Source

Annotation

Aidinoff, Marc.
"Encouraging the Private
Sector to Invest in
America's Infrastructure."
The White House. 12 Jan.
2015. Web. 15 Feb. 2015.

This article gives incite on

how America is planning
on using private sectors
to help build our nations
deficient infrastructures.
Vice president Joe Biden
actually released a
statement while visiting
the DC Waters Clean
River project announcing
new ways the federal
government can benefit
from private sectors. We
want to see the private
capital move off the
sideline, because we have
a lot to build,-Joe Biden.
One of the main benefits
that the government
wants to see when using
private sectors are the
increase in jobs. The vice
president continues to
stress on how much
construction is important
for the economy.
This Online article
provides examples of
some of the deficient
structures in America.
Structures such as
Frederick Douglass
Memorial Bridge, Brent
Spence Bridge, Portal
Bridge New Jersey, etc.
costing millions of dollars
to repair. This article also
provides political
reasoning behind these
deficiencies, After
decades of decline, public
spending on
infrastructure is at its
lowest since 1947. State
and local governments,

Bradley, Bill. "America's

Infrastructure Is Slowly
Falling Apart." VICE. 2
Feb. 2015. Web. 9 Mar.
2015.

Thoughts and
Connections
This article, though it may
be short, it was the most
recent evidence on the
government working with
private sectors. This
shows me that my
original theory on using
private sectors to help the
federal government was
already thought of. Now I
will use this information
to help me find a better
way to use private sectors
to help our American
infrastructures.

This article was very

appealing to me because I
use VICE for a source of
news in my daily life.
Regardless of that, It
gives me examples and
diagrams of what
infrastructures are really
concerning in America.
Realizing that bridges are
not the only
infrastructures suffering
makes my case more
relevant to this era.

Deshpande, Manasi, and

Douglas Elmendorf. "An
Economic Strategy for
Investing in Americas
Infrastructure." The
Hamilton Project. The
Brookings Institute, 1 July
2008. Web. 2 Apr. 2015.

which account for about

three-quarters of the
nation's infrastructure
spending, have been
slashing their budgets
and putting off repairs.
But not only are bridges
suffering, other American
infrastructures are
suffering as well. The
Baltimore City Sewer
Systems is over a century
old, pipes are
deteriorating and the
state is asking for money
for repair. The federal
government has not
helped enough to match
its mandates.
This 44 strategy paper
was written by
Deshpande, Manasi, and
Douglas Elmendorf. This
project was written in
2008, showing the time
period of the
infrastructure problem.
This paper provides all
the information you would
need to know about the
benefits of improving
better infrastructure, how
to improve, what our
nation is actually
spending on roads. Why is
our roads so inadequate?
This is because we are
not using existing
infrastructure efficiently.
The reason highways are
not used efficiently and
that congestion returns
are because drivers do
not bear the costs of their
decisions to use a road.
The government must

This paper had more

information about
Americans infrastructure
than I needed. This paper
is helping me understand
why Americans
infrastructure has become
so deficient. And realizing
that management and
efficiency mattered so
much when completing a
construction project.

Edward, Chris.
"Infrastructure
Investment: A State,
Local, and Private
Responsibility."
Downsizing
Government.org. Cato
Institute. Web. 10 Feb.
2015.

Fernald, John, and Bing

Wang. "Federal Reserve
Bank of San Francisco."
Economic Research. Web.

reform the way in which

decisions involving
infrastructure are made.
Knowing how to better
invest in our
infrastructure is the key
way to bettering it.
This Article was posted on
the Tax & Budget Bulletin.
This article gives a
general understanding of
how much money was
actually being paid for
Americans
infrastructures. It
provides graphs to show
how much money was
spent by individual groups
such as local, federal and
state government. As well
as private sectors. Private
sectors in 2013 spent 4
times as much money on
infrastructures such as
factories, warehouses,
freight rails, pipelines and
refineries than the
government. Private
spending tends to be 5
times as more than the
governments spending.
Provides information on
the problems with federal
spending on
infrastructures. Usually
have major cost overruns
and cause massive
environmental damage
during construction.
Privately financed
projects tend to not have
cost overruns, reasoning
why they are used more.
America ranked 18th in
the world in quality of
infrastructures. The
American Society of Civil

This Article helped me

better understand the
spending factor behind
our infrastructures. Could
use private financed
projects to help the
problem? I can use this to
help my argument in
funding for bridges. Also it
helped me realize the
problems of spending
money.

