THE SANSKRIT TEACHER? CONTAINING INTERESTING SENTENCES AND VERSES," FROM SANSKRIT LITERATURE \S \Z \ a (IN TWO PaRTS) PART II (FOR STANDARDS VI AND VII) BY RAO BAHADUR KAMALASHANKAR PRANSHANKAR TRIVEDI, 8. A., RETIRED PRINCIPAL, P. R. TRAINING COLLEGE, AHMEDABAD, AND EXAMINER IN SANSKRIT IN THE BOMBAY AND PUNJAB UNIVERSITIES MACMILLAN AND CO., LIMITED, BOMBAY, CALCUTTA, MADRAS, AND LONDON 1922 Price Rs. 2-0-0FIRST AND SECOND EDITIONS PUBLISHED ELSEWHERE THIRD EDITION (REVISED & ENLARGED) 1915 FOURTH EDITION (REVISED & ENLARGED) 1916 FIFTH EDITION (REVISED & ENLARGED) 1918 SIXTH EDITION (REVISED & ENLARGED) IN 2 PARTS-1922 Printed by Manilel Itcharam Desai at THE GUJARATI PRINTING PRESS No. 8, 8A8800N BUILDINGS, OIROLE, FORT, BOMBAYPREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION The study of the Sanskrit language which is a mine of in- valuable ancient literature is beneficial to all nations from various standpoints, archeological, philological, and others, but to none more than to the Hindus whose life is permeated by religion. It is essential to them for the proper knowledge and cultivation of their vernaculars and the comprehension of their religious and philosophical literature which is the wonder of the civilized world and for which they must have a yearning when foreigners like the Germans, the English, and the Americans are struck with admiration and devote their lives to its study. During my official career in High Schools and Colleges I have learnt that the study of Sanskrit suffers much for lack of interest in it on the part of students. Indeed, they are inspired with love for it, which endures through life, if the subject is properly handled and the rich treasures of the literature placed before them; It is with the object of facilitating this study by creating a taste in it that the ‘Sanskrit Teacher’ is composed on somewhat new lines. The following are the special features of the work:— (a) The cream of Sanskrit literature is supplied to students in every lesson. Great care is bestowed upon the selection of sentences, passages, and verses. They are culled out from classical authors, the great epics, and the Upanishads. They embody proverbial expressions useful in every-day life and ordi- nary conversation (such as waranfant Stat a ate TTeATR:, smart norettat emte:, emer ge: Aare saree, WA a qrametht ata sd orftqaan:, weale aege as wepTg:)4 and passages full of wisdom and usefulness. They are such as are sure to elevate the mind to a high plane of morality and devotion and inspire it with a spirit of respect and reverence for all that is great and good, respect for learning and wisdom, respect for power and authority, and reverence for God. (6) The book winds up with a large selection of prose and poetic passages. The prose passages are taken from the Paficha-tantra, the DaSakumiaracharita, the Kédambari, and the works of Safkaracharya. They thus supply the student with different specimens of style. The poetic passages are selected from the works of Chinakya, Bhartrihari, K4lidisa, Bhavabhiti, the Ramiyana, the Mahabharata, and various other works. (c) A language is best learnt by the study of its poetic literature which contains wise thoughts clothed in felicitous expression. The committing to memory such gems of literature ensures a command over the language and deepens a taste for it. The object of meeting this requirement is specially kept in view in the selection of verses in lessons and also at the end of the book, which has so many as about 200 of them. (d) The student is introduced to a knowledge of Sanskrit metres and figures of speech. The characteristics of the ganas are explained and the student supplied with definitions of a few leading metres such as Malini, Vasantatilaké, Harini, and Sikha- rinf. The leading features of a few figures such as the Upamé, the Ripaka, the Arthantarany4sa, and the Anyokti are elucida- ted in lessons and notes at the end. (e) The student is directly taken to literature, grammar being made subordinate as it ought to be. This object is at- tained in the following way. Every lesson opens with a few sentences which are translated into English and in which new grawmatical forms are printed black to draw the attention of5 students, Then follows a paradigm of forms ready made and lastly come the rules which are deduced from them. The method followed is thus analytic. It will be educative and interesting both to the school-student and to the person of advanced years who has a mind to acquire a knowledge of it. The former should first learn to recognise the forms and then study them. For the latter it will do if he only learns to recognise them. (f) The book comprehends in a small compass all the salient points of Sanskrit grammar, the knowledge of which is essential for the study of Sanskrit literature. All out-of-the-way forms are studiously avoided. Experience as teacher and examiner has shown me that students cram irregular forms for examination purposes and forget them as soon as they are free from their examination. They fail to grasp the general rules which govern the formation of declensional and conjugational forms current in the language. To cure this evil their attention is drawn to forms that are ordinarily met with in literature. External rules of Sandhi which hold in the formation of a variety of forms are with this object carefully explained and illustrated. (g) What‘is easier and more current is given precedence to what is harder and less current. Compounds and past participles being of general occurrence in the Sanskrit literature are in- troduced at a very early stage; Futures are treated before the Perfect tense; and the 4th and the 5th varieties of the Aorist before the remaining varieties. (A) The last lesson deals with Taddhita and Krit suffixes generally met with in the language. (i) The beauty of Sanskrit grammatical terms lies in the fact that they are mostly significant. If this fact is properly explained to students, much of their work will be facilitated. I regret to remark, however, from my experience as University6 examiner, that this fact is not properly brought to the notice of students. It is on this account that words like agit are found spelt in a variety of ways some of which like aght are simply ridiculous. To remedy this evil, this book explains every grammatical term and thus impresses it upon the minds of students. When a student learns that the word aga is itself a Bahuvrihi compound and shows its characteristics, when he knows that the word @tgeq by its twofold dissolution shows its twofold nature, when he knows that the words 94H and qt are themselves present and past participles respectively, and when he understands that definitions of metres are generally given in a quarter of the same metres that they are meant to define, his task of remembering them becomes extremely easy and interesting and his knowledge becomes sound and enduring. (j) No exercises for translation are given till the student has made some progress in the path of knowledge. He is then given exercises containing Sanskrit sentences for translation. The number of these sentences increases as lessons advance, but is never tediously large. A few sentences only are given in English for translation into Sanskrit. (&) To encourage the cultivation of the habit of self-help without which nothing great in life can be achieved, no gloss- ary is given for selections in prose and poetry at the end. Notes are, however, supplied to explain difficult constructions, expressions, and context, where necessary. (2) An appendix is given for intelligent students. It is hoped that it will be useful to those who wish to be initiated into a study of the Sanskrit grammar of Panini and will also facilitate the work of good students at the time of the revision of the book. Ahmed&bad, i K. P. Trivent June, 1911.THE CONTENTS Lesson XXXI—Adjectives and Adverbs ... eee Lesson XXXII—Compounds: Peer and Tat- purusha 1 Lesson XXX111—Bahuvrihi and Dvandra . oe Lesson XXXIV—The Karakas Lesson XXXV—The Futures and the Conditional.. Lesson XXXVI—The Perfect Tense ae Lesson XXXVII—The Perfect Tense (continued), Lesson XXX VIII—Some Irregular Forms... Lesson XXXIX—Taddhitas and Krits Lesson XL—The Aorist te tee Lesson XLI—The Benedictive. the Desiderative, the Frequentative, and Nominal Verbs. Lesson XLII—Feminine Forms and Specimens of _Letter-writing on on we xu avizaficesfat sree 4. feerentt: x. adaogant: 4. APTA. & Bare aah aft nereraen », ward aff anaretata: e pba aefireqearg: Pages 201-212 212-222 222-280 280-241 241-258 258-262 262-270 270-278 278-289 289-300 800-307 807-314 315-316 317-818 318-820 820-322 323-824 824-825 825-826 826-327 827-329 329-330 330-381 381-332 882-383Pages we. arate: ve a + ae ee BBB$BBB 24. Gam: : + 885-886 aR ara sitweara: wee ae ne BBE QO. GME eee tee 886-887 Re. STANTAT-HACTMTTT eevee 887-889 fe aafrera: tee nee tee BB9~BLO. o, aati aanftacet 840-850 aaftaarft feo) | tote he 850-851 Exercises-Sanskrit and English vee ane 852-3859 Notes on Select Passages 861-878. Notes on Exercises... ee rn ae ws 878-880 Appendix A. Forms of § a ae 881 Appendix B. The Paninian System... .. ss 882-895 Appendix C. Participial and Infinitive Forms aw. 896-400 SUGGESTION The course in the book may be divided as under:— St. VI Les. 81-87, pp. 201-270 St. VIL. The Whole book atta uefy a asia aatg Re A willion. arate Ninety. ae ¢ f ) Ten willion. Peet areet after earth ATTA: or sTeTTTAT Preray aot wale area: Thus faef &o. are nouns. When they are used as adjectives they are used in the singular number and feminine gender with any nouns. wareatat-Eleven. EN Twelve. AeTT-Sixteen. b winety- y-three. aaitaata—-T wenty-three. aatrafat qafaaft-Twenty-five. qoorafa— Ninety-six. | ae i Seventy-two, sreraera-Thirty- eight. watfa-Eighty-two. figafa, fewerttat fewer | vorty-t two. saeftfi—Highty-three. srerafifa—Lighty-eight. fewer | witty-three. ighty-eigh — ~~ a. . rae ixty-nine. nent | Sixty-cignt. pad iy Sixty-nine. The rule:— 1. In forming the intervening numerals, that is, numerals intervening faaft, Pray se. {& is changed to Zt, f% to 74, andADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS 205 ‘MET to HET. This change does not take place in the formation of the compound numerals of waaftft and takes place optionally in that of the compound numerals of weaTftug, vara, vf, aff, and 7af¥. Words like a4 drop their % like other words ending in %{ when they are compounded. Note weMaAta: &c.— aaa sort caf: catranfas atta aah carranft:, here U is changed to WHIq. ‘wHTEH—Eleventh. saitfiren!-Lightieth. faen-fhaftaa:-Twenticth. warafte:—ftera:-Eighty-first. Feu:—fretert:-Thirtieth. aafttrt:—Ninetieth. afera:—Sistieth. qoorga:—ftra:-Ninety-sixth. enee:—aa:-Sixty-first. ‘graeta:-Hundredth. aafiaa:-Seventicth. agaaa:-Thousandth. aqrana:—firra:-Seventy-fourth. The rule— 2. Ordinals from CHIT to TAZA are formed by dropping J 3. Ordinalp from f4ef& are formed either by adding #@ or by dropping thejfinal vowel or the final consonant with the pre- ceding vowel ‘and adding 8. ‘fafa drops fA, (Pima-s1g dropped, a added; of droped ed, bel) tgs vanlihs PHALEUNL,, PE Exception — 3 Tae 4, off, ef, oreftf&, and aaf® form their ordinals only one way, viz., by adding 44. eaqatet gat or eraMre wAAHA117. eTEAcAPrETaTETA- amy Renardetaercisam=Samvat 1977. sqaarfeugaaergaraat anfeareratfrar=Sake 1948, wefreafientatatrafaacay fren eqaeA. D. 1921. 5, MRE -r AC is added to form a higher intervening numeral.oT RG SEE Gers pad el bU TAS. Steerer ae” BEA yaa ALL HEY aR TEACHER fas HEU 108 (We and 4, and awe and {8 are comparative and superlative terminations. They have been dealt with before. Some ad- jectives undergo changes before $¥@ and ¥B and have thus irregular forms of degrees. They are given below:— Positive Comparative x ai x Loereq Praiseworthy eae eecfee 2 = a Odd sae, ofan Near a afte ‘ EI W%, Good, firm anda, enfts ae Great, bulky watery aufie af Far adtrg 7 ais 7 a Young aatra-wirg afie-afis { Small zag glee fy Quick ava afte Small, low attra atte fe, Dear rg ae fag Steady ag ae & ae" Wide attrg afte o ae Thick, manifold #t7a. afte ® ae Long ariiag afte 7 = Small : eroding ata, afta-afia . Much TE afte oe Extensive ore, afte BZ Soft aa afte ze Thin afte ZH Strong;-frequent lene afr & Fim xe afte @€ and AM are of course added to all these words. These forms are not irregular—qweqat, JAIAC (Fis dropped), ater, firqan, _ HRT, TENT. A “The above list need not be committed to memory.ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS 207 6. Cand aH are added to nouns also—TewAt:—qreanT; they are also added to verbs and adverbs and are then changed to mate ond aerate TaRteraTe Seer SEAT but and SM are adjectives. 7, TRA ASANARATT; bashed afteq-aftarc-aa; asttqe- e possessive terminations are dropped before Sees _ RATE | ae 8. Indecljnables are aN Ree 8 ts under: — Ca) eae, gt: (from ‘Meh saay se), Wa:, AM, TA, ‘a:—By Aq (Having the sense of all cases, but rl the sense of the or the Loc. =From all; in all. Abkor the Fee: SRR a Wise We Si Cat) a, sas, aaa, oq, 87, mr Caren, RUST ). TI=There BCAA TAU Ca) aaa, TRA, FIAT, TT, TAY ale Cara HTSATHE ). CATHAL all times, always. 