VANE PASS VIBRATION—SOURCE, ASSESSMENT AND CORRECTION—A PRACTICAL GUIDE FOR CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS by Fred L. Robinett Senior Engineering Analyst Sulzer Pumps Ltd. Winterthur, Switzerland Johann F. Giilich Manager, Hydraulic Development Group Sulzer Pumps Ltd. Winterthur, Switzerland and ‘Thomas Kaiser Design Analyst Sulzer Bingham Pumps Inc. Portland, Oregon Fred L. Robinett isa Senior Engineering Analyst for Sulzer Pumps, currently assigned to the Mechanical Development Group, in Winterthur, Switzerland. He initially became involved in pumps when he Joined the Technical Support Group at Bingham Willamette Pump Compan in 1981. Since then, his primary responsibil ties have included performing structural, rotordynamic, vibration, and nuclear pump related analyses, and field and consulting engineering ‘Mr. Robinett received his B.S. degree (General Engineering) from Oregon State University. He is a registered Professional Engineer in the States of California, Oregon, and Washington Johann F. Gillich is Manager of the Hydraulic. Development Group of the Sulzer's Pump Division, in Winterthur, Switzerland. Before taking on his present ‘assignment in 1979, he headed a group responsible for the thermohydraulic design ‘of nuclear boilers and heat exchangers. Dr. Gillich received his MS. degree (Mechanical Engineering) from the Technical University of Hannover, and his PhD. degree from the Technical University of Darmstadt ‘Thomas Kaiser has been a Design Analyst with Sulzer Bingham Pumps, in Portland, Oregon, since 1996. His current responsibil. ities include static and dynamic analyses for new applications, as well as analysis and solutions for vibration related problems in the field, nd on the test stand. He began his career with Sulzer Pumps Headquarters, in Switzerland, as a Development Engineer ‘working in the field of rotordynamics. ma Mr. Kaiser graduated from the Swiss Federal Instinte of Technology (ETH), in Zavich, Switerland, with an MS. degree (Mechanical Engineering, 1994), ABSTRACT With the ever-increasing use of hand held vibration analyzers, data collectors, and preitive maintenance programs, a more ‘complete understanding of vibrations is ever more important. This, tutorial treats one of the most prevalent pump problems, vane pass pressure pulsations and vibrations. At this time, we are still not able to predict with grest accuracy the amplitudes of vane pass pressure pulsations nor she mechanism that transforms them to Vibration. However, with a mixture of practical experience and theory, we can assess the vibration and, when required, determine the best corrective action, Presented are causes, methods of assessment with suggested acceptance criteria, and finally, proper corective procedures. and preventive measures. Fist, a good understanding of the cause, fceeptance criteria, and corrective measures is imperative, Second, a complete set of vibration measurements taken in a systematic order ‘with proper equipment, are needed to isolate the problem and assure all possibilities are covered. Finally, based on thorough diagnostics the root cause(s) ofthe vibration can then be identified and the best corrective action can be selected, whether itis by working on the source of excitation or the resultant problem vibrating part. INTRODUCTION ‘There has been a noviceable increase of reported vane pass vibrations over the last couple of decades, and itis believed to be ‘elated mainly to five factors. ‘© The specified vibration criteria are becoming tighter, possibly ‘overly tight in certain cases. Also, operating ranges as a percentage ‘of the pumps best efficiency point (BEP), for which vibration criteria are good, is increasing. Although tight vibration criteria hhave its merits, they should be based on realistic criteria including, frientation and frequercy range. For lateral vibrations with frequencies greater than tree times the pump operating speed, itis, suggested that 0.4 in/s (10 mv) is acceptable. ‘© There has been a proliferation of vibration analyzers, specifically hand held instruments. Neatly every maintenancema PROCEEDINGS OF THE 16TH INTERNATIONAL PUMP USERS SYMPOSIUM person now has one. Vibration analyzers are one of our best means ‘of measuring machine condition, so users need tobe provided with 4 practical understanding of vibrations and realistic/objective acceptance criteria with which to judge the vibrations. ‘© ‘There has been an increase in the use of variable speed drives (VSDS), and this trend should continue