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Deborah Schiffrin

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217 views39 pages

Deborah Schiffrin

articulo

Uploaded by

Martha Chávez
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Blackwell Textbooks in Linguistics Approaches to Discourse 1 lane Hageman Inrodcon 0 Goverment and Binding Theory —— 2 Anes Sener” Mephalpsl eo 3 Hen Gorfuck Langue Aceon Deborah Schiffrin 1 Honsla Worchugh — lancom Socelnguises cond Eden 5 Mare Atmos Chr yn & Dane htemore ——Undrstondng Oreonet 5 Michael Keeowice Phony i Genie Grammer 4 DeteanSShtin” ppacbes so Dress Ik BLACKWELL 1994 To David Cae © Da in 94 ‘ess OtoahShtin oe on aide ecko be Cada dmpm nde Ac Fests 8 pe 1 ome) Denise Ek owaouen Aharon et enc brut Pepa nd fectynoprele items teeter een reac ‘Sinetron rd ca og olihedindeshon Soe cation atg caratensengmseton ora or Ce nD ‘pen ye in uber sae ‘reno Sate Fa Tah Cerin ence abs Paice my) os Use Catt Contents reace and Acknsleemenes PART L THE SCOPE OF DISCOURSE ANALYSIS 1 Overview Vinedestion 2. "Core" examples fom dierent ppecaches wo donne 5 Flan ofthe bok 2 Definitions of Diseare Viomedscion 2 Foal an fnesonalspaadigan 3 Disoure: Language above the semtence 4 Dincore lanpeage ase 5 Dison unerances, 6 Summary: deieons, sos anf dione analyst PART IL APPROACHES TO DISCOURSE ANALYSIS 3 Speech Act Theory Pinodtion 2 Delinang spech chewy 5 Sample rays quinn, reguets, fers 4 Speech at aheery aan spptonch 0 courte Ener teraction Sositingiice V laredacton 2 Dalining mirsesonl sociolinguistic: 3 Ste arayts "speaking fr aoomee" %6 Aoprosches to Dsconie Analyst weer oken enemy osc deine. Theos) nove se hrimecovetaione- tm freaking aon, (operand iage- tren tocol easy someon ont an ek nahn Se Jeleon 99) Fedae das comic ih ens ihr ited han even ora ‘teh nds) ound cere in ees with ene. Zl ‘iy Henny saps ht cen “iw we wed” re ‘hey ane bt oon pon em compan ht chen do a ay “inten way ils soe tenet he deh end er so8 ‘Showed de cae os “nae Daa hee eg wah be ee al inde ee cl ber "Mor 2 "et Gee a noaraeureea ise by reparn Sseyion Vee ses he asi she as wt iMate te ccs clas sd par sede» Haat Bae vise sli 9t, Dave acd Row sce re nd of yay ad ‘int dee a vy oe wn ar {ode corps ssh eosin gh psy dean ed be oo cred do {od ied, sheng ve wl dc tem hr nen 9 ater stn stan ecb spe she mesg wh a ater at ‘Sete om ol an en nope pe ong, Tr 4 Interactional Sociolinguistics 1 Introduction “The approach wo discourse tha | am cling inerscionawosolingiss” fas hemos dives dcipliary origins of those siscsied in thie Book based im abropeleg, soil, sd lagen tn shares the sono alte elds wih uke, sect, nd nngage. Te canbe te tcional socoinguisis made by she ngs aehopolag Jom Gomper [Hovides an understanding of bow people may share wammnnveal knowledge Lo longus, but lifernly contentalize what aid = sch that veey Uieen meszages see prodoced and uodsioad. The comebuton ride BY the sociologist Exvn Gotan provides descrip of ow Ienage Site in patel ceunance a sil ey ano eect, ane a, heaving at tate m thre snomances, The eat of both these hoa, fave ben aplindexensiey whips By Brown a8 Levinson (1987), Seni 19874}, ad Tannen 89) begin econ 2 by preening sone the concets adidas base to Jmgrnional seeker, Despite the Sileroedseilesry earting pots ‘this approach there are several bic Delis abou anaes conte a the iteration of sf and her thar prove anity My cance fa perclar theromenon upon which eo sete sample salsis in sean 3 en Im fee central concerns ahugh I begin by fasing othe ery ame Que. Uonanawereachage dscasel in chapae 3, fue ha eathunge at P99 onder how one paca eloher alignment (speaking or athe) ‘crea dgcuseseaegy an show that lee wey of omextalcn i aegy provide th eileen lnersesnal enue. Scion 4 some Imac se Cac feces ofthe meacinal soclagusne spore To cour ve Anprosches 19 Discourse Angie 2. Defining interactional sociolinguisties 1 this weston, Fscribe the ble ideas of ieeractogal secon, 1 bg she woth af Gunprs 21} and goon o Gellman 229s 23,1 ely smmarac how the eas of thse two shea canbe combine, 21. The conribution of anthropology: Gumpert In the inrodution 10 his most secre collecton of says (Dieoerse ‘Soe Gmpere (19823 si tate tae be Secs enlo inerpee ‘esi approaches ro the analy eal ine pecevs oe ofa ‘xconaers.” Alt bir describing sor of Gurperes work prot tothe 19824 colcony LU descbe the concen nemo that Gumpers ae “exeloged ee the sehierement fb goal Dil 971i cltsion of Gumpert’ essay through 1971 the dal feces ofthis slum ~ language and det desig, langage age snd socal eactin = ef eth the Eonine (and Beseme eve ote ed) in the 19824 collesion The earch reported in Di (071) hl grounded ‘% an asumpion base to socal and ctl saheoplogy the meson, Sacre, a we of language inzocly and cera seve. The pone tae of tis asarprion i Mest seoesh sue fecasmg on 4 say siflvent ies or example, Ganges wotk i lie ~ ow repel