DADALUS Journal the Anserican Academy of Arte ad Siences Myth, Symbol, and Culture © Proce [CLIFFORD GEFRTZ 1 Deep Ply: Notes om the Balinese Cookght JAMES W. FERNANDEZ, 59 Prrmasion ond Performances: Of the Beat tn Every Body” nd Che Metaphors of Eeenon MARY DOUGLAS st Deciphering «Meal [FRANK E.AND__ 82. Shh fore Natu Misery of Pore snsratt PANU . JUDITH N. SHRLAR 129° Subcersce Gonesopes REUBEN A, BROWER 155. Visa! ond Vorbal Tansatin of Myth Nepnine Vig Rubens, Dryden STEVEN MARCUS 189. Languge nto Scr: Peek Kecsa OBERT St ADAMS 200. The Semi of Vorfatin: Pragmatic, Commanpacer eeut Literary ria 215 Notes om Contiuators 17 Recent lue of Dadous Apvisony COMMITTEE swivren 19:2 MTH, SIMBOL, AND CULTURE Tent M.A, Ree 8 re, tie Bs, ald an Ma Dg ra feat dn Ce He Roser fu oh Heme: Pak Fae Mid Se Mate Covgy Mie, Ha Sete, Joh SWiner PD Sh Sy and Calare Ital tl Teenie Pers af the Amserin Spon R Goma ier of te Acer and of Desa CenA na Mpg Reta SelM ‘hse | Mot, Pel eat dof Ei Aaymont Avon, Jb E_Ruchr, Carver Fans Karl von ich Erme Gon, Gora Hsin Clk Kerr, Archibutd Mec Flt ow Pod Beat, Haro Shape ; as the If edn een of ts and Scenes, A ition adsl copy reson shang of eres infor rb adhe enc Ako o tad Se, 380 Nom iw: Ds all gay. Sulton ve the Unt! States, in S840 Fr rites of ac a tg ot ac, St Publ hy the Asescm Aten of As Scene Prt eno Sie of mec ring oe: 2901 By Road, Redmond ‘ ins of Cac Gat Car Sum 220, ons pee ee wert Sodomy of rs eect Myth, Symbol, and Culture18 {AMES W. FERNANDEZ custom tht scabs asoitnswndegy varias bes of xP cet al Thee av prpsnciy sated wp for ven they bellDe ES toma oer whe tach Ho haben Se Tela) f(b) 4B) | fold) “Ths maybe wad rm fcr ago ee a The ean moverent ot Freee (A) Semple! ty sme nother (0) ft he maverent (3) meee (i ne me (8 mon yee Co), oF Pie rena): he talon fw prentan metaphor (2) 0 Dre acw meven (a) os nen ey) a anor #0 LAEcEar cn Te ey tng cn ean iw sr acssion ere LUGMtoseme cn be omar mayor and mehr ito roowenient ‘io gen ey se "i eae Ferme f Rival Mitr which tempts to gE a acca of cage totem aw ape callection of [Mids on The Srl Un of cope, te by Dn Sap foe Canal Univer LW. V0. Quinn, Won nd Object (Came, Mam MIT Pew, 1963), pp. 83 ‘oceding of he ne of ail Honey 47 (Newer 1059], 190-1959, Deciphering a Meal Tr tanooace is « code, where 8 the procoded message? The question is phrased to expect the answer! nowhere. In these words a Kinguist is ques Frog « popular smslogy.! But try i this ways if Food a code, where is the preceded message? Here, on the anthropologist’ home ground, we are ble to improve the posing of the question. Avcode aor general set of possilies for senting particular messges Uf food i weated as a code, the messages i encod wil be found in the pattern of socal relations be ing expressed. The messige i about diferent degrees of hierarchy, Inchs- fon and exclusion, boundaries and tranctins aeons dhe boundaries, Like sex the taking of fod has a socal component, as well as 2 bologieal ‘one? Pood categorie therefore encode socal events To say this is to cho Roland Barthes" on the satoial encoding of sacal events. His book, Systeme de le made, i primarily about methodology, about code-breaking land codeaking taken as a subject ia Hell. The next step for the de ‘elopment of this conceptual tol i to take up a particular eres of socal fvents and see how they are coded. This wil invoke a close understand- ing of « microscale sical system, T shall therefore slut the exercie by nilyzing the main food categories sed at» particule point in time In particular social syste, oor home. The humble and trivial ease will pen fhe dacasin of more cuted examples ‘Sometimes at home, hoping to simphfy the cooking, I ask, “Would you like to have ust soup for snpper tnight? mean a ood thik soup— Instead of supper. Its Inte and you must be hungry. It wont take minte to sere” Then an argument Harts, “Let's have Soup now, and supper twin you are seady" "No no, to seve fo meals wool be more work But if you lke, why not start with the soup and 6il up with pudding?” “Goud avons! What srt of + meal that? A beginning und an end and 10 middle” "Oh, allright then, have the soup ab its there, and TM do a ‘Welsh rarhit as well” When they have eaten soup, Welsh rarebit, pu ding, ad cheese: "What alot of plates. Why do you make such elaborate Suppers They proceed to argue tht by taking thought I coud sts the fall requirements of meal with s single, copious dish, Several rounds of {his conversation have given me a practical interest in the categories and ae suanr povetas meanings of fond. ned to oow what dies the category of « meal inert “The Bot some for calghenment wil obsiowly be Clade Li Suns’s The Raw and the Cooked and the ater voles of his Sy pique! which dacs food ategnes and table manner But th Is ‘nly begining He fall us in to mor respects. rhe tales eve {the alle sca elation which gencite the eodifeation and te Susaned by fe ere ad thee i fet touch soli round, bat mothe ‘rit in tareted space where he expet oS unversl food eae ings common to all mankind, He ts loking fort proded panmen amesnige inthe lnguugeof fod, and this exposing inal he rt tion imp othe ote Hogue quan Stn, he recs eey tn the resources of binary analy. Therefore be fords no technique for “sing the lin ae fh ry ps ht eg in a wt Gf expreions. Worse than clans, Wis techni! epparts,podecs, srenings