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COBOL Programming Fundamental

Easy Use of Cobol OOP

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176 views

COBOL Programming Fundamental

Easy Use of Cobol OOP

Uploaded by

Soneye Abimbola Sina

Available Formats

Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

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IBM Solution & Service Company (China)

COBOL Programming
Fundamental

ISSC SH
Walker JIA
Version 1.0

2004/11

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

Training Schedule
Day 1

Moring

Introduction to COBOL

Day 2
Introduction to
Sequential
Files

Simple iteration
with the
PERFORM
verb

Processing
Sequential
Files

Arithmetic and
Edited
Pictures

COBOL Basics 1

Exercise 1

After
noon

Day 3

Exercise 2

Exercise 3

Day 4
Conditions
Tables and the
PERFORM .
.. VARYING

Exercise 3
(Cont.)

COBOL Basics 2
Designing
Programs

COBOL Programming Fundamental

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

Table of contents
Introduction to COBOL
COBOL Basics 1
COBOL Basics 2
Introduction to Sequential Files
Processing Sequential Files
Simple iteration with the PERFORM verb
Arithmetic and Edited Pictures
Conditions
Tables and the PERFORM ... VARYING
Designing Programs

COBOL Programming Fundamental

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

Introduction to COBOL
Overview
COBOL design goals.
Structure of COBOL programs.
The four divisions.
IDENTIFICATION DIVISION, DATA DIVISION, PROCEDURE
DIVISION.
Sections, paragraphs, sentences and statements.
Example COBOL programs.

COBOL Programming Fundamental

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

Introduction to COBOL
COBOL
COBOL is an acronym which stands for

Common Business Oriented Language.

The name indicates the target area of COBOL applications.
COBOL is used for developing business, typically file-oriented,
applications.
It is not designed for writing systems programs. You would not
develop an operating system or a compiler using COBOL.

COBOL is one of the oldest computer languages in use (it

was developed around the end of the 1950s). As a result it
has some idiosyncracies which programmers may find
irritating.
5

COBOL Programming Fundamental

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

Introduction to COBOL
COBOL idiosyncracies
One of the design goals was to make the language as Englishlike as possible. As a consequence
the COBOL reserved word list is quite extensive and contains
hundreds of entries.
COBOL uses structural concepts normally associated with English
prose such as section, paragraph, sentence and so on.
As a result COBOL programs tend to be verbose.

Some implementations require the program text to adhere to

certain, archaic, formatting restrictions.
Although modern COBOL has introduced many of the
constructs required to write well structured programs it also still
retains elements which, if used, make it difficult, and in some
cases impossible, to write good programs.

COBOL Programming Fundamental

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

Introduction to COBOL
Structure of COBOL programs

Program
Program
Divisions
Divisions
Section(s)
Section(s)
Paragraph(s)
Paragraph(s)
Sentence(s)
Sentence(s)
Statement(s)
Statement(s)
7

COBOL Programming Fundamental

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

Introduction to COBOL
The Four Divisions

DIVISIONS are used to identify the principal

components of the program text. There are four
DIVISIONS in all.
IDENTIFICATION DIVISION.
ENVIRONMENT DIVISION.
DATA DIVISION.
PROCEDURE DIVISION.

Although some of the divisions may be omitted the

sequence in which the DIVISIONS are specified is fixed
and must follow the pattern shown above.
8

COBOL Programming Fundamental

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

Introduction to COBOL
Functions of the four divisions
The IDENTIFICATION DIVISION is used to supply information
about the program to the programmer and to the compiler.
The ENVIRONMENT DIVISION describes to the compiler the
environment in which the program will run.
As the name suggests, the DATA DIVISION is used to provide the
descriptions of most of the data to be processed by the program.
The PROCEDURE DIVISION contains the description of the
algorithm which will manipulate the data previously described. Like
other languages COBOL provides a means for specifying
sequence, selection and iteration constructs.

COBOL Programming Fundamental

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

Introduction to COBOL
COBOL Program Text Structure

IDENTIFICATION DIVISION.
Program Details
DATA DIVISION.
Data Descriptions
PROCEDURE DIVISION.

NNOTE
OTE

The
Thekeyword
keyword
DIVISION
DIVISIONand
andaa
full-stop
full-stopisisused
used
ininevery
everycase.
case.

Algorithm Description
10

COBOL Programming Fundamental

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

Introduction to COBOL
IDENTIFICATION DIVISION
The purpose of the IDENTIFICATION DIVISION is to provide
information about the program to the programmer and to the
compiler.
Most of the entries in the IDENTIFICATION DIVISION are directed
at the programmer and are treated by the compiler as comments.
An exception to this is the PROGRAM-ID clause. Every COBOL
program must have a PROGRAM-ID. It is used to enable the
compiler to identify the program.
There are several other informational paragraphs in the
IDENTIFICATION DIVISION but we will ignore them for the
moment.

COBOL Programming Fundamental

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

Introduction to COBOL
The IDENTIFICATION DIVISION Syntax

The IDENTIFICATION DIVISION has the following structure

IDENTIFICATION DIVISION.
PROGRAM-ID. ProgName.
[AUTHOR. YourName.]

IDENTIFICATION
IDENTIFICATION DIVISION.
DIVISION.
PROGRAM-ID.
PROGRAM-ID. BMJA01.
BMJA01.
AUTHOR.
AUTHOR. Michael
Michael Coughlan.
Coughlan.

The keywords IDENTIFICATION DIVISION represent the division

header and signal the commencement of the program text.
The paragraph name PROGRAM-ID is a keyword. It must be
specified immediately after the division header.
The program name can be up to 8 characters long.

COBOL Programming Fundamental

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

Introduction to COBOL
The DATA DIVISION

The DATA DIVISION is used to describe most of the data that a

program processes.

The DATA DIVISION is divided into two main sections;

FILE SECTION.

WORKING-STORAGE SECTION.

The FILE SECTION is used to describe most of the data that is

sent to, or comes from, the computers peripherals.

The WORKING-STORAGE SECTION is used to describe the

general variables used in the program.

COBOL Programming Fundamental

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

Introduction to COBOL
DATA DIVISION Syntax

The DATA DIVISION has the following structure

DATA
FILE

DIVISION
.
SECTION
.

File
Section
WORKING
- STORAGE

WS entries.

entries.
SECTION

IDENTIFICATION
IDENTIFICATION DIVISION.
DIVISION.
PROGRAM-ID.
PROGRAM-ID. Sequence-Program.
Sequence-Program.
AUTHOR.
Michael
AUTHOR. Michael Coughlan.
Coughlan.
DATA
DATA DIVISION.
DIVISION.
WORKING-STORAGE
WORKING-STORAGE SECTION.
SECTION.
01
PIC
01 Num1
Num1
PIC 99 VALUE
VALUE ZEROS.
ZEROS.
01
Num2
PIC
9
VALUE
ZEROS.
01 Num2
PIC 9 VALUE ZEROS.
01
PIC
01 Result
Result
PIC 99
99 VALUE
VALUE ZEROS.
ZEROS.
14

COBOL Programming Fundamental

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

Introduction to COBOL
The PROCEDURE DIVISION

The PROCEDURE DIVISION is where all the data described

in the DATA DIVISION is processed and produced. It is here
that the programmer describes his algorithm.
The PROCEDURE DIVISION is hierarchical in structure and
consists of Sections, Paragraphs, Sentences and Statements.
Only the Section is optional. There must be at least one
paragraph, sentence and statement in the PROCEDURE
DIVISION.
In the PROCEDURE DIVISION paragraph and section names
are chosen by the programmer. The names used should
reflect the processing being done in the paragraph or section.
15

COBOL Programming Fundamental

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

Introduction to COBOL
Sections

A section is a block of code made up of one or more paragraphs.

