THE STRANGE WORLD OF PAID SWLing * warcH-apri. 7st | /enoW-it-Can-be-toldstory e em n ary of flies in the shortwave ointment from Prussia to clectronics” WYSTERY-BAND CONVERTOR A cineh to build, our add-on unit takes over where your,communications receiver leaves off T orf |= ie PLUS MYSTERY-BAND STATION GUIDE A region-by-...g.on directory of police, fire, emergency stations in the 30-50 MHz band throughout the U.S 4 a + EXPERIMENTER’S ELECTROSCOPE—build ? ~'joc>- 3 yqonvsw3d POWER-PACKED PAPER BATTERY-it's dry, Aan9e59 624 _4* DARKROO™ °HOTOG!,ARD—sounds off at gata .raods ¥ 1615056AMERICAN BASIC SCIENCE CLUB'S ELECTRONICS LAB and RADIO COURSE 3 Tube Short Wave Radio, DC Power Supply, ere and Audio Amplifier, Signal Tracer-only ‘COURSE Get it All in One Complete Shipment — or Divided into these 4 Monthly Kits © AC ure Mayietzte ms ano ie saeas TROURLE shoOTING WITH THE stoMAL TRACER FREE with Ist Kit — Surprise ee Box" ECT 20 617 eesisrance, CAPACITANCE AND fi aC ey Seek HMAORE, PezaM, Sha nd on me MORE Tha rs DOLLARS Wa a CCT ETE oe ‘You REALLY LEARN ELECTRONICS. The progressive “learn by doing” American I ote Vovsiestin ix sncersiensitg vare'tiwey)" «Cade Pree EASIEST, MOST THOROUGH ond MOST 0. 000). ER CTING RSAtRofeclisy Maca ores, FREE with 3rd Kit—"Steps to a Ham License" Manual in electronics. Basie enough for begin. ners «- rewording enough for expels. 4), Kir — AUDIO AMPLIFICA\ NOWHERE ELSE is a course of this scope available ot this LOW PRICE! DN_AND RADIO FREE with 4th Kit — Radio-TV Service Manual ALL FOUR KITS IN ONE SHIPMENT ony519%5.,,.8 Ave, Yonkers 8. 8 ee lore int ing and OR—YOU CAN GET THE FOUR KITS, ONE A MONTH severing ox ve sicvee %°$ FOO vers PLUS COD POSTAGE Pi Seer SS ony ‘couron ‘ON RECEIPT OF EACH KIT ALL SHIPMENTS ON 10 DAY APPROVAL. YOUR SATISFACTION OR YOUR MONEY BACK. WE KNOW YOU WILL BE AMAZED AND USE THIS "NO RISK" COUPON FOR EITHER PAID IN FULL OR MONTHLY PLAN ce UNS SMAI, AMERICAN nasic SCIENCE CLUB, ie, 104 rimen, Son. Antonio, Tense 78205 fram yeur first too atts than ear tt tireny Testor AY Pe BILODEAU. 139 Bachan St, Lecninster, Mass, usually performed only in che better igh | School and college laberaturtes. Tie umber et concepts presented, and the clarity and | fonereteness of thele developmert is amazing, | Row. MELM, Veotesor of Piasies, ast | CITY and wrATe Cerclina Callers, Greensile, N.C _ AbURISS 1 | 1 ca i Name 7 1 I I 1 All the Equipment for 65 Exciting Projects, Including 8 $ { 95, LAD AND +You can pay °600 and still not get professionally approved TV training. Get it now for *99. Before you put out money for a home study course in TV Servicing and Repair, take a look at what's new. National Electronic Associations did. They checked out the new TV training package being offered by ICS. Inspected the six self-teaching texts, Followed the siep-by-step diagrams and instructions. Evaluated the material's practical- ity, its fitness for learning modern troubleshoot ing (including UHF and Color), Then they approved the new course for use In their own national apprenticeship program. They went even further and endorsed this new training as an important step for anyone working toward recognition as a Certified Electronic Technician (CET). This is the first time a self-taught training program has been approved by NEA. The surprising thing is that this Is not a course that costs hundreds of dollars and take several years to complete. It includes no kits or gimmicks. Requires no experience, no elaborate shop setup. ‘All you need Is normal intelligence and a willingness to learn. Plus an old TV set to work ' © Dept. M5484A, 1 1 Scranton, Penna. 18515 Yes, I'd like all the details about your new TV Servicing/Repair basic train ing package. | understand there's no’ obligation. (Canadian residents, send coupon to Scranton, Pa, Further ser vice handled by ICS Canadian, Ltd.) Name_ Street City, ‘Mancu-Apat, 1969 Prices sllohtlv higher outside U. 8. and Canada. ‘on and some tools and equipment (you'll find helpful what-to-buy and where-to-buy-it informae tion in the texts) Learning by doing, you should be able to complete your basic training in six months, You then take a final examination to win your ICS diploma and membership in the ICS TV Servic- ing Academy, Actually, when you complete the first two texts, you'll be able to locate and repair 70% of common TV troubles. You can begin taking ser- vicing jobs for money or start working in any of a number of electronic service businesses as a sought-after apprentice technician. Which teads to the fact that this new course is far below the cost you would expect to pay for a complete training course. Comparable courses with their Color TV kits cost as much as six times more than the $99 you'll pay for this one. Butdon'tstop here. Compare its up -to-dateness and thoroughness. Find out about the bonus features—a dictionary of TV terms and a port folio of 24 late-model schematics. Get all the facts. Free. Fast card or coupon bi Mail the reply Stee Seoa ood Cover photo by Leonard Heicklen t Cover Highlights 3 39 44 a1 eI 49 59 67 n B 2 8B 80 80 7 2 18 22 24 31 John W. Collins, Homer L. Davidson, Webb Garrison, Charles "Gr Jorma Hyypia, Marshall Lincolin—W7DQS, Ron Michaels, Jack Schmidt, C. M. Stanbury Il, Dick Strippel, and the ELEMENTARY ELECTRONICS' Editorial Staff. ¢ March/April 1969 ¢ Vol. 8 No. 1 elementary Electronics Dedicated to America’s Electronics Hobbyists EXCLUSIVE REPORT The Strange World of Paid SWLing—Keen on DXing? Think SWLing the grooviest thing going? Then lake a gander at the inner world of super spies whose DX prowess brings them chips aplenty! MYSTERY COMBO FOR SWLs Mystery-Band Convertor—opens up a world you've never heard Mystery-Band Station Guide—hundreds of DX targets to try for SCIENCE SPECIALS The Monster With One Foot On Mars—how else fo depict the latest in radiotelescopes ? A Basic Course in Electricity and Electonics, Part Vll—Understanding Transistors CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS Experimenters" Electroscope—Ben Franklin, we didn't forget you Watt Power On Wheels—117 VAC in your family flivver Photomate—no undetected light leaks with this sensitive darkroom accessory on hand And Now . . . Paper Batteries—learn how the pros did it, then roll your own Patch Up Your Troubles—a primer on patchcords Erecting A Rooftop Tower—picture power through tower power SWL AND DX FEATURES DX Central Reporting—meet our new columnist DXing The Country That Isn't—windmills, castles, sea, and snow ELECTRONICS IN THE NEWS Paper Money Changer—in goes a buck, out come twopacks of ... what brand you smoking ? They Find Fugitives In Five Seconds Flat—fuzz report... what else? HAPPENINGS FAR & NEAR As The Wife Sees It—cartoon page VTR: Willing Workhorse—track stars go video AS OUR LAB SEES IT EICO PSI-1 Signal Injector Probe Piezo WX-127 FM Wireless Microphone THE REGULARS Random Noise—editoria/ chit-chat Hey Look Me Over—new products NewScan—misfit news that's fit to print En Passant—chess column for beginners Literature Library—info you can use e/e Etymology—words, words, words AUTHORS IN THIS ISSUE: —W6FFQ, Joe Gronk, Erik Horneman. ‘ELEMENTARY ELECTRONICS@GE YOUR MUSIC IN DAZZLING ACTION with Dramatic New Breakthrough In Audio-Visual Enjoyment have @ thrilling prrchedelio owes Homes ciaby fou wast to pod senagtional rm Hocta” “Colored light "beams dan Dance, whisi- and’ twit in: pertect Site ino menes—teen Inala So fie tisbe Asie cnscinesiatiy wil-vee for Gistaalon tothe world. of mune ‘nd Sclertslgment. Combines slectromies, 2 Sie ond ere wih dramello rors, At. Modei!*rube. Unie or "and }2" Sete SRich igelade essed 8” or 12" Motion diner, Grigg Wheel and 90t of apertures Meek "member listed: below. Money-back Faerie, Elie it soy want additongt details Clipe. Can be ned on small nercers, large now, vend26. in Goin for Sills, stages and wholg nuditortame: Buta ooket No, g006E! Your owe WiusleVision’ with tow cost Oo E20 Ser (seme ns 1) Stock Ne, 71,0326K $57.80. Watnur VENERED perrirs ‘s00.50 Fo, EDMUND 500 Watt 35mm PROJECTOR—Stock No. 71,0576K. +. $26.80 Postoal Py bas tag tol) AMAZING PITY Ta Study - Pro’ from UR a ree i) ag “eanlOP-QUALITY LOW-COST STHORE Iwi tO¥-C0s! COLOr OFGAN seam cara rine gS See Bee eet staat ei i eerie, ene Ses eee etictaet a cht Baie Se Ge bee ona Belen. Sh, te fete Seodee.” "530.08 we fei. LOW-COST OVERHEAD PROJECTOR TAOLLEK. $29.50 EDMUND S00, Watt 38mm PROJECTOR Stock Mo, 72,057EK 12". $28°50. Ppa ‘MAGIC JUMPING DISCS Wi done “ine warmth’ ot your ain males ype ick tnd "ve moments. iti ‘iake-of "Loeds of fu tor tigen! "Tarrite conversation plese sca 8a ‘sot $2.00 Pea OEM (asi of 160) 312.00 Pbe. ew PROJECTION FaLebOsCOrE ee Lee ae nracket” itsuctons, ‘ Hock Nov 7i121ER. $94.50 Pe SOLID Mulli-Colored Glare Aecessory "ier Se Siar Stott Wo TLASTEK, 815.00 Ped. 4 LoBsEK. "30.08 ped Stock "Ne, tamer iNOUSTRIAL 1'/.Gal. Size NesaaeeK Ot J le oy rs MONEY-BACK GUARANTEE by Stock No—Send Check ot M.O. fine, Dorene nt elected aguazene | | BHP Pais Git hae 1 nameALSYNCO's LAB TIMER 2-600 SECONDS! TIMED AC! TIMED ALARM! i r GUARANTEED! NO GUESSING—PRINTED CIRCUIT, ENLARGING, ETCHING, DEVELOPING, SILK-SCREENS —— PERFECT ONLY EVERYTIME $29.95 FREE—KiT BROCHURE! ppd. DEALER INQUIRIES INVITED ALSYNCO DEPT. EE | 171 S. Main, Natick, Mass. 01760 Rush Lab Timer—$29.95 enclosed NAME ADDRESS __ ae City ____ STATE___ ZIP. NEW CONAR an-channe COLOR TV KIT $366.00 Model 6OOUK + Easier to build because it's designed for learning ‘* Complete with cabinet—nothing else to buy! ‘Tops for quality, simplicity of design, ease of building, the new CONAR 600 gives you the latest advances in the art of color TV receiver construction. In addition to 21 tubes, this all-channel receiver incorporates a transistor UHF tuner, transistor noise cancellation circuit and 16 solid-state diodes. Separate gun killer switches and a cross hatch generator are built, in. All hardware is engineered for accessibility. Attractive bronze-tone steel cabinet with durable wood- grained vinyl covering. For information write Dept. CV8C CONAR instruments DIVISION OF NATIONAL RADIO INSTITUTE 3939 Wisconsin Ave., Washington, D.C. 20016 WRITE FOR FREE CONAR CATALOG —— TT Electronics Mar./Apr. 1969 Vol. 8/No, 1 Dedicated to America's Electronics Hobbyists Batter in-0af JULIAN M. SIENKIEWICZ WAZCGL, KMDS3I3 RICHARD A. FLANAGAN kab2566 CLIFFORD L, FORBES KBQBS35 JIM MEDLER HELEN PARKER KQD7967 ANTHONY MACCARRONE Cover art Diretor IRVING BERNSTEIN OHN YUSKO. JIM CAPPELLO. CARL BARTEE MARILYN. VAI WILFRED M. Bi Provident and Publisher B. G. DAVIS JOEL DAVIS ioe-President and Edtorsl Director HERS LEAVY, KMD4529 LEONARD F. PINTO Vice-President and Treasurer VICTOR C. STABILE, KEPOéB1 ELEMENTARY ELECTRONICS e_pubished bimonthly by Science 8 Mechanics Plshing Co, 0 subsidiary af Davis Pabicoriony Ine. Esvoral, Boiees and. Subrenpnon flices. 22) Part Avenue South New York, N.Y. 10008 rear aubecrighon tun inwes}™—$40 tw Year 9b serphen (2 ives ‘tree.yoar subscription tig awses!—$1000. 1 yeor for postoge ou tide the USA. and Canada, dseriag. Giese, New ‘York’ 729 Pert Avenue South 212.08 31300, Chicago 520 N Michigan Aveg 312-547-0830, lor Angele E Pabkanere Rap. Coy 8380 Melrose Ave, 278653-S84), ‘onto Penie & Brown, 3108 Piedmont Fa NIE 404-253. 673 Yong don Ler Ostan,9 Garden See, Great Neck, Ni, si6-487 2908, Southwestern odveriing representa: five! in Weigh, 4 Re Bt St St Lois, HECHT POS, EOIORAL CONTRIBUTIONS mu! be accompanied by {etn potage ond willbe Nonled wth sasonable cre {emer hie asim ro tegen fr re, ‘este 6 namic on wor, or phohopaphy Al Contos Rou e ols 16 he Ean, HEME TARY ELECTRONICS, 22 Prk Avenue South, Now Yor Nyon. Secopdclssponoge paid ot New Yor, New York ond 3 edioral ming fie. Copyrgh 1959 by cance ond echoes Putnng Co ——————E——By Juuian M. Srengtewicz, Editor ers, like the earth, has a distinct iron cove, but the core is not as large as that of the earth and is not molten. Thes were rived at by employing highly accurate va for the radius and mass of Mars obtained r cently (July 1965) by the Mariner IV Mars fly-hy mission. The conclusions are also based on recent findings about the composition and struc- ture of the earth, because certain similarities are assumed to exist between the structure and com position of the earth and Mars, Previous to the Mariner IV mission and the recent findings about the earth's structure, the existen Mars was highly debatable. Now we know for certain, thanks to a study and report made by Dr. Alan B. Binder, an Associate Scientist with the Astro Sciences Center at IIT Rescarch Insti- tute, Chicago. A technique called mathematical modeling was used by Dr. Binder in his investigation of Mars’ structure. Mathematical modeling in volves placing values for known conditions in equations along with trial values for unknown conditions. In this case the unknown conditions involved the internal composition and structure of Mars, When the equations were solved, those equations whose solutions agreed with what is Known about Mars were assumed to contain the trial values most likely to be correct. The equa- tions were solved with the aid of a computer. A series of “successful” models were found, These indicated that Mars probably has an iron core between 980 and 1180 miles in diamete The models also indicated that the core of Mars accounts for between 2.7 and 4.9 percent of I mass. A third result of the study was an estimate that the internal temperature of Mars lies between 1930°F and 3180°F. This is considerably cooler than the interior of the earth (Continued on page 10) Mancu-Avsit, 1969 ~~ flozens of jobs, now... dozen tools for inahip ey nockel sel! * 2 eee driver/screwariver set features 12 intetchangeable blades and an amber plastic (UL) handle. All are PL TR eae Pee eT ee eee Oe eT Pee eR Paces EY mt YE ee y Meee! yas PO Ros Etre PUL Pore ers Dn een en nee ear HANDLE: Semmes Pacer reread Coreen er Preece) Ca ered 4 I i \ t | XCELITE INC, « 80 BANK ST., ORCHARD PARK, N.Y. 1 Send Catsog 162 wt internation n 9965.50 | sae : ea aoe ' lh aa | teen i al 7“Performance-Plus” Kits For Home And NEW kit aD-27 1695 NEW or hit AD-A7, 990935 NEW kit TA-38 $7950 NEW e wit GRss | am | pe “Wired Igw-18 #950 HEATHKIT AD-27 FM Stereo Compact ‘The new Heathkit"27" Composent Compact was designed to change your mind about stereo compict performance. How? By sounding as i it were made of 1op Gualty Stereo componems -. chin fat iti. Heath enginers took their ishl) tated AR Tf solidatate Stereo Receiver, modifed i physically to ft the cabinet and matched withthe pression BSR MeDonald SO0A Avtomatic Taretable, Performance? Heres {he AD-27 in detail. The amplifier deliver 30 watls muse power = 1S honest walle bee channel ~ enough to drive any reasonably effitent speaker sisi. Response ‘irtually Nat fom 12 He to 60 kHz, and Harmonie & IM distortion are both less haa, 1% at full ouput, Tandem Volume, Balance, Base & Treble controls give you full range command ofall the sound. Select the FM stereo mode with’ fick ofthe rocker- {ype switch and tune smoothly across the dial, thanks to inertia Nhe tuning You'l hear salons you didn’t know existed In your ate, ad the clarity and separa tion of the sound wil amaze you. The adjustable phasing control insures est sterso Separation a allies. And the aulomatie stereo indicator Hight tele ou i the Pro- fam sin steeo. AFC puts an end to def oo, The BSR Automaie Turntable has Featuees normally found only in very expensive unis ike euing an pause controls var able ant skating devies, syle presare adjustment and automate system pomet to, ‘Gomes complete with a famous Share diamond stylus magnetic eareidge. The hands some walnut eabinet with siding tambour door wil look sharp im any surroundings, nd the AD-27 performs as well asi looks. For the finest ergo compact You en buy, order your"27" Component Compact now. 4 Ibs HEATHKIT AD-17 Stereo Compact Using the component approach of the AD-27, Heath engineers 100k the solid-state stereo amplifier section of fe AD-21, matched it with the high duality BSRCHOD Autor Irate Turntable and put both ofthese fine components ina handsomely sid walt Ernish cabinet. The ret i the "17" — featuring 30 watts musie Power 12 Hz 10 60 Kz response, auxiliary” & tuner inpuis, less than 172 Harmonie & IM distortion, adjustable syhus pressure A antShate