since VSDs should be more efficient. The problem with VSDs is thatthe possibility of tuning in a resonant condition with either a structural or an acoustic natural frequency increases with increasing operating range, ‘Additionally, VSDs do not guarantee operation atthe BEP, Thus, vibrations may be further aggravated Standard pumping limits are gradually expanding toward higher speed, higher energy units. Typically, vibration will increase propor- tionately with energy content, which is defined here as the fuid 0.43 infsec (11.0 mm/sec) Good performance Improvement desirable Correction required‘VANE PASS VIBRATION—SOURCE, ASSESSMENT AND CORRECTION—A PRACTICAL GUIDE FOR CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS. 133, 30010 z £0.00 0.008 007 ‘Shat Dameter (i) Figure 25. Typical Range of Minimum Journal Bearing Diametrical Clearances. ‘There are two cases where stresses are directly proportional to the velocity, First, for a vibration wave traveling through a piece longitudinally, defined as o= v (E p)S. Where v, E, and p are the ‘wave velocity, modulus of elasticity, and density of the structure, respectively. These stresses are well below the endurance limit for standard materials, even at higher velocities and stress ‘concentrations. Second, stresses ate proportional to maximum, lateral vibrational velocities at specific resonant frequencies, each ‘with a specific mode shape. Generally these conditions do not exist in practice. ‘To further demonstrate that vibrations at a discrete frequency in the vane pass range are much less likely to result in failure than vibration at lower frequencies, the following points are made: ‘* When performing vibration analyses, mode shape is important. For all vibrations that occur below the frst resonant mode, stresses ‘are proportional to displacement. In general, most pump casing. ‘vibrations at vane pas fall within the first mode. '* Because vibration infers cyclic structural displacements (bending modes), and structural displacements are directly related to stress, one of the main concems is fatigue. Therefore, ‘number of stress cycles and material endurance limits need to be evaluated. Also, cumulative fatigue cycles need to be assessed, including vibration at other discrete frequencies and broad band, especially at lower frequencies, startup, shutdown, and other cycles. The endurance limit is simply the stress level below ‘which @ component will not fail while exposed to an infinite ‘number of cycles. For example, fatigue life at 107 cycles will be reached in less than 19 hours of operation for a vane pass frequency of 150 Hz (1800 rpm (5 vanes) / 60), o less than two hhours to reach 10F cycles (typical fatigue diagram in Figure 26). If there are no other cyclic loads (startup/shutdown cycles, thermal cycles, minimum flow operation, ete.) that produce higher stresses, then safe operation may be assumed after a few ‘weeks of operation. ‘* When considering mechanical seals, there is no literature that indicates thet lateral vibration at vane pass frequencies has resulted in seal failure. When considering velocity at a seal face, lateral vibrations are quite low. For example, a three-inch seal face diameter running at 1800 pm, Vigce = N'R D / 60 = 1800 x 3 / 60, = 282 insee >> Vy of, say, 0.5 infsec. Additionally, if we consider a five vane impeller, the displacement is equal to 60 Vj / (fg) = 60 (0.5) / (5 x 1800) = 0.001 inches in the range of allowable runout. However from experience, axial vibration is much more ‘damaging than radial vibrations for mechanical seals, thus these seal vibrations require more scrutiny Figure 26. Typical Fatigue Diagram. Acceptance Criteria for Pressure Pulsations In the absence of other standards, it is suggested to use Figure S and Equation (3) as a level of pressure pulsations that are allowable with respect to continuous safe pump operation. There are essentially two options to assess the adequacy of specific pump with respect to pressure pulsations, They are © Check of geometric design features ‘© Measurements during operation Its recommended to base an initial assessment ona check ofthe geometric design features rather than on acceptance testing for a ‘numberof reasons: ‘©. The pressure pulsations measured depend strongly on the char- acteristics of the system. There is no standard procedure for such tests that would assure comparable results, In order to avoid the dependence of the measured pressure pulsations on the location of the transducer (ie., in onler to avoid the