A section begins with the section name and ends where the next
section name is encountered or where the program text ends.

A section name consists of a name devised by the programmer

or defined by the language followed by the word SECTION
followed by a full stop.
FILE SECTION.

COBOL Programming Fundamental

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

Introduction to COBOL
Paragraphs

Each section consists of one or more paragraphs.

A paragraph is a block of code made up of one or more

sentences.

A paragraph begins with the paragraph name and ends with

the next paragraph or section name or the end of the
program text.

The paragraph name consists of a name devised by the

programmer or defined by the language followed by a full
stop.
PrintFinalTotals.
PROGRAM-ID.

COBOL Programming Fundamental

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

Introduction to COBOL
Sentences and Statements

A paragraph consists of one or more sentences.

A sentence consists of one or more statements and is terminated by a full
stop.
MOVE .21 TO VatRate
COMPUTE VatAmount = ProductCost * VatRate.
DISPLAY "Enter name " WITH NO ADVANCING
ACCEPT StudentName
DISPLAY "Name entered was " StudentName.

A statement consists of a COBOL verb and an operand or operands.

SUBTRACT Tax FROM GrossPay GIVING NetPay
READ StudentFile
AT END SET EndOfFile TO TRUE
END-READ.

COBOL Programming Fundamental

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

Introduction to COBOL
A Full COBOL program
IDENTIFICATION
IDENTIFICATIONDIVISION.
DIVISION.
PROGRAM-ID.
SAMPLE1.
PROGRAM-ID. SAMPLE1.
AUTHOR.
AUTHOR. Michael
MichaelCoughlan.
Coughlan.
DATA
DATADIVISION.
DIVISION.
WORKING-STORAGE
WORKING-STORAGESECTION.
SECTION.
01
Num1
PIC
9
VALUE
01 Num1
PIC 9 VALUEZEROS.
ZEROS.
01
Num2
PIC
9
VALUE
ZEROS.
01 Num2
PIC 9 VALUE ZEROS.
01
Result
PIC
01 Result
PIC99
99VALUE
VALUEZEROS.
ZEROS.
PROCEDURE
PROCEDUREDIVISION.
DIVISION.
CalculateResult.
CalculateResult.
ACCEPT
ACCEPTNum1.
Num1.
ACCEPT
Num2.
ACCEPT Num2.
MULTIPLY
MULTIPLYNum1
Num1BY
BYNum2
Num2GIVING
GIVINGResult.
Result.
DISPLAY
"Result
is
=
",
Result.
DISPLAY "Result is = ", Result.
STOP
STOPRUN.
RUN.

COBOL Programming Fundamental

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

Introduction to COBOL
The minimum COBOL program
IDENTIFICATION DIVISION.
IDENTIFICATION DIVISION.
PROGRAM-ID. SAMPLE2.
PROGRAM-ID. SAMPLE2.
PROCEDURE DIVISION.
PROCEDURE DIVISION.
DisplayPrompt.
DisplayPrompt.
DISPLAY "I did it".
DISPLAY "I did it".
STOP RUN.
STOP RUN.

COBOL Programming Fundamental

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

COBOL Programming Fundamental

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

COBOL Basics 1
Overview

The COBOL coding rules.

Name construction.
Describing Data.
Data names/variables.
Cobol Data Types and data description.
The PICTURE clause.
The VALUE clause.
Literals and Figurative Constants.
Editing, compiling, linking and running COBOL programs

COBOL Programming Fundamental

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

COBOL Basics 1
COBOL coding rules
*Identification Area7th byte
AAreaA8th 11th byte
BArea B12th 72th byte
Almost all COBOL compilers treat a line of COBOL code as if it contained
two distinct areas. These are known as;
Area A and Area B

When a COBOL compiler recognizes these two areas, all division, section,
paragraph names, FD entries and 01 level numbers must start in Area A. All
other sentences must start in Area B.

Area A is four characters wide and is followed by Area B.

IDENTIFICATION
IDENTIFICATION DIVISION.
DIVISION.
PROGRAM-ID.
Program.
PROGRAM-ID. Program.
** This
This is
is aa comment.
comment. It
It starts
starts
** with
an
asterisk
in
column
with an asterisk in column 11

COBOL Programming Fundamental

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

COBOL Basics 1
Name Construction

All user defined names, such as data names, paragraph names,

section names and mnemonic names, must adhere to the following
rules;

They must contain at least one character and not more than 30
characters.

They must contain at least one alphabetic character and they must
not begin or end with a hyphen.

They must be contructed from the characters A to Z, the number 0 to

9 and the hyphen. e.g. TotalPay, Gross-Pay,
PrintReportHeadings, Customer10-Rec

All data-names should describe the data they contain.

All paragraph and section names should describe the function of
the paragraph or section.

COBOL Programming Fundamental

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

COBOL Basics 1
Describing DATA
There are basically three kinds of data used in COBOL programs;
1.
2.
3.

Variables.
Literals.
Figurative Constants.

Unlike other programming languages, COBOL does not support

user defined constants.

COBOL Programming Fundamental

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

COBOL Basics 1
Data-Names / Variables

A variable is a named location in memory into which a program can put

data and from which it can retrieve data.

A data-name or identifier is the name used to identify the area of memory

reserved for the variable.

Variables must be described in terms of their type and size.

Every variable used in a COBOL program must have a description in the

DATA DIVISION.

COBOL Programming Fundamental

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

COBOL Basics 1
Using Variables

01 StudentName

PIC X(6) VALUE SPACES.

MOVE "JOHN" TO StudentName.

DISPLAY "My name is ", StudentName.

StudentName

COBOL Programming Fundamental

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

COBOL Basics 1
Using Variables

01 StudentName

PIC X(6) VALUE SPACES.

MOVE "JOHN" TO StudentName.

DISPLAY "My name is ", StudentName.

StudentName
J

COBOL Programming Fundamental

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

COBOL Basics 1
Using Variables

01 StudentName

PIC X(6) VALUE SPACES.

MOVE "JOHN" TO StudentName.

DISPLAY "My name is ", StudentName.

StudentName
My name is JOHN

O H

COBOL Programming Fundamental

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

COBOL Basics 1
COBOL Data Types

COBOL is not a typed language and the distinction between some of

the data types available in the language is a little blurred.

For the time being we will focus on just two data types,

numeric

text or string

Data type is important because it determines the operations which are

valid on the type.

COBOL is not as rigorous in the application of typing rules as other

languages.
For example, some COBOL numeric data items may, from time to time,
have values which are not numeric!

COBOL Programming Fundamental

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

COBOL Basics 1
Quick Review of Data Typing

In typed languages simply specifying the type of a data item provides

quite a lot of information about it.

The type usually determines the range of values the data item can store.
For instance a CARDINAL item can store values between 0..65,535 and an
INTEGER between -32,768..32,767

From the type of the item the compiler can establish how much memory to
set aside for storing its values.

If the type is REAL the number of decimal places is allowed to vary

dynamically with each calculation but the amount of the memory used to
store a real number is fixed.

COBOL Programming Fundamental

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

COBOL Basics 1
COBOL data description

Because COBOL is not typed it employs a different mechanism for

describing the characteristics of the data items in the program.

COBOL uses what could be described as a declaration by

example strategy.

In effect, the programmer provides the system with an example, or

template, or PICTURE of what the data item looks like.

From the picture the system derives the information necessary to

allocate it.

COBOL Programming Fundamental

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

COBOL Basics 1
COBOL PICTURE Clause symbols

To create the required picture the programmer uses a set of symbols.