ond ‘cil lnginge deer on Hind anjbicode sautsin, snd on ingens convergence = focus nota on linge seu, bu sw on bw hee ‘SESS pe ect agenoot erca la ny bum eqgueaw cintousead ieee nd Teqosat mineion pent of stared boay of versl ee sn sero eo ral spesste oe ‘ican Uteeycr i oar rage ‘espe soda and cata ean of Gerry wrk, nel expon ht scon er wc ey ie ta tite ness tse hs ee ers elie on oe of vig om ne language aay wo tee Sapna ode vehi pele my swichenoncod ah “leche inp eben ofeach oer igs od cea TDT ST 24, Seon is mapas Sok ichng pape nee ea sie i to in il eo saad {ist eden sith tht "the luge sack Bere ceo pnt ends of tpn er saject mates” sa esd “in Oe cactent of of ‘mote eileen revoir among the sume st of snide” (Di 19, BS, InteretondlSoclingstie » ‘iroaections among cairo, invidsl and code ae developed in Deco Steg sheep nth (at Rtedsbns) sk devon ieee clings approaches the nay sal proves ina face encwuner” i the icteric of hs Cllston, Comers {tac} pin rte ig of acta gusts fe foun sense (1959) and apd ty echropolope ngus working wth esters Gt Tengoagen ter ton tse aw} 97 ae wrstandg fee {Santon este! san med emp eve or eh cotewion ‘Pirnman cops pigeon atcted by hol free What epee sud rein m ou mind 3 uncon of our cakwalydexcmined eposiono prt and te” Copton ad lan theny ae {cress scl tnelral oe the way we behave aed prs oun inelaon to gui ode andthe sodryng cece 0 tec al Inc open to extemal eye, nde sndersand th lc, wha ites eed ia "gentler of weal commariction whch sep win we btw abot grammer, ace sod Irene conenons = Tape veal frmework of concpr a naval poedores (1582 4). “he tear of vere! common gropsed by Gampee tego the sion ony nd aya recor tbl vp be ei Hee ‘Souvenir se pas sad the lt Owe new smart cute ‘eiltatoe cn Ay epee sneer others “Sheotul peeppoion tun ern. ‘Recall Gupta (18212) etcraion that what we preven tin sour mid ves Teetion of on array deeoune pedi {ersre and site” One evr of moder rb ess te socal tna Roney defer ch ha png item very dicactrs and nga acy soeto omae we tow snei, Suh contact led ty comers ales preety {Cost ofthe ae the peoples ecpns rvs and ererea sn ‘heel rca bone. Ae Carpe ne weve, 0008 {cee pammar of» ingege thot ers sachin «dsp the fat 3 gamma tts phon tn tors on oy SF pean arent pis 10 He, Jn a8 peeve a some ofc Smonteatve fay ae Gference a what Sonoare called The arial ‘cure of trge “salog eran ch 8 sn spech ‘Spin and hove song ess, pou and mnt opine 0 ‘eet eapresive quay of9 message btn base ening” (Gumpert ‘Sten Toy Compe sas of Rsk usc lace sd whe he ned Sta ad tectme inns a Bs England eros show Une ps scone i she meget aes of epg tae = {ise isndestnding vd the frmaton of ral and ene tere ‘ype, and conte neon ia power sod sae, "Te senling mecoaos dsb re wh Cou cl cone atsation sce spec of ngage a bye verbal and wonrerbal gs) ibang what sud the tera Keg nding bowl of 100 Approschs to Discourse Aneysis particular asiviy sper: ames, Goffman 1974) shat sontbutes 10 the Prepon cesar 0 che secre ineencng of what mest incl tng, a ot lmted 2, the ileationsy fre) Note how the 0 oct const mentioned above omental pesoppostons, ciated inferences Sate prof this sein Coneeua perppostion area typeof sumed ‘Nekround browledge thar allows th inercing [during the ever of an imecction of ro levels of reaing that are theselon rela One el isthe cammanicasve achty type Le Homers apes event, chapter $). whether oe tesing, etn, cating, ads om Te cod eel the Pricer ilewgnry ae eat the speaker inende Cosy, ee trp Hon ofthe ilecsonary tr isth the bei af comextumizstion ees) I Pendent on the wee of the “Heame™ whose inference els allowed by Eomcextshation coe esursabe as example rom Gomecs 1982s 1471°The example ills the we of ds notation ata contestshaabon ce, ‘cine! emer what dos this word say? Tn’ ow. ‘Wel 700 don't wane to te semen ele wil Freda? Favor Ibehae 2 "para “he? “rescien ercouesgngh 1s p= voor. Pen, The teaches esse (WA jo dee samt to try someone es wil Indias he interpetation af Fey’ T don't be ao oly eae tt Iezal meanieg ras 2 a indication tag Fredy id ot wish ft to nswer the question Supe ote, Monee, that dt Know had ial ising intonation, spdestod i the Anca mein community of whch Fredy was s nembee as conveying dese for encoungetemt fl *L nest some encvsageren) Thus we might sy tbat the weather id ot ese ‘he somsxtalprenupposione needed 0 actualy sepa Preys ee ane fom su of sng itonavon ‘As sae in he above enmple, Gomes eis show shat content slant one cam sect bone meaning ofa mesege To rake another eel ‘ramp conversational code-sching the. metephaia swching an be ontestuslaation eve because it “ererates the eeseppsiions in tee of ‘ohh the content of what i ids decoded” (Gompers 1982 38) nd {eons of which Bearer cn infer 9 spesker's commonicve ention, A ‘hough soch cus are sed habiealy aod sucoocaly by meee Of prcela sochl group, hey ae almose never consciously ned oe signed onveriooal weavings