7 ‘ave ‘ Os ea, ea (from face ates re! erent signifying meng manner). @4t=In which manner.. Cae :OGTGS (Next day) —By @: Csightying > “That day’ we gagi=Last Day. qary agisaat: aera: | attefaa! qaeisht cs aparaareed afigaa, faast crsvarat- Asa! . ‘qaftaq has Te has qadlag-vafts; ‘but these forms are hardly used. agatt has @f%8. The Bhashyakira winds up a discussion on such forms by the words eee ee ¢é., such forms, though in accordance wo the rules (a4 nt jn guagen HERG eG rey: aaa208 TBR SANSKRIT TRAOHER ores arerer aaa aaa wenTAR A Perret / safer aadtsrena: | aetaringran ee tgare ca: | Ree gears aed Ta ee / aahaat cagararaht as: seat gad waft fq aRayarahqaacarat qeitarg | afernnqiraaraa a Gafrzeagashtfiar afte | afa- faquafe Rearia venfh cafsanerrcorrareataa ga! ear ada sftreares sera Pare site sta gira! agacract aqegaren) gfgoret ch: | ceeeritse- cre: | aaa area: | Arat gram ada ween aterarfs Rene afegaa fegorfs grec) Bagot Hari wa- dont saga) cat grea atercerh fear agqana! agunainanaaraa | aginst — get: 1a fearreeare: | avadt area urRe 1 qaf@arérerre ara- anor aaera aan eeraAg:| megT s Toe: Gan faa: | seared agreag: aradtured Ra dtear- orm@usnoadtaat deta aia a a ara! SMNTATTAT BIBT Il *frnaat anata fri gata: | g shag ag: acts CaS ea fe ae HAR fw aver saree ere arad wean | p aad aaah: sree | wisncaruia fxg a9 ageaal 7 aweroEverything, chek words, actions, and thoughts; , et adia:-Veiy far from speech; indescribable.ADJHOTIVES AND ADVERBS 209 PCA acs cre a J gulta ae 7 wemredtad ore grey aitensa ht 7 eae Rae 1 gaia ag Rite at a qattaz “ saamagtkaaar a4 faster a ae aan: 0 / qaaar asa Rasa Bai Hetstia sgqaaa! an car a eg figaa frarestatraecaagT ll eu fe fey wate a Rakes! aqaag a aay an cafe aqeraq tl Aerie wg aeaMsea Useadtargea yim be ciple safierdt axnee cf fa aaaaaofie: aafeaaed wast cake | qdadtaer gtidaish: wares: orcad & a Oh! sage! I hope your austerities are free from obstacles. It is proper that Urvaéi is called the most handsome of all ladies. The king and the queen were both pious. Oh ! friend !{ I congratulate you on your success in that good work. Have you redd the story which is relatedon the one hundred and fifteenth page of the book ? Wealth makes man proud, how much more when a little learning and high position accompany it ! Do you remember our residence in Benares on the banks of the holy Ganges ? The word S4q itself signifies that it undergoes no change of gender, number, and case. Nouns orfeerte (oferta) n.(arfea | andtsfivereart or TaH)-The fret yeq Gisfivat: [avfo, | state of having nothing. Vide Les. XXXIL] weq | sera (ortd:) m-An evil.210 Sarrerreere f_— (arecarhtdeg eis- anf: [age], arecarat Tey as- ara: [aye], eraritareraarne [atte or Pataca] amra- APMLACT ATTRA) —The state of having neither beginning nor end. arfireq (siftiet:) m.-A learn ed man. eee f. (aeR m.—hairten- fe-dt fA line)-Thick and long hair. erfafen s. (a aah ofaaet, we, ACY WET )-Ab- sence of discretion or dis- crimination. aagtera (setera)-m. (oer Tr +) FF; HET is changed to 8: and wf to Tr)-Day and night. srry (Tera) n.—Wonder. Serer (TeACIAMT) n. (SAC® THE SANSKRIT THACHER protean. going)=The period of six months during which the Sun travels from the south to the north (Swe- eamrert afeq art afteren- PATER STUTTT, ATI six months). Be (HVI:) m.—Brahman’s day (At the end of it, the world comes to an end). [age. aftan (efeqna) n—-The Kali Baga (FAG) n.-The Satya age. ageq ( aqeqHr) n-A collec- tion of four things. wre ( ste) n.-An eyehole; a lattice-window. are f-A star. Fat fi-The Tretia age. aftvorras (aftrorraa) 2. (efor pro. +844 n. going)-The * sR-u;, TAtHI-U, TARATV—These are the optional forms of SWt. The rule:—qd, W, Hat, sa, TA, HI, TA, when they signify relative position, @» when it does not mean a rela- tion or money, and ##, when it means external, or inner (as applied to a garment), are pronouns and declined optionally as such in the Nom. Plu., the Abl. Sing., and the Loc. Sing.; e. 9. qieat qalat a Rana; sara sw a al; Ba: (i. ¢., oneatar); eR OAT AL BU: (i. e., MA); AA HAT AT MST CF. en, akarta:, to be worn).ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS aix months during which the Sun travels from the north to the south. Cage. grat ( grqe: -m. The Dvipara frat f-Night. TEATS m. (BAH, TH+ m.)- The smallest particle; an atom. aftera (aftsra:) m.-A servant. frame (Fravre:) m. (ae is 8 suffix)—Brahma. sat (a8q4t ) n.The act of relating or communicating. sree f- Offspring; progeny. afi (after) m.-Name of a king. Hearat (HrarATH) n.—*The time of one Manu. ott aqraem-Begging; solicitation. m.-A ray, uisratat f.-A capital. fava (fiaq:) m.-A subject. Raftery ( eftora: ) m-A change. genet (Jea:) m.—An account. raat (ert: ) m.-Birth. et (et: ) mA canto. eacat ( davat: ) m.-A year. waara ( ematet) n.-(orftere, airet or ae wae )-An auspicious morning. wafea (cafeam ) 0. ( p. p. of ®@@ let Par.)-An error, a stumbling. Adjectives srt (p. 4 ‘of g with of& 2nd | Par.)-Gone. ogg (eaPirct go aa wf Wt:)-Having many or supe | rior virtues; meritorious. erry (arrat f. ago, arféa ore | qa WeM: GT) -Healthy. sasitfq—Depending upon an- other for maintenance. HIME (p.p. of MIFMT 4th Par., Active in sense)-1. Guilty;2. (Passive)-Offended. afar (Cp. p. of sift+orgq [st] 414 Atm.)-Polite; such as a person of a noble family (stfystt) would speak. | waa (p. p. of se+an [ a=Z] lst Atm.)—Ready. aq (age)-Four-fold. salfasta-Possessed of light. a@tagq-So much. fiat (age)-Three-fold. fieq-Divine, GAE-Hard to bear. * One aaa embraces 4,820,000 X 71 = 806, 720, 000 years.212 ftaer (4g°)-Double. afefoom (p. p. of RHE 71h Ubh.)-Measured. Of Purusha or Vishnu. wea (orftee, sme aa)-Very small. [Par.)—Destroyed. after (p. p. of sf&tt+eq 2nd WAH (HA m.-A sacrifice +H from wf [S11] 4th Atm.)-Pro- duced from a sacrifice. Roo “ore Comte) (7h Par.)- To manifest. 7 +g (AAA) (2nd Par.)-To | * undergo a change. Indeeli afiftgora-Very cleverly; very aTaa-Granted. Cminntely. afitq-1. (It signifies hope or wish)-I wish, I hope; 2. It signifies a question. THE SANSKRIT TEACHER ata-Fruitless. waraq-Having a good king. tiers (7. cftrat) Appreciating. Tift (p. p. of the Cau. of 8 1st Par.)~Planted. afPan (p. p. of a% 1st Atm.)- Saluted. wre (ago, Fete sage: aft -Like. [erxen)-All. age-Fall of. ts +z (Agata) (54 Par.)- To afflict. ees (astft-a) (1et bh.) To go, To fix. inables fava-Quickly. fRear-Fortunately (the Inet. Sing. of f2fe). ata-Better. eeAT—By thousands. LESSON XXXII Compounps: AvyAyisH. Ava AND TATPURUSHA. Elementary knowledge of compounds has been given in lessons XI and XII and also in vocabularies and in foot-notes to lessons... Additional knowledge and the next lesson. arate, after, sexe —H of the subject is given in this ere the sense of the in- declinables qur, aft, and s7 is predominant; since eclinables aw , an is p igcompounps: avyayfsHAva AND. TATPURUSHA 218- the compounds mean respectively, ‘According to one’s power,’ Pe (On,every day), and ‘ Near Krishna’. & samrdharey| aeqfprra—In'this compound, the sense of the q4xz or the first member is generally predominant, Exception-aWraat=maeq SU: WEA. Here the sense of the SACI or the last member, viz., f8, is predomjpant; forthe compound. mea) little of a vegetable.’ omen Wal iy The dissolution of principal weq¥taa compounds is Saue below:— acrfifa otfaeft (This is called amffiureni, » aarfraa, aft having the sense ofyjhe Loc); pera efia granny Tea: Sat qrasgtewAcgrwtm: (There are as many salutations to Vishnu as there are slokas; arag signifies staatct or determination ); qraqat ReoTeQE=TaAA aa ate: (Call as many Brahmins as there are dining-pots); starva-t grasa; Rfafra qurfafe, agta: at ging aytargratt | agTaT Re WHITH: avaT_TAT (se and aeq are chinged to mt and wet and the compound is used in the Ad/. form also); R% R4 afafeaa; gomeqafteqsy (not leaving even grass) agua (as in aqoaft); enew: at qzteA (out of sight; aq is changed to q); ere: af seaeTA (within sight); _Ferea Hanger (suitable); & wrggely,, steranter aastga (according to seniority); ftmaemnwq anfiaraaa on fearaarar (the compound being optional ); Saree areg ar aatat; afew Te Wet gear azyreg. arardturare alRY ere cre 18 OS SLO 214 THE SANSKRIT TEACHER re] fraifeer, (“Cet a arnt fttfen’—You have now turned away all from this place; you have . made the place free even from flies). eqrarereasrera —orreeraaftrea hh area earay ore ore ef sag seag at—In sexftra compounds the ending w is dropped and » added to the word. This change is optional when the word ending in @rq is neuter. agar reread fara sitan:, fisiitd figerat aan, fart fasted a aapfineget is formed of a word in the Dat. with 9m; and the compound is an adjective and agrees in gender, number, and case with the noun it qualifies. This compound is called ffeqeare. AZVET: means MEA or Ata. It cannot be dissolved and is there- fore a fteqeata., A student must sleep on the ground. If he sleeps on a ed-obdad, he is called @ZTS%, . ¢., a wretch. UzraTee: has not this sense. fort is not dissolved by using art in the ‘firearea. It is therefore a feqamre. A compound, which can- not be dissolved at all or cannot be dissolved by words forming it, is a Preqerra. ofeef, saftey, do. are all Feqente’s. Thus atatiserreian a Rerente:. ‘ WATT — IT Te, Tenet ent (a cooking-pot). These are Hwee compounds. qq ae yqqte—age aego takes place only when there is mafa- fagfiena; i. ¢., the relation of a material and a thing made of it, In , Te is Fat or u material and qq, faefA or a thing made of it, There is no such relation between oz and ara and als» between war and aan’ a URALPATE) FTX Oe tyerty secs oy compounns: avyayisHAva AWD TATPURUSILA 215 warety and therefore weue:, caren, and similar compounds are wig and not agomge, qaitaa:—aqety ewa:; ty Fu: Bigs; fase ac: (the best) fawaz:; fkty aera: (the best) faweea:— It is correct to say qeworrgea: or Tey vera:, TTEeA: or ay sem:, &c. The at and the eat in such cases are called fiufcoeét and fratcremf; because an in- dividual is as it were separated from a class and determined (fritcr= Determination) to possess a certain quality in a higher degree than all the other members of it, The compound of flatcernf is for- bidden and so where a compound is found in this sense it should be taken fies Gromge and not, witrege. eaghrenra or aqafaeara—at sraet gaara; evi SHEL TIGL; TET TA: ATTA; TEAM; (SH the Gen, Sing. of area)* avarg:; ere: arate— This is a compound of a part and the whole. wate or saya means a part and qatfirr or waafia, the whole, wiaita— ai wre: wareafta: arremngfeet (first bathed and then anointed). a a want Qeigara:, wr oR RGA, oH Ta aaTUT Gata: (GaTAWS, ic. a proper name), Wt + ase aftelisory (Raworeara), get sary HF FaNsaTA; TTA sxofte aqme (This is oalled eefinemre; because qet:, am, &c. are vaftra or wqta, 7, ¢., objects com- * For the declension f EL see Les. XXXYuv ‘ Fe aN RE ACTONvaguest Sarr Aad Leg, SUMING | ATA Rall pared), gua sqm mz wt~Here no compound takes place. When the ararerad is given, the compound is forbidden. AAG SI—A ATA: ATT: A] means a. word aig- nifyipg negation, faa—saat Sarat aarercfeetad, srerarreqraat eararal- sereqrh, sav aarot earercerg:asht— These are instances of MATCH. TAIT means ‘a collection.’ A collective 2% ending in % is generally feminine. The ending & is dropped and € added _to the compound. qarat ceatet eae: qagateny ; also enTaH, Paar. aret sraearey areistra: (one month old); similarly, ; Ta: (one year old)—These are classed as ages, aatq: (a proper name); qieat merat wa: Tate: (here the af&a suffix sis added)*; sarat sterat ava: Retnara:— Words signifying a direction or a number are com- pounded only when the compound is a proper noun, or when a afa or primary suffix is added to the compound, or when there is an satya (as in faster). sqqgqana—_er eA gerne; af avai aae. It is a variety of aego, consisting of a noun and a verbal derivative, Since the noun in this connection is called s4qz, the compound is known as. s7qqeWTe. sifterara—afarea: ePrarfir arettfPeca: (inaccessible to the senses); feat: atareeq: fAdaifia: ( (gone out of afar, o city on the Ganges); ew stat at fas * Before this suffix the initial vowel takes its Vriddht substi~ tute and the final vowel is dropped. mew, Raat Gara,EASES \CCompouhns! Av EAMB GAVE ane atronesnA™ VUBl SFU aftrra; gfe (censurable) fit gftaa; set aa nag (very small), Saaaqardt—arefig: (fond of vegetables) wffa: arearftra:; targa sre: Zaatert:. It is called aeqarzertt, because the middle term (c.g., fq in wremfia and qa in Yaatert) is dropped. aqisdasf{—Some irregular compounds are elassed under this class and called azo. aad sda: (q=a rogue) aguas; agate ans aqanAey; wat un meaty; feta faery ( pure intelligence); arfta gatsht wa qeq @: erRaTT; BE a wang a seqraaq (high and low; of various kinds ); anfta frat aea wlsfrat: (Though spar: and sifher: are @go in sense, they are classed as ao). In a Ao Ao, the sense of the FATT (the last word) is general- amas: (sre stent [livelihood] stasis); orrdaafifie: (aaa sitar, one who has obtained a living). exerrerTreTseT wT (HERAT) CIMT VARTA TTA TTT 8 TACIT: RELATES THT ARTI; ETT aT TE a ETAT; acat Sat aeeaar; EMT, (ATOM) TA aataa:; gd tage qrareq—(1) At the’énd ofa aeqeao, way, WET, and afa have their final vowel or final consonant with the preceding vowel dropped and # added;,/, ey they are changed to wa, sz, and ea, (2) ata is changed to wat in wo and age compounds, but not in ego compounds; ec. g., wararg:, but wear. Kk ancktray Borat arr dt On| EAE, ly predominant; Bene fe (qa eazy, the fore-part of the body);ETP NST eet goer @ronemyy ve eT ne FRQpenN SRR Faas ap | Rtas a wt Hae (ar) (FAG REU wey UR: HET; reat orfsrafercren: (seo); ream; wens; Gas: gale: wee: aITIE; + STATE ged sae. Gueteny gaa: caret gees AaTat crate RAEN TATA, HET TPT oMtert: (g-z)—(3) uf pre- ceded: by sta, «4, words signifying a part—like a, sa, and a2q-, degra (enumerated), g74, a numeral, or an sve, is changed to wa; and under the,same conditions, i.