z0 = 2V+ = V0 , t > T
dt

V0
iL =
1 e(tT )Z0 /LL , t > T
Z0
diL
vL = LL
= V0 e(tT )Z0 /LL , t > T
dt
10

From Electromagnetic Field Theory: A Problem Solving Approach, by Markus Zahn, 1987. Used with permission.

11