father, hy signal he speaker's ipl: defn of the state, and re Iportant, how de propostinal come ofa to beundetond 'A5 Lote above, when Taterers shave speaker? contestation cies subseqentinercions proceed smoothly. The methodological cnseyency , meractions Socom 10 of ets htop can dicots saree mean by investing he proces of Invracton et, by esng he reaction tat on uerance eek a eideee i sheer intepreve contentions were shared (Gumperr 1981 SL 1 Seciue contextatuation crave kaoed hough long. periods of clo, feet ace cone, neve cht many people in moder. cate sverse soclyRetrogoeo sos ce ay to tract wou beet of shared ‘Set Red heonlyr of manideetosings erecn peopl rom diferent troup ~ people who Jono share cotestalration cet = tat en peoide {tow ling evence tar ch cos aves works Fahrory ich bsundestandigy can hve devastating sol consequences foe membes of ‘troy groups aho ae denied acest valedresoucer, sed parily {hrm fx) onthe niyo hoe cnt of eral eateerping tersacion 16 accuse we abe? contestation cies bss ot stich oiler reed meanings "We sw abo tht ddl red Grpers aie wok ris insocial and exgeeite pacts = ars meer of Sl py se pereyar and center Of tac meaning In Ganges sodoliaguaces of {aperona communist, prope hme an aed oe they hve scoptire {spac omakenrece Cnveeoation cs cca os pee fee they alow conversational e “ely onde nfeenees whith bot ‘nSoharondshomgtos abu ort, eaten epson ‘ans co deve frames in ero wach they con terpetwhat ong fon" (Gangere 1982: 2 Also aces te ths ress of stunted inne ir the mnitonncs of conversions welsewt ~ since "we kaow that inserter presuppose te sity ta estan vn tees eon" {Gunpere 19820) Thos a gael ery of course seis mun egn bye sapeaving the ingusic aod suit Kaowledge tht aged 0 ‘Saved fcanvesaiona volves is 0 be ensintaieds and then go 0 fe Savin Ghar sur the srr of comesycna ference a ake fer caltal,sobeurl ant ston Specy of imerpreaton™ (Gem pers 198283 fore smacing sige tonne ha akhouhsome of Gampers concept sem rot the dal tere, chem hse me See serlyrnded in ew of the sel a mot dono ake ‘sferences fee ile) sea mens of 2 sch Se carl peop and Sea puicipem nthe socal onerion freon. For ees Gaps Uieh"209 oma Bre 9) Goyer co ence in inroctonal terms to clade “the Kane of haps and ‘ised commansntveconveron that speaker most have to create ond $esain conversa cooperation ee ao Gunpers 1985) An eren athe ‘comple quaison of speaker? inuralileentsion of to Tague se ten, Gampes (1882s 99) ares tht “lest seaingpesOpposes sot tpl bd inetences boot where yee boundaries Lore tha “members have tbr own sec dened mains of cade oF att syne” emphases we 02 Approaches to Discourse Anais Jn sum, he hey 9 Ganges soiolngiisofimereronal commune vin i ew of language ae cody and eatery consmoced symbol ‘ystem chatted mays at seer macrleel soil meanings (8 U9 ‘Sei tur fences) and erate mz level soi meanings fie hat ‘es sping ae doting at omen ae, Speaker ae members of otal fd este poop the way we se Tangeage not only well out group sed iennity bu 0 pecs coal Indes Co who wee, what We ‘waco commanite snd how ne hn haw todo a0, The blige proche tnd onderand these adel prone 8 tey occu i, abd af lerced Ejlorl contents part of oe communicate competence, Aa west the now section the work of Erving Gta sso focuses won stated know: geal nad sal content ~ but in ilfren ways and with diferent tomes. 22 The contribution of sociology: Goffinan Aso comeing to the developnet of itcatonal soclinguisics the work cf Erving Goffman, although Goffman dors net analyze larawage Dor ‘rhs ous on socal interaction complencas Gump's fos om ateted Inieceee. Goffman paces Ingunge al tes ign sens nthe ery sare cl and mrpeconl corte hat pevie he peesppontions Comers {isos eo be an sopetant tackvound Tor the deceing af meaning. What Goran asim ndertanding othe forms snd meaning of hose Contests ‘har allows us cosmo flly went ad appreciate the contextual presoppo- tions he Figure neces inferno of speakers meaning Paton te woth fof te to sho fogtet, we can come up wih a eh recused view of ‘th context in which inferences aor spektr encaning ve sue “Gna ocogy develope the ise eer clase soo theo in a apes therm to = damn of sci ie whose srr complete had efor Gotlans woe) gone largely unneiced Fcrsoface socal ne ‘tion: Building spon the work of Emile Duk on soc fcts (1895), and Pine religion (189), andthe sce pychoogse George Hebert Mead {19549 an the formation of she sl, Goftan argues ht the sl 3 S06) onsrction 0, more specially, en interactive constuction. One way of ‘ering tes ara pubic comstotog i trough the notion af "ace", Le “the postive rasa salves person lec laine for hime by tee ths sume be bas taken daring» parcalar contact” Ax Gotan 1967 ‘Shen faces “someting that sey located in the ow of evn in (he enccnter and bers manifest only when shee even ate teed and Toerpeted forthe appre expressed ia them.” The mantecance of both el an face bi it she