¢., when preceded by ef &o,, Hex is changed to se; but sq is changed to Be when preceded by geq, afta, or a Hameral, (4) ax and weqe compounds ,ending in ua, se, and are masculine; but ta’ preceded by a numeral and 3% preceded by gey and afta are neuter. (aft @ axez aftarga—a happy day; an auspicjpus day). (5) EaTt (of sugar—canes)OTAT RICTTAA—VITT is changed to @Iq when the preceding member of the compound has the sense of the plural number. VB. galearat QBS. aaa. aT: fas carat rat erarere: aati; cent: wiht ways areat ateat at fig— 7 (6) A @ege compound ending in at ‘has M added to it, but it is not added when a Af&M termination applied to it is dropped. gferit (censurable) cat fern; gfe: een freer (0 féeer enfta a tt cafe”); Heer cor gre; waft (very great) cnn sftzrr— (7) aavera terminations are not added when fim signifying censure and w and #ff signifying respect are used | as qare of the compound Geta BVM MESH (2617 SELENAcompounps: AvVYaYisHAVA AND TATPURUSHA 219 waRarah a sana cater: | seatacat R wa negara gers sea | Prva Bead Faraws sea 1 qeaat starr: | uated sata ateat & ezargaa cf a aria i a & Rane! adarear amentRanert goannas arnt qrarat watta | soreness itt a aren wate wat Sate 1 Raaerraesr za wae aa & caeracaereradt eQranaqaaacaadey Se rachra Arr aterhrae- qasafe gan! daacigizegin qi akisaefrarara- went arqreratt & areagan | anger: atahat Regal seaarcargears ag: aft ara wat PAT. Regist F acoraatrrargag tt vt abt gat seat eae sree: | OT Yosareae TT ATTTT Il wrayer gears cerqar fK saraa: sages ararfa sitter ceat get aaa tl aaerRaagaksteraaa qataed a grasa aafa gery tt anfentasgge or setter Serer | eieqertrenia: weet writ *Reaqedta amisgria aidtaret a7: | * This is a description of evening. The falling of darkness is as it were its besmearing our limbs or the sky showering collyriam. The pervading of darkness is considered to be iden- tical with its begmearing our limbs or with the showering of collyrium by the sky. ‘220 THE SANSKRIT TEACHER “HE oreaqeraaa eftftensat sat | *guzd Fa oranit Sa ararhtr wg | ageaa sian Ret arartrarqara tl met cant rad & eet arf qereacrasfteay | HATTA: HetaTa: He aTaray Harserrvaray it A certain Brahmin living in a village went to another village for the sake of acquiring knowledge. The thought of sin committed by a good man pains him as long as life endures. The island of J)w4raka stands in the midst of the ocean. Being overpowered by heat and thirst, I cannot move even a step. My body grows weak day by day; God of Death (Yama) would * probably take away my life even against my wish. Though poor, he was very liberal indeed; or what wonder is there in this, for he was very merciful ! He was the best of all teachers: his students looked upon him as their father. The more you work, the more you acquire glory. Nouns RH (AF a.+F a suffix signi- | Sgt (TAD 4.-Collyrium. fying tenderness) n.~A ten- | Agara (stgara: ) m.-1. A tie, der limb, acontinuity; 2..An attach- arereaitg ( aege) m—Info- ment. _,[tation. tuation arising from igno- | #fraraq (orftaranay) 2-Salu- rane. tsteat f.-A mother. MAS (MAB:) m.—-Fire, wraT (9FTA) n.-Thé sky. "Said by Lakshmana in regard to Sita, “aedeea wahaa aarmaearfafa ara: * T Voc. Sing. & a4, but uftagt is regular; & eftad.Le {> & 7 HAL compounps: AvyayipuAva AND TATPORUSITA 221 RG conten ,VES “aT (HTAT:) m.-Heat. TE n.—The sky. wera (Weta) m.-A side-long | | Renee fp. (Prema ae geTE, glance. [ear-ring. | afeens ata araeret )— ges (Hees) m., n-An | Fruitlessness; the state of ae ( Fae-wr) om. An being of no use. wt (HT) mA ray. berm let. | 4XC (ATT) n.—An anklet. rat (era) n.-Gold. | qs (qee) nA heap; a gorgaaet n.- (qa m.reaara | aig m.—-Dust. multitude. mA. tie, continuity)—The | ara (ata:) m.-A fall; the act state of the continuity of | | fave f-Thirst. [of falling. AAG n—Darkness. merits. | sera (met) m.—Birth, AS (ABA) m.n-A surface, | wm (art) nA tie. aM f.-Thirst. | att (atta) n.-Silence, ‘Fe (AeA) n.-Oil. | Ta (TH:) m.-Taste. art Garr) m.-Charity. | ae (at) mA hoon. ( Gara) n-A deity. ' Rady (oda: ) m.-Reverse; WAM m.-Name of Arjuna. | saat f.-Praise. [contrariety. P: mo f CAB F)—Dast. rare (erates) m.-A Teader frre (fret: m.)-A collection. | of a caravan; a Ieader. Adjectives EEE Par.)-Worshipped. siftee-Very Woful. we-Wet. arftaas-Very powerful. sritey (pot. p. of Tat MTI-Not lord; not master, un- Ist Par.)-(That) on which able to control. one depends; supporting. saat (p. p. of wae let | eerivea on one object; Par.)—Purified; holy. closely attentive. HAG (p. p. of Ma+ag [ate] | BIAZ ( sTTEATS )-Giving or 1et,6th Par.)-Sinking;droop- fulfilling all desires. ing. [Atm.)~Dependent. | gar (age)-One whose desires aTTe (p. p. of SM+AT Let are fulfilled, (p. p. of S+RTA 10th | GC-Movable.222 THE SANSKR} GtA-Dificult to cross. WAE (p. p. of BHA 4th Par.)- Destroyed (Mark that % ix not changed to % in this AGA-Soft. [word). IT TEACHER Pafire-Loose. Gad (p. p. of GA+AE lst Par.)-Heated. evita (p. p. of eatig Ist Atm.)-Desired. Roots sate (Cau. saRTafR)-To produce. sath (saree) (16 Par.)-To bring; To produce. setae (Cau. saaeafa)-To produce. sata (saat) (2nd Par.)- To go to; to obtain. Indecl: AAT (HA+AILTA p. p. of WI let Atm.)-Constantly. arf ata-Probably; how I wish! (it signifies I. Probability; LESSON Compounds fe, [ fea] ( frahR-A) Coen Ubh.)-To besmear. ftg (AfRAR) (Gen Par.)-To scatter. ag, (fafa) (18, 64 Par.)-To droop; to sink. earth (aavreafa) (1 Par.)-To unite. | | i l inables IL. Wish). sT@A-Able (aad). weIA-A little. XXXII (Continued). Banvvriai anp Dvanpya agehtfg—siaaea ie set ategadt a; dhareat geq vat am; a gee aaq a a dtarzadt eft: (Here the members of compounds are in apposition). In this compound there may be two or more mem- bers and they are! waratfiaca, 7. ¢., in apposition or in the same case.BAHUVRIHI AND DVANDVA 223, saftreacorrgehe—art: sr ex asferarfin:; eee: art were qoeqrfin:, It is a age compound in which members are not in apposition. It is therefore called saffxct (not in apposition). Such 2 com- pound is not sanctioned except in a few cases. again and sagudfiar—We say werncaTTy. When weagot (weat voit qeq @:, MET FeTH:) or an ass comes, his long ears come with him; there is thus a recognition (fasta) of his quality—long ears. The compound is therefore agucage. When we say GBaMary (gz: ant YA a eBENTTEt Fe NIG), there is no recognition of his quality—his having seen asea. The compound is therefore HAgoago. diva ag adaset or ada: aefta: aeatat at (ae is optionally changed to @), zareq: qdem fatsrace meagacqal; afro: gen fistsacré gfxorgai—Such compounds are called ago, though they have not the sense of age. ag ant (lesire) aeq & Tea wg AAT aeT G ATTA: (a drops its q when fcllowed by #1 or 47a). anftatshrta & anfkenfirezareat ar (one who keeps the sacred fire); afeewd 34 @seqea seratfaat (one who has raised the sword)—In some cases, a past participle which is generally the first member of a compound, becomes sazaz also. In a 4 compound, the sense of a word other than the mem- bers of the compound is generally predominant. Exception—fRat:(gt at Tat at) &c. Here the sense of both the members is predominant. ftqteae: means neither 4a, nor224 THR SANSERIT TEACHER ‘SAFAR, but one whose garment is yellow. It is thus TATE WAT, i. ¢., a compound in which the sense of a word other than the members of the compound is predominant. aararaag—eeln:; anpn:; sgrdx:—(l) When the final member of a go compound ends in ® or is a feminine noun ending in ¥ or %, % is added to the compound. exit, wmiq—(2) = is gene- ally added at the end of a ¥go compound, at at at ar exar: (used in the Plu.); at ar aa at fiat: (used in the Plu.); af ar aera at rage; ward at oe aT AQUI; Ta aT Eat Gazer; cut et F afr F sagan; fete ferent at ee fazer; frtefer afte fees fare Treat areata: ; carat ATT ATAs Terie. matsfret atfreaeaita:—(3) The compound of a numeral with another numeral, or an indeclinable, or with sem, sg, or afte is classed under ago, In this, the ending vowel or the ending consonant with the preceding vowel is dropped and # added. faufet drops its f&¥ and saz has a added on, All these compounds are used in the Plu, ay Bg THA as saafft Aaah (fighting by catching each other’s hair); qveqoea weet ad ogerfttt qugrafig; similarly, qdtgig—(4) Such compounds are classed as ago, Here the ending vowel of the qavz is lengthened and the compound ends in ¢. The compound is an indeclinable and signifies repetition of action (adafterc ).BAHUVRIRi AND DVANDVA 225 wend carftoh aeq a aaa; eftorenfteh cafe ger: et eftorrdt—(5) At the end of a ayo compound fx is changed to sw (jf. srt). ante so geq esas; ger hat geq a Gitar; Theat wa wey @ gaar—(6) wat and Fat are changed to sq and %4q when preceded by ay (%), 3g, and 8. eit star ger a eftarsrtfa: (Rama)—(7) sat is changed to aft at the end of a age compound, saafrecaficay | oifisd wader esfisrarar one whose bow is strung)—(8) waq at the end of a ago is changed to way. areqrot (beneficial) wat qeq a aearraat; but qe: a: wal qq a qerenm:—At the end of a ago ua is changed to aq, when preceded by a single word. are realizes gag; at wat vere Bare—(9) vz is changed to 41% when preceded by @ or a numeral. ‘@asqa: Acc. Plu., SARI Gen. Plu.—In declension the W base of these words ends in 8&. ahead aq a gafta, saat wen wa a sgh; achiiredy qeq ae gefiaita:, wets wet ae qamta:— (10) ara at the end of aago is changed to afy, when it is preceded by %, qfa (putrid), g, atfi, or when the compound has the sense of comparison. a-g—There are two varieties, gatatg-g and aar- aeaeg. cael, eftel, afta, &c. are instances of gatacarg, a kind of g-g, in which each member of the compound is viewed separately.226 THE SANSKRIT THACHER antrarga, (areft a oral at: aerate: )s CRATE (a charioteer and a horse-man); argiynaterfena (one who plays upon a agg, a kind of drum and one who plays upon a qa, a kind of drum); (ata louse and fewt-its egg); and afeagea (a serpent and a mungoose) are instances of @Ate ag—The compound of words signifying members of an animal body, or of an army, or of a musical instrument, insignificant creatures, or animals be- tween which there is natural antipathy is aate gq. @urelt means a collection. gatatgg is not allowed in such cases. aftratat is thus not allowed. amgreg is neuter and singular, In this, members of the com- pound are viewed collectively or as one. Faraeg—fres sens fren, aia waar qai- argued; aeftarat (siftiar ates ); stefterantt (The ending vowel of the qi9z is lengthened). This is a am of words signifying deities. In gatacgeg, the sense of both the members is predominant, but in earergrg, the sense of collec- tion is predominant. qage—ara @ far a iach, wat saat T grat; wa after = gai; eet = der Kal; ere vy sage. Of two members of a compound only one is left to express the sense of both, It is therefore called eriq. agnanra—afite; rete; strata; fiat:BABUVRIAI AND DVANDVA 227 acferra; &c,—The case-ending of the gaz is not dropped, so the compound is called agReare. eater cer: eeqdiqgy; Ga: Tur qeq a watt Fz: (rh is changed to qa at the end of a compound); fst: & eaggey; usaeq | TreMyT (gt and aq take 9). aatzerig—saa: (ofa water-drop) st giqzy or gq sat Fey AE ATTA (the wind), aaa: efit: (thinkers) arfifier: (the learned); arétot ater: qaree: (a cloud)— Tn some compounds the qi9q has some of its letters dropped. Such irregular compounds are placed under this class. gaag—ae aad & gTAa:. The TATATA terminations are HhARy, i. ey they are sometimes not added; “eqerarqretergaaay- agara aad.” graranta—gs wa: wags; gf ex: eeqdi:—A com- pound which cannot be classed under 9840, ao, age, or x@ is called wyaqanta, Here one waa (a word ending in wy, 7. ¢., a case-ending) is com- pounded with another @q=a. Szegretad & Fa: 1 amy vara Rar aorrorreargaanrat | aerate SaTgeya carer wTAHIg SeaeT TAT | @a@ | Ragged aaa | gastengoo og ant: | Sint area: | fr a: era cree ca Rgetrarcrarentat a cori wee! eqaniftag: aeaat TAZTAT: | Peakt aqaratsta |228 ‘THE SANSKRIT THACHER ereet | ener Perera recent rar arent Racer arate reget vetisut weaasfeheaee aft Prete | aat afrqrahrart wale | amg qataRtrerte 1 sfx. Aron african | aera aearart efirarg Tes | aehafttta ase ahafarata aes cere ary 1es- apafattar vaqrfaRacater | geaqhaa gags afiaerernenierara, aged aeores | aft at gegaish aeatate aaht nded wait | aftaeRarreriarearacag | aeatrae: sare a errr: | aghaerg vara | as carrey aad Reasaareqerrcgaay vaarane: wake aiaragarhy sé gare Fantagerte SH Tarver aye | agohsagoats ageh feta wa: | wraquter HO geaTTTTE: Ul wat geraaist ursvahear | ae aaa afd a arerna- satragatr aarkt aederer | afeatrRrfta sftrert & arate & Oe aay aaa: agaranafiran: ware: fae | acta Roacdtar sradtat carta tl ‘Oh! how beautifal this island within the ocean is ! Stay here for three or four days. Ishall mean-while try to __accomplish your object. * In thee, é.¢., the Supreme Being.BAHUVRIGI AND DVANDVA 229 The protection of the distressed is but proper for you who imitate the actions of your predecessors. Oh! it is morning. Ishould get up early. Or what shall I do, getting up early ? My hand and feet do not work. The king who had returned from the chase took rest on the bank of the Godavari and his fatigue was destroyed by breezes coming from the river. 