The following symbols are used frequently in picture clauses;

9 (the digit nine) is used to indicate the occurrence of a digit at the corresponding
position in the picture.
X (the character X) is used to indicate the occurrence of any character from the
character set at the corresponding position in the picture
V (the character V) is used to indicate position of the decimal point in a numeric
value! It is often referred to as the assumed decimal point character.
S (the character S) indicates the presence of a sign and can only appear at the
beginning of a picture.

COBOL Programming Fundamental

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

COBOL Basics 1
COBOL PICTURE Clauses
Some examples
PICTURE 999

a three digit (+ive only) integer

PICTURE S999

a three digit (+ive/-ive) integer

PICTURE XXXX

a four character text item or string

PICTURE 99V99

a +ive real in the range 0 to 99.99

PICTURE S9V9

a +ive/-ive real in the range ?

If you wish you can use the abbreviation PIC.

Numeric values can have a maximum of 18 (eighteen) digits (i.e. 9s).
The limit on string values is usually system-dependent.

COBOL Programming Fundamental

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

COBOL Basics 1
Abbreviating recurring symbols

Recurring symbols can be specified using a repeat factor inside round

brackets
PIC 9(6) is equivalent to PICTURE 999999
PIC 9(6)V99 is equivalent to PIC 999999V99
PICTURE X(10) is equivalent to PIC XXXXXXXXXX
PIC S9(4)V9(4) is equivalent to PIC S9999V9999
PIC 9(18) is equivalent to PIC 999999999999999999

COBOL Programming Fundamental

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

COBOL Basics 1
Declaring DATA in COBOL

In COBOL a variable declaration consists of a line containing the following

items;
1. A level number.
2. A data-name or identifier.
3. A PICTURE clause.

We can give a starting value to variables by means of an extension to the

picture clause called the value clause.

DATA
Num1
Num1 VatRate
VatRate

000
000
36

DATA DIVISION.
WORKING-STORAGE SECTION.
01 Num1
PIC 999
01 VatRate
PIC V99
01 StudentName
PIC X(10)

VALUE ZEROS.
VALUE .18.
VALUE SPACES.

StudentName
StudentName

.18
.18
COBOL Programming Fundamental

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

COBOL Basics 1
COBOL Literals

String/Alphanumeric literals are enclosed in quotes and may consists of

alphanumeric characters
e.g. "Michael Ryan", "-123", "123.45"

Numeric literals may consist of numerals, the decimal point and the plus or
minus sign. Numeric literals are not enclosed in quotes.
e.g. 123, 123.45, -256, +2987

COBOL Programming Fundamental

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

COBOL Basics 1
Figurative Constants

COBOL provides its own, special constants called Figurative Constants.

SPACE
SPACEor
orSPACES
SPACES
ZERO
ZEROor
orZEROS
ZEROSor
orZEROS
ZEROS

==
==

QUOTE
QUOTEor
orQUOTES
QUOTES
HIGH
-VALUE or
-VALUES
HIGH-VALUE
orHIGH
HIGH-VALUES

==
==

LOW
-VALUE or
-VALUES
LOW-VALUE
orLOW
LOW-VALUES
ALL
ALLliteral
literal

==
==

COBOL Programming Fundamental

00
""
Max
MaxValue
Value
Min
MinValue
Value
Fill
FillWith
WithLiteral
Literal

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

COBOL Basics 1
Figurative Constants - Examples

01
01 GrossPay
GrossPay PIC
PIC 9(5)V99
9(5)V99 VALUE
VALUE 13.5.
13.5.
ZERO
MOVE
TO
MOVE ZEROS
TO GrossPay.
GrossPay.
ZEROES
GrossPay
0

l
StudentName
StudentName

PIC
PIC X(10)
X(10) VALUE
VALUE "MIKE".
"MIKE".

MOVE
MOVE ALL
ALL "-"
"-" TO
TO StudentName.
StudentName.

StudentName

M I K E
39

COBOL Programming Fundamental

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

COBOL Basics 1
Figurative Constants - Examples
01
01 GrossPay
GrossPay

ZERO
MOVE
MOVE ZEROS

PIC
PIC 9(5)V99
9(5)V99 VALUE
VALUE 13.5.
13.5.
TO
TO GrossPay.
GrossPay.

ZEROES
GrossPay
0

l
01
01 StudentName
StudentName

PIC
PIC X(10)
X(10) VALUE
VALUE "MIKE".
"MIKE".

MOVE
MOVE ALL
ALL "-"
"-" TO
TO StudentName.
StudentName.
StudentName

- - - - - - - - - 40

COBOL Programming Fundamental

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

COBOL Basics 1
Editing, Compiling, Running

COBOL Programming Fundamental

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

COBOL Basics 1
Editing, Compiling, Running
//EV6098A JOB (F9500B,WD01X),'EV6098',NOTIFY=EV6098,
//
MSGLEVEL=(1,1),
//
CLASS=M,MSGCLASS=R,USER=WD01UJ1,PASSWORD=MON10JUN
//*********************************************************************
//* UIBMCL: COMPILE AND LINKEDIT A COBOL PROGRAM
//*
//UIBMCL PROC WSPC=500,NAME=TEMPNAME
//*
//*
COMPILE THE COBOL PROGRAM
//*
//COB
EXEC PGM=IGYCRCTL,
//
PARM='APOST,LIB,NOSEQ,RENT,TRUNC(BIN),LANG(UE)
//STEPLIB DD DSN=SYS1.IGY.SIGYCOMP,DISP=SHR
//SYSIN
DD DSN=WD01I.DS.COBOL&SRC(&NAME),DISP=SHR
//SYSLIB
DD DSN=WD01I.DS.COPY&COPY,DISP=SHR <=== BLK 3120
//
DD DSN=MQM.SCSQCOBC,DISP=SHR
//SYSLIN
DD DSN=WD01I.DS.UT.OBJ&SRC(&NAME),DISP=SHR
//OUTDEF OUTPUT PRMODE=SOSI2,CHARS=(KN10,KNJE)
//SYSPRINT DD SYSOUT=*,OUTPUT=*.OUTDEF
//SYSUDUMP DD SYSOUT=*
//SYSUT1
DD SPACE=(800,(&WSPC,&WSPC),,,ROUND),UNIT=3390
//SYSUT2
DD SPACE=(800,(&WSPC,&WSPC),,,ROUND),UNIT=3390
42

COBOL Programming Fundamental

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

COBOL Basics 1
Editing, Compiling, Running
//*
//*
LINKEDIT IF THE COMPILE
//*
RETURN CODES ARE 4 OR LESS
//*
//LKED
EXEC PGM=HEWL,PARM='XREF',COND=(4,LT,COB)
//SYSLIB
DD DSN=SYS1.SCEELKED,DISP=SHR
//
DD DSN=DSNCFD.SDSNEXIT,DISP=SHR
//
DD DSN=DSNCFD.DSNLOAD,DISP=SHR
//OBJECT
DD DSN=WD01I.DS.UT.OBJ&SRC,DISP=SHR
//CSQSTUB DD DSN=MQM.SCSQLOAD,DISP=SHR
//CEEUOPT DD DSN=WD01I.DS.LOAD00,DISP=SHR
//SYSLMOD DD DSN=WD01I.DS.UT.LOAD&SRC(&NAME),DISP=SHR
//SYSLIN
DD DSN=WD01I.DS.UT.OBJ&SRC(&NAME),DISP=SHR
//
DD DSN=WD01I.CSL1.PARMLIB(DSNELI),DISP=SHR
//
DD DSN=WD01I.DS.PARAM00(CEEUOPT),DISP=SHR
//OUTDEF OUTPUT PRMODE=SOSI2,CHARS=(KN10,KNJE)
//SYSPRINT DD SYSOUT=*,OUTPUT=*.OUTDEF
//SYSUDUMP DD SYSOUT=*
//SYSUT1
DD SPACE=(4096,(500,500)),UNIT=3390
//
PEND
//*
//COMP
EXEC UIBMCL,SRC=00,COPY=00,NAME=BUAC25
//COB.SYSIN DD DSN=WD01I.EV6098.COBOL00(BUAC25)
43