control and much more. Order your “IT now. 27 Ibs. HEATHKIT TA-38 Solid-State Bass Amplifier ‘The new Heathkit TA-38 i the hottest performing bass amp On the market, for quite afew reasons. Fest, there's il solid ne cireuiey for chats. Then thee’ the tremendous power ~ she TA'3E puts oUt 120 wats of EIA nnise power, 40) Deak, of 100 wails continuous. Exerc low harmonic & 1M dstortion to. Many Amp surfer from “biow-out™ problems, but ot the new TA-SE — YOU CANT ‘BLOW IT. boastsimo 12° Resvy duty specal design speakers with lant 3 pound 6 ounce magnet assemblies mounted in’a completely sealed, hewily damped Yet presied wood cabinet — those spenkers wil take every wat the amp wil pul ute and Hil ot blow. Sound? The TA-3E i tailored to fepraduce the Fall range of bass fee Auencies delivered by bass guitaes and ts soUnd with combo organs and other fat iments is remarkable. Easy 15 hour assembly to the wildest base amp on the make. ‘Order one now and surpise the guys with the Nighpriced peur 130 Tbs, HEATHKIT GR-58 Solid-State AM/FM Clock Radio ‘The easy way 0 getup in the morning. Choose the morning news & weather on AML or the Bright sound of FM music, AFC makes FM tuning cay The SAUO™ position ‘n the Teechron® clock turns only the radio on, or use the “Alarm” ein for both the radio and the alarm. You can eve enjoy fen cof: when you awake inthe more Ing, hanks fo the elock-controled accessory AC socket on the buck ofthe new GR. 38 The handy “snoose™ slarm feature lets you wake uP w/adualy for ten minutes 10 the sound ofthe rao, then the arm goes on. push ine “snooze” button to slence the slam for ten minater more of music or nes the alarm sounds auortaically every teaminuesand the “snooze” Button tres i of, jens continuously unt the sector Switch i moved to anather positon, Fast, cary Sreut Board consirdtion, smatt Blue hvimpact plastic cabine; spd top reliability make this GR'S8 the clock radio fOr you Bibs. HEATHKIT 16-18 Solid-State Sine-Square Wave Generator [A pression soure of sine or square waves ata ow kit price. hat’ the new solid-state IGei8 from Heath. Delivers 37 accuracy thu the wide range of | Hato 100 KHz, The Sine wave section featureless than 0.1% dstorion thru the audio cange, # ovlput voltage ranges from 0.003 to IOV, switch-selected nrersl 600 ohm load or exetnal load and metered output of both teltage & dB. The square wave section has 4 0 nS, tise time and three output voltage ranges from O.1 1 10 V P-P. Doth sine & square ‘waves are available simultaneously and the Yreguency is tuitch-slected for constant epcatablily and fast operation. Circuit board construction makes the new 16-18 {any to build.» new Hlexhki sling snd engincering excellence make it easy to use, Pat the new 1G-i8 on your bench now. 10 ibs. Euementary Exzcrronicsf= BES] Now There are 4 Heathkit Color TV's AAll With 2-Year Picture Tube Warranty NEW Deluxe "681" Color TV With Automatic Fine Tuning Treney Heahii.CR-48 ase no adprdelr TV near song kit GR-SEH ini bul easy to prove, Compare the “SHI” against every otber FY ~ there a isn'toneavalable for any price that has ll these features, Automatic Fine Tuning 9! ine ree Matte et Mem crmaaes | AOS erik sakes over sulomatcly tune ine best elor Picture the indusy. (los ealnat) Bash soothe fen pane! buon apd ihe VF channel sector route unl you + each te desired sation, automatically Buin eable S| Pais 0 “Of course I can see how much you earned in black and white. Now, let's discuss how much you earned in color! Exguanrany EvecrsoniesYours FREE this valuable guide to 'MONEY-MAKING OPPORTUNITIES with your NO RISK TRIAL subscription to the new INCOME OPPORTUNITIES Newsletter AND REMEMBER .... THIS SUCCESS GUIDE 1S NOT FOR SALE, anywhere else, AT ANY PRICE! 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The Filmo- sound 450 recorder is used for both movie sound recording and playback with 4-min. tape cas- settes. The unit is $99.95 and the Filmosound tape cassettes, which deliver four minutes of recording time to match the filming time for a standard super 8 cartridge, are $1.99 each Bell & Howell's sound synchronization is achieved via a light device in the camera that marks the edge of the film at the beginning of fa scene. During projection, the light mark on the developed film controls starting of the tape recorder and the pulsing signal serves as a speed control for the projector, keeping both picture and sound in frame-by-frame synchronization. For an attractive brochure, “Home Movies That Talk Are Here,” write Bell & Howell, 7100 McCormick Rd., Chicago, Il. 60645. ‘Attention! You are 20,000 feet above the sea with no pilot! The entire flight has been programmed into a computer. Relax! Nothing can go wrong . . . squeak, wrong... squeak, wrong . ..”" Looking for Oil, Honest! A new helicopter-transported oil prospecting device developed by Sinclair Oil Corporation's Tulsa Research Center has been used success- fully in the muskeg areas of the Arctic North Slope of Canada where conventional methods are both slow and costly. The device, mounted ‘on a quadrapod, is known as the Helicopter Dinoseis system. It is used in locating under- ground geologic structures which may contain oil or gas Resembling moon vehicles in appearance, the Dinoseis quadrapods are sturdily constructed yet light enough to be transported from one shot point to another by helicopter. A helicopter opproaches o shot point with ‘another Sinclair-developed Dinoseis seismic ‘generator quadraped for an exploration survey conducted in the Northwest Territories of Canada. ELemenrary EtectrowresHARA A I BR PT ‘The Helicopter Dinoseis system is composed of a 24-inch diameter expandable seismic energy generator chamber suspended between the legs of @ quadrapod and resting on the ground. A confined mixiure of oxygen and propane is ex- ploded in the chamber by an electrical spark, driving the bottom steel plate against the ground and imparting high-frequency seismic waves into the earth to subsurface rock formations. Reflected waves were recorded on analog seismic equipment in the Canadian operations, ut may be recorded on digital seismic equip- ment. ‘A control module, equipped to serve five ex: ploder units, carries propane and oxygen which fuel the seismic generators, a compressor to provide air used in a recoil system and a gen- erator for power for the control system and radios. The eight seismic energy generators are fired simultaneously by radio from the recording unit, and may be pulsed each 10 seconds. To the Canadian operations, the helicopter moved eight quadrapods and their Dinoseis ex- ploders, two control modules, recording equip- ment, and personnel one-half mile from one shot point to another in 17 minutes. “We are extremely gratified by results on these initial operations,” F. R. Fisher, head of the Research Center, said. “Mechanical opera~ tions were excellent, data quality was compar- able and cost was significantly lower than the conventional dynamite and shot-hole method. We are encouraged to believe the Helicopter Dinoseis seismic exploration system will pro- vide the answer to the logistical and economic problems of conducting seismic work in the Temote areas of the world.” Finger Snapping EDP ‘A tupe-recorded course in the fundamentals of elecironic data processing makes use of pre- recorded cassettes which can be played on miniature tupe recorders. The course, designed for the businessman or computer user who Wishes to learn computer busics and keep up with the EDP (electronic data processing) field, makes use of audio programmed-learning prin- ciples to create a student-teacher relationship. ‘The technique is used by EDP manufacturers to train computer programmers and customers, ex- cept that the course provides a broad founda- tion in EDP terminology for executives in any | industry. While specialized audio courses for computer installations have been extremely successful, they are generally designed for classroom use with reel-to-reel tape recorders. The Dyna- Phonics basic course is intended for smaller, battery powered recorders using cassettes. Stu- dents may take the recorder anywhere and use it during previously wasted time periods. The Mancx-Avrit, 1969 NOW, BETTER THAN EVER the new and improved S&M supersensitive photo meter Here is a precision instrument that meets the highest standards of any meter available. It offers consistently accurate readings at very low light levels, which, if required, can be converted to ft.-candles from a graph sup- plied. Researchers, scientists, educators and obbyists have confirmed that this meter can read light levels as low as 0.000245 ft- candles. ‘The S&M Supersensitive Photo Meter uses the newest Clairex Corp. CL-5051, Cadmium Sulfide Light Cell to measure light levels from twilight to bright sunlight at ASA speeds of 3 to 25,000. A new %” high easel type probe and also a miniature probe are now available as accessories. The Computer included gives F stops from .7 to 90; lists exposure time from 1/15,000 see. to 8 hrs.; 4 range selection; EV-EVS-LV settings} weighs only 10 ounces. Used extensively in Photo Labs, Physies and Research Labs, Hospitals, High Schools, Universities and numerous’ industries. Also used with movie or still cameras, micro- seopes and telescopes and IS A MUST FOR PHOTOMICROGRAPHY. Free V Sehince & mecianics —instauents ow | SERGE AUSSANG vt woo F Enciosed is $. Please send me the n faceless waar, i cam ot ssed SENS PIU iays lls tte aha de ree ices subject to chance without ne | ode Ton nate meter | 0 $385 th standard probe C) Ags. Standard Probe as ae 20 1 £69 | 1 ‘Saiy Super. may return | 1D Microscope Adapter $5.00 1B 36-mini Prove $7.50 1 Easel Probe $7.50 mand foreign orga. New York City i tax, (No Stamps) | add 10% for Can | Fesigents add 5% 5 I ‘Name 1 | Aaaress | iw, state Loon l laa Tease prin) — 19NEWSCAN sect yete ss dees ste te dees te testes te deeds dete tte te de dete de ede te ae teat She's learning about computers. Students ean Tearn over 800 electronic data processing terms and gain a basic understanding of ‘computers by ploying the course on any portable cossefte fope recorder. The course makes use of "pragrommed response” between the listener ond the instructor to simplify ond speed up the learning process company recommends wtilizing time spent driv- ing back and forth to work The material offers frequent reviews, and is Programmed so that the student is frequently asked questions, Psychologists believe that al lowing for a response—and then giving the cor- Feci_answer—reintorces material to be learned Each student establishes his own pace, learning the material in small segments—in exactly the order programmed for learning. Terms are pre- sented in an increasing order of difficulty. The student progresses using previously learned ma- terial as his foundation. Dynaphonics (that’s Dynaphonics, Inc. of Dayton, Ohio) says the course is designed to make businessmen conversant with more than 800 EDP terms ranging from common words like “software” to technical ones like “ping- pong” and “piezoelectric.” By learning what the company calls “the language of the computer age.” the stuident also learns the subject. The course is available in a bookshelf binder con- taining eight cassettes. and runs nine hours. It can be played on any standard cassette recorder and sells for $72 direct from Dynaphonics. The course is an excellent method fo improve your Knowledge of EDP when you tire of those Dean Martin cassettes. Run for the Birdie! The U.S. Olympic track and field team used videotape recording. (clevision’s familiar “i stant replay,” to improve performances in preparation for the 1968 Summer games at Mexico City. The results were great for both video signals and gold medals. Payton Jordan. head coach of the team and Stanford University track coach, said the team has obtained a closed circuit television record- ing system for use at its high altitude training camp at Echo Summit near Lake Tahoe. Team candidates were televised daily in action and viewed their performances immediately after finishing them. The television system was specially designed for the team by Ampex Corporation of Red- wood City, California, Packaged in a small auto truiler, it may be rapidly moved from place to place at the training complex by a gasoline- powered golf cart Jordan said team aspirants have been en- thusiustic about studying video recordings of their performances during the first weeks the camp has been open. Following elimination trials that established team membership, the coaching staff continued to schedule videotape reviews as a regular part of the four-week train- ing routine. ‘The system consists of a portable closed cir- cuit videotape recorder, a television camera with zoom lens and remote operating controls and two viewing monitors. It is being operated at the camp by Ray Lodge, son of Hilmer Lodge, chairman of the U.S. Men’s Track and Field Committee. Videotape recorders capture mov- ing pictures and sound on magnetic tape much as conventional audio tape recorders store You never know about those things! & 20Det tte tte tetetr tte te te tet trie titi ttt tet Oregon State University track coach Berny Wagner points out good and bad points of Olympic sprint prospect Willie Turner's form. Videotape recording system enabled athletes to view themselves in action immedietely offer o practice run. sound alone. Recordings may be played back through television sets immediately after the recording, just what our athletes needed in their race for noble medals. They Don't Carry Ice Cubes The Coast Guard icebreaker Glacier, veteran of 13 Antarctic voyages, carried special com- munications equipment to the Antarctic last winter in a joint Navy-Coast Guard program de- Signed to prove the feasibility of establishing reliable communications with polar regions via | satellite. On board the Glacier was a satellite communications terminal designed and pro- duced for the Navy by Electronic Communica- tions, Inc., of St. Petersburg, Fla, The satellite communications terminal is a duplicate of satellite terminals developed for use in the current Lincoln Experimental Satellite communications relay program. Launched Sep- tember 26, the space satellite was designed and built by MIT's Lincoln Laboratories in Cam- bridge, Mass. ‘The broad objective of the USCGC Glacier tests was to prove the feasibility of satellite com munications with units in the Antarctic region, USCGC Glacier “parked on ice during on antarctic hot spell. The Glacier has token part in antarctic exploration program annually since the inception of Operation Deep Freeze in 1953. ‘MarcH-Apait, 1969 Build this magnificent Schober Theatre Organ for only “$1550! ‘includes finished walnut console. Ampliter, speaker system, ‘optional accessories xtra. Only '$1150°50 if you uid your avn You couldn't touch an organ like this In a store for fess than $3500—and there hasn't been 2. musical Instrument with this vast variety of genuine Theatre Organ voices since the days of the silent movies! If you've dreamed of the grandeur of authentic bis-or- 20 sound In your own home, you won't fing 3 more Satisfying instrument anywhere —kit or no kit You can learn to play It. And you can build it, from Schaber Kits, world famous for ease of assembly without the ‘slightest Knowledge of electronics or music, for desien and parts quality from the ground 4p, and above ait for the highest praise from miusictans everywhe ‘Send Tight Rew. for your copy of the full-color ‘Schober catalog, containing specifications of the five Schober Organ "madels, Beginning at "$598.50. No no obligation ~ but lots of food for @ healthy ‘appetite! Tehoberorean core. vert ce 43 West Gist Street, New York, N.Y. 10023, 1 Please send me Schober Organ Catalog and free Toinch “Saraple™ record, Ti Enclosed please find $1.00 for 12-inch LP. record of Schober Organi music. NAME. ADDRESS —_ cry. Learn of the many money making ideas and low cost/high profit busi- nesses you can start in. INCOME OPPORTUNITIES 75¢ on sale now or write Davis Publica- Inc./229 Park Ave. S./New tions, York, N.Y. 10003. Add 25¢ each for postage and handling. Better yet, enter your subscription and receive 8 issues (one year) for only $6.00 which includes two $1.00 Di- rectory issues.22 NEWSCAN shintiededddesrstsksatsksrsitt the immediate purpose is to evaluate propaga- tion characteristics from Arctic regions where auroral (northern lights) and other electromag~ netic disturbances frequently play havoc with conventional radio communication links not to mention short wave broadcasters. The satellite communications terminal on board the Glacier had the capability of handling 100 words:per-minute two-way teletype traffic utilizing digital modulation techniques. The in- stallation included a 60-watt UHF transmitter. a power amplifier to generate a 1-kilowatt output, a receiver, modulator-demodulaior, antenna, control unil, page printer. keyboard, tape reader and tape reperforator—everything a state-side terminal would have. The 310-foot Glacier has heen modified 10 serve as an icebreaker and oceanographic vessel. In company with two other Coast Guard ice- breakers, its basic mission was to break out Mc- Murdo Sound at the beginning of the antarctic summer to resupply U. S. Naval Support Forces, Antarctica (Task Force 43) The Glacier carried some 26 scientists and full equipment to dredge the Antarctic bottom, en- gage in bottom photography, obtain specimens of Antarctic marine life and other oceanographic assignments. Most of iis operations were con- centrated in the Weddell Sea But, of most concern lo the readers of this magazine is whether or not satellite communica- tions are feasible in polar regions. If so, the dreaded radio blackout at the high latitudes will be a thing of the past. 7 | ; | i | "is teaving in two weeks fo mate!” 7 a acne ee EH After the opening moves have been raitled off, too often by rote, and a player finds himself in the relatively uncharted wilds of the middle- game, he is api fo ask: “Now what do I do?” What, indeed! The answer is much more dificult than the question, but at least part of it is: “Build up your position, play for the attack, and apply one of the winning tactical motifs.” Here are three more ofthe later Discover Attack, This is a move which checks, captures, or threatens with one piece, while si- multaneously unmasking the action of another piece. It is like moving two pieces at one time! Black White Black moves. 