problem of standing waves), various laboratory methods are available to determine the acoustic energy radiated into a pipe by intensity measurements ‘The true acoustic energy emitted from the pump could, however, be determined only if nonefecting pipe terminations are installed (which is extremely difficult in aliquid carrying system), ‘© The allowable pressure pulsations depend on the design of the pump, baseplate, and piping If pressure pulsations are measured in the plant or on the test bed, there are two means to reduce (but not eliminate) the uncertainties introduced by standing waves and resonances: ‘© Vary the test speed and calculate the average of normalized pulsations measured at different speeds (normalize according to Equation (5). ‘© Average the pressure pulsations measured a different locations inthe discharge or suction pipe. CORRECTION ‘Vane pass vibration can be reduced by working either on the source of excitation or the resultant problem vibrating part Based ‘on the diagnosis and knowledge of corrective methods, the most effective and economical corections ean be made. Vane Pass Pressure Pulsations Correction to impeller vane outlets and diffuser/volute inlets ‘may be made; however, the resulting change in performance needs to be assessed by a hydrailcs engineer. Impeller vane outlet tips may be trimmed, under filed, over filed, cut at an angle, or ‘otherwise profiled to redace the wake. Diffuser/volue inlet tips may be cut back, cut back at an angle, or profiled to reduce the impingement forces from the wake produced by the impeller. Pump energy level as well as specific speed may be used to Judge the potential for a vane pass vibration problem. Certainly136 PROCEEDINGS OF THE 16TH INTERNATIONAL PUMP USERS SYMPOSIUM higher energy levels result in a higher potential for forced vibration, possibly from vane pass. Higher specific speed pumps have larger hydraulic passageways with wider impeller outlets, and therefore more exposed vane tip creating wakes. Also impeller and diffuservolute geometry play a big part in vane pass intensity Recommendations to Minimize Pressure Pulsation ‘Table 2 lists those design features that should always be considered when the risk of excessive pressure pulsations is assessed. These design characteristics primarily determine the pressure pulsations generated by the pump. Table 3 lists addtional [parameters that might be corrected to reduce pressure pulsation, Figures 27 and 28 depict impeller corrections that reduce vane pass Table 2. Recommended Design Features to Obtain Low Pressure Pulsations = a Tage een ci | B21 > 50h | Ry ter Dasarvance™ PN | Bees 1S Ssueued disc Ba = BBE Sue Maer [ECR =e somsieaion . $itad 7 vane dope eel ie dimpaa | Sage ape == [Rearersh. aes Tain ra | Ag eR | LEE 22 ea. iss aman — |e ag os Semen Saar | meanest " Senora ee sam Seaanae | Reapepawie | Gerais Suma es Part load recirculation at the impeller outlet leads to an increase of the pressure pulsations at distinct frequencies (such as blade passing), as well as broad band pulsations. Partial flow suction recirculation is thought to increase mainly the low frequency pressure pulsations. Hence a design check should include those geometric features that determine part load flow recirculation (Of the corrections to the hydraulies, only a change to vane ‘number has the potential to completely eliminate the vibration at a particular frequency. However when changing vane count, it is necessary to make sure that a new resonant condition is not created, particularly where VSD and pump operation with various fluids is expected. ‘A hydraulics engineer should oversee all corrections to the hydraulics, the heart of the pump. When making changes to the hydraulics, the actual performance requirements of the pump need tobe considered, Often pumps are operated at different points than jtially selected, thus the pump may be operating well off BEP. ‘Therefore hydraulic corrections may also be made to better fit the actual required operating points. tis nearly impossible to totaly eliminate vane pass pressure pulsations; however, good hydraulic design should minimize the effects. If the vibrations are too strong, correction 10 the hydraulics alone will most likely not reduce vibration to an acceptable level. Therefore system or structural corrections will be required. Table 3. Means to Reduce Pressure Pulsations. Parameter ‘Comment T | Oblique cut imple vane wating | Eifecve means since Sage igure 25 | B/D increstes 2 [ Twisted impeller vane atone | Not always effective Reduce impeller vane loading | Reduce angle (near outlet) 4 | Proper profiling of diffuser vanes volhte tongue at inlet, Manica eng uirements must obherved. 