7 My mind was diverted, so I did not hear what you said. A friend who does not advise the king properly is a bad friend. When the king whose bow was strung and who had long arms and a broad chest, entered the battlefield, his enemies at once # submitted to him. Nouns asi ( s10fa?) m-An ocean, art (seta: ) m.-A Sastra; a sacred work. saeret ( safTENT ) n.-The act of ste or pressing gently. . | aita ( sita:) m.-A collection. aalere (adtar: ) m—The narration or commencement of a story. aemitz (aorlz:) m—An inhabi- tant of the Karnataka, alert f-A swing. fret (Figta:) m.—Contraction. qafa m.-A foot-soldier. afte ( NTE: ANAT TMT § AACR ST 4. This "ts called wwrorgdtat; because the Inst. shows the characteristics with which a person is marked (werfyaTeqene:, one known to be an ascetic from his matted hair). ‘The Dative is used in the sense of & tim and areed (wet et aa aaer ataeneedat, purpose). emer is the person to whom something is given or in reference to whom some action is done; ¢. g., Asta at waft; rata eauat (becomes ready, puts on an armour); ut serial; fierq areata aes afte qari (waq=water for washing the feet). acy tad afte: | anaera eaqusga: | (tqa:=A cake mixed with aa peaht-geaft-quit-geift—-weah at; but qeafegeaha- orfigeti aI—Verbs, having the sense of anger (ara), injury or malice (ate), | Fenvy (8°qt), and fault-finding (9141), govern the Dat. of af person against whom anger is dirceted; but 4 and 3&, when they are preceded by a preposition, govern the Acc. afeiarg see’ aad ara at tt (Vide p. 62 Vocab.). daar ai sfaqqonte arreqontfa ar. (promises). aftez and emg govern the Dat. ater aft (Korareg arated: ). Mark the use of the Dat. ararra anit (ag aretegd:)—areed wai, the Dat, signi- fying peel avait erat areeara | sroreq: eerfer | seat eater | Ree: qat (aword used in offering oblations to the manes); SES pr ego (2 aren236 . "HE SANBERIT TRACHER eran eftzsa (rd: vaat ); aez (a word pronounced in making an oblation toa deity ) rata! art ara at meat t—V erds implying motion govern the Acc} or the Dat.; but Fut wesft—if the place to which motion is directed isa way, the Acc. alone is used; aren eft watt—it actnal motion is not meant, then too the Acc. alone is. used. saaeftafir—The case connected with indeclinables like 4: is called sqagfaafer as distinguished from enrenfaafe. The verb is the principal word in a sentence. Other words are ‘TITI’s or attoraa’s. marcafrahe is used in preference to STqa- raf (squaftwik: arceftabraetadt); «9. aft amenafiy (Here 4#: requires qo, and wate, fefto; azo, is an s40 3x0, and fate, a wee fo; therefore fRalte is used). Anexpreseion like @f@erq ament fr may be explained as aerenans aed amenctfy. It will thus be like WBrat arf. ee (eft is start—a debtor and x, roa creditor). yin the sense of ‘to owe’ go- verns the Dat. grey: egeafa; but, if the desire is very strong, graft eaeafa. a at gona weay—lI do not consider thee worth even raw. { —It is used in the sense of srviqrt (that from which any thing is separated physically or mentally) and &q. aterfgatt.s dherg mats srerqara gered (rerat waft; be- comes disgusted) 1 qireqtat area arghretaa ger: | ger aareqrereshe | meron: seats stoma 1 Aare arage oe fateq: afaeot are!AAA Tel A TAA U 85 Oty sper OE cord 1 fet eer TE at srarara tat ( crenqares fee); erearae Bea (eet. ea fea teat); argc: Tefeyrer ereget: (an adj. in the comparative degrge governs the Abl.), few gatet at were] Bree: dene: (wt=up to, exclusive of, It signifies water) | at aereptafreorha(Mt=from, inclusive of. It signifies orf ff or wteer ), aratat and sififafi—aa fae pater 1 a eaeaAAARE: | ware seg fer saree at Seqt eft{t- 2 RA so | RAT wt a afegia aft Ra ataraTt at Ba: aah 1 cet wait a1—ma governs the Ab/. and is sometimes found with the Acc. , WA—It signifies daa or relation, fe fet sate lier PARR, wet Afirara, &:c.— All the cases are used with ffir and its synonyms. ae te:—Pratcormt or Pratcoremit ( Vide p. 215) waft (Gath) eget (Guftereg) at sramg—N otwithstanding that (his) son &c, were crying, he turned a recluse, This is svarqcaht or srrrqceamit, the sense being ert oufterrarera, arg: CR es: | Te ATA aT (eX governs the Gen. or the Ace.) uni at ax: qfrit at (Here the Past Part. has the sense of the Present Part.). Cf, “mia aa mfaafttt ea: sepfteaferrag 1” win <—<, adivtentiefe. G84: GET: AT Hore Geile ah238 THE SANSKRIT TEACHER ahatrr evarfteraror ee rat; ahaa att ower at; Te Ror avi area T—afyita and eater are indeclinables ending in wand govern the Acc. or the Gen. aait—lt signifies #frecr or place. ate guerara aa:—aftert or the Loc. Absolute. afta sexet at efter ed at afta: =zese:, aft ae! ga ganfafaaaa | aamarcaghterd cance am gueal araar aredthear arsitedt aeqa: vitae deat aftcitat = | gaqet a ehasifkac far areraiaa oftarfsar | anacat a aia at eae aerate gear aatRrenacarfiat er 2a laa rar Rergactaa Rafa canst Ha aariea- areata | aragdaae seaeata wa Seagal aq. BRATS Te Mageasaagaa Ml HA Resa gga a wesley avatar aeaqonaense aissantd ag TaAABTAT| Tl g aes Baa aeMAaTaA aTaAIATT gtequi a fiecea om seaaga | crags | Rareniatryaezarar aa aeqaficar: qrarar stena: sega Ycwageaar- saohaa yaa aanit aft wed Sqes ag Baas | waaay | ; atanereaaaeng sttafacte a wafa wy wae sifwat gear: afta sifearqeagRraachre sank easrqary| caqarasht qudtaahe ata aqeafras- fam gata srfnfr | fie araenafatirgreaea areca aaa ae fe ay FeAlTHE KARAKAS 239. 2 Rrasrn gfatirareoh arf fre seat aearoht afacrasita: aitaa: | ga ar warar aigankraaifeace weed angaragais Rye. rae fat sfta Fat arg Pat Trea AAS Rrontadtart ya af aircon HARTA TATED aqag 3 eAet HTaBA! agit & carat aretgst: sfata eq aaeraia: Instruction to a fool simply goes to (%) increase his folly. It does not make him wise. Oh! fie! A very unpleasant thing has happened. Sakuntalé has offended:some very venerable sage. What else than fire is competent to burn a person ? A scorpion is yrodneed from cow-dung. I do not know thow clever the prince has become by this time. A mean person does not heed obligation done to him by another. Pre-eminent isthe conduct of good men who always speak the truth and who never go by the way trodden upon by low men. Rama caused Nala to make a bridge on the ocean to go to Lanka (Use the Active and also the Passive cons.). Do not interrupt him, please. Iam very anxious to hear the story from the very beginning. Nouns sana (STH) n. Cp. p.of | a lotus on the-navel of BA+G 8th Vdk. )-An obli- Vishnu). ’ gation. eABTAAT f.—Sarasvati, daugh- yey m—Brahma (Born of | ter of Brahma.240 wet f—Lakshmi. : BASTRH (MYR m.-A son) m.—- A son of Lakshmi, Pra- dyumna. A hand as tender as a leaf. Beg (HEI: m.-A ceremony. MOR f.-A digit of time; a very short time. THE SANSKRIT THACHER anh f.-A nurse. (rity. afte (afte: ). m. Familis- ey (STET-*G) m., n.-A tear. | Ta (ta:) m-Feeling; affec- BIE (REIT m., 0.) m,n tion. weey (eRETA) 2A secret. weaslera (aes om. nA bark + SqFt m.-An end)- An end of s bark—dress. "Rt f-The ceremony of re- | gf f.-Mental condition. moving hair. oifaea ( sient) 2. (p. p. of Ht let Par.)-Lite. ; ee (afive:) m.-A scorpion. (AavaT ) n.-Disgust for worldly pleasures. Adjectives MPTF-One who does not ap- preciate the favour done to sifree-Very woful. (him. arfifige-Very hard-hearted; very cruel. arearfita (p. p. of the Cau. of afi+e 2nd Aim.)-Taught. srraaite (orgterafie, p. p. of wah let Par.)-Uncensur- able. [Fraud). sraafa-Guileless (suff m— afta (p. p. of sift 4th Atm.)-Dear. sifee-Unoverpowered by feel- ings; untouched. aaftratftra-( a+fave p. p. of the Cau. of f+aft+og 4th Par.)—Unchanged. SKA (p. p. of STM lst Atm., 4th Par.)-Gone. Bqet (p. p. of SIFTH let Ubh.)—Dead. [othiers. weqifitq-Wishing the good of wra-Pertaining to a Kshatriya, aisremt-Eleventh from con- ception. (ess. Pir (a) §N-qo Uo ao—Fuiad-aiaga-Fanea; seq (sale, 71h Par., to wet)—grabaart-pyza-s11; (5) @2 (aaa,i let Atm, to feel pity for) -gateR-pya-see; 9, (raat, 1st Atm, to go)-sratee-ayza-oTT; ATA -BTaT AR; ATT, (ara, Let ‘et to shine)-"Taraa; faq-faz-fateere; otra: warrre—araretere; aftar-aqheat-aheataare; f-feary-Roraieere; a-aare-fercieers; F1-Rigra-figateere; y-gera-guai eat; (oc) RTE SHAAN TCT HT — JIANG TSTT-TTT- SITET F Cau. SAAR -PI-ATA— The rule:— 9. (a) HUtAR &e.,-gHMT, dc.—If a root begins with any vowel except 8 or 8, which is itself long, or being short, is followed by a confuncé consonant, its Perfect is fozmed by adding S14 to it and using the Perfect forms of ¥, ¥, or aq after it. This is called Periphrastic Perfect. (6) iw WA, NTE, and KTH also take the PeriphraatiePertect266 THE SANSKRIT TREACHER fz, 2nd Par., HTY, and AAT toke it optionally. wt, #t, -, and |g also take it optionally; and when they take it, they are redupli- cated as in conjugational tenses. HWW isa strong termination € of f8% 2nd Par. is not gunated before it. (c) Roots of the 10th conj., causals, and other derivative roots and roots having more than one vowel like @&1A form their Per- fect this way. (a) If a root is Atm., it takes the Atm. forms of F, but % and ® have their Par. forms used. sramafta (sty is Set, being strere)-aMtieRy &c. 10. Passive or Impersonal Forms—-aa, ®{A--The passive or impersonal forms of roots are formed by adding Atm. termi- nations. ammiqnaai anata @ aftiipatsd a aa Praenfa: o§ ara | arise | : a 3 mreoraragaraa : a oat dtlaea: | wand ag freer | a: aaRRaraalcatrateahea heat | quem gag weed a mag fraanar sagt: aft wa ag saa amegedt aeesat Pret ata qu afuard aard gat) eer a agaafirgata | oaen- geftareg an franregega srs sear fae | Aa fat sven set faatsat Salegat ceara fewest ai amg | aa a eTageatagu: gar, arat erga 8 gq maeeamigaat a feRq aah | meng atargh- aL ETT Ta GS TAU a aged |™ wera | ara- ada farts aga fagart fave sere: fie: aegat Press | adt sag: Taareaga4Ts | 7THE PERFROT TENSE (continued) 26T wat Taarg aa Had F BA GaTT| aoltea rary am aradt asga* ET ti @ ad arguearaneafa a quem 3 | area Bt Trea wget AAS sa i. wafagtgat ge carga area i aa = aala srmieara saafiderat: 11 TH at THT aT HTSATC aT TH eT TyIt Pegtae ary | > sei Rqaaat gear. ATaTS TATATAA TAT STA tt TASTE ae Rava Gardisay 1— ARATE: G Ata, Qeahearad, Et Fa:, Gaattard, » Sisal gaagui, aaacraar wer sita:, Pere | oratsat sraavad, Petits, aaftra, fe aarat awa, Agrag:, GE a Pefte, aa acretera, et eatsher aeheatg si ages wads arhawwifaad | adeqarcramaretga: @ a aq aeag AES TR UI Four Vedas, six Veddigas, Mimimsa, Nyays, Purana, and Dharmagfstra are fourteen branches of knowledge. A Bréhwin should be invesed with thread in the eighth year (. after conception, a Kshatriya in the eleventh, anda Vaidya in the twelfth. Arjuna asked the Gandharva why enmity arose between Vasishtha and Visvamitra, © onemtaentat,268, THE SANSKRIT THACHER There was a great king, son of Kugika, by name Gadbi. He had a powerful son, named Viévamitra. Once upon a time Viévamitra went a hunting to a forest and there entered the hermitage of Vasishtha, being oppressed with thirst. Vasishtha welcomed him. Viévimitra asked Vasishtha to give him the cow Kamadughé; but he did not give the cow to him. Enough of your boasting. Let us fight so that people might see clearly who is the stronger of us two. Nouns sratiaeegith f-Clearness of used for children, pupils, &c. one’s being inferior orsuper- | 4tretwat f.-The state of being rior to another, a lord of the earth. saftatam f. CatafigPas | ay m-An axe. ma competitor+at )-The | GtgUa (GUIRTA:) m.-Son of state of having no competitor. Jamadagni, who rendered saATHAT (MAT pro. succeeding. the earth destitute of the MatH m—-A younger bro- Kshatriyas 21 times. ther)-The state of being a | WI€A (ATTA:) m.—A descendant younger brother. of Bharata, Arjuna, areas ( steqHt: ) m—Freedom | AY m.-1. Anger; 2. Grief. from touch. Ags ( Aas: ) m.-A maternal sesfa f-Non-remembrance. | uncle. amaze’ (orawein) n.-Order | ATE (ATTE) n.—The mind. of succession. 2yeIF.-The wife of Jamadagni. arava (wearty) n.-Getting up; | 38g m.-King of the Videhas; revival. Javaka. ara (HITT) n.-A forest. weft m-The lord of gods; fiercq (farca:) m.-Name of Indra. . aking. earta ( carta) n. (atime, waft m.-Name of a sage. . BS ATMTPL)-Welcome. aa Cara: ) mA pet word, | €% n.-The heart.THR PERYHCT TENSE (continued) 269 * Adjectives stfte-The whole, entire. aTatqrt (pres. p. of 1fU4E Ind Atm,)-Studying. arpartan-The best reciter and teacher or explainer of the Vedas (from the root 48 +79). Feara (pres. p. of EE let Atm.)- Moving; striving for pro- axfaa-Prosperous. [gress. US-Unrivalled. eafra (age, af frat zea & eafta:, vartfrat f. man- ner)-Of this manner or kind. » sya (p.p. of SY Ist Atm, fi =gat)-Droppef, fallen. atag-So much. i 1 afttatia ( Atm.)-To see} art fier (oferta) (604 Par.)- Sa+Hy (SrAA) (let Atm.)- j Ro at) Cet | ['To order. | To be indifferent to; to dis- | regard. sata (SteTaR) (41h Aem.)- To be produced. saeetgy Caaredft) (Let Par.)-To approach, me (mR) C1st Atm, 10h Ubh.)-To censure. 3q (=qaR) (1et Atm.)-To fall. 4 wRA (p. p. of ME let Par.. 4th Par., f. eMN)-Terrified. -Knowing one’s duty. Frazer (ago, fram p. p. of ft tary [zeq] Let Par. 40 m,; f. Prqamat)-( One) whose devotion is regular. set (f. a16h)-Holy; pertaining afacq-Future. [to Brahman. FETATA-(One) whose austerity qrag-As much. Lis great. TAN-Sporting; causing plea- “ gure by sport. aera (aYo)-Dejested. fafa (p. p. of +g 10eh Toh. f. Pafeeat)—Destitute of; devoid of. ote fper (Parreaht) (40% Par.) — To hear. a+ae (satafit) (1st Par.)-To be awake. [wish. arg (areata) (1st Par.)~To fetwea (Preeat) (tet Atm.)- To swagger; To boast, -ter+e (carechh) (1st Par.)- To address; To say. ary (afte) (Let Ush.)