which cannot be valde. Yen, oat, bean Roman oben tmy bert onthe meanings na somet of Babee ut even te oct himself had been able to judge Between thei and Rift’ a {eave intspretition ofthe same wor and to sy hat one was vet tis thought than the oe, he wold be more ely to age tha ll these meanings ae there Tie fl fr ear eran, bat when we auc tig of gamma, coding, and the “scene ofthe concrete” tet enough For tabling the fied categorie weed na pti fay the nals most start with why hoe arta categories nd not ees ae tanloyed. We wil dover the socal lunndaries which the fon! meen ings encode by approach which vanes the binary pe sect to Aber poon tna snes Beteon breaast aod the lst nighteyp the food of the day comes in an ordered patter, Between Mondsy ne Sony, the fod ofthe week i potted Spin Then there ts the sequence of hotdays and fst ys hrongh the year, to sty tahing of We ele feasts, birthdays and weg In oer word, the binary or oer come teas must be seen in ir syntgmatie relations The chun which ks them togeber gives cach cletent come of ts mening. Lisi Staus de uses the supa elton n i ae bok, The Saoage Mind, bt ties ony forthe state analyte of clscation sytem" (parely of proper names) Ts capable of a much mone dynamic spplcatin to fea extegori, as Michal Halliday as shown, On the two dae of ye tug and pram hn nd col, aquence sc, al what Jou Wl be hts shown haw food lees am be ranged stl they ae ‘cesuted for ether in grammars, o down ote ast el tem ting, ke talking is paterned activity, and the dafy meow may be made 8 vied amalogy nga. Being sauna ented arenes DectPHeRINe 4 teat 6 aro co throw ight oo, and gest poems of, he catego of graimar by ‘lle ths to an ai hich eam and fr macho wate tern) ‘ay to band “The pretation of a famework of categorie forthe depo of eating igh tas Daity ena Cone Heloise Motta ie Deity ewe 5 ements of primary struct My S (ary i" the” ea”) Primary scree EM EMLS contol ar EMLS) Expose of thee element (primary Eo (ana) ‘Soom of uni meal) M2 ane E fine as me Suny structures ELM ELM EMLS, EMS, ‘Eponers of mendary semen (ye Eyo3 1 Oa) ono of sendy Gases of it 13.2 gh te) ‘a E53 per Si 1 terse) SH tates Sytem tata anim” ESE i ee 2 omental reat) ong othe ak ofthe ea we wl lw rogh the lao lanes of peinary suctre FS M2 (et sod”, wer aoa) say" a ew enc MAW FSMW FSMWz FoMew (conte a SIMI) exponents of thee eles (rimaryF: Tanga) ‘Sees of wit cnr 8: 28) 3 entree) Wd dour 2: 5 fene") (Gapooy feng socnary cements For Mae Wal Exponent of sonar dente oy Ft {ite of dary chews ost By 12h ore) Nae) Fu 13 tei Bes 1 et ie) Med Peary arctces Secondary sewers i ets) MU33 (oot a Natta) 2 oui Slieream®)ot any vovenss Syemaotubsdetofunioume™ Fy: 1.11 (ear wun?) ED Gis soap) si 201 ede) poutt e) 105 fone 8) i421 tae ping?) fee “2 ae pun) enim origin mel. ep mln are FE apt je orp in / Ma: Bee maton pork (My: cheken ture ck/ gone Aap mt ee ny ct ty Sooty Sim cco etn a ere andes ee nec ae ae Senora ects unas eee 2h SRmanS rite metine acca heer qiemay mar aans Sera le.” We will glance beiefy at these: = nis Curse, Cas ete nares ‘Primary structures ea) CTE ee ine Jes meee HO Seondacysrctres (Garou involving —arong ote vente san oe | a ee Paee A Teco Andee uti everthing eacountad fo ethen en ‘Tae yl eis ew fared Toe resetnton ha proceed daw the a ‘le tearing rewrote maa eet ong ‘Stunt down tote gnome marge, te mca : “This sdvances comslderbly th anys of ou fay et of ou fama eating patterns Et Sew ho Ing aden the tase amb ald be yo a tuk moe tng hee and lOve of Sgr thee fru mei cuales wt a a tat pacts! by etoplgats working in etic ans, Tn Ina soc ditto aera acempontel Df stints incom smenalty apd ators of edible ad netic fods outs Duets Fotsot work on dn atm Homo Haren, Sse he pry SF fod as a index of ier. He ge ee to Arian Mayers de tiled stay ofthe relation between fn steps and scl exter becarnesine 4 erat 6 ‘lage in Centra India? Here twenty-three castes group themselves Second to the use ofthe same pipe, the provision of ozdinary food for common meals, ai the provision af food for feats. Higher cases share the pipe with almost allcartes except four. Between twelve and sisteen tater smoke together, though in some cases a diferent cloth must be feed between the pipe andthe lips of the smokes. When it comes fo [es food, subtler alas Is roqized. Castes which enoy powor inthe tillage see not fussy about what they eat or from whom they reerve it Mile range cates ate extrordinanly restive, both 3s to whom they ‘Nill accept food from and what they will eat. Invited to family ceremonies Ty the more powerful and nore ritually relaxed castes they purtanically iat on being even thee share of the food raw and retire to cook it themselves in ther own homes!” TFT vere to follow this example and to Include al transmission of food from out home my tsk would be greater For certainly we too know sitions in which drink i given to be com ‘ened inthe homes ofthe recipient. Thre are some kinds of service for febich i seems tht the ooly posible recognition is bal or even a whole Bot of whiskey. With the high standards of the Indian research in mind, Try now fo ety the relevant eategois of food in or home, "The wo major contrasted food categories are meals versus aks. Both are socal events Outside these categories, of oure, food ean be taken for private mourshment. Then we apeak only of the lexical item Hol “Hlave an apple. Gots glass of rll, Ave there any sweets?” 