abi of exaltation fe, "the maintenance Dl face it» condition ofareration, not i ojestise"; Gollan T9673" she pe. 7, 11, 380) and the complemenrary meets of se ad otbet {Gothnan 1983" 16, 19670: 85) One contribs co the msnenarce of fee vy Interectiona Sciolnsitis 10 isiserpertona ua, boo avoidance ial (hase fos of deeenc which Kade stor eo hsp a dance om the sepa, Ctl 1967b 62) ted psenaional tal ("trough whch the ediidaal makes spec Eteaation ovecpensconcecing how he eat tee”; Gotha 1967s 5 Anctherconnbetion to the mninensne ofc and che eset of SJ snoce perl) rth marl esurce mae sable though thes {sablehment and istvtons mshi people find themes = resources fhnemor onl an be wed vsymbolin ceri avoced ape off Gotan 1989) oe eo sh ditaree fom a amtsonali lloced rae (Gian 1963), bu cam plysialy face the vin of sl eo a pbs chatter ind more poate perkrmer (Golan 195% chapter on front and back veins). ‘Gatfnan’s analyses of he reainship beeen ierpersonal easing and sera euctare rebalanced by careful agent to bh she symbole valve ‘fsshat ssid and dine andthe more abetac forme of socal ie salty thar seems 10 be inher fom Geary Sina (1921) Station between {ovis frm aad seaming: se eg, Goffman (971). Im bth form md Ieaning tha we can ind eso of dead stenton to entet tat noted ‘hove del that allows us to mote filly wdersand the conentaal pes prsnion that gue in hace erences of peaben! meaning Tet me give rw exanples We need above Gonper' pin that stated Inleenese require iepetonl sovorement ad that the esinteanee of insivemeatreqneesha certain inguin social Knowle vets to be shed. Golf's (196). partly capers, 4 an 16) soy of evr im pai paces is relvast to. Gare’ eoncerm with bth the eso nd he eller of ivolvemiem- Whar Gotan feats om de so] ‘xzanzation of tvolrement he desebes the way differen social occasions land dren phaoe of reser) camcrene a wide tay of expeation fot the diglay of vaiement fg aces rials such a rings regu eight eed ivolemene Gellman 197ia; Sill 1977), auch thatthe very eo ‘ests of bar “beng” invled and showing” nsolement are themselves Souily stated. Ths i leant for Ganperr’s conten with invent ‘lace teractions hone tee nn rules af neleemens, we mes tee tee Inlerencesthac ae bred om aelvezent sao goers by broader rues of social engagement. "Te second example concen the concen prsupponons dha dere here inferences af speaker” mening; her, le me lous on the wion of imerpresve fae, One way af descaling Guoper”cotexeanation ess ea fearing desc, they ice the ame fg svions, king, sie, ‘hay in which am rane srou be imecpered (Tannen 1984, on met Irestage) Caines (1978) work on fae anaes ~ the frames though ‘ich people stcture experince — shows how the ogunization of Fam esi sl Socal situated. Tus, gan, We ean See Golfmans work 38 Proviieg an shabocaion of the contextual presuppositions shat people both ‘sean contract during te iftening protean a oeing a ve of the 108 Appracboe to Discourse Aas uci by which those pesuppstions ae extealy conser and impose ‘hrernal conto the wae ie which we ndawand esas Tefove I else, i inponrant fo rote hae Gamez and Gotlman have publically dma spon eae oher'® workin ways that Sapport he sors of nnectias fxm etsishing hee. Gotan’ ove recent work on he sl (197s; 1979 bude epom hs eater (1959) dvson (tween caster and Performer) 10 locate the self wihin a papain flomework ~ tof Psion thar induce whi preps) ange of an wterance may tae in ‘Baton ro thor uterance, Gofinan dlferetints foe postions ce patie ‘orstostsshumator autor, ge, and pial thous ee pounons am be led by fear people, singe indvdaal can ase fil fren Sarbipatin Sst singly I, am aniatorpeoeees Cal, at aoe Ertl fen fs poneayed throgh al, ads pineal is esponsbe Elk Eh postion within partion fraimevork is asocted with ‘Soiled und normaly speed cont {Goffman 19813} such hat oo feovgtion she among aninatre Sears, authors, and pencils {Galtated by ove normative expectation sbow he conde ppeoyi For ‘ch poniion, Ae Eve in Skt (1990), howe, the ences oF ame {Gottman 1974) and fooing (Goan 19810) ptoide to aional ks teveemn porespation framerioky aed soda eration. Fates ae th OF ‘anizatioal and teraction principe by which svations a defined ond Sst os emparenss (Goffman 194), footing conceme “ihe ligaments ‘Ne tae upto buries andthe othecs presen at exprned pth ay we Inonage the production ov respon ofa wean” Gatiman 3981 12, Inv empha As Getfnap (198 126-7 father ne, what nea sis in Yoong ad sign ae ot jst the way we fanaa the peluion of fn oxerane, bat ls the ks of ences ented by Gumpert ones talaston cee This pens toc rcilngit enebe kes «fr hep the stay of footing” (p28). Bue there abo bp ha som cn [irom sxiologialsnajoe of Fog: "if focbngas) ae to compere (ibe heeatceIrerae an psyhlogl aes, then pes they ms Fads eval ean of dongs. shestacarlunderpieang’of charges te fotng” p12, Th, what Gumper 3645 wo Gila dsewto o tbe Tals asl of tome ote vce