1 'NxB (to bring White's Queen into an exposed position) 2 QxN (else | White will remain a piece behind) BxP#! (the motif) 3 NxB, RxQ! and Black has won Queen and Pawn for only a Bishop. Double Check. Nimzovich wrote: “Even the laziest King flees wildly in the face of a double | check.” And well he might because this devas- lating tactic smites from two directions at once. Black moves. 1 RxBP! (putting the Queens face to face) 2 QxQ, RxN mate! With | both the Black Rook and Bishop checking, ‘Evementary EtecrronicsWhite White is unable to capture or interpose. No Retreat. When «piece has no mobility, no square to which it can move safely, then it is said to have no retreat. On the side of the board, particularly, this predicament is usually fatal. PREP DDD DERI L PDD ODPL DEI D LIE chessboard, His play was determined, tactical, full of ideas, cool, and mathematically precise. In the following game against Steinitz, White, World Championship Maich, Moscow, 1896, 2 Giuoco Piano, he scores with the zugzwang motif. 1 P-ka 19 2.N-KB3 —-N-QB3_ 20 2 22 23 24 25 26 27 10 B-R3? PxB 28 VTR-KT 29 12 RxN 30 13 Q-K2 0-0-0 31 14 N-KS KR-KI 32 15 NxN QxN 33 16 R-KI R-NI 34 17 R-KS. P-QN3 18 8-81 P-KNG ‘The target is Black’s Queen Bishop. 1 NxB# QxN (if 1 .... PxN 2 P-BS wins) 2 P-BS, B-R4 (forced) 3 P-KN4 wins the Bishop, which is attacked and has no retreat, As Tartasch said: “No piece can be so easily won by Pawns as a Bishop.” Game of the Issue. Emanuel Lasker (1868- 1941), German, author, inventor, philosopher, and mathematician, was World Champion for twenty-seven years. He won the title from Wil- helm Steinitz in 1894 and lost it to Jose R. Capa- blanea in 1921. He excelled at both match and tournament play, winning first prize in the 1924 New York International Tournament (one of the strongest tournaments ever held), at age fifty- five, and finished third at Moscow, 1935, playing through nineteen gruelling rounds without losing ‘a game, when he was sixty-seven. A biological miracle! Lasker was a fighter and a psychologist at the Marcu-Armit, 196924 ITERATURE ELECTRONIC PARTS 2. Now, get the all-new S12-page Tully itusteated Lafayeite Radia 1969 catatog. Discover the latest in CB. ear, Fest guipment. hart gear toi ooks, hill components “and. gilts Do it now! 1. Allied’s cataion is so widely used a teterence Book. that i's regarded a ‘standard by people in the elec- Tronies Industry.” Bon't vou have the 1969 allied Railio catalog” The sur prising thing 1s Uvat i's [ree! Gg it now! ohn Mestna, 1% Rew 46-page catalog. is. jam packed with “surplus “Buys—-surplus Padios, ew parts, compuler parts, ee 23. No. electronics argain hunter ‘Should “be. caught without the 1969 Copy Of Ratio Siuck's catalog: Some equipmiert and hit offers are "so Tow, they look like misprinis. Buying is believing. 45. Edmund Scientifie’s new cats Tog’ contains over 4000 products that embrace many interests and heids. 1's a 14R-page buyers’ guide for Science Fair fans 4. Olson's catalog is a multi Colored newspaper that's packed’ with ‘more bargains than a plione book tas ames. Dont helieve ts? Get 1 cory. 7. Relore_you build trom scraich, cheek the Fair Radio Sales Iatest cat Slog for electronic gear that can be Modified your needs. Fair way (0 135. Get with ICs! RCA's oew iptegrated Circuit Experimenier’s Kit RDII12 is the frst of its lind. and should be 2 part of vour next project Get all ‘the acts direct Irom REA. Girete 138, 140, How cheap. is chean? Well take a gander at Cornell Electronics! HBtest" catalog. ‘t's packed wih bat- gains Tike eW4, 1ZAX?, SUS, etc, fubes for only 33¢. ‘You've got to see this one to believe ith 10. Bursteln-Applebee offers a new slant catalog coniaining IDs of bi pases crammed with savings inelide ng hundreds of hareains on hi kits, power tools, tubes, and part, 11. Now available from EDI (Elec. tronie Disirihutors,, Ine): cata108 Containing hundreds of electronic ems. EDI ‘will be happy to place You'en their mailing ist 108, With 70 million, TV. and 240 milion radios. somiehady” somew will needa wacutin tube replacen at the rate of one a second! Get Universal Tube Cocs Troubleshooting Chart and facts on theie $1.50 fat rate per tube! 4. Bargains galore, that’s what's in store! Fol-Pats Co. will send you theit latest eight-page fiver liging the latest in available, merchandise, in chiding’ giant §1special sale TooLs 78. Xeelle's new “tray Ben” nu duiver sels feature plastic rays that le fat or Sit upon Your workbench. oF Back neatly in your tool box All the Poop's in Xeeive’s Bulletin Neos 118. Secure coax cables, speaker Wires, phone wires, eles with arrow Staple gun tackers, "3. models for wires and cables from sia” to 2” dla. Get fact-fall Arrow iterature CB—AMATEUR RADIO— ‘SHORTWAVE RADIO 146, LL may be the first—Gllfer’s spe Clulity catalog catering 10 the SWE Books. rigs, what-nots--eversthing YOu need for your listening post. Go Giller, circle 148! 100. You can get increused CB ange and_clarty ‘ising the "Cobra 2n'Nranaceiver with ech compres (datos sheet will be mailed by BAK Division of Dynascan Corporation 1a, Newirguogned CB arten eer eT cone eg erecta coreg ae cress an Neco eet eet a oat? ae erat ae joa eee eee Joh Qe arirrin ata Sd re se teas Sing Bah a 130, Bone up on the CB with the Ines Sam Boots” Tes range (om "ABC's of CB Radio’ to. 13%. Ways ta\Improve Four CB Radio.” So Cre cle 130 and ‘eet the facts from Sans, 107, Want a deluxe CB base sta fon? Then get the. specs on Trans ai yew Tiina fl--ivs the SSB/AM rig Sou've beet" waiting for! 96. Get your copy of BF. Jol. son's new reap Johnson 2 Way Ratio Help’Me®" “Aimed for business use, the booklet if useful to everyone. 129. Boy, oh boy—if you want to read about a flock of CB winners, get your hands on Lafayerie's new 1968 Gaialog. "Lafayerte has CB sets for all pocketbooks: 46. Pick up Halllcrafiers' new four- ae iliustrated brochure desecbing iicrafters ine of monitor receivers police, Gre. ambulance. emergency, weather’ business radio, all yours. a the fp of dial 116. Pepun vour CB sie's perform. ne, with Ter's MEE mabe mt Erophone. Get complete spec sheets Snd dara on other Turner mikes. 48. H1y-Goin's new CB antenna cata ibe is packed full of useful informa ton and product “data. that. every Cer should know. Get-a copy. 1}. Get the scoop on Versa-Tronies’ Veria-Tenna. with. instant magnetic mounting. Antenna models. avatlable fort Bers, hams and mobile units from 27 MH? to 1000 MH, 45. Chere. Hams. SWI get your Copy of World Radio Lahr 1869 eat Tog.” Wt you're a "wireless: nut oF ex- Perimenitr, you'll take (0 this eatalos. 50, Get your copy of Amphenol's “Users Guide 10 CB Rago 18 pages packed with CB know-how and Ehitehat, Also, Amphenol will fet you now "that's new ‘on their product tine 54._A catalog for CRers, hams and experimenters. with outstanding vale ues. Tertiic buys on Grove Blectron= Jes" antennas, ‘mikes and accessories 101. If t's a CB product, chances are Tnrervasional Crevial ha # isted Inthelr eotertat catalog. Whether kit gf, ited. accessory or test Rear. this Chioneniet company. can Bevfelied on to fil the bil 103. Squires Sanders would like you fo know about tein CB trantcelvers, the “S¥'er and the new "S85." Also, CB accessories that ‘add versatility 10 their Satter, ELECTRONIC PRODUCTS 44. Heat today the, organ with the Sean at pomocrow he ™ Mele janie by. Whirpany Electronics W's Fortabletake anywhere. Send for Pics and descripeive Iierarures 143, Bring new life to your hobby. ing. plans for new projects let Electronies Hobby Shack five you the dope. Circle 143, now. 46, Try instant lettering to mark Gontrol panels and component parts arak's "booklets and"sampie. show this easy dry transfer method, 109. Seco ofers tne of specialized and siandatd. test equipment that's ical for the home experimenter and pro. Get spect and prices tous. 42. Here's colorful 116 page catalog Containing acnide assortment of elec: tronic kits, You'l find something for aay interest, any budget. And Meath €o. will happily send’ you a copy Exrmextary ELectsoxtesStarred items indicate ad- vertisers in this issue. Consult LIBRARY : their ads for additional in- formation and specifications. 128. If you can hammer a nail and ‘miss your thumb, you can assemble Schober organ. ‘To prove the point, ‘Schober will send you thelr catalog and a Tin. dise recording 145. Alco Electronic Products has 28 citeult ideas using their remote control felay. Get 100-and-one odd jobs done at home without calling an electrician. Get al the facts today! 44, Kit builder? Like wired prod ets? FICO ‘of both ‘breeds of buyers: “13. pages fui ot hh en Co, ham, switt aid hobby hits ard products Sedo you havea copy? 128, Delia. Products new capacitive ischarge ignition system in kit form Pep up your car. Designed to cut Bas Costs and reduce point and plug ‘wear. Get Delta's details in full-color Thrersture. SCHOOLS AND EDUCATIONAL a2. Radio-Television | Training of America prepares you for a career ‘95 you build. 120 lessons. Get all the hota job. 16 big kits help you Fearn facts today! KIA. Get two free hooks—“How to Get a Commercial FCC License” and “How io Succeed in. Electromics"— from Cleveland Institute of Electron tes.” Begin your future today! 3., Get alt the facts on Prosressive ExutKite Home Rigio Course. Bald arts, tools and instructions. come Sith course 114, Prepare for tomorrow by studying at home with Technical Troinine International. Get the facts today’'on_ how you ean step up in ‘your present job: 136. International Correspondence Schools has a 384-page manialeX- Diaining the function, operation, and Objectives of ICS. Get the facis on 266 courses of study currently. avall= able, Sorry. offer may expire s00n, 137, For succes in communications, roadcusting and clectronics get yout Firat Class ECC license and Grantham School of Electronics. wit show you how.” Interesting. booklets are yours for ine asking HL-FI/AUDIO 30. Shure's business is. hi-fi — eat. Iridges.""fone arms, "and headphone amps. Make it yout business to know Shuret Discover PlayTape—America's t tape cartridge and ‘ape play- ers. Unit priced at under $17 ‘with earridges at as-aise prices, PlayTape hes one of America's largest recorded braves. 17. Mikes, speakers, _ amps, re- ceivers—fyou, name it’ Eleciro-Volee makes it/and makes it good. Get the Straight poop from E-V today. 99. Get the inside info on why Koss/Acoustech's solid-state ampl- fiers are the rage of the experts. Col- brfut brochure answers all your ques: 104. You can’t hear FM ess your FM antenna can pi Kaen more and dicover spat’ able from Finco's 6-pages mensional Sound.” 119. _Kenwood puts it right on the line. The allcnew Kenwood EMcstereo receivers, are described in a. colorful Tepage booklet complete with easy: to-feadr-and-compare spec data, Get your copy today! 26, The all new, layishly-llustrated, full-color brochure, “At Home With Stereo” clues you in on Hit. Scott's 1969 stereo consoles. Discover how to pick ‘a AL console for your living TAPE RECORDERS AND TAPE 123. Yours for the ssking—Elpa’s ‘The. Tape Recording Omni- 16 jam-packed pages on facts and tips you should know about Bee fore you buy a tape recorder. 31. All the facts about Concord Electronics Coro. tape recorders. ate yours for the asking in & free book- let. Portable, battery operated to four- track, Tully transistorized stereos €or er every recording ‘need. 32. “Everybody's Tape Recording Handbook" is the ttle of 2 booklet at, Sarken Torsion wil send you. 2d-pages jam-packed with info for ihe “home recording. enthusiast) Ine chides a valuable table of recording times for ‘various tapes. 24. “All the Best from Sony” is an Sage booklet describing Sorty.Super= Scope. produets—tape recorders, Te Erophones, tape and accessories. Get scopy today before you buy! 35._ If you are a serious tape audio- Phile, you will be. interested in the Sil'new Viking/Felex ine of quality {ape recorders. TELEVISION 70. Need a new TY, set? Then 25- Semble'a Heat "TV kit. Heath has Ail'sizes, B&W and color, portable and" fixed. Why ‘not build the next TV you watch? 127. National Schools will help you learn all about color TV as you assemble thelr 25cin, color TV. Just One of National's ‘many exciting land rewarding courses. : t B . | ELEMENTARY ELECTRONICS Indicate total number of booklets requested I Department 469 IL 229 Park Avenue South 12 3 4 5 6 7 8 10 11 r 1 i New York, N.Y. 10003 17 23 26 30 31 32 34 35 42 44 4 . I Please arrange to have the lit 45 46 48 50 54 66 70 74 78 96 y BH erature whose numbers | have 99 100 101 102 103 104 106 107 109 111 4 1 Citcled at right sent to me as soon as possible. | am enclos. 114 116 118 119 123 126 127 128 129 130 I Ting 25¢ to cover handling. (No 134 135 136 137 140 141 142 143 144 145 - I stamps, please.) 1 1 146 i 1 1 _ SS 1 NAM ‘ q appresss_—__.___ 5 _ seal Eee___ EE r Hl city. 1 1 STATE_____zip. 4 ‘Mancu-Apntt, 1969Someone should develop Fla Ksts A) to learn electronics at home OW cy re fe Here Is a whole new approach to learning elactronics at home! RCA Institutes, one of the nation’s largest schools devoted to electronics, has developed a faster, easier way for you to gain the skills and the knowledge you need for the career of your choice. Here for the first time is a student-proved, scientifically designed way to learn. If you have had any doubts in the past about home training in electronics—if you have hesitated because you thought you might not be able, to keep up—or that electronics was too complicated to, tearn—here is your answer! Read how RCA Institutes has revolutionized its home training ideas! 