1 ikely tointesfere with the next meal, sach eating is disapproved, But no negative tate condemns eating before drinks. This and ther sodiers suggest that meals rank higher. ‘sts contrast with drinks in the relation between solid and gas ‘Meals are a mintore of solid foods accompanied by liquids, With drinks the reverse holds. A complex sercs of spntagmaticastocatons governs the clements in a meal, ane connects the mets thongh the day. One can {ye "Ie cant be lance, [havent ad Dreabfast yet.” and t breast [teat cereals come before hacon and eggs. Meals in thee sequence tend to ‘be named. Drinks sometimes have named categories: “come for coca, (ioe for efe, come for tea” but many are not named evens: “What ‘tout # dank? What shall we have?” There is no strctring of drinks to ly, unin, Hight They are nt Inverted with any necessity in thes order- ng’ Nor ithe event called drinks Internally structured into Bist, second, relia snert On the contrary, {i approved t tick withthe same Kind of ‘nk, and to count deinks at all polite. The jdgment “Its too exthy foralcobol world be both rae and Hely to be contested, The same lck fof structure 15 found ia the rl foods accompanying drinks. They ae ally cold, served in sere units which ean be eaten ily with gers, Novordor govern the choiee of solids, When the children weve small nd tos wan meal, bread aa butter preceded scones, scones preceded cake6 eany povetas ad sweet bit. But now tht the alatldcotast no loge do ints this amy, te as been erotd rom 2 neces lace day eqvence of melt a ieglrappesrance among weekend dink tnd lr gven te accompanying lds Mesle propery rue er leat one mouthentring tens ter hea, thereat ds re ite to muthouching ones A pon on inser for sing cing Mess rt nab ust rr ‘eto on ovement aon seen acpatins Te ques ton of iting dering» mea Exes Stndsy breakfast acing fe newpaper signal that the nal over, "The mel pts Fame on the gabsing ‘The ae which hedge of nd eer be hit sc inrction a ree nthe rls wich cont the internal ae the meal ul Drink nd thsi nay be set Bata el ot ‘al is al nthe bleu dimen A met erprtes 2 umber of eet, hat and el, blind and sped, id sed em iguana varios extn tai nesters egal an a ial poo. Cis ny fst he odeing these events Obviowly'the emcaings in ur food system shoud he eluate by snc clr oberon sti tit by Gringconhason iuively irom she sil eters which emerge. Drs are for sangen ne ‘jute workmen afm en ar for fami ase fen om Sed guett ‘Th ernd oper of the sytem ithe ne betwee finn sod dite Thaw we know tt ica ve av owt dene ‘he mea expec enh Those we only Know a rn we ow ts nity So mati Durr mts too {and ther ote sevont suppone i wll ways mater) te boundary betwee nis {od mess har meaning. Tove esse theses and haley pt The etcly ca! mea (since my 4 mao cont within eal wou ccm te sch «ier Sots fend ho have never hed Hot mal oe me ve pesimahiy moter thsld fit to rom The recent poplar of the burbs and af more elibely Stuctared otal rents which ats bids Heer ttm) ed distance suggests tht or ode of fting catego comm oe it canbe dwn in Bg 1 Ths ar we cameo the base inary apposition sl th mk of cls and sales Bt we ae et wth {1 genera question which ste raked whenever n conesponence toon between ie scl sce the stucre of sab by which it esprened, tht fy the guste f conciousness Those who Yehementy pet the pebity ofa mente beng cout yup {nd pig rca and ruta cern or emo that Heya thee ssining a boundary bewco shu-dinks nd sharemen “They won be shed atte very hea. eld be spi ace the fod egies die othe wal ategoie they embrace ad ae CIITERING A MEAL, 6 Faire 1 Soca aes (0) ae inks () sve mss oo seat gure 1. Evidently the extemal boundases ze only small put of the the ea ere nh fay sen on er ve ay generating tra vcr “Fhe can go mi farther cng yo mening hee barge invade hy stending to the seqdence ome or the werk mem asa cia t Soap neh BY comtrsting the vce of andy ach with weekday hn» new pine emeaes ‘Weckdy lunches tend fo have 9 tpt suction lane ecimparied by two of more ented clement fr example « mai cused ld spring hes Bo Senay ach as ui nen, ‘Sah of mh ptr ke the wok csp, rt come, 8 srimeat (otesed) and two vegetables (antesed), ond cos pl Slog (tested) cet and ets (unsresed). Chrismas tc bat {hms Goons ach on the sane petite model. He we stp and “ss atte ontgy may be ead tse ste. Meas ae red in sale of inprance and grandeur thongh the week ad he ya ‘The smalest Fant el convict Byars Se stture of the {uu nl ech ut ofthe End esl Ages agi he whole mes Srtbe meenet mea. The peretve cated by Une petitive analogies Toots the etal meal wth aoa rang ere wave the Pail we wee sce the trae of meaning the leo pel ete mea ay the ctegary ef mel ni slr av ares hs ‘Rhone which aloes the fst vo real the whole Hence the ostty Spit aowing the equece fp and pings lle ea ‘ee Scat dimension aso #0 ever the simplest mel corps agus uniting ino the pte af a Sony Annes,cy cane pacoLas hrsmases and the gmt of ie le cebstins. Wheres the shag Ff dink ‘oot hefty ofthe etal em, the lac of sree te sul sich compan sds) pas hy ty te lel he detachnet 0d smpetnanence ef ere as nina cial bonds. 