that convey changes i ooig, sad 2 ie of haw thee specs of he progueton format of av uate allow che Shauedjfrenee of sem partisan ligament Aed pin, what Gofsans ‘wo adds to Gunper's soilinguts of Ihote elaborated stow fh tha slaborstion of ening ‘hat ia comet cn evi staat presupposition, am ol ‘renizaconl and especiales that am bsinalled vray comet slnaen cet "Tw fea pins abou Golfna’s ons oneractions songs sey Paty although may ateady be cious from ou scssion, Gofina's “Ee Griese ke Campers’) nor grounded in individual prcholgy [br do soebelgil conser (ee gol, eosin ener Goffman’ Incractional Sciatnentics sos ef mtrcton, The sug of itcaeon for example sa sadly 0% of motives, tar of res ‘o sy fac savineis 0 soy the tate rules of oil inercion one Teas abou the cote he peion adheres ton bi ovement ars the pbs and designs of thers, bur ne wher e is oi, or why e ant foes there One dose nor even lem why he tad fo allow the code, {ra lage numberof diferent mois cau sqaly fad bist Second, Gottman makes a distinction betwee information hats ven inter ‘only dough Tongue end infornton that given eft unimentinaly ‘feough expression (Goffman 1989, 195%: 13-16), Yet us 3 the incon herneon core and marital fates raporte once te lgnicance at ssa of canal pesgstos cel (age dee the enalycel Gatncon between comico and expeson evaporate ovr Not only she cane thae "every nga message caret sme ‘xpesivifrmin, nel thatthe senders sending messages," but "mest “Stee messes combine nga snd expesivecompnenrs, te pogo tna ofeach fering widely fom mestage to message" (Goa 1963.16, sm, Gofian's focus sol erscton complements Gampen’ foes ‘onvatated inference: Goftman dese the form and meng ofthe socal {hd incpersonal comets tae prone presupposition foe the deoding of Ieaning The undergerg of thowe contexts ean allow vs to wore fay ont be contents presppostione that Fein hearer ntrences oF Speers ening 23. Language, culture, and society as “situated” Despite he fern we of interes reviewed above = ope stein fom enters abost language and Ulu, he oer fom concerns about the self nd society here reco cetal ter tndeing the woe of Campere ‘md Gotmen tat provide a eit tractors socobogusie: dhe ier Son between sl 2nd other ond enexe “Gumpert: wor fresno how iterpeasons of cones eal othe omuncation of informstion arto anothers wndeanding Of 3 vpesker's latemion andor econ sate Golan’ Work focuses om how th oF fonstion of social Ie istittions, eerctions, and 50 on) peeves ones ts buh he conduc of elf snd commeunction wh aather an be "made sete oth y tose co-peeet an iteration and By ‘use arly). The work of both schol le provides view of language SS ings c » soil word. fe Campers, language Ht 38 index tthe beckgrounecltral endcstandis shar pode hidden but severe rseal fowlege about ow to male inferncen about vat He meant Tieeugh an wrterane; for Goffnn, langauge one ofa mane of yb 106 Approscbes to Discourse Anolis resources the provide a index othe sil dete il elaionsips being ovinolyconsuced ing inaction. Final, bat shale allow lm: tng to have reacted olen creaing a werd thn pehapesaested fy the enn snk”: comtstaliation cus can ae ck oly the mening of ‘mesa, Bu the participation fame ork of ak = cheat bth dilfecoe Tnumncans and fren sever and overs ca be diplayed rough sble ‘hangs inthe way uterances ae pesened Thus the cole of lngespe ie Sreay ae the aye provides pth fr lf other commaneton ‘Beal nae fr both Scholar “A Lillasete nthe spl nisin dhe net econ the wrk of Genpre ‘sd Gottman canbe jay applied othe meaning of were the res 2 vey textured view of he const in whe ielerenesaboat speaker reanng ae suse 3. Sample analysis: “speaking for another” Imeretonaceilnpite alway draw aponasutlly acer eerciont foe dita. Many schaars follow the vadton sisted by Gumnpee and focus ‘pon laaguae red by sears rom decent calor! backgrounds, feo ik TesataenalSeings i Which those backgrounes (ond the deren com ‘nisi or hich they ony be responsible) ave srparan long term ensequences se, for example, the papers celled in Gumpert 19820, Tnrrseonalsoselnpute seg des vpon extra neseringconerations ‘mong friends (Tanoen 3981), Foal, neeational socolingis pay 3 gest Selo sensonso rancepion of feature fake rose st come zation eee append 2) "The date wed bee are somevat diferent sheave dawn foo the same socclinguitc iment a asthe bas for ov speech at analy “These dats are welled for he way tha | sate a neconl rch, however ecrde «good atoane of spcch fom the pra, pent 2 smber of years aniing thir dacouse apd was ysl» poe past the smeractios [Sle 19579). Ths, Twas able to incorporate inesal knowledge ~necensnry 1 interactions weniguiics = iN Bele in wot st tion haw [Link] inal foot sole tert om one sess ore pone caring om Ines, Zl sand Ses i ear ree vo Hey and. es [ete tint is enronce cops eet Soe oes) te Hee ‘asaton (Yat «pce of cama) nd proves so account fr eae SSsumllace wth Henry tes In conto