COBOL Programming Fundamental

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

COBOL Basics 1
Editing, Compiling, Running
//EV6098G2 JOB (F9500B,WD01X),CFD,TIME=1440,
//
REGION=8M,CLASS=M,MSGCLASS=R,MSGLEVEL=(1,1),
//
NOTIFY=EV6098,USER=WD01UJ1,PASSWORD=MON10JUN
//JOBLIB
DD DSN=WD01I.DS.UT.LOAD00,DISP=SHR
//
DD DSN=DSNCFD.DSNLOAD,DISP=SHR
//********************************************************************
//SCR
EXEC DSNDCR
DSN=WD01I.DS.PCDERR.CHK.REPORT
//*------------------------------------------------------------------//*
BUAC25 DUW25 CREATE
***
//*------------------------------------------------------------------//STEP160 EXEC PGM=BUAC25,COND=(4,LT)
//IDUW13
DD DSN=&&DUW13T,DISP=(OLD,DELETE)
//UAC250
DD DSN=WD01I.DS.PCDERR.CHK.REPORT,DISP=(,CATLG),
//
UNIT=3390,VOL=SER=EGF001,SPACE=(CYL,(15,15),RLSE),
//
DCB=(RECFM=FBA,LRECL=133,BLKSIZE=0)
//OFSW16
DD SYSOUT=*
//SYSPRINT DD SYSOUT=*
//SYSUDUMP DD SYSOUT=*
//SYSABOUT DD SYSOUT=*
//SYSOUT
DD SYSOUT=*
/*
44

COBOL Programming Fundamental

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

EXERCISE 1

COBOL Programming Fundamental

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

COBOL Programming Fundamental

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

COBOL Basics 2
Overview
Level Numbers.
Group and elementary data items.
Group item PICTURE clauses.
The MOVE. MOVEing numeric items.
DISPLAY and ACCEPT.

COBOL Programming Fundamental

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

COBOL Basics 2
Group Items/Records
WORKING-STORAGE
WORKING-STORAGE SECTION.
SECTION.
01
PIC
01 StudentDetails
StudentDetails
PIC X(26).
X(26).

StudentDetails
H E N N E S S Y R M 9 2 3 0 1 6 5 L M 5 1 0 5 5 0 F
48

COBOL Programming Fundamental

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

COBOL Basics 2
Group Items/Records
WORKING-STORAGE
WORKING-STORAGE SECTION.
SECTION.
01
StudentDetails.
01 StudentDetails.
02
PIC
02 StudentName
StudentName
PIC X(10).
X(10).
02
PIC
02 StudentId
StudentId
PIC 9(7).
9(7).
02
CourseCode
PIC
X(4).
02 CourseCode
PIC X(4).
02
PIC
02 Grant
Grant
PIC 9(4).
9(4).
02
Gender
PIC
X.
02 Gender
PIC X.

StudentDetails
H EN N E S S Y RM 9 2 3 0 1 6 5 L M 5 1 0 5 5 0 F
StudentName
49

COBOL Programming Fundamental

StudentId

CourseCode Grant

Gender

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

COBOL Basics 2
Group Items/Records
WORKING-STORAGE
WORKING-STORAGE SECTION.
SECTION.
01
01 StudentDetails.
StudentDetails.
02
.
02 StudentName
StudentName.
03
PIC
03 Surname
Surname
PIC X(8).
X(8).
03
Initials
PIC
XX.
03 Initials
PIC XX.
02
PIC
02 StudentId
StudentId
PIC 9(7).
9(7).
02
PIC
02 CourseCode
CourseCode
PIC X(4).
X(4).
02
Grant
PIC
9(4).
02 Grant
PIC 9(4).
02
PIC
02 Gender
Gender
PIC X.
X.
StudentDetails
H EN N E S S Y RM 9 2 3 0 1 6 5 L M 5 1 0 5 5 0 F
StudentName
Surname
50

StudentId

CourseCode Grant

Gender

Initials

COBOL Programming Fundamental

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

COBOL Basics 2
LEVEL Numbers express DATA hierarchy

In COBOL, level numbers are used to decompose a structure into its

constituent parts.

In this hierarchical structure the higher the level number, the lower the item
is in the hierarchy. At the lowest level the data is completely atomic.

The level numbers 01 through 49 are general level numbers but there are
also special level numbers such as 66, 77 and 88.

In a hierarchical data description what is important is the relationship of the

level numbers to one another, not the actual level numbers used.
01 StudentDetails.
01 02
StudentDetails.
StudentName.
02 03
StudentName.
Surname
03
Surname
03 Initials
03 Initials
02 StudentId
02 CourseCode
StudentId
02
02 Grant
CourseCode
02
02 Gender
Grant
02
02 Gender

PIC X(8).
PIC XX.
X(8).
PIC
PIC 9(7).
XX.
PIC
PIC X(4).
9(7).
PIC
PIC 9(4).
X(4).
PIC
PIC X.
9(4).
PIC
PIC X.

COBOL Programming Fundamental

01 StudentDetails.
01 05
StudentDetails.
StudentName.
05 10
StudentName.
Surname
10
Surname
10 Initials
10 Initials
05 StudentId
05 CourseCode
StudentId
05
05 Grant
CourseCode
05
05 Gender
Grant
05
05 Gender

PIC X(8).
PIC XX.
X(8).
PIC
PIC 9(7).
XX.
PIC
PIC X(4).
9(7).
PIC
PIC 9(4).
X(4).
PIC
PIC X.
9(4).
PIC
PIC X.
2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

COBOL Basics 2
Group and elementary items

In COBOL the term group item is used to describe a data item which has
been further subdivided.

A Group item is declared using a level number and a data name. It cannot have a picture
clause.

Where a group item is the highest item in a data hierarchy it is referred to as a record and
uses the level number 01.

The term elementary item is used to describe data items which are atomic;
that is, not further subdivided.

An elementary item declaration consists of;

1. a level number,
2. a data name
3. picture clause.
An elementary item must have a picture clause.

Every group or elementary item declaration must be followed by a full stop.

COBOL Programming Fundamental

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

COBOL Basics 2
PICTUREs for Group Items

Picture clauses are NOT specified for group data items because the
size a group item is the sum of the sizes of its subordinate, elementary
items and its type is always assumed to be PIC X.

The type of a group items is always assumed to be PIC X because

group items may have several different data items and types
subordinate to them.

An X picture is the only one which could support such collections.

COBOL Programming Fundamental

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

COBOL Basics 2
Assignment in COBOL
In strongly typed languages like Modula-2, Pascal or ADA the
assignment operation is simple because assignment is only allowed
between data items with compatible types.
The simplicity of assignment in these languages is achieved at the cost
of having a large number of data types.
In COBOL there are basically only three data types,
Alphabetic (PIC A)
Alphanumeric (PIC X)
Numeric (PIC 9)

But this simplicity is achieved only at the cost of having a very complex
assignment statement.
In COBOL assignment is achieved using the MOVE verb.