22 nee Sommig vp, state rlitons teen meal ea a restive autominer ml eed aca smi Ij event of ca, tho judged ata god oral pens It'Kind Aston of repeated li pis he paces gon and grading ‘Thar we cn bronth the questi of trea whch Binary amiss by fac leaves stoned, The features which nage copious dh wold new day before aliyng es n meal in Sar home wold something ke thse tte fame chien Marge Served to Napsaon er ity evrtheAtsae spat, whoo th day of bal, te othing ut ir was ov, fed wih pr wf naw oy ts Kap Sig Seg mes pot fie heme Ban popes ak fr ‘becca a Sree sont men of he ontermstels Ea leone sec feiss, Aly coi Bd wot ea ou tates Say EN lene us wre an ace ea ee smtp he Snide Tl sa a i te ‘hee mist tave Been many’ mo excellent mel ling lars eng er th mye ae mig: Baton te oe ba ee ne ny pon an oe thee tional sup fh, ee. tnd est corse a French ebay feat ina plat wu, eee TET wih to ave sting worthy of th thing worthy ofthe mame o supper in one sh it mst prsrve the minim scr ofa om Vege so 24 tad owls and gated hese nl do ped egg on ton ‘th pay. Now [Ana the fra A proper mes (hen the Scesed rain oun} ps 3 (wea Bea urtasd ou) Both A and onan each the se strc in sal 4th whan a the see item and th teed tn conse. A weray Toe hs Ss 26 ‘Christa ithe eA? 2. rine by “To understand the citegois we hve paced cuss atthe hab of 2 small wor shame stented. The prod mege of te fod ceri ithe bonny ston fre sol event Ov ample mae ony oblique ere to cot in tine and werkt nd Sate the concerns nol Bt ure he sb tear Bs suey ‘o same denomtrble nal contcratim, The ange hes sly bogs Forth ft eewen the men symbole boda and the bounds Setcen eater of people He nly pole waton The Bt ay CIPHER 4 MEAL « be at dierent levels, but witout being able to show some such mutch- tng tbe ants of sails ean abe and abject te qc at oats the de to ich fay a sm tote setctues whi we saab tr the wider soda stem. Ob- ost this empl eke ofthe ctre of certain spent ofthe mid Ue elses of Landon The fay’ des of what mea shoul bef in voc by the Soak House by the French eine Dourgeoe Yet fence i imphed a synthess of diferent tradions. The Preach verion A the gn al ote by the sequence of wes. Th ees plat {erie the de butwecn a montng cero of nda very ses nda dscending sale of sweet ones ending with cafes. Indl {es nthe Freeh sequence can and lone. Compete the melon come ine Lond restatnt 9 Borde etn the tthe all Sic eapeted fo bw dtd with pondered ginger tnd cantor sugar (a “I53) oF Seonted with a wedge of onnge tnd 4 aystllacd chery fa 2a. Toth second, hl» eon served wth no eelishent ‘ei own perfume and uses A" aD i obvily ot «formal hat ‘ur fay vented, but ope tht is cent ow soil envionment. Tt overseen te stae ofthe cola cap The inte, Era ses meat chese aide setin, ice or pS OPPO, fds mitre of colors, riggs smock mea a mine metonym of Enh midlets mens in generale Wheres the French patter more Ide Gt BPs Aya + Bt C wh the choose couse dives © {the main sory hy from A? {dhe ain see) Tel be comptes une the pt of ht ean to hoard 4 saning fo er sect iE tuestenttonmenal form, Bench families racing ov t the mel Srosure of they ulus! entonment develop it and ntact wih it ‘eording to tee ltentone Engh Tae ead ot and fd ater Stich they adap other owe stl rps Americans, Chinese nd Sher do ewe Since thse coal eonment ford an smbient Steam af symbol capable of iret siting. but ot Unchored tos sable social hue, we caaot raced Fre © inteet {he As polt the aaj slope Bt the probes ch camot be Stra here where the ela universe esbounded. can wefally Bo ‘irda re coed eavienment “To'sun up. the meaning of src & found in system of repeated analogies FSG meal cares someting of herman othe ther meas ctinal 2 stator scl event which scars oer in oe inne The appr it ot meaning st bythe ange inert in thet inrent member of he sence The Yeon hich allows Exch mmber fo be cecal graded with the tes depends opin the Strctre coma to om all Ta egive energy which demands tht « Stalok hen ea an ht ie ik performing in the cory ‘median the same tare that i pefonns i ngage Pt dt70 aw novetas ‘guises order, Bounds it, and separates It from disorder. Second, it wes ‘sconomy In the teams of expression by allowing only a mite rimber of Structures Third, iposes rank scale upon the repetition of struct. Fourth, the repeated formal analogies multiply the meanings that ae carced down any ane of them by the power ofthe most weighty. By thee four methods the meanings are eariched. There is no single point ia the rank sale, high of low, which provides the baste meaning or real mean: ing, Each exemplat has the meaning of its structure ealized in the ex: sampler at other levels "Prom coding we aze led to 2 more appropriate comparison forthe ‘eterretaton of « meal, that is, vesifeation. To treat the meal as & poem requires a more scious example than I fave wed hitherto. I ear tthe Jewish mel, governed by the Mosale dietary rules. For Lu Chi, a tied fonlury Chinese poet, poetry tas in some way between the wold fnd mankind, The poet one who “tps Heaven and arth ia a cage of form" On these terms the common mel ofthe Tsraclts was Jind of lasial poor, OF the Istaelte table, too, it could e said that enclosed ‘boundless spe. To quote L Ch gat ‘We eso bonds space na squne foo of paper We pur out delge rom he ncsspace othe Ba But the analogy slows down at Lu Chis last Roe Porat fiat glance ti ot ccrtuin tht the meal can be a tragle medium, The meal i a Kind of poem, but by a very lnited analogy. The caok may not be able to expose fhe powerful things «pot am say. In Purity