26 Ecenentary EtectaowtesNEW CAREER PROGRAMS BEGIN WITH “AUTOTEXT” INSTRUCTION METHOD! Start to learn the field of your choice immedial No previous tr ‘experience in electronics needed! With this new revolutionized method ‘of home training you pick the career of your choice—and RCA Institutes {rains you forit, RCA's Career Programs assure you that everything youlearn will help yougo drecty to the field that you have chosen! NO ‘wasted time learning things you'll ever use on the job! The Career Program you choose is especially asigned to gel you into that career in the fastest, easiest possible way! ‘And each Career Program starts with the amazing "AUTOTEXT” Programmed Insiruction Method~the new, faster way to learn that's almost automatic! "AUTOTEXT” helps even those who have had trouble with conventional home training methods in the past. This is the "Space Age" way tolearn everything you need to know with the least amount of time and effort. CHOOSE A CAREER PROGRAM NOW Your next stop may be the job of your choice. Each one of these RCA Institutes Career Programs is a ‘complete unit. It contains the know how you need to step into a profitable ‘career. Here are the names of the programs and the kinds ot jobs they train you for. Which one is for you? Television Servicing. Prepares you for a career as a TV Technician/ Serviceman; Master Antenna ‘Systems Technician; TV Laboratory Technician; Educational TV Technician. FCC License Preparation. For those who want to become TV Stction Engineers, Communications Laboratory Technicians, or Field Engineers. ‘Automation Electronics. Gets you ready tobe an Automation Electronics Technician; Manufacturer's Representative; industrial Electronics Technician, ‘Automatic Controls. Prepares you to be an Automatic Controls Electronics Technician; Industrial Laboratory Technielan; Maintenance Techilelan; Field Engineer. Digital Techniques. For a career as a Digital Techniques Electronics Technician; Industrial Electronics Technician; Industrial Laboratory Technician’ Telecommunications. For ajob as TV Station Engineer, Mobile Communications Technician, Marine Radio Technician. Industrial Electronics. For jobs as Industrial Electronics Technicians; Field Engineers; Maintenance Technicians; Industrial Laboratory Technicians. Nuclear Instrumentation. For those who want careers as Nuclear Instrumentation Electronics Technicians; Industrial Laboratory Technicians: Industrial Electronics Technicians. Solid State Electronics. Become a specialist in the Semiconductor Field. Electronics Drafting. Junior Draftsman, Junior Technical Illustrator; Parts Inspector; Design Draftsman Trainee Chartist, ‘SEPARATE COURSES In addition, in order to meet specific needs, RCA Institutes offers a wide Variety of separate courses which may be taken independently of the Career Programs, on all subjects from Electronics Fundamentals to Computer Programming. Complete information will be sent with your other materials, 2. CONVENIENT PAYMENT PLANS ACA Institutes offers a unique tuition plan that lets you progress at your ‘own pace. You only pay for lessons. ‘8 you order them. You don'tsign a contract obligating you to continue the course. There's no large down-payment to lose if you decide not to continue. However, if you desire, RCA Institutes alse offers a convenient monthly payment plan. VALUABLE EQUIPMENT You receive valuable equipment to GA INSTITUTES, Inc., Dept. FA@-37 ‘300 West Stat Street, N-Y., N.Y. 10001 ‘obligation. Name. 1 1 ' ' ' 1 i ' 1 Adare IF REPLY CARO IS DETACHED—SEND THIS COUPON TODAY Please rush me FREE illustted catalog, | understand that | am under no keep and use on the Job—and you never have to take apart one piece to bulld another. New—Programmed Electronics Breadboard. You now will receive a scientifically programmed electronia breadboard with your study material ‘This breadboard provides limitless experimentation with basic electrical {and electronic circuits involving vacuum tubes and transistors and Includes the construction of a working signal generator and superheterodyne AM Receiver. Muttimeter and Oscilloscope Kits At No Additional Cost. You will receive wih most RCA Institutes Career Programs the instruments and kit material you need to build a Nuliimeter and Oscilloscope. ‘The inclusion of both these Kits ig an FCA extra CLASSROOM TRAINING ALSO AVAILABLE ACA Institutes maintains one of the largest schools of its kind in New York City where classroom and laboratory training is available in day ‘or evening sessions, You may be ‘admitted without any previous technical training, preparatory ‘courses are available if you haven't ‘completed high school. Coeducational classes start four times a year. JOB PLACEMENT SERVICE, TOO! i Companies like IBM, Bel! Telephone Labs, GE, RCA, Xerdx, Honeywell Gruriman, Westinghouse, and major Radio and TV Networks have regularly employed graduates through RCA Institutes’ own placement service, ‘SEND ATTACHED POSTAGE PAID CARD FOR COMPLETE INFORMATION, NO OB- LUGATION. ‘All RCA Institutes courses and programs are approved for veter- fans under the new G.. Bill. Accredited Member National Home Study Couneil aEN PASSANT “eee eaten rererenerernnnenercnenenenennenentennn nanan nN Rann (Continued from page 23) Why did White resign? Because he is in zus- zwang (disagreeable obligation to. move) and must be mated, lose his Queen, Rook, or Bishop, or see Black win by queening his Queen Rook Pawn. Here is the analysis— A. If 35 P-B6, RXB wins. If 35 BxP, R.N7# 36 K-R1, 1, Q-N7 mate. ¢. If 35 R-K1, (all other Rook moves except 35 R-KNI are likewise insufficient) QxBP 36 BxP, R-N7# wins the Queen. D. If 35 -R-KNI, (relatively best) RxB! 36 QxR, (36 RXB, Q-RE mate) Q-Q3# 37 R-N3, PXR# 38 QxP, B-KI (to halt White's KRP and KBP) 39 P-R4, P-N4! (ihe point of 32... P-Ra!) 41 PxP, P-RS! and Black wins casily by aueening frst It 35 Q-B4, (if the Queen leaves the QBI- KR6 diagonal then 35 RxB wins) Q-N7 mate: F. If 35 K.NI. Q-R8# 36 K-B2, Q.N7# 37 K-K1, RxB 38 QxQ, RXQ 39 P-B6, R-NI 40 P-B7, R-KBI, followed by the capture of the KBP and QRP, wins for Black. R-BI# 37 Ka Problem 17 By Kenneth S. Howard United States White to move and mate in two. Solution in next issue. This cross-check problem, illustrating three discovered checks hy White's Queen Pawn, won First Prize in the Informal Tourney sponsored by the Western Morning News and Daily Ga- zetie. Solution to Problem 16: LQ-R1 Traps. Every opening has its traps and every Grandmaster and tyro fall into one of them at one time or another. Although one should not base his play on these early pitfalls, it is wise to learn them in order that you may sidestep them yourself today and catch your unwary opponent in one tomorrow. Here is one which occurs fre: quently in the staid Queen's Gambit Declined— 1 Pa 04 4 BANS @n-a2 2 Papa K3 5 PxP PxP 3 N-aB3 N-KB3 6 NxP?? a Block 2 ait RK OWSeLAR White : Careless, greedy, and believing he is set trap to win the Black Queen, White sn: Pawn. NxNt Astonishingly, Black seems to step into the trap! 7 Bx B-NS#I 8 aa2 7 Alas, this is what White had not foreseen, he must give back the Queen. ieee BxQe 9 Kx KxB And Black has won a piece for a Pawn. A case of the trapper trapped! News and Views. U.S. Champion Robert J Fischer amassed an overwhelming 1114-114 to win the Seventh Israel International at Natanya. D. Yanofsky and M. Czerniak were next with 8 points, Boris Spassky defeated Victor Korchnoi, 614- 344, at Kiev. in the final Challengers Elimination Match. As a result, he will play his compatriot World Champion Tigran Peirosian for the title. The U-S. Junior Championship ended in a tie for first place beiween Gregory $. DeFotis and Norman Weinstein. Marcel Duchamp is dead at 81. Art giant, father of the Dada school, his most famous painting was “Nude Descending a Staircase.” He was active in New York State chess circles for many years. a ‘Evenentary EuectronicsELEMENTARY ELECTRONICS ETYMOLOGY By Wobb Garrison SSS SSS Silicon ‘A Doggedly searching for new elements, early in the last century Sir Humphrey Davy spent years trying to isolate four metals that he thought constituted an especially interesting group. Though he never found them, he gave ames to each of the elusive substances. One of them, silicivm, attracted the interest of Scottish chemist Thomas Thomson, He man- ‘aged to isolate a small quantity of the strange stuff about 1817, analyzed it and correctly con- cluded it to be non-metallic, In the light of his findings he modified Davy's label to silicon. This, he explained, was due to the fact that “the clement bears a closer resemblance to boron and carbon than to metallic elements” {many of whose names traditionally ended in iw), Later investigators discovered that in the earth's crust silicon ranks second only (0 oxy- gen in abundance. {It is usually found in com- pounds rather than in the pure state, Except for its key role in the glass industry, silicon was long regarded as having little economic or technological importance. Then modern research workers found that the tetravalent element is a versatile semicon- ductor. Davy was wrong in thinking it to be a metal; he was right in theorizing that it might have important electrical properties. Today the element whose name is taken from Latin for “iint” is the key actor in a global drama. For silicon made possible the develop- ment of the monolithic integrated circuit. A Minuteman ICBM missile uses 2144 such cir- cuits whose combined weight is less than 1/10th of an ounce. Silicon chips, already dominant in military ‘computers and tadio, are rapidly penetrating the fields of TV, household appliances, and indus- trial controls. This means that in an almost ‘occult sense mankind has come full circle. Man's first major tools were made of chipped fint; now our sophisticated computers can't function without the element named for the flint in Cell ‘A. During the period of the Crusades, the great Teligious establishments of Europe began setting up branches in remote regions. At first, many an outpost consisted of a one-room building. From Latin cella (the store-room or small apartment that named the modern cellar) priests called such a branch a celle. In time the French name entered English as cell. ‘Applied to a compartment of a honeycomb and then to a room in a prison, the religious term entered the vocabulary of biology. Here it was used 10 name the “little house” that is the basic building block of life. ‘On June 26, 1800, a paper was read to Lon- don’s Royal Society. Tt described the work of Alessandro Volta, pioneer physicist who had succeeded in producing a continuous flow of electric current. His apparatus consisted of 30 pairs of zinc and silver discs, connected by hbrine-soaked cloths, Naturally, the current pro- duced was very weak. But it was strong enough to spur interna- tional interest in development of the “wet” or chemical battery. One early experimenter, Wil- liam Cruikshank, divided a wooden trough into ‘compartments in his effort to construct a more powerful voltaic pile. Cruikshank borrowed from biology and called each segment of his apparatus a “cell.” Today there are many kinds of electrical cells: nickel-iron, photoelectric, photo-voltaic, cadmium, Daniell, Kerr, Leclanche mercury, and so on. Though they differ widely in structure and method of operation, all cells share with medieval religious Outposts the quality of being. self-contained and set apart. Shunt ‘A. Possibly as an emphatic formation based on much earlier term, fo shut, an Englishman of the 13th century who went out of his way to avoid a person or place was mocked by com- rudes who said he was prone fo shunt. ‘Once coined, the vigorous tcim found many uses, It was applied to a swordsman who moved to clude a blow as well as to an embarrassed woman who turned aside in shame. Much later, roaders borrowed the expression to name the act of moving a train from a main line to a side track. More than a century ago, electrical workers found that they often needed a way to reduce current passing through a circuit, This problem was solved by adding a secondary circuit. Such. an arrangement permits part of the current to by-pass the main circuit. So the hoary expres- sion for turning aside seemed just right to name a secondary circuit. Hence the modern electrical shunt perpetuates ancient slang for “going out of the way.”As the Wife sees it By Jack Schmidt = ape “Don't make a big thing of it—just go over “Well, Marconi, there goes the hard cash . and tell them you want your antenna back!” you saved by wiring it yourself!” “It’s your wife... she says you forgot to dis- “I hate to disturb him, Albert, he’s doing a Connect the battery charger this morning!” very important bench test!” ral ( ie ‘gullet ti “Fred, the man is here to fix the color TV!”ues ae aH UAH ITTY Pn pa Che PMC Sa CLL é The world at your fingertips eee eS ECM Name An Te) est ae ace dL ag The strange NNetnn’ aa * shortwave ony By Dick Strippel Pree Re usa eS) | Ue MC front of the best receiver money can buy . . . a Collins, a TMC, a Marconi, maybe a Racal. You're monitoring by Cree aC eee sO) mC MC CLC COC SMS TLC CM Ce Ue ee COLA Sita eu e Rca CUR Deck there's room for huge antennas—though you could Pe ei UCM OR RSA oa OUTS 20,000 feet aboard a converted transport plane. Your employer? Uncle Sam (who else?). SOT ne Sie ue Se Ci LL of radio monitor stations operated by the U.S. Army, Air Force, CIA, and other government agencies in the thousands. Cm Ue RIEU mem US (Continued overleaf)@ @ PAID SWLing National Security Agency—the organization which directs America’s super-secret com- munications intelligence efforts, these inter- cept posts eavesdrop on the radio and radar transmissions of both friendly and not-so- friendly nations. Ever Listening. While current fiction in- terest centers around spy and super-spy, more meaningful intelligence data in real life comes Splitters at the station divide the signals among individual receivers.” Typical of these couplers are the CU-168s now showing up on the surplus market. ‘The sergeant added other details. “At Fort Monmouth, New Jersey, I had been taught to copy Cyrillic (ie., the Russian) alphabet CW on an electric typewriter—I never learned to send code. We were amazed at how much Soviet traffic was sent by key CW,” he revealed. “We'd listen in to tanks on maneuvers talking to each other and their headquarters on 3 to 4 MHz CW!” = rams Site 23, our secret SWL post somewhere in Turkey, hos never been photographed, but secret missile sites (above, left) hove been snapped. This site in west Turkey may have some poid SWLs. Francis Gary Pow- fers (above, right) holds model of U-2 aireralt he flew when shot down over USSR; Powers just might hove been in contact with Site 23 when knocked out of shy. On other side of world we have a listening post on Clark Field, Philippines (right). es from listening. Reason is that when collected in large enough quantities and properly ana- lyzed, radio transmissions can tell much about a country’s strengths and weaknesses. To gain insight into how a large, dry-land monitor post operates, we spoke to an Army sergeant who had been stationed at one near Asmara, Eritrea. “The station's antenna farm is located on top of a nearby plateau,” he told us. “Head- end amplifiers boost the signals from these antennas and pass them on via trunk feeders. Paid shortwave listeners are where you find them! This dependence on manual Morse has led to doubts about Russia’s man-in-space pro- gram, since few conventional SWLs have heard Soviet Cosmonauts. But had these listeners turned on the BFOs (and been able to copy Russian CW), they might have heard the 20- and 42-MHz signals of the orbiting brass pounders. For the truth is that Uncle Sam's monitors have listened in on every Soviet space shot, including some which lit- erally never got off the ground. Site 23. One of the posts intercepting Exementary ExecrronicsRussian space radio traffic is simply called Site 23. Located near the village of Golbasi, south of Ankara, Turkey, the station func- tions in a manner similar to the Asmara in- stallation just mentioned. ‘According to descriptions, creature com- forts at Site 23 rate high. Both bachelor and family quarters for some 800 persons are available. Entertainment facilities include a pool, clubs, tennis courts, and similar ac- commodations provided at military posts hav~ ing more prosaic missions. While the exact duties of Site 23 are top Jects—but who may not be able to speak the language—translate voice, CW, and tele (ypewriter radio communications. Counterintelligence operations also man intercept posts to trap those very few espio- nage agents who communicate with their headquarters by radio, When contacting its agents, Moscow has favored 6340; 8888; 14,775; and 17,080 kHz, with 8888 more a calling than a working frequency. Other channels employed usually lie near interna- tional broadcast bands. Burp Transmissions. Can ordinary SWLs Gentlemen do not read