tothe speech at sna ‘Soper fous hee ste pip ratewon creed hen ela snes conibion elram let xchange ith syn meion Inteoctiane Scns sugested trance i 9 3m whch one econ “sph for [rotten Noronly isthe ache oc of at that wom dice yr cpeeh ‘ribcore, bat he es aed bya analysis parlpaton fame, inde ethodlogy regnied ro slbranuae the sactona meanings of Sob da velvet thet atin famewerh, ae gue Skeet a fevon 32, | coneranine he tt of "pein for aotber= a5 2 wy of feconting is ineactanal meanigl- We se hat spestng france can ‘Erp seme ewodiferenepriciun aligns (02 1) wahina paar Sefece of mcracional moves 0.22) std that hese agent ae as [Sed ah gender dence (82) These analysers ew seating foe ‘Rowier ars dacoune sate tae leery sed oy mls and foals {Sacer slid os diane. Speaking for another en ako be said fo ere oo a comernalation coe through which patipacs sig deny salient. Fvally 1 bit conser howe thi area one of ¥ pe” cl oe heey one perv takes the rol of sntie (33) Nive tha am tently nor scaring my ana y foc o ether 2 purtsarUngsbic form or rote. Rate, nted above, Tart By toting» pscnelesteraee (Zeds's Shes on @ dein an nteacon. omit by ting ours se seated mesg of in wtreme tegh “cimarsts wi ower wternees and iatertions Krone lel of anja, the erste ro be foci pom hi svat rong as an count for 2 ejected ler sed ough 2 quran eater ST Bato harcertaton 9 S's ow ait in tine shape poorer 39 dna hecnonsegoee ich sos (ie astioncanemee Expansion, offrrpstiomaccoun) from a pepe very Alera fom tha of serch vat tery eather sha fsb on ow jd 3 ae fered by suronomos fancy nate ley we feces opon oe socal framing of condc (do sos pac had ond rast {Eat hinges pon sch conduct. We be St who papas man Senen Seabene~ and how they dos0~ is mater of tara signee 2 evel ifn vel of als. 31. Speaking for another: “She's om a diet” Tn-chapter 3 ve spent gest deal of tine anabang che speech ses in a Bavclo omerhange Begin with semen of tha same aterchange — ‘Zeki’ temath Shes oma det reproduced 5 lis {ci (1 Be 10> rasan (3) Yaar pice of candy? maine) Ne, Bubs {c}Shesona det, an) Who's not 0 feet eee von Fm on edie 108 Approaches o Discourse Analysis tan ny meter [bys zane (8) Tone nat Ins: (h) > (naber Bas these min: tne) [Ohya ewe: ti) Lon yh In chapter 3 we asl that Shs om ie i both a expansion fa segue tly dependent which ade infornstion copglemeneary 9 yice ant) fd a acount (an explanation for Irene’ een of ents of. Bath {Npunsons sl accounts ate rele acts expansions 284 information eo priors, andacouncs provide reazne andlor motivations fr apace ft hat bas eva masked (eg, Inppeopniate, ingles, ial i Some ‘A ated above, 1 focus hese oa very diferent apes of Zelda's remark ‘as akerson othe paiipanion famesork of tal Recall (22) that a purdcigaion amework she sof pions which individual within fe ea eng of an tence may tke mean 0 sat ere it Be, ‘he way thar speaker nd hearer ae ened other ateraces and 0 002 Seether, Abough he itractional meanings of senking fo another 31 ro meins sable or deceominat, there are sme stale and sentacer) Festus of he ae One key Fenture that soles tee patispa foe. ‘Wemgh lab thee roles weg the rane standard teem associated with ‘Be cpde mode of commenication Ge chapte I> sender [ho inrnds ‘end a message, espe he nended aig ofthe senders resage amd ‘pokeseson ho rds nth anunisson of the metege om snder to rece ot Gof’ analyst cf parcipation famewors alow vs 19 be mote eps shou there roles. Since one perse (ce Spakeperoon} poe cheer a mage wove content te esposay of aaebe fe seen Soe inighrany tat one psn sang animator fr another prion wh = Jn he prinepl cle Although we may sil speak of B asthe spokesperson, Sh A ute apes fq the, the vaso whch the oe patie canbe sid {lobe “testing” valve very fee nerion of sfhod. The spkespeton ‘aw ap the mecbanval aspects of an animator the spokenae the re tort specs principal Thos when Zea says Sher onde she sa nor fr lene ppl, Zede i eeporiog someting abot ene tat Ive ould ba sd ere oeingon« et persoslintrmation) an 10 thos semen or coment) ee Is commited. Fete, Zeidas utr nce is int squeal prion shat one could Baveaceopied heel people ‘fen prove thie teow hen hey eet sole) and whos ait ‘eles bers onthe exchange berwece Trane and Henry (ese hat trped (dows tery of, Tih nent eto, dat he ny Shs om dieses he participation framework of ongoing talk ed othe socal reanslp song pats (2.2 Th the soil ace being pertotned (32.3, a8 the gender Hanis oF pericpants B31 Imaerochanal Scone 108 4.2. “Speaking for another" as situated meaning One of he Key insights of itersconal soins is dat meaning is Situated (ection 2A shown by Beans (1978) sol Fanon 1989b), for ample, the tuetking scare doving which ote person's were fot fur thecal) is sinltascous with anther’ ean be labeled in two gute UGiksen ware con be hbelled st “hnerraption” {with negative coma Sons o “vets ith new o eren pase conection). Whi label ‘recive (which