5 | Oblique cut volute tongues 6 | Avgistge Hw peupbtons pecially mtlipe bende in tifferent plane valves, booster pump with strong pulsations Ev breakin ston pipe intake rin pomp pi) 7 | Proper design of niet bend to void vortices (neloding Karman ‘ortices from bs). 8 | Reduce thickness of impeller shroud atthe inpeller outer diameter (volute type pump only) Mania eng uirements must oberved i Figure 27. Correction at Impeller Vane Tip. Weak Structure If there are no resonant conditions and the excitation forces are reasonably low or cannot be reduced, the structure will need to be stiffened. For a weak structure, added mass, damping, or a vibration absorber will not help, unless there isa resonance within Approximately 30 percent of operating speed. “To assist in locating the areas that ae weakest or contribute most to the displacement, the operating displacement shape is most Useful. Once the weak members have been identified, the method ‘of application and the amount of additional stifiness need to be ‘determined. Aditioraly, the frequencies of any structural natural ‘modes need tobe known so that the proper correction can be made without creating 2 resonant condition If there is a strucural natural frequency below the excitation frequency, increasing stiffness will move the natural frequency into a higher range. This could result in a resonant condition, which ‘ill most likely produce higher vibration levels. Therefore, adding‘VANE PASS VIBRATION—-SOURCE, ASSESSMENT AND CORRECTION—A PRACTICAL GUIDE FOR CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS 135 Angle cut cutwater overfilled vane tip Impeller Diffuser or Volute Sidewall Figure 28. Angle Cut Volute Cutwater ‘mass in combination with stiffness to maintain a separation margin between natural frequency and excitation frequency may be necessary. The altemative would be to increase the stiffness ‘enough {0 push the natural frequency well above the excitation frequency. However in practice, it is difficult to increase the stiffness of an existing piece of equipment by the amount required to move a natural frequency from below to above an excitation frequency, and maintain an acceptable separation margin, If the structural natural frequency is above the excitation frequency, then stiffness may be added, but care must still be taken not to push the natural frequency into resonance with other possible excitations or harmonics of vane pass frequency. ‘Additionally, any structural changes made to stiffen a structure or otherwise move a structural natural frequency in one direction will most likely influence the natural frequencies in other directions, depending on the type of change. Resonant Structure If a resonant structure is found to be the root cause, the same general considerations for correcting a weak structure should be followed. However, additional stiffness may be removed, mass added or removed, or a dynamic vibration absorber used, in order to displace the natural frequency, or “detune” the system, Adding or Removing Structural Mass and/or Stiffess ‘The single degree of freedom system deseribed above may be ‘used to model most pump parts (Tor example, a bearing housing) 10 determine the amount of stiffness and/ot mass to be removed or ‘added to move a resonant natural frequency away from the excitation frequency (Equation (11). First the mass is approximated, then the stiffness can be calculated for a given natural frequency. A new stiffness and/or ‘mass may then be determined that will move the natural frequency to the required separation margin. This generally works well for ‘changes in mass, but to determine the required change in stiffness ig more difficult. Most structural systems consist of several contributing parts and quite often with bolted joints in-between, thus it becomes difficult to sort out how much contribution each section makes to the total structural stiffness By adding mass on a fixed speed pump, the ratio of excitation to natural frequency point is moved to the right on the forced response plot (Figure 10). For a VSD pump with added mass, the natural frequency can be lowered to an operating point of lower power content. ‘The safest way to prevent a resonant condition, especially for {designs intended for varied operation is to provide a rigid structure (Gtructural natural frequencies are much greater than excitation