each other’s mail—hogwash! It all storted during World War I, but paid SWLing did not toke on teriout proportions until 1920s when Herbert” O. Yardley (left) cracked secret coded messages monitored by Signal Corps. William F. Friedman (right) cracked fomed Jopanese Pur- ple Code, a fea? thot resulted in ‘many American naval victories during World "War Il Without listening posts scattered about Pacific, Fried- man’s efforts would never have been rewarding. Our first listening post in For Eas! was on fourth floor of US. consulate in Shanghai in 1926 (top). secret, it's believed the post played a key role in the communications network for U-2 flights operated over the Soviet Union (these were discontinued after Francis Gary Pow- ers was shot down and taken prisoner in 1960). Originally staffed by U.S. personnel, Site 23 is now run by Turks trained in the United States. ‘On the other side of the world, at a moni- tor post on Clark Field in the Philippines and at others in arctic Alaska, GI operators who fluently understand one or more Chinese dia- ‘Magcr-Apnt, 1969 eavesdrop on these transmissions? It’s all but impossible, since messages are sent in 240 wpm CW--each sounds like a burst of static, or a burp. Agents using two two-speed tape recorders drop this machine-gun paced code to a reasonable speed, then decipher its five- letter word groups. What some SWLs have reported as secret spy instructions quite probably were nothing more than stock mar~ ket reports or details of shady business deals. Ultimately, all messages picked up by government monitors are passed on through@ /@ PAID SWoing intelligence channels to the headquarters of the National Security Agency at Ft. Meade, Maryland. There, computers break even the toughest codes and ciphers. Traffic-analysis techniques identify military units and attempt to establish their conditions of readiness. Not all radio monitoring work is so dra- matic, One of the missions of the Central Intelligence Agency is listening to foreign broadcast stations. CIA posts all over the This activity was most recently illustrated when CIA and U.S. State Department moni- tors were first to learn of the surprise in- vasion of Czechoslovakia by Warsaw Pact nations. On the evening of August 20, these government SWLs picked up R. Prague's BCB outlets announcing the border crossings. Later that night, many conventional SWLs heard the early close-down of Prague’s short- wave outlet following its transmissions to South America. Russian mechanized units rolled into the city as the Jast strains of the Czech national anthem faded from the 7345- kHz channel. How It Began. Electronic eavesdrop- The search for elusive radio Germans snooped on U.S. bombers on English runwoy the other woy—Lockheed RC-121D (top, Air Force RB-47 (center) was shot down in internat nother snooper, was hit by a Red missile. Air For waves continues aloft! Photos courtesy US. Air Force, U.S. Navy, and UPL vs during World Wor II (top, left). Now it's done right) snoops on radar sites many hundreds of miles owoy. ‘onal waters by 0 Russian MIG. U:2 (bottom, left), rce's new SR-71 (bottom, righ!) may replace U-2, world pick up and pass on to Washington details of every major program. Daily, a Special staff edits, correlates, prints, and is- sues this information to the agency's “cus- tomers.” The subject of a broadcast might be important; so, 100, might be what was left unsaid. And, as former CIA chief Allen Dulles admitted, resident CIA agents have ‘occasionally scooped news bulletins, gel ie nied ping had its origin early in World War I. In 1915, a British Army Intelligence listen- ing post was intercepting German field orders transmitted in plain text from a powerful spark set in Berlin. By the end of the war, accurate radio direction finding had been developed and great progress had been made in codes and ciphers. During the early 20s, U.S. Army Signal ELEMENTARY ELECTRONICS a reelCorps intercept posts helped genius code- breaker Herbert Yardley crack secret_mes- sages from several foreign nations. More than once during international negotiations his efforts gave U.S, representatives valuable insights into the other side’s thinking. Yard- ley’s so-called black chamber was closed in 1929 when the then Secretary of State Henry L. Stimson flatly stated, “Gentlemen do not read each other's mail.” ‘The Navy also realized the value of moni- toring the airwaves. By 1926 it had, among others, a station on the fourth floor of the ‘American consulate in Shanghai, China. When its regenerative receivers could not Rico, and on Corregidor in the Philippines. Through an unofficial arrangement sometimes hampered by red tape and snafus, these sta~ tions supplied William F. Friedman of the Signal Corps with the hundreds.of messages which enabled him to break the Japanese Purple Code. Friedman, using mathemati- cal permutations derived from the intercepts, constructed a Purple machine functionally the same as those used by the Japanese. In Europe during World War Il, the Ger- mans maintained extensive listening net- works, backed by direction finding and cryp- toanalysis facilities to trap spies and sabo- teurs, They intercepted several Roosevelt- Spy ships—they come in all sizes and shapes! You con be sure thot if if floats, it hos a radio on board. U sche toring 1968 Neor East war. Destroyers Turner Joy and Maddox (top, center and right), snooping in Gulf of Tonkin, were shot of. USS. Pueblo (bottom, right) wa: captured by North Koreans while foiling in international woters. Innoceni-looking Russian trawler (bottom, left) is a spy ship? S. Liberty (top, loft) was racked up by pick up short-range transmissions from Japa- nese Warships at sea, several sets were in- stalled aboard the destroyer U.S.S. McCor- ‘mick, That autumn, the ship became the first floating monitor post, secretly eaves- dropping on Japanese fleet exercises. During the 1930s, the Army and Navy operated listening posts in the continental US., Panama Canal Zone, Hawaii, Puerto ‘Mancr-Apnt, 1969 Churchill transatlantic radiotelephone con- versations using de-scrambling equipment. Luftwaffe monitors backed up Reich radar defenses. According to post-war interviews, by listening to “ramp checks” of SCR-274N transmitters aboard Eighth Air Force bomb- ers, the number of aircraft and often the target of upcoming raids could be deter- mined. The Japanese used similar tactics and 37 tsSWLing (a PAID maintained a huge intercept station in the southern home islands. From its receivers came information which helped Japan plan its strategic and tactical defense. Counterattack! With extensive use of radar came countermeasures to block its all- seeing eye. Specialized equipment extended the military SWL’s frequency coverage to several thousand megahertz. Airborne APR- type UHF receivers and ARA scope read-out analyzers were developed to determine the “signatures” of enemy radars. Similar equip- ment was built for shipboard use. By de- termining the distinctive electronic charac- teristics of a radar set, techniques could be worked out to jam or otherwise thwart enemy equipment. A Navy training manual describes this ac- tivity: Electronic countermeasures (ECM) pre- vent the enemy from using his radar and communications equipment eflec- tively, produce false signals on the ene- my receivers, and prevent the enemy from using countermeasures on our own radar and communications (counter- countermeasures) With the end of the hot war and the start of the Cold War, radar and communications monitoring activities increased greatly. Un- fortunately, the U.S, new to the ways of deceit and intrigue, got caught several times. items: A Navy “Privateer” aircraft—a single- tail version of the WW II B-24—Was shot down by Russians when it “strayed” into East Germany on a mission which combined eavesdropping with “stimulating” air defense systems. ® A USAF B-47 was downed by MiG fighters over the Barents Sea while on an “electromagnetic research” mission. Powers’ U-2 was hit by anti-aircraft missiles over Russia’s heartland. © More recently, Secretary of Defense Robert S. McNamara revealed in Congres- sional testimony last year that the 1965 Gulf of Tonkin incident was the result of de- stroyers U.S.S. Maddox and USS. C. Turner Joy probing North Vietnamese and Chinese - electronic radiations. That revelation came shortly after a major omt lec tronic wits—the capture of U.S.S. Pueblo by North Korea, its crew and its probably- scuttled intercept and processing gear. Fishing Ferrets. The U.S. isn’t alone in the radio intercept game. It’s no secret that Russia's fleet of trawlers—the world’s largest —includes at least 20 ships that carry more monitoring equipment than fishing tackle. And their catch is considerable, These ves- sels openly hang around U.S, military and space activity and shadow U.S. naval ships at sea. Occasionally they are joined by de- stroyers and long-range jeis. Currently, the U.S. operates two other “ferrets” of the Pueblo class and five similar to U.S. Liherty. Incidentally, there appears to be evidence, supposedly supported by tape recordings, that Liberty overheard Isracli messages starting a “preventive war” and was deliberately attacked during the June 1967 Mideast fighting. With more and more radio traffic being carried over near line-of-sight VHF channels, naval vessels and large aircraft—such as EC- 121-Rs and EC-130s—seem ideally suited for monitor work. Because of their mobility, they can easily move to within range of tar- get transmitters and are relatively safe when international waters or air space. Filling in any gaps in coverage, spy-in-the-sky satel- lites whirl around the earth picking up elec- tronic intelligence and snapping impressive- ly detailed pictures. The Way It Is. While some say the fu- ture of radio monitoring belongs to the satellites, obsolescent U-2s and EC-121 Con- stellations still fly from Florida, Formosa, and Thailand. Large, landbased intercept posts will probably never become obsolete because of their high security factor. And what about the operators in this dead- ly serious game of electronic eavesdropping? Would they consider their jobs an SWL’s dream? Of the five who contributed infor- mation for this article, none had been in- terested in radio before being selected for this work. After separation from govern- ment service, only one half-hearted entered ham radio Novice ranks. He let his license expire. Quite possibly, with the same logic that turns bankers into mechanics, the govern- ment believes the best technicians are those whose interest in their jobs won't get in the way of its proper performance—day after day. In short, radio monitor work could be an SWL’s nightmare! 7COVER STORY Our Mystery Band Convertor is tthe key to ¢pen doors to that SCE Ue ee PCOS erm SUE ae DP CUR a ec Aree ham bands. The'region from Pe uaa ry eI Cui are a CRU CRLAM LL CTT Le) PM a Pe TSS CR CAT UL) epee sate) this RF convertor that blasts you into the action-packed frequencies.above 10 Lacey Mancu-Aprit, 1969WH228 ee MB CONVERTOR UR GOVERNMENT / PUBLIC SERVICE INDUSTRY / TRANSPORTATION GOVERNMENT INDUSTRY / PUBLIC SERVICE GOVERNMENT INDUSTRY / PUBLIC SERVICE GOVERNMENT INDUSTRY / PUBLIC SERVICE GOVERNMENT PUBLIC SERVICE 34 36+ 37 38 39; 40 ERNMENT SCIENTIFIC M4 EERIE RESEARCH 2 GOVERNMENT TRANSPORTATION / FIXED PUBLIC INDUSTRY / PUBLIC SERVICE 445——_________| FIXED PUBLIC / INDUSTRY PUBLIC SERVICE/AERONAUTICAL YY GOVERNMENT 47 PUBLIC SERVICE INDUSTRY 49.64 50 pa GOVERNMENT: AWATEUR (6 METER BAND) 4 ee) Spectrum chart indicotes frequencies allotted by U.S. government to various services, Portion covering 30 fo 50 MHz is smack between 10- and 6-Meter ham bands. Ham transmissions should help you get a bear- ing before you start monitoring tricky broadcasts of utility companies, etc., which are of short duration. 40 ‘of your present SW receiver. The 30- to 50-MHz band has allocations for government service, industry, land transportation, public service, domestic public, and some scientific esearch (see spectrum chart), so this “mys- tery band” is almost as exciting as the vhf frequencies used for police and aircraft com- munications. Transmissions you'll .hear in- clude civil defense, fire, police, utility com- panies, radio-dispatched emergency vehicles, radio paging, and industrial communications, While frequency allocations and degree of activity vary across the country, your Mys- tery Band Convertor will provide hours of exciting listening. For the first time you'll have some daytime listening to balance the endless sweep of international broadcasts during evening hours. Broadband Circuit. This one-tube con- vertor tunes from 30 to 50 MHz and pro- vides an RF output of 1550 kHz. You simply turn to 1550 on your AM receiver and then tune in the action with the vernier dial of your convertor. Besides the simplified design, there is a plug-in AC power supply that en- ables you to power other projecis as well. lug-in Power. The 125-V secondary from transformer TI is connected to half- wave rectifier D1; the rectified DC is then filtered by an RC network consisting of C2A/B and RI. Leads for the B+ supply, 6.3-V filament supply, and 117-VAC primary are connected to Pi as shown on the sche- matic. The plug-in power supply goes together in TERWIKAL STRIP ‘ELEMENTARY ELecrnonicsAntenna signals fed through JI to Li are : tuned by C2A. Tube VIA mixes the received signals with the RF output of the V1B oscil- lator circuit. This circuit is tuned by L2/C2B over the 30-50 MHz band and its output differs from the incoming signals by 1550 kHz, This frequency difference is converted by VIA into a 1550-kHz RF output and fed through L4 and J2 into your receiver Construction. The basic unit is built on a7x 7x 2in, aluminum chassis. Start your work by taping a-piece of paper over the chassis to mark the component locations. Be- fore actually faying out component locations, install the vernier dial at the front. We used a section of ¥4-in, aluminum angle-stock to mount the dial assembly, but a section of sheet aluminum bent to form a bracket can also be used. Position C2A/B temporarily behind the dial and locate the chassis mounting holes. 1f C2A/B has a flat shaft, either drill and tap ‘a new set screw hole on the dial housing (as we did), or insert a metal section to allow the dial’s set screw to grip the shaft. Now locate the remaining holes on the paper. a jiff, Build it into a 2% x 2M% x 2%4-in. alu- minum box and use caution when installing the components as there is very little space. Cut a hole in the box bottom and install plug PI. Mount power transformer TI at ‘an angle on one side as shown to allow room for the terminal strip, D1 and C1, as well as electrolytic capacitor C2. Wire in the con After drilling the cl paper from the chassis. Mount the compo- nents exactly as shown because parts place- ment is critical due to the high frequencies involved, Install ground lugs on the mounting screws of V's socket. Use metal spacers or nuts to keep the frame of C2A/B aligned with the vernier dial and the chassis. Make sure the dial doesn’t bind when it is rotated; this indicates misalignment. Drill %4-in. holes directly below the C2A/B stator lugs for the Cl and C13 leads. Power jack J3 can be mounted directly on the chassis or on a section of aluminum be- Jow an opening in the chassis to allow flush. mounting of the power supply unit, Coil L4 is mounted in a rubber grommet on the left side along with L1, L2 and V1. When you wire the components keep the Jeads as short and direct as possible. Use in- sulation to keep leads from C1 and C13 from shorting against the chassis. The gimmick capacitor is made with two lengths of #22 insulated hookup wire twist- ed together with three turns. Keep the wire ends as short as possible. To make LI’s i ponents according to the schematic. Make sure parts and leads don’t short to the box when the cover is installed You can use your power supply module to provide the juice for any number of proj- ects. There are outputs for both an unfiltered 125-V B+ and a filtered 120-V B+. Just make sure both chassis are grounded. PARTS LIST FOR POWER SUPPLY €1—.001-uF corer €2A, B—Dual-section, 20-30-uF, 150-vOC. electrolytic capacitor (Sprague TVA-2421; Lafayette 3415592 or equiv.) DI—400-PIV, 750-mA silicon rectifier (1N- 2070 or equiv.) P1—Chassis mounting octal plug (Amphenol 88-CPE, Allied 47£0020 or equiv.) dise capacitor Plug-in power supply is kind of traveling salesman that'll give plenty of gas fo circuits oper- ‘ating around 120 V. As photo shows, extra care must be taken fo ‘ovoid shorts against metal case. Note that power transformer TT is mounted at angle; this allows imére room for components mounted ‘above on terminal strip. If A you want, line cord can be added here instead of om power jack. R1—1000-ohm, 1-watt 10% resistor TI117-VAC pri, 125-V, 15-mA—6.3-V, 0.6-A sec,, power transformer (Allied 54C. 1410 or equiv.) 