-To curse. (It governs the Dat. in the sense of swearing .)270 THE SANSKRIT. TEACHER : Indeclinables at:-In front. Accidentally; by chance. ROrETTTMA- (Agony, RS nt ‘3-Expletive; it is used to adorn SET m.)-To eat fruits. & sentence. wera-Greatly. ‘amat-In one’s presence (824°, AEST (Inst. Sing. of EBT] — seen: Bea or SATA). Sf. Tater, at geet gees) | gea—-Happily. LESSON XXXVIII; Somz Inngautar Forms ameat aeaag: afim—The Sun has ascended the middle of the day=It is noon (For forms of set n., Vide Tues. XXXV). saraneneg aaaqisht eerazat arfa=To one proceeding on the path of justice, even beasts become helpers. ar aft atanfiermrd ware uetarat 7 aga—She was not able to express through shyness the bond of her affection towards that young man, gearat: & Gata Ste (qutets)—He who has money is (considered) a man on earth. afta: ada: (ett) erat ante aftatz—He who goes, having abandoned the world ¢ft@:, z.¢., on all sides or completely, is a recluse, arard:—arrfara: sfrgerarg—The teacher—‘Let bles- sings be accepted.” See asara:—afiaei—Tho sacrificer—“I accept them.” arerere: grat eaiy weafa—Gardeners weave gar- lande of flowera.SOME IRREGULAR FORMS 271 ar acta waedtft qatea: weqra—Frogs are produced in the rains and arestherefore called avhz (pro- duced in the rains), ar ag eqaygarsfaetar gf:—She is verily an unequalled creation of the Self-existent, acer frashtgerer rita —His body is doubled (as it were) by old age. Rarer! wes qui afte cgerraaq—Raghu said to him, “Oh! Indra! it becomes you to release (you should release) this horse.” (For the forms of aaq Vide Les, XXXVI). In this lesson ar given a few irregular forms. au Fem. go amt at-aat AUT: qo) aeqnesee: 0 re-set | rT-aITETIT Similarly, PRET has Ata-Roreal, Fisieey—Pisiee, de. 1.], Before vowel terminations @t and fite are optionally changed to HG and favica. @rtt Mas. and Fem. go dant: Sarg aarq: ogo Rarg: | Garegh dae feo Gara, aoearam =, Gardty wit Mas. aay Mas. go aft: afaat afta: ar: wit = eat aahy Mas. gmt Fem. go aube aahal adie: gE grat gre: 2, Rules for changing the ending § and % of root-nouns before vowel terminations to {and @ or RY and SF are hard. The following points should be noted.ksh 1 Ol Nm ane Dump epyuy~ Ny 3 * 2b. Cae ve my bay faa:; wa, fram, J—If a-root-noun is not preceded by any Word, he ending ¥ or ® ig changed to ¥% or 34. (sit) weqis Seq: (here, in seh, there is a conjunct consonant but it is not of the root; sath); aafa:; qed: (ge carettft); afta: (ger dttat —1t the ending & or ® of a root-noun is not preceded by a conjunct consonant of the root and if the compound is Age, thefgnding ¥ or & is changed to Yor a. Exception.—(q) 4a, @hrq:—Tho ending % and ¢ of Y and at are changed to 3@ and 8% respectively. 5° Counter-exception-(&) aateat, gavait—But the ® of ashy, and af is changed to a (s) frame, Gareqra, aeTITA—The Loc. Sing. of WY and nouns ending in #f like Gav and maf is formed by HTH. (8) seq: feats; afta-a: feat—The feminine forms of nouns ending in < and & are like those of Sgt and aq when the ending % and & are changed to Zand qand’ are like those of ¥ ~ and ¥ when the ending ¥ and & are changed to Fa and 34. CQ) area, Barge (Fem. Abl. and Gen. Sing.)—The femi- nine forms of atavft, &ardt, &o., which primarily signify an occupation of a male are like those of the masculine. iq Mas. so gay qnial quia: ao de gram gfta: fx quien -7 », aa: ao gaq gaia} «= quia: 8. Mark thé forms of $& before edataeat. In the % base Ta drops ita , aa Fem. ae Fem. se ag oat amt ot -ara-af- sgeg:—aqit-ors wo aft gaat: «WE (It is declined in the Plu. only). 4, ae Broce its final to & before consonantal terminations. a fern, act, an are ine PET EPR] TCU FGETSAQ MANNS & CGEM LUE xe DI oraxy 3, pee HPS aww in the Plu. only.. The last three are some times used in the Sing. also. {IT m. (wife) is used in the Plu. only. ona: same att weer: fee: ear: | Ga fagt (in the Fem.) aga eateascqreraat sUTg Mas. Ko wear ) sagt sure: do Ro ao STA-BET:-SATT 6. Mark thd Wom. Sing. and the Voc. Sing. of the word. Other forms are regular, being like those of S*AAE m. are Mas. FETA Has. mo ome) 90 anat aa: were gem ea: fke may are: TE, sate: eo mf srt: are sf oadtat: wea fita Mas. sea Neu. so ftie frat fae: wea aah af Ha ab 2 p i ate seem are: 7. WS, TRIS, aa wag, ie: &., 2. es, nouns formed from the root 81 ‘to go,’ have a nasal inserted before the final letter in @aaTAeaA. Ih the W base 8 of 88 is dropped and the pre- ceding vowel lengthened, ¢. ¢., the basey are 1, gary, Sq, and eta. The W base of Rae is freq and 979, 3 aI Mas. "1 Mas. gow wat war: at art it fio gama, wT wa aa i a 8. The W base of ay is TL and of WI. JT. aftertst Mas. : BaTe Mas. geafterae often after: = aerg-q worst hard ae aftarar oftergeqra ofteref a SATO THTEKATT CHT gS AR, eee ce oh ems |We FY es] E/2) 24H) 274 ‘THE GANSERIT TEACHER 9. aftara changes its & to % or &. before qonsonantal termi- nations. For the change of the @ of WWE to Kor € vide Les. XXVIII (at) (Carpe cree aft aarz). fraanst feaaageaa | gfaet aftasfra oa aritattenar segftaan at aersaea ge! at at crea! aterragiitsa a graced a grasa: | al seareata aiqaa vftasd aaftafiefteaa ora aAretnent TET | asangnttatsfea | ona at Read aeadag| fas Praftza saaaz fieadtsh ATES ATTA FAA | TTA SST aA: | Jagat oat wa: | nat Layer ara: | arerdt—aa aftart Sdacenaan! cr—afa fkxgead Safire Rear qraea saat gram: aftaeaz: | saafica ararft at a crit a sftafa tl fenearfta af | docateavraes wena afé | ca: qaadtagafiea aeaat ataqractdteor | Eom: @ Ta WARATT AWA Fa! ATA HRTF: THPTTTET He Ul ara aay ehtoregsa stavarageaa | afag a Get frrafa 8 ag can aa aire: 1 girrai a aed af fife wei geo! *@anitnng eneg: acarafer aac: | * Barta is an Wi Aa, The form according to Panini isSOME IRREGULAR FORMS 275 asoitat aragetsfta qeeatat asta: | gataracag sare: setae fe: tt qasanentfa @ arae a a esd afe af gem at Sfqar edo: arenes ceafak et gfrt nethe t araa wae seat a ahaa afte | frafea Qa Gert adtaracgas: | argeamatiatsaae anyfierd eet are | aes cfser sa a aed waist arnfa acer gaat wert Rat aft daha eargdard ehacrrgsar: | & Saat sade gdateteed fries and: QTR: WABI ELIT KSI: RATT! Tearitagar: sata sreftagtatafe qiatta | afar’ ana oa att ered qe earqaareara Indra is the deity of the east, Varuna, of the west, Kubera, of the north, and Yama, of the south, The universal thonarch became ready to serve the cow in accord- ance with thé command of the sage. What is hard for a man of good intelligence ? Frogs jump in lakes in the rainy season. Sukra was the preceptor of demons. Kacha learnt the science of the mantras from him. The enemy must be (afieery with the Znst.) near. His arrows strike us forcibly. You have done well in reminding me of it, I bad forgotten it altogether. Friend, the thing is past. You have no other courae but to cheer up. 7276 THE SANSKRIT TEACHER Nouns ‘Hyareeq ( e7TeI: )m. Name of a was ( eae: )m.—Fire. [sage. afte ( sifte: )m.-The wind. are f.—Water. arfrereqra (1ftrere m.-A ffes- tion, F4m.-A tie )-Bond of affection. ware? (f.of 8aTa)-The south. HET n.-A day. arrete( eters: ) m.-Light. arrfire f.-Blessing. garg m.—Sukra. steht ( f. of STH )-The north. BBrt (AIT) m.-A collection. owt m.-A wise man. Sam. (Hamam. A collection)-A collection of hair. . 7 Taradt f.-The Godavart. anal f-A doe. fier ( fer ) n.-Wonder. att f.-Old age. fafire ( faftrez) n.-Darkness. fits m.—A lower animal. gu ( ger: ) m.-A horse. gai 7. (ile )-Bad intellect Caer tt). Hq (qq) n.-Moanness. wing (aaeq:) m-Name of Arjuna. aaftam Salutation. qaaradt f.-A portion of FeRTeq near ANS. aftavat (aftarat:)m.-A year. afta mA recluse. qaacraga f. (Tart m.-The Himélayas)—The daughter of ftareq; Parvati. TAR (TTT) n.-A sin. ant f-A widow remarried. gq m.-A man. gatrgm.-A priest. qeI( Fes:)m.-(1) The soul, the universal soul; (2) A man. ate? (f. of Tere )-The west. art ( f. of 91% )-The east. sareaft m. (wae, GR f- Speech +f) -Brihaspati. WN f-Fear. WR ( Fe: )m.-A frog. waa m.—Indra, [dener. ATSTRTC ( ATSTHIT: mA gar- * The word comes under the W&t class in which the first member of the compound has the augment Gadded to it. FUG drops its @ before . WERT, name of a country, aa, Haare, geal, &o. are such words.SOME IRREGULAR FORMS Wad mA young man. avy m-A frog. aeafiga m. ( aeq+n.-The plot of a book-+fige m.-Men- tion)-The mention of the | plot. i arefiqe n. (arefia, agot | %)-The state of having hair dear. aftrr ( afta ) n.-Sin. | @PT m—Brahnd, the 277 aft m-A Yadava. aretrat ‘f--Shyness. wera ( Seq: ) m.-Kartikeya, ara ( Bag: ) mA helper. BAS. (mle )-Good intellect Cary fh). @aeft m.-A commander. @ef-A garland. [existent. Self- eftor ( gfta: ) mA deer. Adjectives sftara (p. p. of sft let, 4th Par.)-What is past. afgeita (age )—Having no second, peerless. waalfia (p. p. of TH+TI 4th Atm.—Cau.)-Reminded. BUNT ( A+YLAL pres. p. of GTX 10th Uhre being able. { sreat-Internal wSx-Old. frqoihya-Doubled. ai ( age )—-OF bad intellect. atrq-Wealthy. at (Pro.)-Succeeding. qWs-Sinful. geyt-Ancient. eaten (p. p. of B+eT+ET C eg] 18t, 6¢4 Par.)-Near. fierver (p. p. of ( (+e 4th Par.)-(One) whose fatigue is removed; (one) who has. had rest. Rem (p. p. of fR+-e2 Let Par., used both actively and pas- sively).-1. Forgotten; 2. (One) who has forgétten. afiret (age )-( One) who firxe-Loose. [fears ascorpion. ‘Wy-Vacant; empty. ait ( age )-OF good intellect. eat (ago, a m.—beauty ) Handsome; beautiful. afeerq ( a-Entity + faa Knowledge + 84-A suffix meaning ‘full of’)—Consist- ing of the Supreme Spirit who is made up of the prin- ciple of entity (eeereq) and knowledge ( Serqeaey ). wag (saree, ef A eft €88q')-Lying in the heart.278 THE SANSKRIT THACHER Roots aata+fy ( sanfintt (6th | Ma-bere (stqwERA) (16 Atm= Par.)-To enter. To depend upon. Sa+er (srgweTe) (4th Atm.)— | afta ( seftrerf-ate) (90h To obey; to act up to; to Toh.)-To accept. conform to. Indeclinables {AA-Qaickly. | aeaft-Now. LESSON XXXVI TappuitTas AND Kairs atretit craahaerta at a ett fareftea—Bhima and Arjuna cannot be stopped by Karna, son of Radha, or any other such person, Gada a fiaareqerit unet—This king is farerqart ( fefat+eraant ), 7. ¢,, the joy to those who bow to him completely, like Garuda, son of Vinata, ( aat-perrrzo ). This is an instance of STAT based upon “Sa. tat? has two senses, one applying to the king, the object of description (Ege or 9%), and the other to Garuda, other than the object of de- scription (STHRIN or WAFA). Such a figure is called Ba, Ve= Embrace (‘Two senses are pressed in the same words). gorat! steverinent tere saiqq—Oh! son of Drona! (Agvatthaman !) enough of throwing (do not throw) yourself excessively into the fire of grief. 37S in the sense of ‘enough’ governs the Znet, and is also used with the Ind. p. p, and the Inf.a ‘Ss cum vA oon # i ITS 279 avati geredaiseaa afiger + fint—To a Kshatriya there is nothing else beneficent than just fighting. mat at a afta cra: Tie RF attarfarra—A collection of (i, ¢,, all) the subjects burnt excessively through grief at the thought that Rama would go to a forest the next day. aé efter! aa wattearita Rettrdeat wee1—Enough of crying. Verily, Sekuntala should be made calm by you two only. seqmaaehagieret usf—This is proper to o king who is like a sage, sat feadarfigtar eft cata egaTe att—Urvasi, having Chitralekh&é as her second (accompanied by Chitralekha), was taken prisoner by the demon Keéin. } This lesson illustrates Taddhita and Krit affixes. Primary affixds or those added to Nouns, Pronouns, and Ad- jectives are called Taddhita. There are many Taddhita affixes, of which a few are given below:— %. weave: (signifying an offspring) staq=Offsprings, whether sons or.daughters, or later gene- rations of a family. % W— TaN: (careqrrenE—Son of Ravana); crea: (cat- eqeat—Son of the family of Raghu); raat (edaearted wh-—Daughter of Parvata); araet (sermeqraed of), Before these affixes. the final vowel is generally dropped andwe aS A yey THY SANSERIT TBA (4 RIeoll ie nl a= » the initial vowel takes oriddhi. In wq, the final vowel is gunated. a Similarly, changes in the following words can be easily seen. a. carey: (qucaeartera); ata: (afta seq). 4. eq—mTBa: (Son of the Ganges, Bhishma), Saeaz (son of Vinaté; Garuda); cra: (son of crat; Karna). 8. 4, £8, a—saga: ( wereqrream ); eaeftat (ETIETA); grata: areca at ( wracrenr ). 2 wqeara: (signifying a collection) g a—abter ( acnott are: ); Sere; TAA. x a aaa: (signifying ‘studying it or tee N knowing it’) (a signifies the base [9gf%] to which affixes are added.) 2. ei Son (sarncorrh® Bx at ). & ee—Aarfae: (from ara); arfhen: (from a); Ufeer- far, (from eftre); dtafirs: (from gue ). au oe ai Romeabater). aetna ‘produced from it’) eee (was ¥a:)—Produced from teeth, dental; area: (from sits); aeam: (from xs); atesa (from: (mg); spaea: (from wht); sTea: (from ara); saters (from #74); safteq: (from se74). 2. a—arfeoner: (from after); anata: (from wire );: aleea: (from gq). 2. ee arate (from arg); arate (from atc). REAR TAU sa ESoN abdayrhg diy xarra, _-)* ‘AY ‘aL x Teorey RUTPR RA cata after er F senses:—6, AAU TRAY wa—arkts sari — srrerrforen at—arfies fiert (nature) Safire fa—ths pve \ ara—ararhite 4, aeaqaq| (signifying ‘belonging or pertaining to it’) R. t— Re ( Prader ) was. 2. f—agia; nate; wadta; ergta; verte; gota; areata. \ ‘ 8. fagréaraa: (signifying ‘change, of form’) %. aaa (waa: -Cow-dung; atéaaa (Con- sisting of speech )-Literature. , A RE EI 9, ay arg:/(signifying ‘kind to it’) &. q-arcaa: (: é :—Good in affording protection). 