Showed me how bad our

infrastructure was
compared to other
countries. Realizing our

10 Feb. 2015.

"House and Economic

Recovery Act of 2008." 30
July 2008. Web. 17 Feb.
2015.

Engineers graded
American infrastructures
with a D. Provides
information on why the
lack of spending on
bridges, mainly because
of the recession in 2008.
Article provides a good
amount of information on
the American Recovery
and Reinvestment Act
(ARRA). This was to be a
solution to the affects the
recession had on
American infrastructure
spending. This act
provided 48 billon dollars
in highway grants to each
state, 27 billion was to be
spent on roads. Highway
grants usually provided
extra funds, which could
be spent by state
governments best way
seen fit. And because
state tax revenues
declined dramatically
during the recession
causing debt, most extra
funds were spent on that.
This is a law/act that was
passed in 2008. It is
called the Recovery act.
This plays a big role in the
funding of Americas
infrastructures. It is 261
pages, so I will try to sum
it up as best I can. This
act was created by
Obama, its main purpose
was to create jobs lost
from the great recession,
but also to help fund
organizations greatly
impacted also. Those
organizations being

infrastructure was mostly

made deficient by the
2008 recession, there is
still little to nothing being
done about. I will use this
article to emphasize the
problem with Americans
infrastructures, and the
spending that goes along
with it.

This simple law is just a

basis of what was being
done after the recession
of 2008. This act was
created to benefit
americans, but has it
really? I will use this act
to show how well
politicians are actually
utilizing taxpayers dollars.

"Infrastructure, Energy,
and Natural Resources."
The United States Senate
Committee on Finance.
Web. 15 Feb. 2015.

"Rebuild Americas
Crumbling Infrastructure."
Center for American
Progress Action Fund.
Web. 21 Mar. 2015.

infrastructures, schools,
energy plants (water,
waste, etc.). This bill
provides all regulations,
specifications, and
restrictions regarding the
spending of federal
money.
This Article is from the
United States Senate
Committee, and it reviews
the problems and
challenges with financing
Infrastructure, Energy And
Natural resources. It gives
information about where
all money is financed and
spent on these
categories. It gives
information about
funding, such as the
highway trust fund which
provides America with
38$ billon fy. It provides
good budgeting strategies
such as limiting
infrastructure spending to
trust fund revenues,
Devolve federal revenues
to states, maintain the
user free model but
increase existing taxes
and fees, etc. This article
lists the struggles and
goals with reforming.
This 25 page memo is a
huge list on what can be
done to rebuild the falling
infrastructure in America,
while also being as
energy efficient as
possible. It provides the
benefits of improving
Americas infrastructure
and how impactful it
really can be to the
economy. This memo

This article is very

reliable, it was written by
the government and it
has given me more
information about how
important budgeting and
spending is to our
economy. The most
helpful information I got
from this passage was the
goals they set. Using
these theories will help
me further my
questioning and finding of
a solution.