125 x2 Ya x2%-in. (UMB-771 or equiv.) Mise.—4-lug terminal strip, wire, hardware, solder, ete. ect ‘aluminum chassis box i] Rt i: @ @ MB CONVERTOR primary, wind 2 turns of #22 hookup wire around the L1 winding and connect one wire to a ground lug at the socket of V1 and the other wire to J! Coil 12's tickler is made by winding 3 turns of #22 hookup wire around L1 in the same direction as the coil winding. Connect the end of the wire closest to the chassis to a ground lug at the socket of Vi and the other end to pin 8 of VI. Again, keep the leads as short and direct as possible. Finally, for L3, wind 1 turn of #22 bus wire around RI and solder the leads flush against RU Alignment. Plug the power supply into its socket. With VI in its socket, connect J2 to your receiver's antenna and ground termi- nals, using coaxial cable. If the receiver doesn't have external antenna and ground terminals wind several turns of hookup wire around the antenna loopstick and connect these leads to the coax. Large vernier dial allows precision tuning of stations that are somewhat dificult fo find. Transmissions are usually brief and to the point. Power supply is behind C2 and isolated from tube V1. PLU POWER SUPPLY MODULE. VERNIER OIAL Be sure there’s no connection to the chassis of an AC/DC receiver to prevent possible electrical shock. Plug in the power cord to the AC line, set $1 to on and allow the unit to warm up for a few minutes, Set your re- ceiver’s tuning dial to a clear frequency near 1550 kHz. Connect a signal generator to J1 and set the generator controls for a 1550-kHz mod lated output. Adjust L4 for a signal of maxi mum strength. Now set C2A/B to full capacity and adjust trimmer capacitors C3 and Ci for mini- mum capacity. Set the generator controls for a 30-MHz modulated output and adjust Ll and 12 for maximum signal strength. Set C2A/B to minimum capac- ity and adjust the generator con- trols for a 50-kHz modulated output. Adjust C3 and C11 for maximum signal strength and then repeat the preceding 30- and 50- MHz adjustments. If you cannot hear the genera- tor's signal in your receiver, the oscillator circuit may not be oper- ating. To check this out, connect a VIVM probe to pin 9 of VIB and the common lead to the chas- Coils Lt, L2, and L4 are accessible trom top of chassis #0 permit easy alignment of convertor. Power jack J3 can be mounted on fop of chassis, or (as shown here) underneath chassis on metal panel so that supply module is flush. At right, photo of guts shows that there's plenty of elbow room fo work in. A more compact package is possible, but critical stages should be shielded.i i : i i i : i i i £28, B—Dvcl-secion 365-pF variable capac i f i i i i ! ‘ i i 1! E 77 RIER BaF PARTS LIST FOR MYSTERY BAND CONVERTOR C1, C4, C7, C10, C13—47-pF ceramic dise capacitor itor (Lafayette 3271102 or equiv.) €3, C11—Trimmer capacitors (pert of C2) 5, C6, CB, C9, C12—.001-uF ceramic disc 3, 42. 33—Octal socket (Amphenol 78RS8, Allied 47C0008 or equiv.) uf, 120.6 RBI or equiv.—s 13—S0e text La—Topped oxcillator coll UW. Miller A ‘UH RF coil (JW. Miller 20A687- text) sis. The VTVM should indicate a minimum of several negative volts. If it doesn’t, reverse from Custom Components, Box 352, Al- den Menor, Elmont, N.Y. 11003, for $4.95, including postage ond handling RI, R4A—12-ohm, Yo-watt 10% resistor R2—1,000,000-chm, Yo-watt 10% resi R3, RS—47,000-ohm, Ya-wall 10% resi R6—2700-chm, Y-watt 10% resistor $1—Spst, 125-V, 3-A toggle oF slide switch VI—6U8A/6KDS vacuum tub 1—7x7x2-in, cluminum chassis (Bud AC-405, Allied 42C7849 or equiv Misc—2/%-in, vernier diol (Lofayette 99T- 6029 or equiv.), 9-pin tube socket, AC line cord, aluminum brackets (see text), #22 hardware, seldor, ote the connections to the tickler on coil L2. Operation. Since signals in this portion of the spectrum have a line-of- sight propagation (similar to TV signals), an outside anten- na mounted as high as possible is best for good reception. Most signais will undoubtedly be ver- tically polarized, so a CB whip or ground-plane anienna should work fine. Use coax to connect the antenna to the convertor. Because of the wide frequen- cy coverage, tuning will be sharp. Tune very slowly and use the receiver's tuning dial as a bandspread or fine tuning control. Note that FM transmission can be received by tuning to ‘one side of the signal for slope detection. . | i i i : i t i 7 i Solid hookup wire, Y/g-in. spacers, grommets, jMYSTERY-BAND Here's a pocket guide for quick and ready listening fo police, Sitios in the tstng below represent many ofthe police, fire, and other emergency ratio stations operating between 30 and 50 MHz Actually, there are thousands of additional stations on these fre quencies; we have attempted to cover those in the larger cities and towns which are most active on the air and are heard over the longest distances, In many instances, the cities indicated operate a number of trans: mitters on the same channel. Due to space limitations, we have gen erally shown only one of these stations per frequency in each city ‘Aiso, bear in mind that it's very common for small towns to con: aregate on certain frequencies on a statewide basis. Therefore, if you don’t find a particular city or town shown for a specific state, there's a good chance that it operates on one of the frequencies listed for that state. Since state police networks are generally exten- sive (several dozen stations per channel), we have listed these frequencies for your use. ALABAMA Oceanside —KINABS7 45.50 P (sP0 nets: 44.62 45,38) Kolse2 46.08 F Birmingham KF2727 45.66 cP | Orange kmarse 45.14 op Kars 45.22 ce ARIZONA Karz 45.26 cP (§P0 nets: 39:18 39.38 £4.65) kmarse 45:30 cP Flagsta Kgagae 39.18 cP ka7s2 45.38 GP keeasi 48.02 P. Kars 45.09 CP Kingman KOA775 38.18 CP Kroso7 46.08 CF korsss 3948 cP Kinbes9 46.10 CF Phoenix kaa775 39.18 CP Kuusse 46.33 F Tueson konzss 3918 ce | Pasadéna = KeL2I7 5.42 P Kocts7 46.05 Ve Kr260 46.10 F Winsiow Kouzes 388 cP | San Diego — KMu212 45,70 oP Kuloi2 45.34 CP ARKANSAS San Francisco KNUAO8. 45.14 P (SPO pet, 24.62 v ayetteville KKAg63 37.10 P iKssos. 45.46 P Wot Springs KXF280 3710 P ? Tear KKO63S 39.98 F Kussos. 45.58 P kkcess 37.10 P 1? W. Memphis KKC2I3 “37.10 P uroces. 46.18 F CALIFORNIA utes. 46.46 F (SPO nets, 39.10 42.12. 42.34 42.40 8 442 44'd2 54 42.56 45.80) San jose KNA376_ 39.92 cP Beverly Wills” KMFEIS” 33.70 San Rafael KWAZ24 39.45 CP Kado 37.10 P Kwazed 3870 cP Los angeles Kea235 33148 Kivaz4 39.82 CP Keao38 33°60 KMusss 48.25 CF Kage? 46.30 F f t ragsie 30,0 F RiGee 3302 F Risse 4690 cr Kaas SEE | santa samara hihals $8.5 Go Keaze age | Sant Risass 480 F Roane Su F Kasei 3330 6 Bese Site | vaueo — Runone 392 ve Ware 3230 cr Roose 3700 Rivers Saas Ge Rieeos 3992 &© | cay gat, EQRORADO KMA629 39.36 CP {SPO nets: 42.46) Kuaeag 3298 ce | ‘assis 90807 ‘KMAG28 39.52 CP ‘KCTS12 39.06 CP Riese 358 Ge connecticut Kous33 45.82 CE (SPD nets; 45.02 45.10) KCuss3 46.02 CP | Gridgeport KEPE4 33.70 YF Kersss 33.78 F Kcrsse 33.85 F ABBREVIATIONS. KCu26s 39.10 P County Agency Kowa 3934 P Biv Defense Danbury KCFS9S 33.86 6 Fofire (unless otherwise noted, 2 Rehabs 30. city.operated fire department) Darien Koo94i 33.62 F ME-_Hospital Kcrsa4 33.88 CF PPolice (unless otherwise noted, Korg) 37.40 B ‘2 chy, boro, or towaship police Kengri 3046 b department Greenwien —KCFSG2 33.86 OF ‘$p0-State Police Kcar7a 39.86 TE-transit Emergency Koa? 39.94 P V—-Volunteer azency Keca4S 46:50 F Hartford = Kca330 KcRS30 Now Haven KCAI78 Kenzo kuaza Kow7is Kenzao New London KCA27S keaz7s, Keasea Keassd Norwalk —_KCEB7. ree kos297 Stamford —_keraug kes260 Koxs36 KoAs36 Kenya KEM7a8 DELAWARE (SPO net: 45.02) Dover kecs2a New castle KDL8O3 koGs36, Wilmington E0308 kepest kop334 Kerze3 Waterbury SkSSe Se esheeescugaece! SRERSERSE ES: DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA Washington KQAS47 kara. 5 FLORIDA ($PO nets: 45.06 45.10 4s, Bradenton i022 Gainesville KIN203 wrcaes kines Jacksonville KILa3 Naples kusor SteAupustine Kicaad $1 Petersbure Ksvene ota KOE/09 Tallahassee KIM@16 GeorGIA (p0 net: 42.02) ‘any KGTS75 ‘Atnens KiN68 Decatur wiasz2 Kanage Macon Kenvat Savannay ——KIB851 HAWalL ito 110906 IDAHO (sPO net: 42.81) Smarcan Fai kyez08 Saat ra tear? wero Mountain ome ROGay2 toteat ecatate Rove einatls Roce tuuinors (gpo nets alts 4200 4, Sleomingian Saase Kstaae caieo Koteas keasis Chilicathe —RSns68 Gecntur Saab reas 3902 P 3902 P 42) 3710 cP a5.22 ch 3712 cP 3372 Ce 33.78 cr 35002 ce 39.50 cP 4612 VE 48.05 CF 3730 OF 4202 oP 38150 P. 46.02 Ce 4g18 CF 4202 CP 37:10 P 10 oF eeegcuses RESRESSER 56 4 8STATION GUIDE fire, hospital, and emergency stations throughout the U. S.A. Kankakee KOL7S4 kS6204 ksb208 Macomb ‘30383 Kecaa3 mii KSe208 KSE208 Rockford ——KSA380 KSna40 Springfield 38284 Kscaeo INDIANA, {SPD net: 42.42) ‘Soutn Bend Ki0921, lows (SPD nets: 42.08 42.58) ames. KAB216 Cedar Rapids KEU92E kegs KAa7S6 Counei! sius KaNa39 KeUBES Davenport KGTS66 Des Moines KAB540 Dubuque KaWiss) Ottumwa = Kcwazl Sioux City KAAM66 Kansas (SPD nets: 44.98 45.18) Abilene WAssad Kanaaa Atchison Kaeo KAE6aS Kansas city K/BB14 Salina Kas205 kaB208 07390, eka ass KevaIa Kaas kevais Wichita Kanes KAB235 Kane63s Kag235 Kals36 KaXsar Kentucky (SPD nets: 42.64 42.62) Frankfert KICS14 Lexington KaGs17 Kisses kia? Lovisvite ——Kligi9 KoKsoa kie69s KiB695 LOUISIANA (GPO ts. 99.30 3930 48.7. Baton Rouge KiV6rs kKCBSS kivere Kve78 ake charles KE0244 New Orleans KGK5S7 KKU7ad kekos? Shreveport KKAaB7 KRW5EL MAINE (PO net: 42.14), Bath wons29 runswick -KCAB73 mouth KKC298 Portland Kog78 KK778 | Marcxt-Arrm, 1969 33.706 30.46 ce 43950 ce 39.46 cP 3950 CP 39.46 cr 39.50 cP 38.45 CR 3a.50 CP 39.48 P ana8 cp 37.08 P 3046 cP 39558 ce 3aa6 cP 3es8 cP Jee cP 3e.t6 B 3958 P jase cP 39.86 CP 3aa6 cP 39.58 CP 0), ‘9.40 MARYLAND (SPO nets; 39.10 39.26 39.30 39.34) 48.70.44. 74) Annapolis KGB645 39.58 CP Keceas 48.50 VF KGb308 45.50 VF Galtimore —«KGABK0 39.42 CP kenga 39.48 cP Keni 39.50 CP KGtsto 39.02 CP Kens40 39.72 cP Kobe 46'80 VE KGe527 46150 VE Hogerstown — KGCa76. 33.86 CF Salisbury” KGa535 38.82 P MASSACHUSETTS. (SPO nets: 37.14 39.58 44.74) Boston srs 33.78 F cere. a002 4 Brookline HOFS64 33.78 F 0 Framingham —KCcas7 33.98 F Kondss 39:52 P Lym Kenyo2 45.46 P Plymouth Kars4l_ 33°90 F Kox708 39.22 Revere Kenai 45.34 P Salem Keazze 46.02 P Warces KCn70S 33.86 F KoKass 45.54 P MICHIGAN ($P0 nets: 92.48 42.56 42.58 42.60 42.69 45.38) nn Arbor —KQH905 97.10 CP Chevoyean © KaGs79 39,82 GP Detroit KDsBss 3708 F kaB9s3 39.05 P Kats? 39.10 kasss3 3928 P int Wines 39.10 cP Grand Rapids KaGe08 30°14 cP kageos 39.42 cP J2cksor Keless 33.78 F Muskegon KaR918 39.82 Stuosenh — Kas3at39\58 cP Soultst Marie Kavasy 39/82 CP Ypsilanti KOKA 37.20 CP MINNESOTA (sp nets: 42.65 42.82) Barut KAK939 39.22 e Kan939 39.46 P Grand Rapids KaG351 3514 P Intemational KaG204 45.58 F Minneapolis Kal399- 33.82 a8 KAas17 39.90 OP KANSI7 43.06 CP MississiPPt (SPO nets: 42.02 42.12) Jackson KKREM 4510 OP AMUSO 46.46 F Natchez Kkes23 45.10 Vicksburg = KRO275 45.10 P MONTANA (SPD net: 39.82) is Korgo3 39.82 oP Koessi 39.82 CP korea 3986 CP Kova? 39.04 F Bozeman Konsos 39.82 P Butte kon27 3982 P KoGs07 39.82 CP kogso7 33/84 cP Great Falls KOA2I6 Koszis Kalispelt koas9s Missoula KOAI22 kolast koiast NEBRASKA (PO nets 42.46), Grand island KaL6s6 Uncotn Kave38 ‘mana kaozie KAB320 NEVADA (PO net: 42.98) Carson City KON350 Rena KONS60 koa303 KAW?39 39.82 oP aaa cP 3082 CP 39.82 cP 3082 P 39.98 P 39.90 0 NEW HAMPSHIRE (sP0 nets: 37.18, 44.98) Bristal Kav721 37.10 B Concord keara2 37.10 over kenss2 3710 B Keazis 33.90 F Laconia Kearaa 37.18 P Manchester KCA695 33.78 F Salem Kci202, 35:80 oP KGWoH 45.98 P NEW JERSEY (5PO nets: 44.62 43.66 $4.98) E-Orange KEBSB5 30.54 P Elizabeth KEc36i 48.88 cP Wackensack — KEAI34 37-38 CP Ivington”—KEA7S3_ &5.10 B kazsea7 46:28 Morristown KEG262° 39.08 P New Brunswick KEJ874 33.82 F Nowark KeDI04 4529 oP Orange Kessas 3862 P KDAMOL 46.12 & Paramus KENW359 37.38 CP Keczog 3993 P Passaic KONaI9 35.78 P KeHag? 46.40 F Paterson KEBAI2 39.88 P kepess | 45.42, Park kna236 45.20 keazas 48.38 F S.Wackensack KBBa60 37.10 P Kasco 3738 P Trenton Kes276 37.25 P We Orange -KED285 45.62 P Keziss 4608 F NEW MEXICO (P0 nets: 39.78 39.00) Albuquerque -KKG428 30.18 P Gallup Kkesis 3964 P Roswell KkCBas 3990 P Sonta Fe KKCB15 39.50 P Tcumeari KROSS 39.80 P kKas34 3998 KRO3II 39.90 P NEW YORK (SPO nets: 42.04 42.14 42.36 42.52) Aibany Amsterdam Binghamton Buttalo Cortland + KOsas5 46.08 cP © (Continued on page 107)DXing ae tha Isn't Nation within a nation, Quebec still has dreams of going it alone By C.M. Stanbury It | ABBREVIATIONS 1 | 8CB,BCBer — broadcast band, broadcast-band | | station | | cee Canadian Broadcasting Corpora: | tion j Fox long distance, distant (contact or = country) Est Eastern Standard Time B kHz kilohertz (kilocycles) t ome medium-wave | | OORTE. Office “de Radioditfusion-Televi I sion Francaise | opm noise and signals interfering | with desired signals | s/on sign-on | sw shortwave | swec shortwave broadcasting Witth the obvious exception of Cuba, the Canadian province of Quebec is prob- ably the most controversial area in all North America. Largely isolated by language, often publicized for its separatist minority, gen- uinely dominated by a surge of at least moderate nationalist ambitions, and definitely in a state of change, Quebec represents a fascinating challenge for the distant radio listener. The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation’s international service maintains its head- quarters and studios in the Quebec metrop- olis of Montreal (transmitters, however, are at Sackville, New Brunswick). During Can- ada’s 1967 centennial celebration and world’s fair, the CBC’s international service built a multimillion-dollar production center and show place right on the EXPO 67 grounds in Montreal. But despite its extensive Mon- treal facilities, many Quebec citizens, espe- cialy those with separatist leanings, do not feel that the CBC adequately represents the French Quebec culture. The only shortwave broadcast. station actually transmitting from the province is CFCX (6005 kHz) also from Montreal, and relaying the programs of MW BCBer CFCF (600 kHz). CFCX certainly does nothing to represent French culture, since its transmis- ions are entirely in English. They actually include such items as American commentator Paul Harvey, though this in itself is enough to make the station a unique SW logging. Station CFCX, owned by Marconi Radio, is in fact one of Canada’s oldest SWBC ‘ELeMEntany ELECTRONICS advoices, having first taken the air in the 1930s. The SW portion of Marconi’s Montreal operation was silent throughout most of the 50s, then reactivated again at the beginning of this decade. If you live cast of the Missis- sippi, you'll probably be able to pick up CFCX sometime during daylight hours when 49-Meter QRM is at a minimum,-Out west, DXers will have to wait for dark and fight it out with the Latin Americans. From Abroad. Despite the political un- rest in this province, there are surprisingly few international SWBC transmissions spe- cifically aimed at Quebec. In fact, the only SW broadcast officially designated as for Quebec is from ultra-right Radio Portugal at 2115 EST on 9630 kHz. This is followed by English at 2200 for the rest of Canada. Contrary to what one might expect from General DeGaulle’s public _ utterances, O.R.LF’s French transmissions for North America are officially designated as beamed to Latin America and the West Indies. They are aired at 1400-1430 EST on 17850 and 15120 kHz, then at 1900-1930 EST on 17730, 15245, 11845, and 9755 kHz. Thing ‘MarcH-Apnit, 1969 is, DeGaulle and his O.R.T-F. have found an even more spectacular way of getting into the act, as we'll see