2. waar: ( srffirg_ ara: ) ¢. aemaraay (Not fallen from it) % aa (sata —not removed from duty); aqe7y, &. WAT aTR: (mea waz-gignifying an abstract notion) %@, ns ff; Titat (cowness). a maMafiag (from ey); aftaa (from ae); wftray, (from 99) aftaa, (from 2); aftaa (ftom aa).aera eters aia FAAS, RRR Aa eH ete a. a— attra (from 38); wreaa (from 8g); arge (from _ avrg (from aa); stare (from gare); arat (fry aq); Tua (from fag). 2. a—arfiger (from often); arfee (from ofea), att (from’ ax); S& (from fac); Ge (from we). Similarly, argd; onseq, ageg; Staeq; ated; &e, 444,41, andq convert adjectives into abstract nouns. Ro, sendaran: fsignifying ‘excellence’) 5 9, %, SYA YAW; TIT TA; TART IEE, &e, (Vide Les, XXII). &. atnY, TAT AEA; Te, 2. fe, w—atiaa; afirg; dc. aa cartierarae: (signifying ‘possession’) 2. ad—afaaa; gfeaa; afiaa; araa; amaey wea | 4 Vide Les, X0DD), There are many other possessive affixes as under:— ae-gftas (af f-Agriculture; ¢ is lengthened); see (x%q n. Strength; lustre). 3-cies; ates; arge—aias (from ara). a-Raa, svia (from slg ‘water’ with q dropped). sra(st)—orie (oie, 2, piles)—Ra (Hat tTETTEMfe) one who has drunk. fiaq—arftaq (eloquent). a—wsiq (proud); wig (auspicious, blessed), 2. aha: ofiey ket afi: Sher; efea, 3. fa—arata; Farka; ana; anitax, eee Beater RRCTADDHITAS AND KRITS. 288 &. wyaaRTaaras: (signifying ‘the being or doing like that denoted by the base’) t. fea ()h—geohtnahh (srg: Fer: dead guy azar Ra makes what is not black, black); aqaafa; &e, 83, Swequarareas: (signifying ‘a little short of’) ¢. weq—fagenen: (ingat Aarq—Like a learned man; a little short of him); gtanag: (A little short of an island, having water on three sides). : os Seite: \ about eighteen years, 2. Ty—aEIg: (Saga: T)-Almost clever. Mark this— The affix 9g is placed before the word. > 8, agea astra” (signifying ‘some thing formed in the base’) z ra—aretd aa: (arear aeq dotar—Having stars formed in fit); gefardt water (Having hair on end). ge, setae: (signifying ‘measure’) 2, ama—atararaq, (That much). 2. a—AIATH Aer (Reaching up to the knee). 28. Sa qed Paar Sizade: (signitying ‘action like it’) &. a—aTenaha —Studies like a Brahmin. aq is added in the sense of ‘like.’ The words to which it is affixed are connected with verbs. Qo. cares: or Eatsaraw: (conveying the sense of self) Ray Tae ee TG: TTT er OTT BEATA aT TTA;284 THE SANSKRIT TEACHER soar wa siteeaa; dfifita aifiega, arev es mre eT “at Ggada’ (areata )-It comes to this; Baa RB, A AAS TT Tes; Bas afer: Ba Va Fae; a — Trea Gt; BATT TIFT, Re. satararaa: (signifying ‘praise’ ) 2, SIMI TE: TET-Very clever; aneatng eafy (oft qaT). ae, Reqraran: (signifying ‘censure’) 2. ara—ateent fag Arexare:. 20. Various Senses of ® teer-fe— oe ( aftemits: ) 2 MaRET ge: = C aaeftoe: gt ) \ aga after ( seat m2: ) 8 aRaeq— TAR: ( faa: ga: ) « ari— afte: = (orf) ( arf m.,f.-a sheep) 21, ay, fra ax-siteaat: ( Formerly rich ); MaaTaag. fara—agftra: ( much ) eet ata. KRIT AFFIXES Primary affixes which are added to roots are called Kit affixes. ‘Words ending in Arit affixes are called Kridanta (Participles). %. Present, Past, Indeclinable Past, and Potential Participles, and Infinitives have already been treated. >. wafiernara.€ Future Par. )—y—afirqg (7. aficrditedt); & Atm —eattoqar ( f. efteqaron ). 7 &. athngagaea ( Perfect Par. )—ag-ahag; g- ayaa; F- egag (Par); wa (Aim); 3T+g-seaTE; sTfa+aE- %. HA (MBE )—2T is added to roots in the sense of repeti tion of the action denoted by them, art art arf fitay—Bows to Siva, constantly remembering hini.TADDHITAS AND KRIEGER aarrét 285 TANG TIA; F— AT BTET. eer ePa—Destroys completely. same TETf—Seizes alive. @Panrg gatfi—Tokes captive. . & agarern HA (signifying an agent)—z and WW are added to roots in this sense. F-SI, BITS IF-IR, Tse; A-Ag, ATA. &, wraqaras Te7Y—A fixes forming verbal or abstract nouns. Go) f-af&, aA, arf, Rah, AAR, cerfh, Fenh, aE, fe (all fer.) The changes before this affix are in general similar to those before the @ of the Past Par. (8) Sta —arat, RCO, WHT, BA, AAA, TA, MAM, Ge. (all new.) (c) AH, AI, HTM, TH, Tt (all mas.). ara eftgeats afircar ada qrarafteer aur waft | aa | sdtera ar aeaft aaraagarfa ia oat waar frat aocaaeargaaat | eanakttaa caresgd qara aranag sara safe | gaeadanfafrgcarl waa waza & asetft) gear ae Rat war | ages | ae a Rada: sfraqayt a fe fegat aeat eared afeitea a a an: arate war ateaea 1 afag fia aeqaaare | tea quer aizé aa eft ew reata | afd meat, a arasa: | ater arazay, | Tze | crm aacaata fsfifieaa | aie aver darth. Ral @ wa arasat aRaga mes eetawale t anaqaaacamayafakasat ga: Reger arg Aeyqarascala seat TTNTASAEIaT- gaefisarth taqsaqaagarran | wrad atta ada Rafters oraaitaa aarti ve Rare286 THE SANSKRIT THACHER oat aa cqaega caay geri gam fac aftcad att ema ea afkeard arear miat Rad aq aaa at cafgsgta fafafad i AGATTST T: TFATCAG ATT AAT | gute eqa areiari fear ag a faa aafa frenw: atat até a gala Saar | savala aqueagie: sofa a ataara, sezia fafaaassel a erafa sitfiaa i aabaafe a: ast aaam: argefeatear | fe até aftargawand fe caasar afa: f& oret wate aaa cele Saranaqa: | fe fat aadteencfas acaradra: aa & use Sqqaguet gaiaandaa: tl qawarat Ba Baarrat Tay | gaging wh aka Aeaaarana aRaeT Ble AT CaAAMATTA_T Tag TI wanaea & gianna fasagicizaemaa | aettatzararatfiquaraqay | AeqEAMA VISE ATATAT Il Satyavrata had a son, by name Trifaiku. He obtained the state of a Chandala through the curse of Vasishtha. He, how- ever, went to Heaven, alive, through the might of Visvimitya. But when he went there, gods hurled him down. . He was, how- ever, stopped in the middle by ViSvimitra by his power of penance.TADDHITAS AND KRITS 287 Not that corn is not grown because there are creatures who eat it away. You are very cruel indeed, you have left me all of a sudden. Your statement that the water is at once hot and cold is contradictory. Nouns afafRecat f-Great severity. ararale ( staat: ) m.-Inward burning. waata ( aaata ) m.-Know- ledge. art (art) mo-A horse; it signifies the number seven (the sun’s seven ). f.—A row; a collection. sPatt f—Lokshant. watat Crdeet) n-A blue lotus. { m.-The moan; it signifies the number one. Bras (HA-BA); my n-1. A bud; 2. A collection. m.-Name of a demon. afa f.-Knowledge. He (Her) nA house. WE (FE ) mA planet; it sig- | nifies the number nine. a4 f.-The body. aqary (a-qary:) m.—A weaver. a ( Ter) nA leaf. horses being gatart f.-Evil propensity. €U f.-Sight. im m—( Zan. Duality +3tFasIT m. Darkness, igno- rance +3qq m.-Rise)-Rise of the darkness caused by duality. rare (TTT) n. (BH, ATE m.+9%n.)-A lotus-like foot. afegd mA prisoner. aera ( THT) n.-Worship. wat (ATS) n.—A receptacle. AFUC (WAT!) m.-One of the five GeIZA's. BFF m.-A sage; it signifies the number seven. agar m. ( agai aat: )-Joy of the YAdavas or descen- dante of Yadu; Srikrishna. aa ( qa: ) m.-A barley-grain. faager ( aga: ) m.-A bird. | &q (3) m-It signifies the number four. | MER ( MEE-HT) m., nna cloth.288 argafaatifte: ( argent fear ) n—Name of a metre. @aq (aq!) m-A collection. aad (aa:) m-The sun; it signifies the number twelve. THE SANSKRIT TEACHER waret f.-A cooking pot. W184: ) mA horse; it sig- nifies the number seven. aft m.-Vishnu. eftoft f.-Name of a metre. Adjectives wes-Pure. aTeETa-Not seen before. srafefaa (sttafe+faa p. p. of f& 5th Ubh.)-Not known. sifita (Cp. p. of aft+a+¢ 2nd par., f. Bat)-Wished. sapayeya—-What causes surprise. #4t-Powerful; able. watt-Hard. amatgn (ayo, m1 Adj.-Deept SEN m.—Grief)-(That) which has deep grief. Paagft (age, fara dj.-Strange tft f—-Conduct)-Of strange | conduct. fafee-All; the whole. anit (f. a1)-What is to happen. wt (p.p. of ME let Atm., 4th | Par.)~Fallen. wasoofte ( wea n.-The vitalet BfF-Cutting)-Cutting the vitals. BlwleAC-The best in the world; ‘extraordinary; uncommon. arat-Accustomed to bow; humble; (one) that salutes | the venerable. | fane-Under control,subjected, subdued. | fanfafax (p. p. of f+af+ fera 4th Par.)-Contradictory. faery (Pres. p. of fater 1st Par.)-Bewailing. ga (p. p. of +g 1et, 5th, 9th Ubh.)~Opened. zatq-Black. | Weq-Void. aaa-Everlasting. Roots arfi+ fr ( erfiraft-a) (1st Ubh.)-To cook. sata (sraaft) (2nd Par.) To go after. raft (orraaft) (ist Par.)- To waste away. ea [eral (wrath) (61h Par.)- To cut.‘THE AORIST 289 wars ( sqeft) (1st Par.)-To | sow. burn, [bursts to be torn. | &taft+an ( faarftuafa-2 ) we (xeft) (tet. Par. )-To | (1st Ubh.)-To be changed or sfttiy (seit) (1st Atm.)- turned into something new. To await. fa+fea (Peerage) (1st Atm.)- ay (ecaft, graft-H) 41h Par, | To be astonished. 6th Ubh.)—To drop. & ( aaft-t) (1st bh. )-To aq (aafa-& ) (1st Ubh.)-To weave. Indeclinables MATUTAA ( Inf. of MA+eaT)~- | a Taddhite affix signifying To stay. “dependent ’ )-Reduced to aft Fal-Having thought so. ashes. GRR-At once; suddenly. aardarag (eat dateg, oTaE)- wT (AHA n. ashestatq- / Having beaten breasts. LESSON XL Taz Aorist aot are com aged fefaess—In the whole circle of the eayth, there was a king called Suratha. a1 | aetat Set:—Oh ! child! do not fear death. With AT the Aorist has the sense of the Imperative. The augment & or Sf is not used in this case. wafirnarft cara at ea sett ata:—Though offended by your lord, do not go against him (oppose him) througli anger. When AT & is used with an Aorist form, it has the sense of the Imperative and does not take the augment & or St. eae agiacer stat —He conquered the collection of six internal enemies (@ta-passion, mlw-anger,290 THE SANSKRIT TEACHER @ha-avarice, We-infatuation, aq—pride, and Aeaz~ jealousy) and sported in good morals, This lesson illustrates the Aorist. It originally signified im- mediate past. It is MUATYASTS. H—STYg STTANZe Te Yo Jo—To-day’s or near past time. SMHAL MATATYS —,, Not to-day’s or a little remote past wa Thre, —Remote past time. [time. As in the Imperfect, so.in the Aorist also, roots take the aug- ment & or Sf. The forms can thus be easy to recognise. It has seven varieties, of which the fourth and the fifth are general. 4th and 5th Varieties 1. Anit roots take the fourth variety, Set roots, the fifth, and Vet roots, both varieties. 4th Variety bth Variety f& Par, aq Par. let pers, A Tay aide srafga orarfira orarftor Qnd,, sa saseq we sat sarten vate BS s ow 8rd, sate ster wag: = aradtg = warfeerreratigg: fata Atm. aft Atm. let yah sqarae oatcae afaie safraie waeafe 2nd SRT: SETTAT ARG OTTTyET: sraTitaranT ATA, 3rq sqae SBaTART yaa refs says TAIT From this the terminations will be found to be as under:— 4th Variety Par. Atn. 7 lat pers. OOH fe at aft Qnd », A eet Ur STUTT aL 8rd ,, SATS a aranr atTHR AORIST 298 5th Variety Par. Atm. let pers, ETT steal? gait ind» § BR ger EMU aA rd ET aE gUATE ETT = (ato )—arariia rete | RTE; ( STEN TET Fas TURAL | TTT: orate aq HATE: agora srattera = sratitg: FS aTeTT Tae Tay: Fash sarin sarfag: agitate oereerr-nieers sae-maT: gaara, warterg = varity: asa me caret; aq-aale a —aaitg-sraher-sratag: Rules of Guna and Vriddhi 1. A-side, ex-sriledta—In the 4th Variety Par. the vowel of a root takes wriddhi.. _2. ®4R8; HHA—In the 4h Variety Atm. the ending { and Z take guna and the other vowels remain unchanged. 3. mada, stare, staat, Hardt, saratg—In the 5¢h Variety Par. the ending vowel and the penultimate 9% of roots ending in J and @ and of 4% and Aw take wriddhi. 4, ag-oradtq-adt—In the 5th Variety Par. the penultimate & of roots ending in any consonant except and & takes vriddhi , optionally, 5. samehy, eet, senta, weeta—sTE, ca, PY, TE and some other roots do not ¢ vriddhi. +, 6. wate; gq-sntiie Min the 5ih Vificty Atm. the cading yowel and the penulti ‘short vowel take guna.292 THE SANSKRIT TEACHER Ba (qto )\—Srd_ pers. ake ardent ies: ® (siteqe)—Srd pers. AHA ARTA TET Qnd pers. HU: eT || EET Rules of Sandhi 1. ea Hehehe Herre arora TTT (— SMA, FA, and Far preceded by consonants other than nasals and semi-vowels drop @. 2. AWE, AFAI—CAT: and A drop @ when preceded by R. 8. The rules for the change of t&% to Ja necessarily and optionally are the same as those for the change of *% to 3 in the Perfect. agar errearart sree; -stah—aafie eafierany arafiaa; ae-srate-srhfte eed Reraee eratftea; gaa AE SAYCATAM A TYCATA— 4. € is the 8rd pers. sing. termination in the ease of F and the form is #aTf%. It is optionally added in the case of @a, and T7. 6th Variety : amt Par. let pers. BARAT, safer saftey and ., wid: rife afte 8rd. sateteg srifters orifg: ra—srietty; Rreq—ertetay but Ut Aim. wien, srteTTTL wiea; tear, aaa, HELA (To protect) stata; s1—sTata. 1. This variety applies to Par. roots only. 2. 4a, TA, AA, and roots ending in Hf take this variety. lst Variety a Par. (1st Variety) at Atm. (4th Variety) let pere, aT TTA feat orf and , FRE oT etre: orfksraRy, ard, WG Tg: oa aa. oafeseTHE AORIST 298 W ‘to drink—sIMg; S—BMANE. & ‘to go’—Srd p. HTL MATA ST; And p. ST: SATA MATA. Hose p, AYR MYA HAG; Lot p. STA eye TY: 1. 7, 8, roots assuming the forms at and MW (Vide Les. 36, r. 18), &at, 8 (oubstitute for % ‘to go’), W'to drink,’ and ¥ take this variety. This variety is, like the sixth, exclusively Par. 2. stf&a, fdra—at, at, and eat when Atm., take the fourth variety since they are Anit. They change their 3 to Vth Variety faq Par. Lot pers. SRT afiena afar 2nd ,, afte: frat aia Bra ,, stag afeata ater fax Aim. Let pers, Sifaie feral? stearate 2nd ,, fire: sfrarang arfaereay Brd ,, BET oafaararet aera arf Hea sae-+am (Les. 28, r. [91] )=sg-ter (Les. 28, r. Ce] seftraien. sygteaage eager MTRATA-AYEA ANIA; FIATTA: Fog 1st p. Sif ahy-orfearaly or sriSeh-afeerak; ond p. Hien: or FACT Rema or SALA; Srd p. Hie or Ae; the forms of fg, {¥ and Bg are similar. The rule:-— 1. gia, ceo, SI-GIT—Anit roots, ending in J, ¥ & or Z and having &, Z, %) or & for their penultimate, take this variety. 