metrensiage is cveyed) depends om how tht te {akon soci is coestuaaed hy speech ati, parapat aad 50 om. "Speaking foe another” fan at whose meaning sale ieracinaly ad. Ths section examines hie dif levels ot which he meaning of ‘enking for another canbe located. Leia withthe tempers ineace al Shonmarsnegeied ving talk ede 0 view speaking foe sootber 35 4 ‘Decors srtegy tha is wed vo ceate ether soldat or Uetance (32.1 3.2L. Alignments: “chipping in” or “butting in"? Speaking for another bat litle inherne msoning it and of ie cam be inerreted iether posiv sense a ching in” oF &nepatve sense a "hating." The frer alse onetent wih an interes of thi act 32 4 daply of pomive polteaes (Brown and Levinson 1987) 384 36 8 retention ita (Gollan 1960 oe shee o mach with rahe hat {hei able to ake her posen i convertion (ch "you knew meso wel You in eend ny mind”) The later glo. on the ott hand ie cossen with “ninerpeaon ofthe ax volaton of pti fae (Bowen an Levinson 1000) sed a's violson ofan avoidance eval one eo evasve of nother tha hes nab o allow ert main er own ositn i onyersaton [ek “yout alae pang worden mouth" "you dose lt get 9 ed 'sedgeise). Thus, speaking for acter ean be sen aye deren or ‘kinening tothe ene beng spon fo, Here I wil bud upon iteeatioalastmpions sboat sca messing #0 angus that Zelda's Shes om ede bat ended and erected ins pote ‘sy. Bele we css the evidence for my belie, howe, 6 help # ot Some of the more general context ctr ha Figen sch decom "ets having to do wth social taiesip, socal dees, speach 3, tc speech event (c,choper Sl lp section 32.3, we sce some set af “pestng for” among sesame four ptm tht sem co be more it sey imerprerel a boing 87) ‘hough space prevents fom fll examination of the igeitve smcanings af speaking lor oer, hs at aes ta be mlepcted depending Spon how the waster of responsbiy foe speaking ached: dows the ‘spokesperson “take” copoly ori piven” 1 er? Somaines he ight no Approaches to Ditenore Anais 1 make suc ast is ntasonaly loess te meaning se te pally derive from instanonlly sand cole hat may ees Lee hey the nol 0 apes for ones x Force anoter to accede ber > Seating igh. To tke soe simple examen, [recently received 2 phone {alin which weston, ering to er employer he hed person, aid “De Robinnn calling you. HE be with Yoo ina moment” Fae of the employee inshtonaied espoasic st ch speak for another tes fmplye) ath wat feed om th nee to speak for hinsll To ile Greumstzaces,heweer, ung 2 Tid POR 10 inisae (or even susie) a Phone cal for oneself cn elect ie ferensy upon the ete of the ‘pokeasor, sr whe, fc example, patents arrange pay dates fx thelr chieen ‘tho donot yet have the communi competence odo so themvsver, ven dri instal bseé occasion ofa, however, che meanings fspeskng for amo in vay Leta ake a bypetheeal example Suppore ‘hata perso who bas ost mgd © apore cuaey Bingoue pers td acseting questions rings gatekeeping encom ith short, and encovundestond enough ofthe igenous langage to ans a parlae {qustln Fay am newer, Anbar person (eg ail estat, a8 fecompanying late, ora punang ange) tay become 4 spokeperice asscpanserpretmion of is act can vary depodg om how eons iy te epeak foe acter was rans gd the pekespercofeto hap or merven, dd the spkesptson age oa ries ram acts ees she ecvewse ete eee, and 50 on attripane pot of ve! m1) ‘ao vary eth spakesperson may fel ese of slay wth he soe foe perm that not all shaved. Thos, ren ial tf Seng oe tote, edored by those mzlatvelywastwataly lated ces cm Svea rage of illereat meamgs ‘The eng of iverpreaione tat ca hl foc a tof peaking fr anther loqcases doing conversation = when acs af boule oaly for ao ren tolestons sar and oe, but eo nterastaral postoning and pega Footing Beene poripant sles it ducing covers the igh oes take or ables spony for o's wore ka st What tic anes that be ibteratonal meaning of speaking for another cate ard depend Jag on curent peeepions of ligaments, such that speaking foe abether dering = coatesaton can ja aly te pose or bgaiey gone as pete [Link] sine socal rletinsbps ae ley raforeed i ‘ot even created) ding conversa, spesking for anther during comes to cn have no only Scat srestvemeating, ut lo Broader incon Shout one's of ahd the other's) hi, pesaees, 04 espns ‘Weare now wad vo conser the tateatonal messing of Shes ona dt {caer with some ineenaon about the relonshps among Hen, Ze, aud Irene. Full formadion of thi sort (ke. about vx enor aid el "onships, and abot the sce caltwal, and aiid meaner of tons) in avalible only ehtcug longterm parcpin dbseraton in commie? (he srt af methodology ypc ofthe etnegraphy of sommanieaven, set teractions Sciolngistiee m ‘hopes 5) amend of et wi oer ese only kao thai based on rey vocolnguisic hgvork wih Henry, Zea, and lene (2 ethed of ‘Shesting date more peal of vaasons approaches exe caper BY and inamledge ofthe soil and culo! meanings of ston based 092 en ‘nembership io community