COBOL Programming Fundamental

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

COBOL Basics 2
The MOVE Verb

Identifier
MOVE
TO {Identifier}...
Literal

The MOVE copies data from the source identifier or literal to one or
more destination identifiers.

The source and destination identifiers can be group or elementary

data items.

When the destination item is alphanumeric or alphabetic (PIC X or

A) data is copied into the destination area from left to right with
space filling or truncation on the right.

When data is MOVEd into an item the contents of the item are
completely replaced. If the source data is too small to fill the
destination item entirely the remaining area is zero or space filled.

COBOL Programming Fundamental

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

COBOL Basics 2
MOVEing Data

MOVE
MOVE RYAN
RYAN TO
TO Surname.
Surname.
MOVE
MOVE FITZPATRICK
FITZPATRICK TO
TO Surname.
Surname.

01 Surname
C

COBOL Programming Fundamental

PIC X(8).
H

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

COBOL Basics 2
MOVEing Data

MOVE
RYAN TO
MOVE RYAN
TO Surname.
Surname.
MOVE
MOVE FITZPATRICK
FITZPATRICK TO
TO Surname.
Surname.

01 Surname
R

PIC X(8).

COBOL Programming Fundamental

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

COBOL Basics 2
MOVEing Data

MOVE
MOVE RYAN
RYAN TO
TO Surname.
Surname.
MOVE
FITZPATRICK TO
MOVE FITZPATRICK
TO Surname.
Surname.

01 Surname
F

COBOL Programming Fundamental

PIC X(8).
P

R I C K

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

COBOL Basics 2
MOVEing to a numeric item

When the destination item is numeric, or edited numeric, then data is

aligned along the decimal point with zero filling or truncation as necessary.

When the decimal point is not explicitly specified in either the source or
destination items, the item is treated as if it had an assumed decimal point
immediately after its rightmost character.

COBOL Programming Fundamental

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

COBOL Basics 2
MOVEing to a numeric item
01 GrossPay

PIC 9(4)V99.

GrossPay

MOVE ZEROS TO GrossPay.

1 2

GrossPay

MOVE 12345.757 TO GrossPay.

GrossPay

MOVE 123.456 TO GrossPay.

GrossPay

MOVE 12.4 TO GrossPay.

COBOL Programming Fundamental

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

COBOL Basics 2
MOVEing to a numeric item
01 CountyPop
01 Price

PIC 999.
PIC 999V99.

CountyPop

MOVE 1234 TO CountyPop.

MOVE 12.4 TO CountyPop.

MOVE 154 TO Price.
MOVE 3552.75 TO Price.

CountyPop 0

Price

3 5

l
61

COBOL Programming Fundamental

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

COBOL Basics 2
Legal MOVEs
Certain combinations of sending and receiving data types are not
permitted (even by COBOL).

COBOL Programming Fundamental

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

COBOL Basics 2
The DISPLAY Verb
Identifier Identifier
DISPLAY

...
Literal Literal
[UPON Mnemonic - Name ][WITH NO ADVANCING

From time to time it may be useful to display messages and data

values on the screen.

A simple DISPLAY statement can be used to achieve this.

A single DISPLAY can be used to display several data items or

literals or any combination of these.

The WITH NO ADVANCING clause suppresses the carriage

return/line feed.

COBOL Programming Fundamental

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

COBOL Basics 2
The ACCEPT verb
Format 1. ACCEPT Identifier [FROM Mnemonic - name ]
DATE

DAY

Format 2. ACCEPT Identifier FROM

DAY - OF - WEEK
TIME

01
CurrentDate
01
CurrentDate
* YYMMDD

PIC
PIC 9(6).
9(6).

01
DayOfYear
01
DayOfYear
* YYDDD

PIC
PIC 9(5).
9(5).

01
Day0fWeek
01
Day0fWeek
* D (1=Monday)

PIC
PIC 9.
9.

01
CurrentTime
01
CurrentTime
* HHMMSSss
s = S/100

PIC
PIC 9(8).
9(8).

* YYMMDD
* YYDDD

* D (1=Monday)
* HHMMSSss

s = S/100

COBOL Programming Fundamental

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

IDENTIFICATION DIVISION.
IDENTIFICATION
DIVISION.
PROGRAM-ID.
AcceptAndDisplay.
PROGRAM-ID.
AcceptAndDisplay.
AUTHOR. Michael Coughlan.
AUTHOR. Michael Coughlan.
DATA DIVISION.
DATA DIVISION. SECTION.
WORKING-STORAGE
WORKING-STORAGE
SECTION.
01
StudentDetails.
01
StudentDetails.
02 StudentName.
Run of Accept and Display program
02 03
StudentName.
Surname
PIC X(8).
03Initials
Surname
PICXX.
X(8).
03
PIC
03
Initials
PIC
XX.
02 StudentId
PIC 9(7).
02
StudentId
PIC
9(7).
02 CourseCode
PIC X(4).
02
CourseCode
PIC
X(4).
02 Grant
PIC 9(4).
02
Grant
PIC
9(4).
02 Gender
PIC X.
02
Gender
PIC X.
Enter student details using template below
Enter student details using template below
01 CurrentDate.
NNNNNNNNNNSSSSSSSCCCCGGGGS
0102
CurrentDate.
CurrentYear
PIC 99.
NNNNNNNNNNSSSSSSSCCCCGGGGS
02 CurrentMonth
CurrentYear
PIC99.
99.
02
PIC
COUGHLANMS9476532LM511245M
02
CurrentMonth
PIC
99.
COUGHLANMS9476532LM511245M
02 CurrentDay
PIC 99.
Name is MS COUGHLAN
02
CurrentDay
PIC
99.
Name is MS COUGHLAN
Date is 24 01 94
01 DayOfYear.
Date is 24 01 94
0102
DayOfYear.
FILLER
PIC 99.
Today is day 024 of the year
02 YearDay
FILLER
PIC9(3).
99.
Today is day 024 of the year
02
PIC
02 YearDay
PIC 9(3).
The time is 22:23
The time is 22:23
01 CurrentTime.
0102
CurrentTime.
CurrentHour
PIC 99.
02 CurrentMinute
CurrentHour
PIC99.
99.
02
PIC
02
CurrentMinute
PIC
99.
PROCEDURE DIVISION.
02 FILLER
PIC 9(4).
PROCEDURE DIVISION.
02 FILLER
PIC 9(4).
Begin.
Begin.
DISPLAY "Enter student details using template below".
DISPLAY"NNNNNNNNNNSSSSSSSCCCCGGGGS
"Enter student details using template below".
DISPLAY
".
DISPLAY
"NNNNNNNNNNSSSSSSSCCCCGGGGS
".
ACCEPT StudentDetails.
ACCEPT
StudentDetails.
ACCEPT CurrentDate FROM DATE.
ACCEPT DayOfYear
CurrentDate
FROM
DATE.
ACCEPT
FROM
DAY.
ACCEPT
DayOfYear
FROM
DAY.
ACCEPT CurrentTime FROM TIME.
ACCEPT "Name
CurrentTime
FROM TIME.
DISPLAY
is ", Initials
SPACE Surname.
DISPLAY
"Name
is
",
Initials
DISPLAY "Date is " CurrentDay SPACE
SPACE Surname.
CurrentMonth SPACE CurrentYear.
DISPLAY"Today
"Date is
CurrentDay
SPACE CurrentYear.
DISPLAY
is "
day
" YearDaySPACE
" of CurrentMonth
the year".
DISPLAY
"Today
is
day
"
YearDay
"
of
the
year".
DISPLAY "The time is " CurrentHour ":" CurrentMinute.
DISPLAY
STOP
RUN."The time is " CurrentHour ":" CurrentMinute.
STOP RUN.