2. wate-wileet—iBq, ag, (Bg, and Ghave optional forms in Atm. 8rd pers. Sing., 2nd pers. sing. and plu., and let pers. duat, They are made up by adding @, YT, ¥a%, and af.294 THE SANSERIT TEACHER 2nd Variety This variety has three kinds of roots:— (1) Those that take it necessarily; (2) Those that take it -optionally; (8) Certain Aim. roots belong to this variety optionally and take Par. terminations when they take it. The terminations are the same as those of the Imperfect. A few important roots of each class are as under:— CQ) ay, TS, TA, TL TH, AH, VA, A, AT TI, ( TH), aq (ata), wa (ez), sq (ore), a, SY, BE. SE, SG, (aE, Ss, BT, fog, eG (Ag), FE, K(k). (8) 04, Pq Re, Ba, TH, eH, ACAD. C3) Fa, Ms BL VE, CI, 7. ccd lst pers. AMAT STAT aT Qnd ,, are aaa Ta 8rd ,, RATA TAA WAT aR —oataey Fa — oI ET — Halas; fq —ePesga— 5 Fa MgAa-safae, 8rd Variety 1. Roots of the tenth conjugation, causals, and other derived roots take this variety. The terminations are the same as those of the Imperfect. Gord pers. WAG AGA MATT ata A-SE TRATES L, RCI HT—-AL-THT Pag ag—orehtney 2. (a) The base drops 4%} (b) The vowel is shortened; (c) The root is then reduplicated; (d) the & of the reduplicative syllable is changed to % if the following syllable is short; (e) The vowel of the reduplicative syllable, if short, is generally lengthened. © amit roots (WA, TH, TL» AA, WA, FL, and AZ),THE AORIGT 295 8. The following are some of the irregular forms of this variety:— arz—srfza, arg—srfinga ; agente; atg—srfaa, we wang, Bye; Hig - sd req—arhrtiea; eer—erfinfag ; a-sritqa; sa-wesrag; Tq-saTt— eee. RAT AATA—It was said by me. 4, Passive or Impersonal Forms—These forms are made up by applying Atm. terminations. agent aparirarae snarfirer aah warfare oratfizen foq-e5R arocerany afar 5. Qis the termination of the 8rd pers. sing. Before it, the ending vowel and the penultimate @ take vriddhi and roots , ending in ST take the augment % Any other penultimate short vowel takes guna. SraaReT sey ATRIA se aTsta | geaalsti aared sid @ UsqareAATaasa caTasaAT- anit aa ast adiarlorritagzeratt Rafters TART | sqasieaara a arerefiaradint aq area Pensa f caeafifa aada ararfaaq | agar A afta at frafefsaaara qeeqae Petagraageafeqear gagrdicea fe fafeaaar ater fe waa HEAT ara gaa fe gragraignaa watae ta Bgar ae zara ew aati aafeay |296 THE SANSKRIT TEACHER set ae ated et gar arate araa t gra fasiteaqesi acat a narra: | wacel amams azgagracy it fafatonfa aio eaear aedt cet fad wag ar ygr weretat wae: 1 faatt atatseithe @ Bs Ha ar ware Gat: t AAMAS aa: Ti TTTATAA qatsecadtalt agarot afe ae 1 Reust witete fea: aeaagsT: a faarefag ach aia: aire fzsttaa | Ra at fe aera aened Parez facar nara asanfa avteeror- Reger feqrant grraareia sngga: sees: fies arheorat sofia agate afadt venfa at fasta ofaet tana: sreadt: ar: | aq srafagaigeaad: ered fez gata ag are aay 9s ga career | BHAA AAA AT YQ ass TSS BHATTI I ar gt gece areata: * The root 14 is Aim. “Cold does not afflict me so much,” says a wan, “as your use of the wrong form @l¥d for the correct form @a¥.” UF means TWA HF aia, } Here the augment is used. The form is therefore a. t There is no scope for fear in the Vedantic idea of oneness. The thought of duality or plurality is connected with fear; and so the plu. is used.THE AORIsT 297 sarefaedeatitsegqaa: | aaa arar aeattser Te ama ant aa fafzaria 1 RRQ REM Shay Gara: | aa deat waren oearaeqarcent& tl Arse sad TATA | FarearadaNg- aa AIaT | gerard aared Rafer | BA: TAA AA TLARTATTATAA: I Night itself ceased (passed away) of Rima and Stta talking of love. All his objects bore fruit. I asked him,, ‘When did you return from Bombay ?” The king told his minister, “I verily see my life fruitless.” He gave muéh Dakshind to Brahmins. : Oh! Lord! jf heat is possible in the moon or cold in the sun, then is fault pdssible in the prince. Then, as days rolled on, the cat took the young ones of that bird out of the hollow of the tree and ate them up. Whoever is attentive to his duty and works harder and harder every day succeeds in life. Nouns after f.-Great severity. like art). wat ( HITT: ) m.-Love. amet f.-A row, a line. arag ( FATT) n—Distance. | SERS ( SVRS: ) m.—Uproar; rary (81914!) m.—Destruction, | noise. wea (area) nA lotus. | aterfinge (terftrgaa) n. ater ay rao (Used in the Plu. | m. Name of a bird-+ fay fe298 a pair) A pair of Kraufiche birds. aca (aca) The act of swimming. arate (grata) n.-(ar4 p. p. of 4 let Par.-accursed + fw n. fate)-Accursed fate. qua (geet) n-An evil act; sin. free (firrra:) m.-A barbarous tribe. safaer f.-Respect. eet f.-Hood. maers (RAAT: ) mm. HET f+ arratd m.-Expansion, pomp, show)-Pompous expansion of the hood of a serpent. faea ( fear ) n.-Dise. sqarettha m. (44 m.-The world +areatf m-An ocean )- The ocean of the world. ‘arsaat f.-The state of being a receptacle. aa f.- (HAE m.-a bee FST f. srow)-A row of bees. aque f.-A female swan. ast Swoon; an unconscious state. meget (csqart:) m.-The burden of the kingdom. THE SANSKRIT TEACHER faa ( faa) m.-Wandering; delusion. afta f-The state of being destined. mae (HG: ) mA piece. waa n.—Dung. ERTS (ETHER) 2. (TEE m, +35TS n. A collection)-A collection of words. afte ( affert) n.-Cold. gearea (yee: ) m.—Name of a minister. amt (A mA dog +H m- It signifies a collection)— Dogs. earefeiey m.—The occan of the world. @at f. (Used in the Plu.)- A year. . after f.-Forberance. aioe (TH, ATE nA lake +g lst Par, To grow) n- That which grows in a lake; a lotus. BM f-Beauty. waa (taA:) m.—Relations. eauttes, (Carentan) 0. (at p. p. of Fy 2nd Par.-Ac- cursed +¥Qt n,)-The accurs- ed body.THE AORIsT 299 Adjectives wa-Following. | foie ( age )-( That) from awqaHTg (@Eo)-(One) whose | which splendour is gone; mind is elsewhere. | without splendonr. sreaqaa (p. p. of H+sg+mE | Ata-1. Deep; 2. Base; low. let Par.)-Produced. | AEVTTT-OF great fortune; for- smaftat-Complete. [duced tunate. BRA (p. p. of SE+Y-Pro- alfta (p. p. of BE 4th Par. SUA (p. p. of S++ Brd | Cau.)-Infatuated. Ubh.)—Done; performed. | at Angry. goadte (qt m.1. Merit, 2. | sea (p. p. of R+I+H 8th A rope)-1. Appreciating | Ubh.)-Despised; insulted. merits; 2. Holding a rope. raat (f. SHat)-Eternal. fgafra-Twofold. | eae-(age, sarieaa: afta: ararat—Destroyer. \ wae: ~All. fagr-Clever. | are ( ago )-1. Full of water; fatay (ago )-(That ) from 2. Possessed of taste or ap- which poison is gone; with- | preciating faculty. out poison ! Roots Rr+ftr Cate (6th Par.)- | Rte ( fieaf& ) (1st Par.)- To show. * | To bewail. Pitg (frareafht Cau. J Let, 5th, gy (GMMA-T) (Sch UoA. )-To 9th, 10th Ubh.)-To prevent. | cover. Indeclinables araTaraa (Inst. Sing. of SATATA | Wetw-Adverse; to a contrary m.)—Without difficulty. | azafa-From which time. [way. wg-A fterwards. aHq-Once. ga:-Hence. €A-1. It is used with the Pre- fraura-Exceedingly. sent and gives it the sense of HI-Not (Used with the Aorist| the Past; 2. It is used slong in the sense of the Impe-| with AT with the Aorist in rative). the sense of the Imperative,800 ‘THR SANSKRIT TEACHER LESSON XLI Tur Bznepiotivz, THE DESIDERATIVE, THE Fau- QUENTATIVE, AND Nomina VERBs gus 3 yata—May thy welfare be—may thou be happy! Waal a: fed qata—May Kegava give you welfare! fact a: fit qvata-May Siva nourish your prosperity t arg Tyas ae HARA Bae aeafia Stes gO Oh! king! if thou wishest to milk this cow of the earth, do thou nourish now these calf-like people. fafaaaa isa BATT compound and may be dissolved in two. ways:—1. farfita Qa: fafraaears or 2. fefriatta HRrazears. In the first fig or dissolution, 9g is the principal word and the figure of speech is SY% or metaphor; in the 2nd fang, fafe is tke principal word and the figure is 3VAt or simile. We have fra Steq and not Beara ae. a eas is therefore STAT fh the compound is to be dissolved as fafagera. feftr aeqraad At eoregi* cacef¥—In the southern direc- tion the lustre of even the sun becomes weak. aah eafta srsqeaatattsa g:—By his manifold lustre this king shines exceedingly like the sun. General rules for the formation of Causal forms Cae or ‘ferwa) are given before. A few irregular forms are given below. a—arraft-a; en-errraft-a588-sarsaht-8; Sara R a—oriaft-a; A-grahh-a; P-snaafe-a; -rvalt-as afi+g-seqragft-a. at ( To drink )-azafe-&; 1 ( To protect )~areafa-a. eg— tera, teats ea-araafa-8. wq—araght-a; wa-cerafa-a. * For the forms of afro Vide Pp. 210, foot-note.THE BENEDICTIVE AND OTHER FORMS 301 aaah h, mera Ror -erreah-B; TTA, Ser warahta. This lesson treats of the Benedictive, the Desiderative (@™=q),* the Frequentative (q#*@), and Nominal Verbs (aTWaTg). The Benedictive 1 Par. @ Atm. let pers, ATA TTT aT aaa aah ond, FA WaT agen efter: Gnnexieue Sed, Tae UTE: ate aftqrent wey fa-srova-ate; eq-era-eitie; | ae-esqva-aeite; Te- sea, Tareas; T-Iara, ea-ahaTg. The Benedictive expresses a blessing or a good wish. Rules:— 1, Par. terminations Waa, Ava, We, &e. are weak. The changes before them are in general the same as before the 4 of the Passive or the Impersonal (faara, TEI, Tala, SATE). 2. agte, wari, g@ite—The Atm. terminations are strong. The Rules of the guna and of the change of faq to Em are the same as in the Aorist 4th Variety, Aim. era (The Desiderative) aor ( hteghiooft ) | afar —Rrreft (arafieaft) ag—fayaft fa—Recftahe | a—ftrafr aa Prete at—fieeft fa-Paeiafi-featah sng—icatt mi—fiarat waft sR Take Atm. ter | 3—aaita (Par.) za—fteat minations. a frtifa, frarftah, faedt- BESTT aft sy —aaeft minations of the Desi. wae the Freq. by Panini.302 THE SANSKRIT THACHER fRarg:—Desirous of drinking; faaTet-Desire of drinking. The rale:-— 3. (a) The Desiderative base is formed by adding © to roots. Roots are reduplicated before this & and 8 of the reduplicative syllable is generally changed to %. @ takes the augment & in some cases and does not take it in others. (>) frarg-faatat—z is added to the Desi. base to form ad- jectives and Stf to form abstract nouns. 4. The Desiderative expresses desire or an action about to be done and is a derived-base. All the tenses and moods are therefore formed from it as from the Causal. FS ( Cau.) argh, sag, wag, SIG, RATS wra-ore, archer, arches, senrefieug, eretacg , erate. 3— Pats (Dee.)-Faatah, Pastis, afeattia, Raattie, Faatet- THC HITE, feathitar, faltcaft, afatiieqg, ofetiery, Rett. agea (The Frequentative) aaa (thagrata gai at waf®)-It signifies that the action is frequent or in great force. rq —Ahheaes saqy—enseegd; qa Tae, HE werent. The rule:— 5. The Frequentative is formed by adding @ to roots. Atm. terminations are applied. Roots are reduplicated before q and the reduplicative syllable is gunated. Forms of 54%, %q, and WZ, given above, are irregular. aegira (The Frequentative with q dropped) aarti adh, These forms drop q. avvatg (Denominatives) arora —aerafarechs (srrarerd Fae [a]); TEMA. areqht—ay sachs aareaht—arentt wat.THE BENEDICTIVE AND OTHER FORMS 308 el, TEVA, and ATA are derived bases and take all the tenses and moods. wate ganguanft a veaft | agr vataftenaqare areet tacisnficig F291 a ar at ater ara ad fet wala | sreeg sare aa fired wala | rent at ait eeu: stlaeat araeat FARE feacat erent at ot qtr sala wear TARE wT faa adetafaed ged tqrgaata star fafafeaiea qeRaTSTra Tea saeaRaay: aarfedt ware sar art Taq aa @a ang Sa sreaia & ateat Seg sfFefes 109 dararg wt areafa df anett fates CR eRe gee: gage: al ats a eragT wala | Teas UTTaitita |-sqqafherd: | aaraat- éeretsaH | | ara By afta agi taaraaed a FE FSP araratearahcentalt wat at age | sereaed Gag geaseadt ar Arteaga & Tar aA I aS Uy aTaiadt stag areas: | faarear at fat area ar GeaTT I aPasTATAy NaPL TAQvSTAONS!A Tra: | Wa Waa: Gat arefeheatenitshy a tb304 THE SANSKRIT TEACHER fageraaadt Page: Peat eft firceafc at Peg Offi acetit f Hoot at a ada seit 2 etfiser aaaaer a: feraftot | gmat der: graaa galas aon dared fafa stat freraqe | aur sitaaisd waoseuatht ayé colt dheat aft aafe avs Garey Berti: gat fear et eriea: ge | gar a atfzai fart a asa ger tl Paar dhargear fafa a fe gra cqua: frarartt axet Paw smacwd fe wafer | a9 @eenaaaaty fei Preah: fated geomafracrarm a 1 —aft gredtfixda off 1 mel aadegRat: Tet F ffterseaeTET | RT FAVA aTgat got FATA Fae 1 Great indeed is the gulf between my limited powers, and the vast work undertaken by me. I am desirous of crossing an ocean by means of a small boat. Happiness comes after misery and misery after happiness in this world of living beings. None is invariably happy or miserable. Even a single word, thorougly understood, goes to fulfil our desires, Such is the power of learning. Those who bow to Govinda have no fear.THE BENEDICTIVH AND OTHER FORMS 805 Oh! Safijaya! tell me what the Pandavas did to my sons, desirous of fighting with them. He who wishes to make a rogue a good man wishes to cross the ocean with his hands. Why do you trouble him ? He is about to die (Use the Desi.). Fie upon an old man! even his sons act like his enemies. Nouns waray ( stA-qq: ) m.-Name of a figure of epeech in which the object described (3a#q) and that with which it is com- pared (Sqa1#) are the same. aera (sara ) n.—The act of reciting. m1. An ocean; 2. It signifies the number four, oceans being four in four directions. | waft mim waft f.-The darth. atm ( @Ta: ) H.-Love. m. (Ao, BT m. moving in the aky, a bird + Aft m. a jewel)—The best of birds. TG (WTEAL) n.-Poison. qyas (aTae:) m.