and Danger I suggested a rational pattem for the Mosc rejection of certain animal Kinds Ralph Bulmer has very justly neprosched tne for offering an eam taxonomy’ forthe explanation of the Hebrew Altay laws. Tho pracpls Tcasmed to discern must remain, he argo, ata subjective and arbivary level, unless they could ake account of the ‘uliple dimeavions of thought and activity of the Hebrews concemed™ SJ. Tambiah has made similarly fective exilsms of the same shrt- coming in my approach Both have provided from their ow fed work Aistnguished examples of how the tak should be conducted. In smother publistion U hope to pay tbute to the importance oftheir ecareh. Bat for the present prpose, Iam happy to admit the force of thet reproach, W was even agit the whole spint of my book to offer an account of a ‘rdered system of thought which didnot show the contest of socal rela- tions in which the categories had meaning. Ralph Bilner let me down eally by supposing thatthe ethnographic evidence concerning the a. ent Hebrews ar too meager. However, reflection on this new research and methodology has led me to reject that suggestion out of hard. Wee {iow plenty about the sncient Hebrews. The problem is how to recognize and rlte what we know DcHPHERING A MEA n [New Guinea and ‘Tid are fr spat in soggy, history, and in cation, Ths lal fauna ae etey diferent Supeisingl Base the analyses of aninal clsieation Inve ae thing in common. Each 50 {Sey pret on tothe aninal Kingdom extgorie and wales which or POLI fo tr categories of marageabiepenons. The scl caeges eset and ainty donate heir tral exten. The good Tsar ‘Gove knows his place aid Kegs tR: dordered,dplaced sex Teprobte and the edn transferred to the domes dg. sibel of rt [2a promicy. From the dg to the ter tbe waptr of odin i dv ‘tain stent This amphibian they clas as wi, counterpart do. Bot Ita of teping to the wd dom apt eave phere at Bod tinerand to pale about in their watery Bld. The ens they attach to incest ecard forvard from the dog to theater the fage ofthe wt tecly wrong soiilaw. For the Karam the soil fe vpn the stined {Sitsoe between alines and cousins A wide range of macmade ales {lntale the ceatgores of eoatral world which minor hese anaes. In {he Thad and Karam stds, «strong analogy between be ad board tes unmistakably beneath the sytem of asyng anal. The pattern Uf rubs whi categorize aia coeespond inform to the patos of tales governing, hunan ration, Sexual and gistoreric consimmation Me made equivalents of one anther by seone of analogous restctions pple to cach, Looking bck from tebe examples the elssiestions of 1USiton we sek in vai a statement, however abliqu, of smile a Soctton between cng and sex: Only 4 very stong srlogy between tale and alr staves us in the face, Oa ection, wht shoul the Tae Tes hive had a similar concer to associate sex with fod? Unlike the bce vo examples, they ad no ule rogiing them to exchange thie Stomenfo On the contay, they svete allowed to many the pal Yatra ist cousins ER. Leach has remindd ws how stony exogamy Te dapproved atthe top poled level and within each tebe of Trac endogamy ws even ejined(Devteronmy” 38). We mast sock Ere for ther dominant preospations. At this pat I tam tothe tule goveming the common meal a piste inthe Jewish relgon. Tt pay intresting hat thse rls tae emaned the se evr nies, Therefor, thse catogors express a velevance to otal ce crm ne mst expe tote conse to have sealed i ome frm ave ‘The thee rules aiat teat ate (1) the sepeton of certain tinal Xin as vt forthe ble (Levins 11), (2) of those add as edible, the separation ofthe mest Lom Blood hore cooking, (Leics 1710), (3) Ge total separation of ik From meat which involves the inate ‘pecakation of ttensls (Exod 23:19, 5628, Devteonomy 1421) T ste wih the tasscaton of animals whose ration I clin to ave discal: Diagrams will help to maize the argument. Ft las av essed cording to degrees of Is see figure 2). At2 sean povctAs| wareR aR Lao ALTAR TABLE [ABOMINABLE Page 2 Deg of baie, the tara od of te scile sme animals are abominable, not to be touch ret, Oe ave for he tal, but ot fore alta. None that ur fore alar a wt tle ance wees, none that axe ot Die we stl The ete for tis pg iv eordimated for the tee spb of anda and ater Staring withthe simplest, we Bad heat n gu 3 eee Wace cet tobe forthe tile, must hive fe ann seale (aves 591% Deyenweny 161). Coping swarming orm, aed Soakes thy goin be wr atom the nd, af bot Bt for the table {Bentnomy 11, Leitow 1:448) “The tem seaming ere (OTS Dd Bem we ee fr) HY or table DectrenuN «MEAL 3 {ahéreg) denotes living things which sppear in swarms and is apie both (Mths wbich teem in the waters (Coness 1:20; Leviticus 1:10) and to thece which swarm on the ground, inching. the smaller land ani tral epUles and eerping sets” Noting from this spheres for the tur, "The Hebrews only sanctibed domesticated animals and these did fot inlude fh. "When sty one of you brings an offering to Jhoval ‘hal be w domestic animal, taken either from the herd or frm the fo (Lovtisus 12), Bat, Assyrians and others stericed wild beats, as $. Driver and H, A; White point out hr creatures (see figure 4) are divided into rore complex sets: se (a) those which Hy and op on the earth (Levitcas 11 12), having ‘wings and two les, contains to subsets, one of which contains the ramed Birds, abominable and not Bt