COBOL Basics 2

COBOL Programming Fundamental

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

COBOL Programming Fundamental

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

Introduction to Sequential Files

Overview

Files, records, fields.

The record buffer concept.

The SELECT and ASSIGN clause.

OPEN, CLOSE, READ and WRITE verbs.

COBOL Programming Fundamental

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

Introduction to Sequential Files

COBOL's forte

COBOL is generally used in situations where the volume of

data to be processed is large.

These systems are sometimes referred to as data intensive

systems.

Generally, large volumes of data arise not because the data is

inherently voluminous but because the same items of
information have been recorded about a great many instances
of the same object.

COBOL Programming Fundamental

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

Introduction to Sequential Files

Files, Records, Fields
We use the term FIELD to describe an item of information we are
recording about an object
(e.g. StudentName, DateOfBirth, CourseCode).

We use the term RECORD to describe the collection of fields which

record information about an object
(e.g. a StudentRecord is a collection of fields recording information about
a student).

We use the term FILE to describe a collection of one or more

occurrences (instances) of a record type (template).
It is important to distinguish between the record occurrence (i.e. the
values of a record) and the record type (i.e. the structure of the record).
Every record in a file has a different value but the same structure.

COBOL Programming Fundamental

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

Introduction to Sequential Files

Files, Records, Fields

STUDENTS.DAT
StudId
StudId StudName
StudName DateOfBirth
DateOfBirth
9723456
9723456 COUGHLAN
COUGHLAN
9724567
RYAN
9724567 RYAN
9534118
9534118 COFFEY
COFFEY
9423458
O'BRIEN
9423458 O'BRIEN
9312876
9312876 SMITH
SMITH

10091961
10091961
31121976
31121976
23061964
23061964
03111979
03111979
12121976
12121976

DATA
DATA DIVISION.
DIVISION.
FILE
SECTION.
FILE SECTION.
FD
FD StudentFile.
StudentFile.
01
StudentDetails.
01 StudentDetails.
02
PIC
02 StudId
StudId
PIC 9(7).
9(7).
02
StudName
PIC
X(8).
02 StudName
PIC X(8).
02
DateOfBirth
PIC
02 DateOfBirth PIC X(8).
X(8).

COBOL Programming Fundamental

occurrences

Record Type
(Template)
(Structure)

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

Introduction to Sequential Files

How files are processed

Files are repositories of data that reside on backing storage (hard disk
or magnetic tape).

A file may consist of hundreds of thousands or even millions of

records.

Suppose we want to keep information about all the TV license holders

in the country. Suppose each record is about 150 characters/bytes
long. If we estimate the number of licenses at 1 million this gives us a
size for the file of 150 X 1,000,000 = 150 megabytes.

If we want to process a file of this size we cannot do it by loading the

whole file into the computers memory at once.

Files are processed by reading them into the computers memory one
record at a time.

COBOL Programming Fundamental

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

Introduction to Sequential Files

Record Buffers

To process a file records are read from the file into the computers
memory one record at a time.

The computer uses the programmers description of the record (i.e.

the record template) to set aside sufficient memory to store one
instance of the record.

Memory allocated for storing a record is usually called a record

buffer

The record buffer is the only connection between the program and
the records in the file.

COBOL Programming Fundamental

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

Introduction to Sequential Files

Record Buffers

Program

DISK

Record Instance

STUDENTS.DAT

COBOL Programming Fundamental

IDENTIFICATION DIVISION.
etc.
ENVIRONMENT DIVISION.
etc.
DATA DIVISION.
FILE SECTION.
RecordBuffer
Declaration

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

Introduction to Sequential Files

Implications of Buffers

If your program processes more than one file you will have to
describe a record buffer for each file.

To process all the records in an INPUT file each record instance

must be copied (read) from the file into the record buffer when
required.

To create an OUTPUT file containing data records each record

must be placed in the record buffer and then transferred (written) to
the file.

To transfer a record from an input file to an output file we will have

to
read the record into the input record buffer
transfer it to the output record buffer
write the data to the output file from the output record buffer

COBOL Programming Fundamental

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

Introduction to Sequential Files

Creating a Student Record

Student Details.

Student
StudentId.
Id.
Student
StudentName.
Name.
Surname
Surname
Initials
Initials

Date
DateofofBirth
Birth

Year of Birth
Year of Birth
Month of Birth
Month of Birth
Day of Birth
Day of Birth

Course
CourseCode
Code
Value
Valueofofgrant
grant
Gender
Gender

01 StudentDetails.
01 StudentDetails.
02 StudentId
PIC 9(7).
02 StudentId
PIC 9(7).
02 StudentName.
02 StudentName.
03 Surname PIC X(8).
03 Surname PIC X(8).
03 Initials PIC XX.
03 Initials PIC XX.
02 DateOfBirth.
02 DateOfBirth.
03
YOBirth
PIC 99.
03
YOBirth
PIC 99.
03
MOBirth
PIC 99.
03
MOBirth
PIC 99.
03
DOBirth
PIC 99.
03
DOBirth
PIC 99.
02 CourseCode PIC X(4).
02 CourseCode PIC X(4).
02 Grant
PIC 9(4).
02 Grant
PIC 9(4).
02 Gender
PIC X.
02 Gender
PIC X.

COBOL Programming Fundamental

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

Introduction to Sequential Files

Describing the record buffer in COBOL

DATA
DIVISION.
DATA
DIVISION.
FILE
SECTION.
FILE
SECTION.
FD
StudentFile.
FD StudentDetails.
StudentFile.
01
01 02
StudentDetails.
StudentId
PIC
9(7).
02
StudentId
PIC
9(7).
02
StudentName.
02 03
StudentName.
Surname
PIC
X(8).
03
Surname
PIC
X(8).
03
Initials
PIC
XX.
03 Initials
PIC XX.
02
DateOfBirth.
02 03
DateOfBirth.
YOBirth
PIC
9(2).
03
YOBirth
PIC
9(2).
03
MOBirth
PIC
9(2).
03 DOBirth
MOBirth
PIC 9(2).
9(2).
03
PIC
03 DOBirth
PIC X(4).
9(2).
02
CourseCode
PIC
02 Grant
CourseCode
PIC 9(4).
X(4).
02
PIC
02 Gender
Grant
PIC X.
9(4).
02
PIC
02 Gender
PIC X.
The record type/template/buffer of every file used in a program
must be described in the FILE SECTION by means of an FD (file
description) entry.
The FD entry consists of the letters FD and an internal file name.
COBOL Programming Fundamental

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

Introduction to Sequential Files

The Select and Assign Clause
ENVIRONMENT
DIVISION.
//STEP160 EXEC PGM=BUAC25,COND=(4,LT)
ENVIRONMENT
DIVISION.
//STEP160 EXEC PGM=BUAC25,COND=(4,LT)
INPUT-OUTPUT
SECTION.
//STUDENTS DD DSN= STUDENTS.DAT,DISP=SHR
INPUT-OUTPUT
SECTION.
//STUDENTS DD DSN= STUDENTS.DAT,DISP=SHR
FILE-CONTROL.
FILE-CONTROL.
*****
SELECT
*****
SELECT StudentFile
StudentFile

ASSIGN
ASSIGN TO
TO STUDENTS.
STUDENTS.
DATA
DIVISION.
DATA
DIVISION.
FILE
SECTION.
FILE
SECTION.
FD
StudentFile.
FD StudentDetails.
StudentFile.
01
01 02
StudentDetails.
StudentId
PIC
9(7).
02
StudentId
PIC
9(7).
DISK
02
StudentName.
02 03
StudentName.
Surname
PIC
X(8).
03
Surname
PIC
X(8).
03
Initials
PIC
XX.
03 Initials
PIC XX.
STUDENTS.DAT
02
DateOfBirth.
02 03
DateOfBirth.
YOBirth
PIC
9(2).
03
YOBirth
PIC
9(2).
03
MOBirth
PIC
9(2).
03 DOBirth
MOBirth
PIC 9(2).
9(2).
03
PIC
03 DOBirth
PIC 9(2).
********
********
The internal file name used in the FD entry is connected to an external file (on
disk or tape) by means of the Select and Assign clause.