shortly. The final outside irritant is R. Havana, Cuba, which has French for this continent at 0500 on 6135 kHz, and at 2200 on 11760 kHz, However, RHC’s prime targets are Haiti and DeGaulle’s Latin American colon- ies, rather than Quebec. Undoubtedly, should the Quebec separatist movement deep- en, we can expect much more Quebec-orient- ed SWBC activity that at present. Medium Wave. Best prospects for DX from Quebec are on the Broadcast Band. For novices, easiest BCB station to hear from this province is CBF, the CBC's 50-kW French-language outlet at Montreal on 690 kHz, In eastern and central states, watch for it during evening hours when conditions for northern stations are generally good. There normally will be some QRM from R. Progreso in Havana; out west there will be more severe QRM headaches from CBU Vancouver and XETRA Tijuana, so your best bet may be is CBF’s 0600 EST S/On. ‘Another good DX prospect is the CBC's 41Chateau Frontenac hotel, historic. turreted land- mark, rises high above older section of Quebec City. French-speaking CBJ further north and east at Chicoutimi, with 50 kW on 1580 kHz. Here, there will be interference from both WCLS in Columbus, Georgia (but this will only be a major problem in the southern states) and XEDM at Hermosilio, Mexico. A third CBC outlet worth tuning is Mon- treal’s English-speaking CBM on 940 kHz, Staying in Montreal but moving up the dial 40 kHz, we find one of the most inter- esting of those many private BCB stations operating in Quebec—CKGM, famous for one Pat Burns. For the record, Mr. Burns Gaspe Peninsula, first explored by France's Jacques Canadian culture. Fis Quebec Seminary is Old World in appearance, very French in flovor. Note iron gates and grillework. is telephone talk moderator par excellence. He is sharp-tongued, interesting, and very controversial. He previously operated over a Vancouver station where he did wonderful and marvelous things to the local establish- ment and almost cost that station its license (no credit to the city of Vancouver). North American radio needs more Pat Burnses. Though Burns would certainly be classed as a progressive on the subject of French- English relations, this still did not prevent a mob from smashing up CKGM's news (Continued on page 109) Cartier in 1534, is still stronghold of French remains region's major industry, but highway which encircles peninsula now attracts tourists who delight in charm of picturesque villages as well as bunting and fishing afforded. ‘Evemenrany ELEctnonicsEXPERIMENTER ELEGTROSCOPE By Charles Green, W6FFQ jen Franklin conducted his famous kite- flying experiment in the midst of a thunder- storm, he wasn’t just showing his cool while the lightning flashed. His was a genuine scientific experiment to demonstrate the similarity between lightning and ordinary static electricity. Of course, this was like going into a tiger's cage to see the rity to a pet pussycat. Static electricity is normally produced by fric- tion. In cold, dry weather, walking across a rug and then touching a grounded metal object can give you quite a shock. Even sliding out of a car that has a plastic seat cover can end in a jolt. Static electricity is cither an accumulation or deficiency of electrons on an insulating material such as plastic or glass. Even though materials that are electrical insulators cannot freely conduct electricity, electrons can still be dislodged from their atoms by the application of an external force. This force is usually the friction of one electrically insulating material rubbing against another. When a glass rod is rubbed with a cloth, for instance, some of the electrons that are loosely bound to the atoms of the glass are transferred to the cloth, When the cloth is removed from the rod’s Surface, the glass has a deficiency of elec~ trons and is considered to be positively charged. If a plastic rod is rubbed with a cloth, electrons are transferred from the cloth to the plastic rod. ‘This gives the plastic rod a negative charge. You can experiment with static electricity by assembling an electroscope. The electroscope will indicate the presence of a static electric charge by the mutual repulsion of identically charged, metal- foil leaves. Our electroscope is built into a glass bottle that has an insulated wire suspending two aluminum- foil leaves. When an electrically charged object touches the wire-loop electrode at the top of the electroscope, the static charge will be conducted down the wire to the foil leaves, causing them to separate, The degree of separation depends upon the strength of the electric charge. Construction Caper. We used a 7-07. Listerine bottle for our clectroscope, The bottle is approxi- mately 5% in, high and 2% in. in diameter. Build this ancient device and breathe in the air of discovery that exhilarated ol’ Ben Franklin@ @ ELECTROSCOPE However, most any clear glass bottle can be used, since the exact size is not important. You'll need two more or less identical bottles, though, as we are using two electro- scopes in our experiments. Make sure that both bottles are perfectly clean and dry. Start construction by stripping the outer covering and braided shield from a 6-in length of RG-59/U coax cable. Cut about 34 in. of the plastic insulation away from one end of the cable and bend the inner- conductor wire to form a right angle about % in. trom the insulation edge. Solder a length of the inner-conductor wire taken from another length of RG-59/U cable to the wire you've already prepared (see our drawing on facing page at right). Bend both wires into a % in. “D” shape and cut off any excess. Now strip off the insulation of the wire about % in. away from the bent wires. Ream a hole through a cork that fits the bottle and insert the prepared cable as shown. Bend the free wire at the other end into a %4 in. loop, and either crimp or solder the free end. Use a single-edge razor blade or a sharp knife to cut out two % x 34 in. aluminum- foil leaves, You might (as we do) use Reynolds wrap aluminum foil; don’t use heavy-gauge or embossed types of foil. Care- fully center a small hole as close to the top of the leaf as possible. Install the leaves on Bosic setup for electroscope is shown in first photo. Size of glass hottle is optional, but if should be free from moisture. Metal-foil leaves are suspended freely on D Second photo shows how to apply static charge to electro- scope after rod has been rubbed vigorously af one end. By moving this octivated end along ring elec- {rede at top. you can gradually increase charge potential. Final photo ot right reveals touch method of opplying charge from ‘one electroscope to other unit. White paper placed under both bottles should enhance observation ‘of metal-foil leaves when you compare charges existing af each separate electrode. 50 rings and should not touch sides. Z the “D” rings as shown. If necessary, bend the “D” wires out for easier installation and bend them back into shape when the leaves are properly hung. Close the wire ends to prevent the leaves from accidentally falling off. Carefully insert the assembly into. the bottle and make sure that the leaves don't touch the inside walls, Reposition the wire or trim the leaves if necessary. Now repeat the preceding instructions to make a second electroscope. Try to make both units as identical as possible. Building a Charge. To perform the fol- lowing experiments you will need glass and plastic rods, as well as some cotton, wool, and nylon (or sitk) cloths. We used a 10 in by % in. dia glass rod that you can obtain at any hobby shop selling chemistry sup- plies. For the plastic rod, we used a length of plastic insulation from a section of the RG-59/U coax, with both the shield and inner conductor removed. You can also use a toothbrush handle or a plastic alignment tool, A cool, dry environment is best for these experiments; they may not work in a hot, humid area. The cloths must be perfectly Airy. If necessary, you can heat them to drive off any moisture. Change them frequently to avoid any moisture from your hands. Experiment No. 1. Rub the plastic rod with a cotton cloth folded around one end. Use long strokes and moderate pressure. Three or four strokes should be enough to charge the rod, depending on the dryness of your work area. Be sure not to touch the activated end. Exementary ELEcraontcsWIRE LOOP, APPROX. $ Th, OTA. __ENO BENT ARCUND OR SOLOERED Conk 6-59/ (WITH SHIELD aN [> TER COVER REMOVED) £ Glass gone tern) CATTICAL) spp. 1 wn fw | 1 - Smt HOLE oe WP ENTER a etn, 1%, ee lor DETAIL vine sound ny TO AG-S9/0 ‘LEAVES or BILL OF MATERIALS FOR ELECTROSCOPES ‘Aluminum foil (Reynolds Wrap or equiv.) RG-59/U cooxiol cable Cloths (wool, cotton, nylon, or silk! Glass bottles—see text Plastic and gloss rods—see text Mise —VIVM, corks, solder, etc Place this activated end (the end that was rubbed) against the wire-loop electrode; the foil leaves will move apart. Try running the side of the rod along the loop electrode, This may increase the charge on the clectro- scope, The foil leaves will stay apart atter you remove the rod from the electrode. Rub the rod some more and touch the 19 ‘Mance-Arnit, 1969 electrode again. The foil leaves should now extend even further, indicating that the charge has increased. Keep this up until the leaves remain motionless. (Placing the elec- troscope on a sheet of white paper will make the leaves easier to see.) Discharge the clectroscope by touching the electrode with your finger. The foil leaves should close iogether, indicating discharge. And feel safe —there is no shock hazard. If you have a VTVM with a large input resistance, set it to its lowest negative DC range and connect the common lead (ground) to a foil section placed under the clectroscope, Charge the electroscope with a plastic rod until the leaves separate and show full charge. Touch the VTVM probe to the electrode and observe that the VTVM momentarily indicates a negative voltage. This shows that the charge from the plastic rod has negative polarity Rub # glass rod with a woolen or silk cloth (or nylon), and charge the electroscope with the activated rod. The glass rod may be harder to activate than the plastic one. Try to rub the rod briskly, Now set the VTVM. for the lowest positive DC range and place the probe against the electroscope electrode. The VTVM will momentarily indicate a positive voltage, showing that the glass rod has a positive charge. Finally, charge the electroscope with a plastic rod, and then touch the electrode with a small neon lamp (NE-2 or equiv.). One Jead from the neon lamp should be help in your fingers, while the other lead goes to the electroscope. The lamp will flash and the foil Jeaves drop. This indicates there was suffi- cient electrical energy stored up in the elec- troscope to activate the neon lamp. Experiment No. 2. Bend a ¥2-in. loop in a 2-in, length of #22 bus wire, and con- neet the free end to an alligator clip. Attach the clip to the electrode of one of the two clectroscopes. Charge up the other electro- scope with a plastic rod Carefully move the other electroscope so that it makes contact against the charged electrode by way of the clipped-on wire loop. Note that the previously uncharged electro- scope now has a charge, and that the charged clectroscope’s leaves have moved inward a bit, indicating that its charge has diminished. This experiment shows that one electroscope can transfer its electrical charge to another, just as a charged capacitor can charge an- other capacitor. (Continued on page 108) 5Discover the ease and excitement of NRI’s DIMENSIONAL METHOD of Electronics, Communications, TV-Radio Training 12 HOME STUDY PLANS TO CHOOSE FROM Practically all vocational and engineering schools Tequire students to conduct carefully planned laboratory demonstrations to prove theory pre- sented in textbooks. So does NRI. Why? Because the only way to really learn at home . .. to recog. hize and understand circuits . . . is to get your hands on actual equipment, including transis- tors, printed circuits and today's other solid-state devices. NRI's unique, 3-Dimensional training method puts theory you learninto actual practice. You learn with your hands as well as your head. You learn by unique "discovery" methods the WHY of Electronics, Communications, TV-Radio «+ WHY circuits do the things they do, NRI taining starts with carefully, condensed “bite- size,” interesting books programmed with ab- OVER 50 YEARS OF LEADERSHIP sorbing, revealing experiments using the finest arts money can buy. You get the kind of tech: nical training that gives you experience equal to many, many months of performance on the job. Whatever your interest, whatever your education, the NRI 3-Dimensional training method can fill your needs. Learning becomes as close to being fun as any school can make it. Tens of thousands of men have learned the NRI way. Pick the field of your choice and mail the postage-free card today for your FREE NRI Color Catalog. NATIONAL RADIO INSTITUTE, Electronics Divie sion, Washington, D.C, 20016, BEGIN NOW AN ABSORBING ADVENTURE—LEARN ELECTRONICS THE NRI WAY—MAIL CARD TODAY IN ELECTRONICS TRAININGStart Fast with NRI's Educator- Acclaimed Achievement Kit isremarkable starter ‘The day you enrol with NI Uitis ents way to you-regarcless of the course You choose. ite specitcaly designed for you and Jouritranng objective. thas one purposeto get Yousurtedguchiy snd eaaiy isan oultandng May ofimtradueing you to NRL training methoss Sn Unparateled “frst dimension” that opens the ay to new discoveries, new knowledge, New op Potunites, The Aemevement Kil te worth many fines the aga payne eau 1 nt Yur tree card now. NRI “‘Bite-Size"" Lesson Texts Program Your Training Beacing i necessary pat of any traning oe att Butt tahes 2 great dea of stamina twas Eircugh 4 30S sane lechreal tontboon: Every NA Glurge itcondensed nto "bite siae* texte that are Simple direct wel ilustrated, averaging an 6959 digested 40 pages, These are “programmed” wth You perform. to.brng tole the fundamental laws GPelectromes, the theory. tne training of Your ‘choice Youare alwayskept well supplied with these Books. NRI does notreguie youto™ pay asyou go. You Get Practical Experience & 4 With Actual Electronic Equipment 'NRI does not leave the practical side of Electrontes fa your imagination, Electrons Becomes a clear Understandable force under your contral 2s You Dud experiment.explore, discover NRI pioneered the contept of Home lab training equipment to Freyaud Dimensions tnovieggeandexperence very ut iz designed by NRI fo demonstrate prin Eusle you must know aod understand. Kis con {ain tnt most mesern parle, inclucins solid state Services. NAT imites comparison with equipment offered by any otter school, at any price. Prove (0 Yoursel what seri a avon NAt students could YGlyou, tat you get mare for your money [rom NRU Mai postage tree card for your NRI Calor Catalog. No sbkgation. No salesman wil al, APPROVED UNDER GI BILL ityou Served since January 31, 1955, or are in Service, check GI line in postage tree car. ‘Marcr-Apatt, 1969 55By Marshall Lincoln, W7DQS- trical power in the form of 60-Hz soup from the AC outlets in homes is a con- venience taken for granted these days. Catch | is, there's still one ingredient making up our 7 | | | 1 i daily lives that’s as far from the 60-Hz line- up as alpolar bear in sandiest Sahara. This is thé ever-important family car. True, the De- troit whiz kids give us plenty of chrome and flashing lights. But they completely over- look the many times we would be better off with more electrical convenience as we tool down the road in our shiny bucket of bolts. Even the availability of the 12 VDC sup- 7 owe } converter {7 117vAG { 1 conga. i oo = PARTS LIST FOR WATT POWER ON WHEELS FI—20-A fuse tholder not necessary if fuse holder circuit under dashboard is evailable) |—Phone jack, open-circuit type 1 i P3—AC socket, chassis mount N—Miniature neon indicator tor 117 VAC jewel ond internal resistor, type or | Se a a a a ory ' equiv.) R1—Part of 11 (see above S1—Spst toggle switch, 125 VAC at 25 am- peres jor converter, kit or wited (Heathkit MP-10 or equiv.) 