This source provides me

great information on how
much Americas
infrastructure needs to be
saved. And also how
impactful it can be to the
simple American. The
examples of ways to help
improve Americans
infrastructure is the most
important part of this
article. It has given me

"Restore and Improve

Urban Infrastructure."
News Rss. Web. 1 Apr.
2015.

states that, Center for

American Progress
estimates that we need to
spend $129.2 billion more
per year for the next 10
years to repair
infrastructures needs. It
lists examples of the
consequences of
neglecting infrastructures
such as the collapse of
the I-35W Mississippi
River bridge in 2007 , as
well as the New Orleans
levees failed to hold back
hurricane Katrina
clamming the lives of
more than 1800 people
and causing $125 billion
in economic damages.
The most important part
of this research is the
plan for infrastructures
need portion of the
memo. Gives examples
that will help fund money
for Americas
infrastructure such as
raise a simple gas tax,
Increase tolling fees, and
using GARVEE bonds.
GARVEE bonds allow
states to spend future
federal highway grants
funding now rather than
wait when there is an
acute need for both the
infrastructure and jobs
and interests rates are
low.
This article asks multiple
questions about
Americas infrastructure,
and then proceeds to
answer them. Some of the
question being asked are

new ideas in finding

money to invest such as
GARVEES.

This source was helpful to

me because I had not
considered the amount of
varibles effected road
construction. Big variable
is integrating new ways of

Sanders, Bernie. "Senate

Budget Committee Bernie
Sanders, Ranking
Member." Repairing Our
Infrastructure. Web. 10
Feb. 2015.

What is the current state

of our infrastructure? How
can you improve
Transportation systems?
How do we Build a better
Infrastructure? for
improving our
infrastructure engineers
must face the fact that
they have to integrate
other sources of
transportation when
designing roads. This is a
big challenge when trying
to create an easy and
more efficient way of
transportation. This
article encourages new
ideas of contrition
methods. This is because
the ones that are being
used today have been
around for centuries.
Article gives multiple
reasons America should
focus a lot of their
attention to
infrastructures. Article
compares Americas low
GDP rate on
infrastructures to other
countries such as Europe
and china. Europe invests
5% GDP, and China
spends 9%. Because of
the 9% GDP investment in
china, in 2004 they did
not have a train that went
up to 200km/ph, but in
2011 they had the worlds
largest high speed
network. Because of
infrastructures deficit,
congestion occurs, or
some similar scenario,
which drives up cost on

transportation into a
modern day design. With
multiple ways of
transportations such as
tranzits, busses, and
bikes, the best way to
help solve the problem is
to change the way
construction methods are
used.

This Article Helped me

visually understand why
America is being laughed
at while the rest of the
world excels in improving
infrastructures. Also this
article provides me with
the negative outcomes of
our roadway deficiencies,
such as job lost! I can use
this information to help
better my solution by
creating a way to increase
jobs and spending on
infrastructures.

Thomasson, Scott.
"Encouraging U.S.
Infrastructure
Investment." Council on
Foreign Relations. Council
on Foreign Relations, 1
Apr. 2012. Web. 1 Apr.
2015.

transportation. The
American Society of Civil
Engineers estimated by
2020 economy would lose
1$ trillion in business
sales, causing 3.5 million
jobs to be lost to outdated
infrastructures. Article
gives abundant statistics
on where money is being
spent.
This article provides
information on why
Americas infrastructure so
bad, whats the problem
funding money for
Americas infrastructure,
and how to create
progress after politicians
have been paralyzed by
the idea. The author is
Scott Thomasson and is
the president of NewBuild
Strategies LLC. The
Author believes the
Public-private
partnerships (PPPs) are
the best way to better the
infrastructure. This article
also gives a list of bullets
providing suggestions on
near-term actions. Such
as help reuce states
borrowing costs, give
states the flexibility to
use alternative capital
and revenue sources, Cut
red tape for new projects,
etc. the conclusion of this
article states that there is
no one way to fix the
problem, but small
victories are better than
none.

This article will help me

with the encouragement
of creating new
infrastructures. Cutting
red tape! I feel like
restoring Americas
existing roads and bridges
should be done, but if
new structures are made,
more jobs created, the
better the economy gets.
I Also strongly agree with
Public Private Sectors
(ppps). I will be using this
as a solution to improving
Americans infrastructures.