COBOL Programming Fundamental

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

Introduction to Sequential Files

Select and Assign Syntax
SELECT FileName ASSIGN TO ExternalFileReference
LINE

[ORGANIZATION IS
SEQUENTIAL].
RECORD

LINE SEQUENTIAL means each record is followed by the

carriage return and line feed characters.

RECORD SEQUENTIAL means that the file consists of a

stream of bytes. Only the fact that we know the size of
each record allows us to retrieve them.

COBOL Programming Fundamental

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

Introduction to Sequential Files

COBOL file handling Verbs

OPEN
Before your program can access the data in an input file or place data in an
output file you must make the file available to the program by OPENing it.

READ
The READ copies a record occurrence/instance from the file and places it in
the record buffer.

WRITE
The WRITE copies the record it finds in the record buffer to the file.

CLOSE
You must ensure that (before terminating) your program closes all the files it
has opened. Failure to do so may result in data not being written to the file or
users being prevented from accessing the file.

COBOL Programming Fundamental

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

Introduction to Sequential Files

OPEN and CLOSE verb syntax
INPUT

OPEN OUTPUT
EXTEND

InternalFi leName ...

When you open a file you have to indicate to the system

what how you want to use it (e.g. INPUT, OUTPUT,
EXTEND) so that the system can manage the file correctly.

Opening a file does not transfer any data to the record

buffer, it simply provides access.

COBOL Programming Fundamental

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

Introduction to Sequential Files

The READ verb

Once the system has opened a file and made it available to the program
it is the programmers responsibility to process it correctly.

Remember, the file record buffer is our only connection with the file and
it is only able to store a single record at a time.

To process all the records in the file we have to transfer them, one
record at a time, from the file to the buffer.

COBOL provides the READ verb for this purpose.

COBOL Programming Fundamental

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

Introduction to Sequential Files

READ verb syntax
READ InternalFi lename

[INTO

Identifier

[NEXT ] RECORD
]

AT END StatementB
END - READ

The InternalFilename specified must be a file that has been

OPENed for INPUT.

The NEXT RECORD clause is optional and generally not used.

Using INTO Identifier clause causes the data to be read into the
record buffer and then copied from there to the specified
Identifier in one operation.

lock

When this option is used there will be two copies of the data. It is
the equivalent of a READ followed by a MOVE.
COBOL Programming Fundamental

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

Introduction to Sequential Files

How the READ works
StudentRecord
StudentID
9 3 3 4 5 6 7

9
9
9
9

3
3
3
3

3
8
4
7

4
3
7
8

5
7
2
8

Course.

StudentName

6
1
9
1

7
5
2
1

F r a n k

F
T
T
B

r
h
o
i

a
o
n
l

C u r t a i n

n k
C u
m a s
H
y
O B
l y
D o

r
e
r
w

t
a
i
n

a
l
a
e

i n
y
n
s

L M 0 5 1

L
L
L
L

M
M
M
M

0
0
0
0

5
6
5
2

1
8
1
1

EOF
PERFORM UNTIL StudentRecord = HIGH-VALUES
READ StudentRecords
AT END MOVE HIGH-VALUES TO StudentRecord
END-READ
END-PERFORM.
83

COBOL Programming Fundamental

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

Introduction to Sequential Files

How the READ works
StudentRecord
StudentID
9 3 8 3 7 1 5

9
9
9
9

3
3
3
3

3
8
4
7

4
3
7
8

5
7
2
8

Course.

StudentName

6
1
9
1

7
5
2
1

T h o m a s

F
T
T
B

r
h
o
i

a
o
n
l

H e a l y

n k
C u
m a s
H
y
O B
l y
D o

r
e
r
w

t
a
i
n

a
l
a
e

i n
y
n
s

L M 0 6 8

L
L
L
L

M
M
M
M

0
0
0
0

5
6
5
2

1
8
1
1

EOF
PERFORM UNTIL StudentRecord = HIGH-VALUES
READ StudentRecords
AT END MOVE HIGH-VALUES TO StudentRecord
END-READ
END-PERFORM.
84

COBOL Programming Fundamental

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

Introduction to Sequential Files

How the READ works
StudentRecord
StudentID
9 3 4 7 2 9 2

9
9
9
9

3
3
3
3

3
8
4
7

4
3
7
8

5
7
2
8

Course.

StudentName

6
1
9
1

7
5
2
1

T o n y

F
T
T
B

r
h
o
i

a
o
n
l

O B r i a n

n k
C u
m a s
H
y
O B
l y
D o

r
e
r
w

t
a
i
n

a
l
a
e

i n
y
n
s

L M 0 5 1

L
L
L
L

M
M
M
M

0
0
0
0

5
6
5
2

1
8
1
1

EOF
PERFORM UNTIL StudentRecord = HIGH-VALUES
READ StudentRecords
AT END MOVE HIGH-VALUES TO StudentRecord
END-READ
END-PERFORM.
85

COBOL Programming Fundamental

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

Introduction to Sequential Files

How the READ works
StudentRecord
StudentID

9 3 7 8 8 1 1 B i l l y

9
9
9
9

3
3
3
3

3
8
4
7

4
3
7
8

5
7
2
8

Course.

StudentName

6
1
9
1

7
5
2
1

F
T
T
B

r
h
o
i

a
o
n
l

D o w n e s

n k
C u
m a s
H
y
O B
l y
D o

r
e
r
w

t
a
i
n

a
l
a
e

i n
y
n
s

L M 0 2 1

L
L
L
L

M
M
M
M

0
0
0
0

5
6
5
2

1
8
1
1

EOF
PERFORM UNTIL StudentRecord = HIGH-VALUES
READ StudentRecords
AT END MOVE HIGH-VALUES TO StudentRecord
END-READ
END-PERFORM.
86

COBOL Programming Fundamental

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

Introduction to Sequential Files

How the READ works
StudentRecord
StudentID

Course.

StudentName

J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J

HIGH-VALUES
9
9
9
9

3
3
3
3

3
8
4
7

4
3
7
8

5
7
2
8

6
1
9
1

7
5
2
1

F
T
T
B

r
h
o
i

a
o
n
l

n k
C u
m a s
H
y
O B
l y
D o

r
e
r
w

t
a
i
n

a
l
a
e

i n
y
n
s

L
L
L
L

M
M
M
M

0
0
0
0

5
6
5
2

1
8
1
1

EOF
PERFORM UNTIL StudentRecord = HIGH-VALUES
READ StudentRecords
AT END MOVE HIGH-VALUES TO StudentRecord
END-READ
END-PERFORM.
87

COBOL Programming Fundamental

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

Introduction to Sequential Files

WRITE Syntax
WRITE RecordName

[FROM

Identifier

AdvanceNum

BEFORE ADVANCING MnemonicNa

AFTER
PAGE

LINE
LINES

To WRITE data to a file move the data to the record

buffer (declared in the FD entry) and then WRITE
the contents of record buffer to the file.