frequencies). Unfortunately, we have found that greatly increased structural sections are required in order to provide a rigid structure, Pump casing-bearing bracket-bearing housing and_ bearing ‘brackevhousing bolting all ned tobe greatly increased in strength, Hand calculations are good for simple structures and approximations, but for more complex structures, finite element ‘analysis can help determine or verify corective action. However, ‘depending on the size and type of model, and boundary conditions, ‘results can be off by as much as 50 percent. One ofthe most difficult ‘areas fo model for modal analysis with fnite elements is a bolted Joint, Because bolted joins are typically prestressed and behave ina nonlinear way the mode! needs to be quite comprehensive to reduce ‘ertor. However once a resonance has been determined in an existing structure, it is much easier to adjust the analytical model, ‘Care should be taken toassure that pump integrity is not affected when corrections to the structure are made (for example, alignment). Dynamic Vibration Absorber (Undamped) Because most pumps and pump components (not including ‘multistage rotors) can be modelled as single degree of freedom systems, a vibration absorter may be the solution if more permanent corrections (changing structural stfiness or mass) are not feasible, ‘A vibration absorber is simply an additional spring and mass with a ural frequency equal (ot nearly equal) to the original resonant requency, and which is fixed to the original resonant vibrating par. ‘The addition ofthis second spring K and mass Mz creates a second degree of freedom, thereby changing the vibration characteristics of the structural system. The new system now has two degrees of freedom. Thus two new and different natural frequencies that straddle the original resonant frequency are created (Figure 29), X2 4 m2 8 F1 sin ot x1 k1 Figure 29, Two Degree of Freedom Model.136 PROCEEDINGS OF THE 16TH INTERNATIONAL PUMP USERS SYMPOSIUM — atone) = x42 x2 100 200004008 xettation Frequency [Ha Figure 30. Response Plots for Two Degrees of Freedom. ‘The separation margin of the new natural frequencies depends fon the mass of the absorber M, and the ratio of the natural frequencies of the original pat to the absorber (Ky /M,)/(K/Mz) (Figure 30). The larger the mass of the vibration absorber, the larger the separation margin. Also, for example, if the natural Frequency of the absorber is ess than the original piece, then the ‘new natural frequencies will be skewed to a lower value, but still straddling the original natural frequency. Graphical aids depicting these dependencies may be easily made by plotting the ratio of natural Frequencies versus mass ratios. Several factors need to be checked before applying a vibration absorber. Vibration absorbers are generally only good for fixed speed units, depending on obtainable separation margins. Since separation margins are dependent on the mass ofthe absorber, and the amount of mass that can be safely applied is dependent on the existing structure and interference with other natural frequencies, the separation margin may be limited. The additional mass of the vibration absorber also needs to be accounted for, with regard to other natural frequencies. Additionally, if the subject partis asymmetrical (natural frequency in one direction is different from those inthe other directions), the effects ofthe vibration absorber reeds to be checked in all directions. The vibration absorber will normally have higher amplitude of vibration if a resonance occurs ‘with its natural frequency, than the original piece. If this condition is expected, it should be checked for stresses. There are commercially available vibration absorbers with built-in damping Acoustic Resonance ‘When a standing wave is found to be a problem and its location known, the fluid filled passages may be lengthened, shortened, have a restriction, expansion chamber, or other specialized attenuator added in order to change the acoustic characteristics Standing pressure waves may also be eliminated or reduced by improving the pump’s hydraulic, as seen above. In some cases, corrections to the hydraulic passages are not ‘economically feasible. Consideration of pump performance effects ‘must also be made. For example, long crossovers of multistage pomps, generally being a cast-in par, are expensive to modify and ‘changes will affect the pump performance, In these cases, it may be less costly and easier to remove or reduce the excitation source (Change impeller vane count, increase “B” gap, et.) Simple orifices, which do not overly affect the system performance (reduce pressure), generally will not change the acoustic characteristics enough to reduce pulsations to acceptable Timits, and likewise for venturi tubes. Injection of a gas into the system will change (lower) the speed ‘of sound of the fluid, and thus change the acoustic characteristics ‘of the system. However, depending on the proces. injected gas ‘may not be an option, and, further, the injection of a gas requires ‘an additional system and the associated expenses. Both performance and structural integrity need be considered ‘when modifications are made. CONCLUSION ‘Vane pass vibration concerns the effects of fluid-structure imeraction on the vibration behavior of a flexible system (pump, ump components, ard pump supports). Its our basic belief that ‘we know what the excitation source is and what is necessary to minimize it. In genera, we know the structural system and how to ‘modify or detune it to avoid response to the source of excitation, Providing optimized hydraulic designs (discussed above) should minimize vane pass excitation, but cannot completely eliminate them. Thus, system characteristics (resonances) need tobe evaluated, ‘With regard to the pump structure, a stiffer and more massive structure is better, atthe same time taking care not to be in a resonant condition. Although more and better tools finite element analysis, et.) are available to the present day engineer, they still are not 100 percent reliable. Ths is due to modelling difficulties (nonlinear effects, bolted joints, et.) and unknown system related aspects (foundation stiffness and piping arrangements). On the other hand, once a resonance has been determined in an existing structure, itis much easier to adjust the analytical models and ‘determine the proper corrective action. ‘In Some cases, where variable speed drives are involved, the only way to avoid a resonant condition is by locking out certain specified speeds from the operating range, With good diagnosic technique and a practical knowledge of corrective methods, the most effective, yet economical, corrections ‘can be made, NOMENCLATURE ‘Amplitude Speed of sound ‘Total impeller width at outer diameter Damping Absolute velocity Diametrical clearance Ratio of specific heats Damping ratio (percent of critical) Impeller outer diameter Diffuser or volute inlet diameter Diameter of measuring location Pipe diameter ‘Modulus of elasticity Displacement Radial force Frequency = Gravity constant (386.1 infsee or 9.81 msec) = Sitifiness Radial frce coefficient Bulk modulus Length Mass ‘Mach number = % D, N /(60 a) Integers 1,2, ete. Speed of pump shaft in rpm Pressure Pressure pulsation Stagnation pressure Capacity or amplification (quality) factor Pipe wal thickness or time Circumferential speed = Relative velocity Displacenent ‘Number af impeller vanes ‘Number af diffuser or volute cutwaters [Number of pump stages, Logarithmic decrement BEEC AR RE me me, apes Kee opg uz‘VANE PASS VIBRATION—SOURCE, ASSESSMENT AND CORRECTION—A PRACTICAL GUIDE FOR CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS 137 My Hydraulic efficiency = (pam) cy ‘Wave length P Density of fluid ‘a Frequency Subseripts 2 Impeller exit 3 Diffuser inlet a Amplitude e Critical max Maximum a Harmonies, 1, 2,3, ete. Pe eak-to-peak yp = Vane pass Superscripts w Dimensionless quantity REFERENCES Offenhacuser, H., 1973, “Druckschwankungsmessungen an ‘Kreiselpumpen mit Leitrad,” VDI-Bericht 193, pp. 211-218. BIBLIOGRAPHY API Standard 610, Seventh Edition, February 1989, “Centrifugal Pumps for General Refinery Service.” American Petroleum Insitute, Washington, D.C. APL Standard 610, Eighth Edition, August 1995, “Centrifugal Pumps for General Refinery Service,” American Petroleum Institute, Washington, D.C. Blevins, R. D., 1984, Formulas for Natural Frequency and Mode ‘Shape, Malabar, Florida: Robert Krieger Publishing Company. Bollter, U., 1988, “Blade Passage Tones of Centrifugal Pumps,” Vibrations, 4, (3), pp. 8-13, Bolleter, U., Leibundgut, E., Swerchler, R., and McCloskey, T., July 1989, “Hydraulic Interaction and Excitation Forces of High Head Pump Impellers.” Thied Joint ASCE/ASME Mechanics Conference, University of California, San Diego, California, Bolleter, U., Eber, J. and McCloskey, T., 1990, “The Dynamic ‘Transfer Matrix of a Pump and Its Use in Pumping System Design,” ISROMAC3, Honolulu, Hawaii Bolleter, U., Buehlmann, E., Eberl, J., and Stimemann, A., September 