—Name of a bird. Prat (sitye:) mA cloud. ASN GNAT m. TY, TST adj. small+{7q m. the moon+ TAT m. crest)-Having the young moen in his crest; Va. faa (Rare) nA deity. amt ( a: ) m.-It signifies the number seven. fi m.—The circumference of a wheel. Berar ( geet: ) m—Indra. {ET (Te: ) m.-The soul. wa (44) m1. One who is born; 2. Siva. aearmrreat f.—Name of a metre. Bre ( ge: ) m.-The head. Had f.-Wife of the saga Yaj- flavalkya. Ta (Ta) m1. A taste; 2. It signifies the number six, be- cause there are 6 tastes. 8% (eq) m1. Siva; 2. It sig- nifies the number eleven, there being 11 Rudras. aca ( ANT) n.-A place of refuge or shelter. wa (3a ) m.-A dead body. firaftoft f.-Name of a metre.306 THE SANSKRIT TEACHER Adjectives MIM (Ayo, st +-sTAT f.-Simi- larity )-Having no equal; 8TMF-Desirous. [uncqualled. sat (Cp. p. of SAT let Uoh.)-(One) who has re- u_unced ceremonial acts. aitafiea-( That) of which, knowledge can be obtained from the Upanishads. SAGZ-Fulfilling all desires. @RAA-Having a sword and animal skin. ‘fda (pop. of BE 7th Vbi.)-Cut offshaving cesura or a pause. fafies (Des. from fax 1st Atm. to bear)-Unaffected by heat and cold, happiness misery. ara (p. p. of BL 4th Par.) (One) who has restrained his external genses. qragat-Very unbearable. fafaearftraey( Pot.p. of the Des. of fA+ey lat Par.)-Fit to be meditated upon with concen- trated mind. and qrmt-Pure. Lexistence. WalFAB-Destroyer of worldly wraey (Pot. p. of AF 4th Atm.)- Fit to be meditated upon. vata (Cage, tat oat Weq A:)-One whose wife is Revatti, Balarama. BaN-Salt. errr (ago, Rew 1. Unevenl; 2. Unequal, partial +guet n, Sight )-(one) who has uneven or three eyes;2.(one) who looks with partiality. mira (p. p. of WA 4th Par.) Self-controlled; (one) who - has drawn away his senses from their object. atteeq (Pot. p. of & 5th Par.)- Fit to be listened to. warts (p. p. of SHOT HAT 3rd Ubh.)-( one ) who has- renounced sleep, laziness, &c. and concentrated his mind upon divine meditation. gaan (S+0gM, p. p. of + ‘YA 7th Ubh.)-Well used. Roots seh (smaft-2 ) 1et Woh.) | fates ( Aegaft) (614 Par.)- to raise high. sfx (weaft) (2nd Par.)-To confide in; to be confident. To wallow; to roll on the ground, [to a person. T (eeft) (Jot Par.)-To talkFEMININE FORMS AND SPECIMENS OF LETTER-WRITING 307 Indeclinables MARA-Greatly. Y-Below; low. E-Below. qat-Or (It signifies another WHA ~Invariably; always. alternative). LESSON XLII Feminine Forms anp SPECIMENS OF Lerrgr-Writine ‘eatsaq’s or terminations of the feminine gender have been treated in their proper places in the preceding lessons. Here they are dealt with more fully. aT—srat (A she-goat), @tfwat, aeRT (A she-sparrow), SUT, aftet (from ATF-a mouse), HS AAT, TA, (TAL i.e to signify a class), S48t, after, ave, at, cafaer. Es, ada, eftoht, ava (from wavy), wee (from Aes safe—(ee signify age)—gare, frat Aa (zat, eafacr). GA —(wite, of) —azeq oft at, arora! 1. TWHTCTAT —Words ending in % form their Fem. forms either by the afix MT or & Exceptions:— (a) geqeq et gato}; similarly, Tem-aeoNaT, wa-waTtt, eA- earls wa-ettett; ae (fra) zee; aieg ot eats wat: oft aart arardt raat; arqe-argerit-araat. () In some cases the meanings are changed. aafict frets meqeeqacoarh: G2) vat aavh, aaaeT Ree. (c) Some words have two forme in different senses. sereqra-sareqrqeg oft sareqrartt saeqret at-Wife of » teacher. -BqTegTA-SMEATA-A lady teacher. srrerg—siraraeg oft siraraiat (Mark—a is not changed to %); aad sqrearat orrerat.808 THH SANSKRIT TEACHER afta —afiaer oft aft ( git ). ‘afirqroft estat 1—A woman of the ofa caste, BST (srpfiat aq) if not artificial)-A natural plot of ground; eet (¢ftaT)—An artificial ground. (a) Both by 8 and ¥— eraet-et; aah-as agaftet-er (ax=Tall); sated | (a=Thin); faea-at (freq n.=The fruit of a tree which is red when sie eayi-gu aarht-a; araecdt-ost (aq om. =A conch). Ge) oan; wtear; Rohe erat; Seeds aaa; SAAC TAAAT; after. Past and Potential participles and words ending in @t, Hy and BB form their Fem. by 81; but active past participles take § to form their Fem. 2. TATA (a) wfh:, afd: af&:, af&:, AR: &e. () ca-cseht; oferty; rast; THE-N; eA Sefot:-s0lt (A series). (a) Words ending in f& like #f&, afar, afa (A line), &c. are feminine. . (6) Other words ending in any other G@ suffix ¥ have an optional Fem. form ending in ¥. qafa, though ending in f&, has two forms-qafa-fa. fA has Totty aaa: afreIT: eT ATE (A co-wife). 8, SHAT — 9g-ag or GA; BY-Be or Bey; but Wey (pale) has (1 only, and 1% (lame}, OR or edt. Adjectives ending in 8 form their Fem. optionally by ¥. SE FT: TANS, similarly, THRE: (GATS. A plantain tree); STATE: (GTA-The back of the fore arm or the trunk of an elephant). ‘Bw at the end of a Ye is changed to K€ in the Fem, 4, WATTIT THAT aaa; gE-A; oa-ofteh; usa-uait—FEMININE FORMS AND SPECIMENS OF LETTER-WRITING 309 Words ending in * and % form their Fem. by & Exception: ‘ (a) Numerals ending in@—WHY, BAT, &e. and fg and aq (substitutes for f and Faz); (6) eae, aanee, GR, AWE (A husband’s brother’s wife), Ata (e) Words ending in way (A g (A garland), dag, (a) wae (aE) aitua-aftedts warned: (o) way ( ae-Active p. p. affix)-gaaq—paadt; (c) we (FE-Perfect p. sfx) Aged; afaaa-aadts aftarg-rentt (The affix % is to be added to the W base); (a) 4sq (‘The comparative affix Gaq)-whtag-ataet; Ce) aay (ageaftarraras)—araa-aradths aaa-aers ere eared; gaa—gadh; Piery—faraetts (f) a4 (8t&-Par. Pres. p. suftx )—aregret, gear, ate. aah, arcaeels aaehl-aelt, arelt—aeit, anftcaet—aait, Paeteelt-aeits but * free, cach, Farah, crac, gad, aftot. Here | is inserted necessarily in the 1st, 4th, and 10th conjugations, and Causala, and optionally ih the 6th conj. and roots ending in ST of the 2nd conj., Pert and Par. Desideratives— 5, Sftrqeat:+— Words ending inaffixes of which Savtand Ratt are dropped form their Fem. by ¥. The above (W@Y, WAG, &e. mentioned above ) are such terminations. weet, waeit-wea and Waa (Pro.) also take the affix ¢ to form their Fem. wa (Consisting of) —qarad}, fier. , waa—seaaet (gue, tH, and ara signify qftarm, an—srattt 4) eraaet 14:—Water up to or as deep as ami—seartt the knee. ga—ariiat, arfeat, srarfrat ea—aredt, area, &o.$10 THE SANSERIT TEACHER 6. Words ending in 44, {9@) &H, HI, EF, and words like ATER take ¥. The following letter is found in the Malavikagnimitra of Kalidasa:— wafta raracora Graft: gafed Seed sergeants ear afteasy sata Afiaeq | aisat ceramide a craararneys aatta marearttes eaaetiTata froteequn ge: a fire a flrorctatir acoranites gaara wile: | aa swat: aeahcereeltr ere: | ae tert Tees aahtiarer afta | sree feaerott & arfrerst Fafa: Aoefigrtiaata ere: Ther meee wey | afeariraree Prerctesarat wae THAT oe eeaaraTeaeTAR ( sazaaft—shows; informs as follows. fawrqal® is used by an inferior to superior or by a man to his equal through. courtsey. It means ‘requests,’ ‘begs,’ ‘says respectfully.’ and ammatafat is used by a superior to an inferior. staqtafa=fa- aaqft. cisa7aw is performed by a universal monarch at the time of his coronation. @fa=Initiated. Gaeto=Which is to be brought back after a year. fiete:—Frtar enter AeA G=Free. eG n-Coast. aATH n-An army; arate n—Cavalry. sTtaR— Opposed; attacked. atfHera-The best of horses. saTeeTL— Without losing time. aft afta | ftagarenracrnneficcacaitacrsatfeegets, crrbrat rafter crarary ager ati: eafeaee (or sramacion aaeateait: ger) Rarerhig ae vated gers eaT- wea Ronit | ee: cory: cage array dary ow FarerperaaTeTTT aeragat tiFEMININE FORMS AND SPECIMENS OF LETTER-wRITING $11 ft: BaqEH, %-8-Re ahaa Resear, namreey qafaefiaists wafers vt ont queers omer g- aerradaie: | vadifted gene euafrafiacaa: gat aa enter ararft as ata za Atterhe aq aatscqratsstearfiy AARz- Ren @ agrat a awias sat agaat Rena dteafrersa- Berqrae 3 gyaearara wadla: ATTA ATS It The above two specimens are sufficient to give the student an. idea of the method adopted in writing letters in Sanskrit. CAAT SATAI-ATHTAT areteit gafteat saat preceded by BY, 3g, af or ai) becomes a, p. 118, foot-note+ sqrenftedt cH Caceagt) 1 Cie ST ( qeeTET ) IURCR-OF TH, preceded by f&, om, af¥, and 39, Par. termina- tions; ¢. ¢., CH is Parasmaipadi when preceded by f &e. p- 70, foot-note*. Meanings of P&nini’s Terminology B2-The Present; f%4-The Perfect; The 1st Futures@x-The * emf being faa, ¢. ¢., 4H having as td, or 8% dropping since all €@ letters are dropped by 4 #9: 21.218 li, is inserted after the last vowel by freeaisrene WIL Vi von.THE PANINIAN SYSTEM 8938 2nd Future; &—The Potential (used in the Vedas); @&-The Imperative; @¥-The Imperfect; f&e-The Potential ( sitter = The Benedictive); G€-The Aorist; and fE-The Conditional. Pra—The Causal termination; @4-The Desiderative ter.; T— The Frequentative ter. aaradtsnrears ar seaeafaz ats Fea! ara fee Pearle mrad fe Ge waa | (A root) ending in %¥—a vowel, or having %, which is Anit before aa (Ist Future ter.), is Vet before 4% (4 of the Per- fect), such a root ending in ® is necessarily Anit, and roots other than & &c. ( % @ % J, a, g, @, and ) are Set in the Perfect, pp. 256,-57, r. 9, 10, 11. In Sanskrit grammars roots are given with certain 8@aa’s or indicatory letters; ¢. g. AR TAL TE ATT; SH ST; TI TIT; ~ PRE Rites ag sae MAAR. Zs, a, 5 ELS, and & are in these roots Hgaa’s. Roots having the Away take the 2nd vpriety necessarily in the Aorist; those having && take the 2nd vpriety optionally in the Aorist; those having % are Vet; those having € and @ are Atm. and Ubh. repectively; those having J take the augment € optionally before the Ind. p. p. termination, while those having § do not take the augment € before @ of the post p. ter. Though it is a trouble to remember the roots with their Anubandhas, the trouble is thus well repaid, as much of the student’s memory-work is smoothened. Principal roots are given below their Anubandhas:— vatfé (1st Conj.). ee TRAY (afeat-aTFAT alao aft erftrargregea): ( arg@ ) 1 Rat) eqhe fafeaam (erga) 1 we Maa | age warrany (AFAR) 1 | ag Fact we Caaftret-aaeed yt | tg eqatbaile are Eee rat (SATE, HET) | mat TE \ efirg stom ( retort ) | dre Rerret wat (eae) | Fe Tet! firey Garam ( sraf8-2 ) | wWLATH eee offs srrerat 4 PL ATT | ararfe (2nd Conj.). fire serenrat athe wu mfiortaraa | ga aa! wane t aT wagEtl (aa) ae sgh (eet = ( sega Berea ( 8rd Conj.). BLT Toa TTT: | attere mat | appaypix B LT I FAP ATCT: | Parke (4th Conj.). fa aterfty | wat SBT ath arf | sett orate t ag oTTa | Ae BRITA | we eT! arg arate QF at We HET | Le | ag wort | wat ea ae FTTH zarfe (5th Conj.). afiraat TL Fey aa | SPL TOT | TI aH! PLR I wre wat | nest Sarat | gare (6th Conj.). oedt Bar | FEM aE HaTeTT | Oe Sara | BE WITTE | qeTHE PANINIAN SYSTEM 895 say srrarfty | aarfe (8th Conj.), aa flemt vara fg fieraz! wa aaayat aa aa Fey RT| ware (9th Conj.). ws waaay she at att a Fe oro wr ' Fa FL RFT I WL SI feu Barat t waey (10th Conj.). aT | fry att896 APPENDIX C PARITIOIPIAL AND INFINITIVE FORMS Root Past Par. at @1(to abandon) &t (to go) Agpaaaaarg ig ssaiss 24 QpPgn ga aya goa so > aaqgg% 4 4 3 Ind. Past Par. Inf.Y 4 g@AAAPASAMAAAAATAPUAAAARARAAAAA PARTICIPIAL AND INFINITIVE FORMS rt aS 3 AAPAQGSSRSSATIVITS war, ater ahaa Fat aaa rar ra after, arat aan afar aaa weraT way Tat al aat rea wat TIA wat wan RTARTA ART TEAL aiararat aia wt ae fagt aaa al aaa ae wee aRLaigratrat aE at qa eat aaa oFat art sgt ater after aL after atag faqeat aR weet adler Sig am area : argu a5 79H agratter WEST LTAT wey wet rer ataratat 897398 R aa Skfrer ate & Cau. waiter = areftret areT Re Can. Fae fad Paahret aT sania sary warnrge aie fre eer caftar Root Past Par. Fe wait aE T ait c—ordteq fa—firr-atr ord-sriga 18 FIT hatte sreqd—oregt (near) | & Ree Fir ei-wna, ate, ft) re eT oT ygeT aq gah Z(4th Atm.)-at Sad fe-soga an Ronee & (ist, 5th Par.)-3a, 2 Ma Aa wa | fea —Pieea aaa Lereaa cara: fia: aig) | TUT aT, See eara—cur, dit ( at ger | | RH aq—faey, fre aa et reenter ar | aaa = , 1aTe aaa Haya (Reheat gaa) | 3 Ta—eT =a Bt TA —TTNT 1B HG FIT faa aa fare Tl Ts Active Past Par. geet FHA | TINT fx at—Rate-a_( Rateitsfing- Perfect Par. faa, Pratat art: ) a BATA we Q-sort Sapa ae } egia-giet eaereagit (fim.) Root Ind. Par. A—Frtae eg fu) EN — TET eq—agre-aees ( Aim, ft—Atrea na—aftarerae APPENDIX OPARTICIPIAL AND INFINITIVE FORMS Present Part. Par. Let TRE TeVE-TETRAt ( Fem.) eq rea Terat Treat Tea eq —at Ath FIT aT TITIAN tat wT TEAM, AEA, wag—aat 6th fera—frerg—afi-aat rae aa SRT At Wa -A AA | agree feat wea aed at aa att aq—eiga-at-rat 5a 10h StS Pe—treqa-aat Bag eae AT Am, let gaara Fem.) qatar TH oMTT-oT age Q—arqarr—or 4th FA—AVTAM-AT ® 399 x—Aeara—at TI SeTA-AT qa— ae AT Fa—ateqart-at 6th @—Regrt—or sarg—aarierarn—at e— Ranta y—fregret—or 10th FAA —OTT adorn ag —asaataT Par. 2ndat—ara-At—aeht aaa raat aaa raat aaa ara at rel — sree at wae arg —sira- a Atm. STS AT arfi+s—enfiqm—att Tae aftr aaa rm PE RTTT-OT TI—ATAT400 APPENDIX O Par. Atm. eset Sl et-AT at—((To abandon) aeq-at Fear tReet Rq—forar—a aaa at WA ( To eat )—aeTA-AT Brat Par. ps 8th w—araa-at Beara Tart Aim. arg eraat &1 (To go )—Firert Ain. a—famat eee aan. eat a—faarr—or TAT a8 Par. Pr Par 7 9th ee —{ WER ‘aba ae aot a —yeaaeat at-srta—at saat wear Atm att aewae fa-Rene—at agar STE SRST AT STAT {yaa Future Part. Par, B—aftegqeafteqtt-rtt Vth BESTT | ara —atregg—-at-Aet orate at Aim. qa at jt afteqeror-orr Ra—fiea-at 1 peanfteeerrerortMISPRINTS 401 PAGE LINE INCORRECT CORRECT 222 ul faafa weft 288 6 onftard caftay 264 27 —correct-BM AI+A=“BALT AN 290 a1 saaet: sya: 302 12 arcaft areaft 356 29 the Angirasa the sage Angirasa 878 30 ay? are 875 | 29 of the setting of the setting of the sun