for She table, and the rst of the birds (b), Bt fot the tale. rom ths latter subset asub-subset (e) is drawn, which TS suitable for the alar—turledove and pigeon (Leviticus 14; 5:78) nd the apart’ (Levitcas 149.5) Two separate sets of denizens of the air are abomitable, nstonchable creatures (E), which have the wong umber of tbe for their habitat, four legs instead of two (Leviticus ‘8:00), nad (x), the swarming snsects we have already noted inthe water (Deuteronomy 118) “The Tgest cass of Tand creates (a) (see figure 5) walk or hop om the land sh four legs. From this ct of quadrupeds, those with parted Feta and which chew the cod (bh) are datnguised as Bt for the table (tosidns 113, Devteronony M6) and ofthis st a subset const of the domesticated herds and dacks (e). OF these the fst born (d) a to Pigeons he i (0) By a op wigs ad wo ez, (be te eee ee te cnt eterno (3) (5) Mae: ari,m sane poveLas ans ark i eb een) {Chg somal net cee hee ee ‘earth pts (Devtrommy 248). Ot ths () eich sett en we oie ng whith have rh nt oe she bt Doak a el ac (ne che ny nae tS Teta of fr (Laas 2? an BSI” Go) ese whch ee pon thee ‘bellies ( Leviticus 11:41-44), ae : moles" wich ts spe betwen the fen a {eres of animal classed as abominable helps us to interpret the measing of hominaton. The creatures which init gen enuge, water alae land, donot sow all the enter for (a) of (b) in that range are abominable. The creeping, crawling. teoming creatures do not show er tralian ay ss tet os han ee et he #0 cao. ces Wg eta o oon one sce okra bs, ta as ha logical criteria that sre found most cornmenly inthe animate ihubting fhe cht cae hi a wna ahr cee ny er hn Slang eae 6 host oe ‘ho eng gt yng gg ahh a ae ‘Bes ctl oe oul er een TS uch er Seiad en fit y the eagle Tas be aed Up ti yen thal som vets ew Se Thain’ pualany of We Moni cole Iv oe mc ac ee so treated. Indeed, in sme, the anomalous creature x trated Source of blessing and is specially t for the altar (as the Lele pongo jor ante ta Be wad wan tonal esa he DexPmRRING & MEAL 6 Kram treat the easowary, Since in the Mossi cade every degree of Thlness in animals as ipliations one way oF the ether fr ibis, we ‘ust fellow farther the other ree classifying humans and animals, Again Taurmarie long argument with diagrams. Fist, ote that a category which divides some Turan from others, elso dives their animals from There oracles descended from Abraham and bound to Gad by the CConmmant betveen God and Abraham are distinguished from all other people and similry the rules which Intclites obey as part of the Cove Peet appl to thee animals (see figure 6). The rule thatthe worn opener Or fiat horas consecrated to divine sevice aplis to fstings of the Avcks and heeds (Faoske 22-200; Deuteronomy 24:23) and the ele of Subbath observance is extended to. work annals (Exodus 20:10). The halogy by which Isacites are to other humans as their livestock ae to ther uadeupeds develops by indeiaite stages the analogy between altar tnd able Since Levies who are consecrated to the temple service repre the fic born ofl ntact (Nutbers 312 and 40) thete fan analogy between the animal asd human fistlings, Among the Tsadlits, all of whom prosper trough the Covenant and observance of the Law, some are nec. Pearly neean at any given tine, No man or woman with issue of seed tor blood, or with forbidden contact with an animal assed as wnelean, oF Tho has shed bled or heen involved inthe unsealed king of am ni inal (Levitias 18), oF who has sinned morally (Laviticws 20) can enter {he temple, Nor ean one sith a blemish (Deuteromimy 23) enter the temple be eat the Fesh of sacrifice or peace oferings (Levens §:20) ‘The Levites ave selected by pe descent from all the Tralites. They rep Tear de ist born of Israel, They judge the cannes and purify the un ‘leumess of Isattes (Levtins 18, 14). Only Levites who ate without ‘aly blemish {Leviticus 2117-28) and without contact with death can tts the Holy of Tlie. Thus we ean present these rules a ets in gues Trind 8. The analogy between hngne ad animals i very ler. 80 {a te analogy created by these rues between the temple and the Hing ody. Further anafogis appear tween the cassication of animal 2 Carding to holiness (gute 2) and the rules which set up the analogy of fhe haly temple with its olier and holier tamer sanctuaries, ad op the ther ane etween the temple's holiness and the bodys purity acd the ner the Covencnt Humen [israeites others ‘nonhuman | their livestock | others igwe 6 Analogy breve ns al os76 scany paves Figs 2 He Tone [ool the Convo) Bf le aioe > ‘blemish; (¢) consecrated to temple service, fist born. e Fig 8, Th htc (c) unr the cova (4) fr temple anerifices mo emt cect onl seni st capacty of cach tobe defied by the slfsame forms of impurity. ‘This Stlogy isa Tvig prt af te Jaden Chrktan tadioy whieh sees Snintng int luca of New Tedameat abst: The words of the Lan Supper have heir meaning tren lating bockeard over the Centres in which the snaogy bal held god aod forward to the. ute Cekdatone of that mca “Tae t my body the Te my blood Laake 2:19.20, Mark 14-22-24; Matthew 26:26-28). Here the meal and the Se isi he thst ae made peo tana For ene “Lay thse rls und he pateraings na saight pespctive, each one king oa tad oa he toad he gt he same ‘eptitn of mony hat we found wo be the iy tothe fall mvearatng sf the eategoe of fa inthe ome