3 WHAT IS INTERNATIONAL LAW FOR? Martti Koskenniemi SUMMARY The objectives of international law appear differently depending on one’s standpoint. International law certainly seeks to realize the political values, interests, and preferences of various international actors. But it also appears as a standard of criticism and means of controlling those in powerful positions. Instrumentalism and formalism connote two opposite sensibilities of what it means to be an international lawyer, and two cultures of professional practice; the stereotypes of ‘the advisor’ to a powerful actor with many policy-alternatives and ‘the judge’ scrutinizing the legality of a particular international behaviour. Beyond pointing to the oscillation between instrumentalism anc formalism as styles of legal thought and practice, however, the question ‘what is international law for?’ also invokes popular aspirations about peace, justice, and human rights, and thus acts as a platform for an international political community. Whatever its shortcomings, international law also exists as a promise of justice, and thus as encouragement for political transformation. I, THE PARADOX OF OBJECTIVES Attempting to answer the question in the title one meets with a familiar paradox. On the one hand, it seems indisputable that international law ‘has a general function to fulfil, namely to safeguard international peace, security and justice in relations between States’ (Tomuschat, 1999, p 23). Or as Article 1 of the UN Charter puts it, the organization has the purpose to ‘be a centre for harmonizing the actions of nations in the attainment of... . common ends’ such as international peace and security, friendly relations among nations, and international cooperation. Such objectives seem self- evident and have never been seriously challenged. On the other hand, it ishard to see how or why they could be challenged—or indeed why one should be enthusiasticsodsip 0121824 oypusos Tm poyeAas ‘umsse 0} aary [pqs aM 10 uado ‘oe warp ea sais yey. 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