1—Chossis box (see text] dwore, wire (automotive grade), In author's setup, Heathkit MP-10 power converter semsnsed in trunk feeds 117 VAC fo control box under dash. 36 Exenenrary Etrcrnonscsplied by a car's basic electrical system is denied us—unless we sneak it from the cig- arette lighter socket or cut into the car's wiring. Good old 117 VAC also is possible in a car, but this practical convenience has again been omitted from our shiny gas buggies. Plan Ahead. In about one Saturday after- noon, anyone with screwdriver and solder- ing iron can correct this. The simple hookup shown in the schematic diagram makes it easy to have both 12 VDC (without the nui- sance of unplugging and misplacing the cig- arette lighter to get it) plus 117 VAC! Having 117 VAC in a car raises many eyebrows. This is a convenience which has been available for many years, yet has been used by few persons. The mobile power sta- tion hookup shown in our photos is also very handy for powering radio equipment not normally intended for mobile operation. For example, VHF monitor receivers or- dinarily used at home now can be taken along in the car. Transistor radio batteries can get a little rest while the portable radio is powered from the car on a trip. Ni-cad batteries used in a variety of electrical gadgets can be recharged on the road. A traveling salesman can get a fresh shave five minutes before driving up to the front door of an important customer. Hand-held spot- lights and trouble lights can be plugged in nice as can be and without disturbing the cigarette lighter. With the 117-V feature of this power sta- tion, you can even operate a 100- or 150- watt light bulb on an extension cord while camped in the wilderness! Many other uses will occur to you after you have equipped your car with the convenience of a mobile power station, Your uses are limited only by the manufacturer's specs on the power converter. The Nuts and Bolts. All that's required under the dash is a small metal control box in which are mounted connectors, a switch, and pilot light. The one shown in our photos is a 6¥2- x 24- x 156-in. LMB aluminum utility box, but you may select another type MOUNTING HAROWARE Closeup of aluminum ultility box which forms heart of mobile power station. P3 is 117-VAC outlet. of box depending on your individual re- quirements and the space available under the dash of your car. This control box becomes the heart of your mobile power supply, for it contains the output connectors for the 12 VDC and 117 VAC power, plus a switch or pair of switches if you wish to control these circuits. “Getting 12 VDC is simple enough, but where does the 117 VAC come from?” you're wondering. (Continued on page 108) Completed mobile power station packs plenty of electrical convenience into small space under dash. Both 12 VOC and 117 VAC are available for powering wide variety of electrical accessories and experiments. Mancn-Aram, 1969ICs gauge the green in this PAPER-MONEY CHANGER earing? Roaring? Gay? Fey? What- ever handle future historians choose to hang on the decade of the 60s, one thing's for sure. The 60s have shown automation to be not only a word, but a way of life, Slot machines, for example, dispense everything from shoe shines to shish kebab. And now the word is go for machines that ac- cept the folding green as well The device giving paper-bill vend- ing machines their green light is a new currency acceptor developed by Trans- marine Corporation of Chesterfield, Ohio. Dubbed the Ardac Mark 5, the acceptor relies on two integrated cir- cuits by Texas Instruments to perform its paper-money validating function. Significantly, the Mark 5 can be set up to rule on the authenticity of any Already in use in Sweden, Ardoc Mark § lets drivers buy gos with paper money at sell-service filling stations. ‘Above, company officer inspects Ardac circuitry. lity is Ardac Mark 5's biggest fecture: it con accept ony currenty made. denomination of any currency in use. The acceptor determines bill validity by analyzing the quality of its intaglio printing detail. As a tray containing the bill is pushed into the acceptor, a sensing switch turns on an infrared radiation source. The radiation passes through the moving bill at a selected point in the bill design, over which an exact replica of that selected area screens a stationary silicon cell. Intaglio details on the moving bill sequentially superimpose over those on the replica screen. With each super- imposition, a burst of infrared radia- tion passes through both bill and screen, generating an electronic pulse as it strikes the silicon cell. Thing is, only a bona fide bill can generate the correct number and size of pulses. As a result, the TI integrated circuit accurately differentiates between sig- nals generated by infrared penetration of US. Mint ink and paper, and sig- nals resulting from the best ink and paper available to counterfeiters, —Ron Mitchell Exementary Exectaonics— a ee oe foarers be light! Fair enough, except in a darkroom when you're handling photographic materials that can be ruined by excess light. Sooner or fater all photo buffs run smack into an unexpected light problem that can cost money in wasted mate- tials, Surprisingly, the problem is seldom a mat- ter of total darkness situations, say when you load film into a developing tank, Here your eyes will spot even the smallest pinhole ve that’s admitting unwanted light into the dark- room. But when your safelight is on and your eyes and mind are accustomed to seving some light, then, baby, accidents do happen. You may open your “paper safe” while the enlarger or printing box light is on. Your darkroom door may open just a crack, ad- mitting unsafe, white light. The safelight filter could slip slightly and flood your work area with white light that you don't notice until it’s too late ‘You get the idea, so let's get to the solu- tion—it’s an unusual photoelectric alarm we've dubbed the Photomate. Place it on your work table and it will constantly monitor ambient room light during semi- dark (safelight) periods. The instant candle- power rises to an unsafe level the alarm goes ‘Mancu-Arnit, 1969 a es “Photomate you need for the darkest darkroom in town and the safest shack on the block—with plenty of savings thrown in, too! By Ron Michaels into action. Either a bell rings or (if you wish) the device cuts off electrical power to your enlarger, printbox, or safelight. ‘As a bonus, when you are off-duty in the darkroom, Photomate (with a simple modi- fication you can wire in advance) will do double duty as a versatile all-purpose alarm. for a variety of watchdog applications throughout your home. It can serve as @ fire alarm, burglar alarm, pipe-freeze alarm the list is endiess. We'll have more to Here's a do all device that will give you the insurance say about this later; first, let's talk circuitry. Working Order. The circuit is built around a silicon controlled rectifier (SCR) and associated relay circuit that's powered by a simple DC supply consisting of trans- former T1, rectifier module Z1, capacitor Cl, and bleeder resistor R1, Whenever SCRI is triggered by feeding a current pulse into its gate lead, direct current is allowed to flow through relay K1, thereby closing its contacts. The relay remains actuated until power switch SI is opened; doing this auto- matically resets the SCR circuit. Relay K1's first set of switch contacts con- trols a 117-VAC electric bell and pilot light 11; the other set is available for an external AC circuit (ie., to switch off your enlarger lamp, as we discussed earlier). The trick to setting off the alarm is to sol ae asian ere a@ @ PHOTOMATE feed a suitable current pulse into SCR’s gate. This is done by Photomate’s triggering circuitry. The key is the voltage appearing across capacitor C3. The instant this voltage exceeds the breakdown potential of trigger diode D2 (approximately 30 V), D2 sud- denly conducts and discharges the electrical energy stored in C3 through the gate of SCRI as a fast pulse. The voltage across C3 is controlled by a voltage-divider circuit made up of the cad- mium selenide photocell and potentiometer BRIDGE RECTIFIER WOOLLE 21 (See TEXT) RS. Photocell PCI acts like a light-con- trolled resistor; the more light shining on its surface, the lower its electrical resistance. Level contro! RS is set so that with the correct ambient light level (from your safe- light) on PC1's surface, the voltage across C3 is just below D2's trigger voltage. The slightest increase in light level on PCI’s sur- face lowers its resistance, thereby increasing C3's voltage slightly. This causes D2 to fire and consequently to activate the SCR circuit. Control Point. One problem, of course, is that we don't want the alarm to go off during high ambient light levels (when normal room lights are on) unless photo- sensitive material will be exposed. PUITVAC 1N1695, (SEE TEXT) | oS | sont | cet | * (SEE TEXT) | A= P= = i ut i cowrRat Nut i PARTS LIST FOR PHOTOMATE F c1—1000-0F, 15-vDC electrolytic capacitor R—27,000-ahm, (Mollory WPO39A, Allied 439584. or R5—250,000-ohim, linear-taper potentiometer P caaiva R6—100,000-ohm, Y-watt resistor (see text } c2—2-0F, 200-VOC poper capacitor $1, $2—Spst toggle » xt) | ca—.33-vF, 200-vbe peper copecitor SCRI—Silicon controlled. rectifier IGE-X1, Ale | DI—400-PIV, 0.75-A silicon rectifier (IN1695 lied 49C3 GE-X1-GE of equiv.) | TH 7VAC pris 63VAC, 06:4 sxe flor a See Naas Tent transformer (Stancor P6465, Allie | U9ED TE or equ) “BAE4B87 or equiv i 1m pilot lamp assembly (Industrial De- Z1——1-A bridge rectifier module (IR 1ODB6A, | nema iam) Ste ge TOMA Ge pros N—Duel- Mg** + 2e 2371 Aluminum Al => Alt** + 3e 1667 EWanganese © Mn == Mne+ + 2e © 18} Zine in = n+ +2 O76} Chromium Cr = Cre* + 2 0.56 tron Fe == Fert +2e O44? Nickel Ni == Nit* + 2e 0.25 5 Tin Sn == Sut +20 olde Lead Pb == Phtt + 2e 0135 Hydrogen 0.00: Copper Cu =2 Cutt +2 —034 Mercury Hg = Het + 2e —O80; take is fairly obvious. Various proportions of carbon and potassium persulfate shoutd be tested to determine the optimum ratio of these materials. Also test as many different metals as possible for their electrode prop- erties. Remember that the electron donor (anode) should be of a metal higher in the electrochemical series than the cathodic metal. Sheet magnesium may be hard to find, but it’s worth seeking. Reason: it provides higher cell voltages than can be obtained with any of the other common metals. As a case in point, the standard electrode potential of magnesium is 2.37 V as compared to 0.76 V for zinc (see our table above) . ‘PAPER TRANSISTORS, TOO! 70 Wieiinghouse Electric has developed a proc- ess for making transistors which, like pa- per matches, may someday be torn out, used, then thrown away. Unique among electronic de- vices, Westinghouse’s paper transistors can be bent, twisted, and coiled. According to Dr. T. P. Brody, head of the scientific team that devised the experimental semiconductors, “flexible tran- sistors appear to be useful for almost any device that does not have to operate at high tempera- tures or be especially rugged, or does not involve high power or very high frequency.” Dr. Brody explains the new manufacturing technique by comparing it with a trick old as the hills in photographic circles. “We wind a roll of paper or foil through a ‘printer’ one full frame at a time, just about the way a roll of 35.mm film is exposed in a camera,” he states. “Currently, each frame is about the size of a postage stamp and has more than 600 transistors ‘on it, Rolls of 13,000 have been made.” When will paper transistors be available to hobbyists? "I would emphasize,” says Dr. Brody, “that their development is still in its early stages and a commercial product is still some years away.” . ‘Eemenrary EL&iHere’s an extension course on how to get into a chassis the easy way A popular song of many years back had a line that went “Pack up your troubles.” Even if you can’t carry a tune in a bushel basket, you can apply this advice to your electronic experimenting by just changing one word from the song’s lea Make it Patch up your troubles, and you'll have a solution for many of your ' bench problems. Not with Band-Aids or Scotch tape. mind you, but with some good serviceable patch cords. By equipping yourself with a half-dozen or so of these nifty items—cut to @ variety of lengths and fitted with different con~ heciors suited to your needs—you'll be ready ior most any situation that comes up. Essentially, patch cords are just electronic “extension cords.” They usually have an alligator clip at either end for temporarily connecting components into ‘a chassis, or for interconnecting two chassis. Patch cords permit you to set up temporary circuits or to tap into existing circuits for test purposes. Properly used, these cables can be just as reliable as neat soldered connections. ‘Amps to Bats. Applications for patch cords are endless. For example, you J may have had trouble with an amplifier and questioned whether the load on the B+ supply was too great for the power transformer on the chassis. If you have a larger transformer on the shelf, but hesitate to rip out the old one, all you 7 need do is temporarily install the new one with a couple of patch cords. Just disconnect the high-voltage leads of the old transformer from the power supply, wrap them with tape, and bend them safely out of the way. Using your : patch cords, connect the high-voltage leads of the new transformer to the power Supply. With the new transformer on the bench next to the power supply. con eet its primary to a 117-VAC outlet with another patch cord having a APRIL, 1969standard AC plug at one end. Make sure all other leads are either installed or insulated from each other and the chassis. This setup can be connected in a few minutes and should tell you if the new transformer would be an improvement over the old one. Want to substitute a different type of bat- tery in a transistor circuit without changing battery clips, ete? Simple. With the new battery in a clip, or with the patch cord clipped directly to its terminals, just connect it into the circuit in place of the old one. Patch cords can be used to connect the power supply from one piece of gear into a second unit which has no power supply. They can free your hands from holding meter probes when you need to make adjust- ments while watching meter indications You can even substitute resistors or capac- itors in series or parallel to determine the correct value needed for a circuit modifica- tion. Better yet, you can connect potenti- ometer or rheostat into a circuit to determine the proper fixed resistance value you want for the long haul Hardware Items. The simplest and most useful patch cords are just insulated wires with alligator clips soldered to each end Many times it’s useful to have such cords in pairs, so ordinary lamp cord, or zip cord, is good cable to use. It’s heavy enough to carry just about any current you're likely to work with, and it’s flexible enough to last for years. You'll want a couple of cables about 6 or 8 in. long, and maybe a pair about 3 oF 4 ft Jong; the most practical length for most patch cords is about 2 ft. Color coding is generally very useful, and there're two ways you can accomplish this. One is to use wire If you're uncertain about operating voltage of o tronsistor circuit and want to make o quick cheek, just attach potch cords to external bottery. with a different color insulation; the other is to use paint to put colored bunds around the wire (or the shank of the clips) at both ends. Obviously, the latter method is best for lamp cord, since both wires will have the same color insulation On most of your cable you'll want rubber You can replace power transformer in piece of equipment by simply patching in o spare. Disconnect original high-voltage leads, insulate them, and bend them azide. Now attach leads from spare transformer into circuit. using zip cord arrangement, Watch out for shorts, and be sure to use. insulating sleeves over all alligator clips, insulating sleeves that slip down over the full Jength of the alligator clips. This prevents them from touching other connections in the chassis. They should fit loosely so they can be pulled back when necessary to allow you to clip the lead into place. After the connec- tion is made, slide them forward again, @ Hum is sometimes caused by inadequate shielding. To check this out, connect a piece of tinfoil (covered with tape) to chatsis ground and trace circuitry. ‘ELEMENTARY.