yl the by aes rule ca {any the whole ld of meanings atte temple cam cay by Heel with ih rule, The evr and rpetiions see atic) conten What them ate meng? ate he np the ay wee mage ‘of religious thought. What isis socal counterpart? Turing back te no ergata ofthe fbn mea we aren much eter ese to ave testy and pil vance. Rorthe metal peattorntinge ae to dvs to pie. M every toneat they are In chorus, with incu alt th a of poy td the meton ofp A the nl of geen enya ig igs he pay In foetion Ts the ito the creping, Seamig eng etre om {By doy te tomonie andar At the lvl ofthe ima ig ting impurity the Sapa broken, Veeing secitnen, Th sett of eogatine boundars emad Known by tang the Imteyity o the physial forms. The perfct physical specimens point to the perfectly hounded temple aitar, and sanctiany. And these tn their tum pont to the Iatd-wop and hardto-defend territorial oundavies ofthe Promised Land, This is not reduction, We are not hete reducing the dietary rules to any puta! concer, But we ave. showing bow they are consistently fclebrting« theme thst has been colebrated inthe temple cult and in the Swboe history of Israel since the fst Covenant with Abraba and the ist sherice of Nosh ‘Edmund Leach, in bis analysis of the genealogy of Solomon, bas re. riadd us ofthe politcal problems beseting « penple who caim by pure Tracent and pure reign to ow a ternitory eat others eld and others fantnualy eneroached pon. Isael isthe bousdary that all the other omdares celebrate and that gives em thet historic load of meaning Remembering this the erthodoe meal i not dificult to interpret as & pc. The fst rule, the rejection of crtan anal Kinds, we have mostly Bate with Bat the identity of thelist of named abominable bids i til x tqestion, tn the Mishna its writen: "The characteristics of birds ae nt ‘Eid. but the Sages have sid, eveay bird that sles its prey (to tread brattack with claws) i uncleano™ The idea thatthe unclean bids were predators micean because they were sage of man predation and Fomiide, so easily fy the ter Helleniiing interpretations that it has been suspect. According to the late Professor S. Hooke (in a personal Communication), Professor R. S. Driver once tied out the iden that the Hebrew tanes were onomatoposic ofthe sereches and calls of the birds He diverted an assembly of learned divines with ingenious voral exerci Combining omithology and Hebrew scholarship. T have oot traced the fecoed of His meeting. But follosing the method of analysis 1 have been ting, eens ery likely thatthe feadtonel predatory ide 8 suiciet, Conidering ts compatibility withthe second tle governing the commen tre “secording to the second rule, meat forthe table must be drained of ts ‘aod No man eat flesh with bisa Init, Blood belongs to God shone, for Iie i in the Dood. This ale relates the meal systematically to all the rales which exclide from th temple oa grounds of contact wit or respon iit for bloodshed: Sine the animal kinds which dly dhe perfect clas ‘Heaton of nature ste defiling bth a fod and fr entry tothe temple it i stattctutl sepeition ofthe general analogy between body and temple to fate thatthe ating of Dlood elles. Te he birds and brats which eat ‘amon (ndrated of low!) ase key by the sae reasoning to be deBl- ing. In my analysis, the MishnaisSetifying the woclean birds as pred Here we come to a watershed hotween two nds of deflement. When the lnssications of any metaphysical slime are Impoed on tare {eve are several pois where it doc aot Bt. So long» the clasifeations% any povetas ‘remain in pore metaplsis and arent expected to bite into daily ie tn the for of rks of behavior, no problem arises, Ba the unity of Cod Ind eto be elated to he ity of Trak and mide into a rule of ie, the dice start int there ae the eestares whose bebawir debs the "gid cation Ii alavely was to deal with them by rjion nd twoidane. Seen there are the dius that arise fom ot bilgi Condition ts ll sry well o worship the Hose of Ca in the perfec tom of hi reston. Bt the Ieacltes mnt be nowrshed and sn pro dace Its impossible for » pstocel people to ext thir Focks and herd sethout damaging the ody completeness they respect. Hi imposible to renew Isl witout emison of blood and sera ids, These probe lems sre met vemos hy aoidance and somtimes by cnsecration 10 the tenple The dsniog of blood from met ical at which gure the ‘ody scree att alte Meats his ratsorned fom liv eee foto fod tem, "Ato the tid the separation of mett ad milk, honor the prox crcativefuntions. The analogy Between human and ata partuston te Says implied a the Mah shows in a comment on the ety of the alter foun i the slaughter das the nei Bad emerged in pert ii forbidden at fod: is a token of young i a woman snd @ totem of you i a eare™ Likewise this third rule honors the Hebrew ‘oor and or nial ty ith her oping. In conchsion Irtum tothe tneaches of Tamblah and Bulmer. In cach case‘ concer sth sesal relations, approved or disapproved, is ‘Eocd on tothe Thlind nd Kea sind cena Te te case Of Ure the dominant concern wuld sear to be with the Integy of terval boundries Bor Esmond Leach has pont oo how ver and ver agin they were concerned with the threat to Tomes bly calling from maages with tide. Foreign husbands and frelgn ses led #0 false go an pla defections Sete mt omitted rom the meanings {nthe common meal Bt the question i diferent In the other