1992, “Hydraulic and Mechanical Interactions of Feedpump Systems,” EPRI TR-100990, Projet 1884-10, Final Report. Bolter, U., 1993, “Interaction of Pumps and Piping Systems with ‘Regard to Pressure Pulsations” First International Symposium ‘on Pump Noise and Vibration, Paris, France. Ehrich, FF, 1992, Handbook of Rotordynamics, New York, New ‘York: McGraw Hill Book Company. Florjancic, D., Schoeffler, W., and Zogg, H., 1980, “Primary Noise ‘Abatement on Centrifugal Pumps,” Suizer Technical Review, @, lorjancic, 8. and Frei, A., 1993, “Dynamic Loading on Pumps— (Causes for Vibrations,” Proceedings of the Tenth International Pump Users Symposium, Turbomachinery Laboratory, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, pp. 171-184 Galich, J. F, Jud, W., and Hughes, Parameters Influencing Hydraulic Forces on Centrifugal Impellers,” Proc. Instn. Mech. Engr. 201 (A3), pp. 163174. Gilich, J. F, April 1989, “Part Load Flow Phenomena and [Excilation Forces in Centrifugal Pumps!” Conference on Vibration and Wear in High-Speed Turbomachinery, Lisbon, Portugal. Gilich, J. F.and Egger, R.E., 1991, “Partload Flow and Hydraulic Stability of Centrifugal Pumps,” EPRI TR-100990, Research Project RP 188410. Gulich, J. F, Bolleter, U., and Simon, A., February 1992, ‘Feedpump Hydraulic Performance and Design Improvement. Project Summary Report.” EPRI RP 1884-10. Gilich, J. F. and Bolleter, U., 1992, “Pressure Pulsations in ‘Centrifugal Pumps.” Transactions ofthe ASME, 1/4, pp. 272- 279. Kanki, H., etal, 1981, “Experimental Research on the Hydraulic Excitation Force on tae Pump Shaft,” ASME Paper 81-DET- 1 Leader, M. E., 1985, “A Solution for Variable Speed Vertical Pump Vibration Problems,” Proceedings of the Second International Pump Symposium, Turbomachinery Laboratory, Texas A&M University, College Staton, Texas, pp. 11-19. Lewis, A. L., Szenasi, F R., and Roll, D. R., 1997, "Control Valve. Induced Pipeline Vibrtions in a Paper Pulp Pumping System,” Proceedings of the Fourteenth International Pump Users ‘Symposium, ‘Turbomachinery Laboratory, ‘Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, pp. 49-59. Looser, W., Luzi, A. and Pace, S., 1988, “Coupled Casing-Rotor Vibrations of Boiler Feed Pumps and Influence of the Base Plate Design.” Proceedings of the EPRI Symposium on Rotating Machinery Dynamics, Bearings, Seals, EPRI, St Louis, Missouri, pp. 327 to 3-50. Marks, L-S., Ed, 1916-1851, Baumeister, ., Bd, Seventh Edition, 1967, Marks’ Standani Handbook for Mechanical Engineers, "New York, New York: McGraw Hill Book Company: Marscher, W. D., June 1991, “How to Use Impact Testing to Solve ‘Pump Vibration Problems,” EPRI Power Plant Pumps ‘Symposium, Tampa, Florida. Nelson, W. E. and Dufour, J. W., 1992, “Pump Vibrations:” Proceedings of the Ninth International Pump Users ‘Symposium, Turbomachinery Laboratory, ‘Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, pp. 137-147. Stimemann, A., 1987, “Using the Transfer Matrix Notation 0 Describe the Stability of Hydraulic Systems,” Proceedings IAHR Work Group on the Behaviour of Hydraulic Machinery under Steady Oscillating Conditions, Lille, France, Schwartz, R. and Nelton, R., 1984, “Acoustic Resonance Phenomena in Higt Energy Variable Speed Centrifugal Pumps," Proceedings of the First International Pump Symposium, Turbonachinery Laboratory, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, pp. 23-28, Verhoeven, J., 1988, “Ursteady Hydraulic Forces in Centrifugal Pumps," ‘Conference on Partload Pumping, Edinburgh, ‘Scotland, Insin. Mech, Engr. Paper C348/88, Verhoeven, J, March 1993, “Hydraulic Interactions Between Pump ‘and Piping Systems. A Prime Source for Pressure PPulsations in Boiler Feed Pump Systems," AECL Seminar on ‘Acoustic Vibrations and Pressure Pulsations. in. Rotating ‘Machinery, Oakville, Ontario, Canada Zogg, H., Bolleter, U., Forjancic, D., 1983, “Noise Emission of ‘Big Centrifugal Pumps,” Sulzer Technical Review, (3) Zogg, H. and Bolleter. U., uly 1993, “Generation and Propagation ‘of Hydraulic Noise in Centrifugal Pumps,” International ‘Symposium on Pump Noise and Vibration SHP, Paris, France.bs. PROCEEDINGS OF THE 16TH INTERNATIONAL PUMP USERS SYMPOSIUM ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ‘The authors would like to thank the management of Sulzer Pumps Ltd., Winterthur, Switzerland, and Sulzer Bingham Pumps Inc. for perinission to publish this paper. They also extend thanks to EPRI and T. McCloskey who funded earlier investigations and ‘gave permission to publish results,