fooghlysimisevo the oem which Hey, eld nd tee reside Zelda wy Hey are arsed, nd they diple ahe loseess end lyatie ofthat elon i hee itacins, eg they frequent oke 7th and {exten other, they arg soa (Schilfan 1984ay they lend ac eee Unkonshallenged bya ded person. ene has lived est dove eo Zeds ad Har fr more shan Hien yeas. The piel moe of interacon bene Ine and Henry during my intviows wet voinlycombarive dey ayy sud and med each eer, Bt spun ose to one another’ eens ftyor of = srongdeirg theses ihe oats sl prevention oF mage {seition 984, ‘Most eleva to cur cutee concesns ise eltontip Semen Zelda and Ieee Zelda ad ree ae close iv, Alhoach Zia abou twenty eas tléer dan Lee, oth ate thes wih thes calden ach, Fare, slough to of Zelda's cre ae mated wh their own cite, Zales Youngest davies (a eenage) 2 cesunate of rene’: at son. Ze nd {ren have mulpe opportuni: for imeracen and lige wy oelte ‘Gove another One sours of eine heir clasp wh they sy hott one anabe. In for example pe ansvered s qoesos aboot hee ‘nghtorhood by desrbng th vantages having» neg ke Zell, 2) Came 11 ke Sow tac in cae 1 ogedsomeehing, ike wth Zs, fr yenow ses buen big blp i hike ge Pm odin the Rie = Feds always bee orn an emergency she's here Cart hem oe whatever tm Teun gether So, Thaow the gilled tha lies a Hoc tnd she does’ Know hee neighbor an eter ie, Yan? Ad Ta not {at Hid of person, Like inthe witeine, when youre seowed ad this and thay atest you can ran ey dan alk sone if el Tite yo'e gonna ot closed se thc yal “These commenss reveal mot only casems wif but alo 4 dependece on, Zelda, eg be” Been 3 big hulp Pine Soe of Zale comment shot Tene flea no includ Gere so reed he daly of te bod. Fee trample, lene helps Zee shop fe elothes for her tomage daughter since Trae jounge, Zelda Believes tat sh knees more about adolescent ase moot, es now pny what we knw about Zelda and lee’ relationship to the inact! ang ef Zell's speaking for hone, We sa above thet Zl 2rd reat are close Leads based their snlanes(ehey ee nebbore, Inher of aelecnts) aod om dependence tha sn patly fom thet Aiterences fein ape experience, tela other word, Zé an ene a m2 proses o Dts Anais pf sade ~ but 2 soiariy tht is based on both chee Simone nd i iene “The partipanon framework crated when Zea pets for lene exbiir exact the kindof shaved esponnbiy ond mumil dead thon eye of Za and en's iendship. Real oa fev asst tamed done moter ‘ot candy from Honey. By prong an ascot freee etion of Honeys fle (a8 by dog 0 ele Irene's nm Recount which acai repeats ‘Zelda, Zed is creation a panipstion Hemework that ior on 2s Seale the mor general Son that abe shee wth Tee” Jot a6 Zl it there" elp Irene with her creme co prone coma duc ‘ore e250 Zelda “ihe” a ep ene sles the penal hese Ing reasngs ceed by her recon of ent’ oles. Ate way of ying ‘hire hat when Zeldy says ss ov dt ec rane seven the See fener faacacn a when se provides 4g help sta emergency. The Uierence i thatthe Foner plays sabday on coin rcoal esl fof ik elevane 0 an egresive domain of ree’ ier reltonsp with Henry) and the her depligesodarry on a erosnteratona ee! of igh end responsible glean tan strane! aman of Irene he ‘or aio oage bash he eer 9nd hero Te i mposian ao not that Za accoont i uk pon the srovison of ‘ofermationatov ene hoe ay be etc pisate formation big on 2 diet someting that one cher bao bene abo another orb ed By {har over fans We dee ha sleady ced tna able los of mighty. “Thus, Zelda's aecounr Nosks by rea intonation abou lene dh bad {be ead fom » prior merasvon and poor rlaonshig Cl. Shilin {98a} Althongh the evelaign of infomation about anther my eral, lyeaen, rather than bud salary, do 0 hk th he Cte te ee Bsr 1989) Indeed, because we know than Henny, ene, and es often ube openly compestive fous afk for postive ced exen an cverly tere ‘hss 0 she's om det might be reframe yer span: the ably £0 ah aly oat an aveldaace ritual lo bypass mga ples ca ae 42 ce sseegth of relationship. Coase, a, cha te Strain wevesled by Zaid seseually postive ntevaurioe abut kene as ped By sigs such as “sue ean be to ich ofr thin Ameo cate vale beng tin’ Futbernere, Being overweghe we couwmonly aerpreed 8 3 lick of feltconvol Thus, Zelda's acount Jor hans fea of she sandy and of ours tenes refs itl) aso porta ene in postive ar a5 somcose ‘sho is “in conte" Ines thew Basing porta of Ieneprvige Sn plot regan costase th Heney = wh (dete Bring over h) 5 ing the candy {ets summarize how we have thas ly analy these in pac Sramasvork created by Ze’ She's oma dt. Ale iden Shes on ras 0 instance of “Speaking fo” we obeered some ofthe erent povibleimeracsonel esning fea) ofapecing ad the alo oper ‘utsen, We sewed thee meanings 25 hac neeetlymied to Zelars r InterecionalSocilingitis us parol ch but mote gencal meanings shat were posilyappisble #9 Zoho wee proposed that Zelda remark dps corees nd mea

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