eae the problems ato fom ls sboot exchanging women. inthis cage the com fers to inst on not exchanging worn Perhaps Tn now mgget am ewer to Ralph Balers question sbout the abhorrence of the ig. "De. Douglas tll ur that the pg wa ten clean beat 10 the Hebrew quite simply because He was taxooone a , erly asthe OM Testaments, brease He the normal des te animale i has a oven hoo, wheres tne ater oven foted beasts, i der nt chew the el And she pours «cera snout of som on hs commenttor of the last 2000 yes who have taken skeretve views tnd dene ate tothe creator Feeding habs, ete= Dr, Blame ‘ond be tempted to reverse the argument ad to say tht the other Ital ace pobited pat ofan caborte exerae for alonalzing "Whe prohibition of «east fr which there were probably multiple rear DecHruenune A MEAL ” son for soiding, 1 would som ely fa, onthe tated evidence ‘Sublette pg wis ced snomalnes tacmamic tats Tee van enlen as foraguc tat was unlean becane of ‘sro tosomic sats" On mire mate ection, an with the ‘ipa sown research Tan row sve thatthe pig to the Tus tessa tas Spel somos state equate t hat of the ter Thana’ os the dun of aie plon ints oles Satan des te lseaon 0 malt Second, oles Be Sin ens even, Thi plete Bese it reared 5 fod (and Smut as pine pork) yom cle An Tsaste hy betethed mcg git hae ben lable toed fet of grk BY these ‘geomet play to repent he te proved form of seal ‘Etna to cry ail the im thet ths mpl, We rw ean face a ‘oer anogy bowen the fod aks andthe thr res aga mi Ero eT sa abet et to gender th Beast of ay ther ING (Leis 1010) "Tow sak nt pelt wth ay bot” (Levi {201.55 Thecommon men dec ich ny poem summaries tte, erin We ace the ution of why, whan 29 mc ele deen font te te mie of purrion andthe meaning the te rks Gnesi the Jn mat have persed. What manings 80 they sil Same hey py te om gal cl ome? 1 ‘Poids tat whenever’ pape are seo eaten nd da ordi fs containg what zest the Body would seve awd lig ef the conus of thi cutlets ak Bt ere Lm Tear oy oom str, sung # mera ening ee of tea sot conta one whi Heb to mae sense weer the rena &pecehed, We have core flere to Suef th iw sneer The ote Dandy wk, he ee wg, High tou the digas suming the Mos toy ris Reese zon the itty ote Bondar (3). Abomtations SF he ur zee nas insects hich ote that Teams asus of the appears ry nth eee {ranted forbidden bids hod show a th ie ef De Shete ctectin iden be esd ht they ate predators, then ty cae shown a. smal sb nthe sisted st tat a Snes of the ny mt Bt for able beer they eat We Fey woul Sve at tutte te boundary a (8) the same expt wy ong ey af he (thee Sacto conde ths aye ying something moe poste ‘Rite nha ths bmi ener Te the on ene dlr ete Fron ROU Soe fe ore than negate bora exchsten al the See ve seen’ t ound he te of sete ations Within tht SEEMS Sppe Oui te anything goes Following he argument weCy any povGLAS fave sbi by which each ee of mening relies the oes whe tinea common secre we fy sy tha the ordered satan which nwa meet al ortd sytem asited with 3 Hone the Seong oul porer of tert to ween Or confuse tht caegry. To Utter enajoso the cay mom fre we sould tay wha the oot oy about he Sapine th hy adop A passage from Roy Fuller Ere bls toon the fash of section and cnfdene which trekomer a oder pater He quoting Allen Tate who somal ‘rset the primary ctr of pote od. he sean the tees and tothe pet hana hat the rt en contol the snd ‘ethos bins within his owm id= ‘The ul ofthe men are at in thomslesmore or Fes ivi thn the ruler vere to wch pnt ht 1am pute te Prenor Bal Bertin and to Profesor M.A. K, Hilly for ata ego and for ccm, which hve at eon ale toes, My ‘hes aed tomy so Jes for Woking ot the Vern dagams we tn a wile 1, Michel A,X: Hl, “Cae ofthe Theory of Gmina” Won, of ‘he Liga Gl of Now Yok 19 (1961, 3.35), 2. The entinng dss ten mpegs a the elation ete boll {sal fat In the undetndng fn entgan aly wea tthe eernndlg fod tea 2, Hold ate, Spline de made (Pt: Eins Sa, 1987). 4 Clade List, The Rawal th Coke Intcton to Ser of My ‘ei. Lenn Jatan Cape, 170) The who seb Pench gto fs Le vet ein Ma us sede One dn mane de eH, 96168 5 fom ls sod Cade Listas, “Len Chae de Cher Bade,” oma, 2 (1862), 53, Mic Ruiter, “Desrbing Poetic Sete: Two Approaches to Brads {es Chat” Sotto, Yale French Ss 38 aed 3 (100) 1. laa Lists, The Sorae Mind (Lindon: Heel an Sich, 196: (Gie:Unnrty of Cig Py, 196, 1 Hat, “aegis othe They of Grea” pp 37-27. 8 Adan. Mayet, Cane ol Kip Conta Ini A Vilage andr Region (itn ag 1900) 10 Laie Dart, Home Mevavhiaus The Cate Sim and i pling, want 1M Sunbury (Londo: Wedefld € Nie, 1070, French Calitmad, 1905). ep. 8-8 DcPHEAING A MEAL 81 11, Sx wet “Matengn.” Latane Garownsiqu (Hamiyn, 1961) 12 A Macleth,Poety and Experience (Landon: Boley Hel, 190), 4 1M. ary Dough, Foy and Dene A Ana of Cone of Ptn and Toe (ondn: Hoag, 198) ‘aph ola, “Why tse Cooney Na Bad? A i of Zoe eh a Te Huns Sse New Gun High” Men new Sots en 10 5.4 Tomb “Anils Ae Cond Tink sd Cand obi (ies 9 EW. Lench, “The Leglinay of Sl" Conte ar Mh ond Other Eso ‘hand at Cpe 199) 18. 5..Ditvr and HA, Whi, The Pleome Bl, Lect, vf. 12 1. Lah, "Leptin of Slo. SH, Danby, tts The Mélagh (Lemdane Oxford Uaiveriy Pres, 199), p 324 DL, sd 20 22 Bula, “Why Ie the Canary Nat Bip. £5. Mees Maimonides, Gade for he Repleed, ant M. Polander (Leon ew 108 St 188 24 Roy Ful, Outs and Arif: Ord Lect on Pec (Leen: Ae Death eth pt Pie 7