COBOL Programming Fundamental

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

Introduction to Sequential Files

How the WRITE works
OPEN
OPEN OUTPUT
OUTPUT StudentFile.
StudentFile.
MOVE
"9334567Frank
MOVE "9334567Frank Curtain
Curtain LM051"
LM051" TO
TO StudentDetails.
StudentDetails.
WRITE
WRITE StudentDetails.
StudentDetails.
MOVE
MOVE "9383715Thomas
"9383715Thomas Healy
Healy LM068"
LM068" TO
TO StudentDetails.
StudentDetails.
WRITE
StudentDetails.
WRITE StudentDetails.
CLOSE
CLOSE StudentFile.
StudentFile.
STOP
RUN.
STOP RUN.
StudentRecord
StudentID
9 3 3 4 5 6 7

StudentName
F r a n k

C u r t a i n

Course.
L M 0 5 1

Students.Dat
9 3 3 4 5 6 7 F r a n k

C u r t a i n

L M 0 5 1

EOF
89

COBOL Programming Fundamental

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

Introduction to Sequential Files

How the WRITE works
OPEN
OPEN OUTPUT
OUTPUT StudentFile.
StudentFile.
MOVE
MOVE "9334567Frank
"9334567Frank Curtain
Curtain LM051"
LM051" TO
TO StudentDetails.
StudentDetails.
WRITE
WRITE StudentDetails.
StudentDetails.
MOVE
MOVE "9383715Thomas
"9383715Thomas Healy
Healy LM068"
LM068" TO
TO StudentDetails.
StudentDetails.
WRITE
StudentDetails.
WRITE StudentDetails.
CLOSE
CLOSE StudentFile.
StudentFile.
STOP
RUN.
STOP RUN.
StudentRecord
StudentID
9 3 8 3 7 1 5

StudentName
T h o m a s

H e a l y

Course.
L M 0 6 8

Students.Dat
9 3 3 4 5 6 7 F r a n k
C u r t a i n
9 3 8 3 7 1 5 T h o m a s
H e a l y

L M 0 5 1
L M 0 6 8

EOF
90

COBOL Programming Fundamental

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

IDENTIFICATION DIVISION.
IDENTIFICATION
DIVISION.
PROGRAM-ID.
SeqWrite.
PROGRAM-ID.
SeqWrite.
AUTHOR.
Michael
Coughlan.
AUTHOR. Michael Coughlan.
ENVIRONMENT DIVISION.
ENVIRONMENT SECTION.
DIVISION.
INPUT-OUTPUT
INPUT-OUTPUT
FILE-CONTROL. SECTION.
FILE-CONTROL.
SELECT Student ASSIGN TO STUDENTS
SELECT
Student ASSIGN
TO SEQUENTIAL.
STUDENTS
ORGANIZATION
IS LINE
ORGANIZATION IS LINE SEQUENTIAL.
DATA DIVISION.
DATASECTION.
DIVISION.
FILE
FILE
SECTION.
FD Student.
FD
Student.
01 StudentDetails.
0102
StudentDetails.
StudentId
PIC 9(7).
02 StudentName.
StudentId
PIC 9(7).
02
02 03
StudentName.
Surname
PIC X(8).
03Initials
Surname
PICXX.
X(8).
03
PIC
03
Initials
PIC
XX.
02 DateOfBirth.
02 03
DateOfBirth.
YOBirth
PIC 9(2).
03MOBirth
YOBirth
PIC9(2).
9(2).
03
PIC
03
MOBirth
PIC
9(2).
03 DOBirth
PIC 9(2).
03
DOBirth
PIC
9(2).
02 CourseCode
PIC X(4).
02
CourseCode
PIC
X(4).
02 Grant
PIC 9(4).
02
Grant
PIC
9(4).
02 Gender
PIC X.
02 Gender
PIC X.
PROCEDURE DIVISION.
PROCEDURE DIVISION.
Begin.
Begin.
OPEN OUTPUT Student.
OPEN OUTPUT
Student.
DISPLAY
"Enter
student details using template below. Enter no data to end.".
DISPLAY
"Enter
student details using template below. Enter no data to end.".
PERFORM GetStudentDetails.
PERFORM
GetStudentDetails.
PERFORM UNTIL StudentDetails = SPACES
PERFORM
UNTIL StudentDetails = SPACES
WRITE StudentDetails
WRITE
PERFORM StudentDetails
GetStudentDetails
PERFORM GetStudentDetails
END-PERFORM.
END-PERFORM.
CLOSE
Student.
CLOSE
Student.
STOP
RUN.
STOP RUN.
GetStudentDetails.
GetStudentDetails.
DISPLAY "NNNNNNNSSSSSSSSIIYYMMDDCCCCGGGGS".
DISPLAYStudentDetails.
"NNNNNNNSSSSSSSSIIYYMMDDCCCCGGGGS".
ACCEPT
ACCEPT StudentDetails.

Introduction to Sequential Files

Sample Code

COBOL Programming Fundamental

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

IDENTIFICATION DIVISION.
IDENTIFICATION
DIVISION.
PROGRAM-ID.
SeqRead.
PROGRAM-ID.
SeqRead.
AUTHOR. Michael Coughlan.
AUTHOR. Michael Coughlan.
ENVIRONMENT DIVISION.
ENVIRONMENT SECTION.
DIVISION.
INPUT-OUTPUT
INPUT-OUTPUT
FILE-CONTROL. SECTION.
FILE-CONTROL.
SELECT Student ASSIGN TO STUDENTS
SELECT
Student ASSIGN
TO SEQUENTIAL.
STUDENTS
ORGANIZATION
IS LINE
ORGANIZATION IS LINE SEQUENTIAL.
DATA DIVISION.
DATASECTION.
DIVISION.
FILE
FILE
SECTION.
FD Student.
FDStudentDetails.
Student.
01
0102
StudentDetails.
StudentId
PIC 9(7).
02 StudentName.
StudentId
PIC 9(7).
02
02 03
StudentName.
Surname
PIC X(8).
03Initials
Surname
PICXX.
X(8).
03
PIC
03
Initials
PIC
XX.
02 DateOfBirth.
02 03
DateOfBirth.
YOBirth
PIC 9(2).
03MOBirth
YOBirth
PIC9(2).
9(2).
03
PIC
03
MOBirth
PIC
9(2).
03 DOBirth
PIC 9(2).
03
DOBirth
PIC
9(2).
02 CourseCode
PIC X(4).
02
CourseCode
PIC
X(4).
02 Grant
PIC 9(4).
02
Grant
PIC
9(4).
02 Gender
PIC X.
02 Gender
PIC X.
PROCEDURE DIVISION.
PROCEDURE DIVISION.
Begin.
Begin.
OPEN INPUT Student
OPENStudent
INPUT Student
READ
READ
Student
AT END
MOVE HIGH-VALUES TO StudentDetails
AT
END MOVE HIGH-VALUES TO StudentDetails
END-READ
END-READ
PERFORM
UNTIL StudentDetails = HIGH-VALUES
PERFORMStudentId
UNTIL StudentDetails
= HIGH-VALUES
DISPLAY
SPACE StudentName
SPACE CourseCode
DISPLAY
StudentId
SPACE
StudentName
SPACE CourseCode
READ Student
READ
Student
AT END MOVE HIGH-VALUES TO StudentDetails
AT END MOVE HIGH-VALUES TO StudentDetails
END-READ
END-READ
END-PERFORM
END-PERFORM
CLOSE
Student
CLOSE
Student
STOP
RUN.
STOP RUN.

Introduction to Sequential Files

Sample Code

COBOL Programming Fundamental

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

COBOL Programming Fundamental

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

Processing Sequential Files

Overview

File organization and access methods.

Ordered and unordered Sequential Files.

Processing unordered files.

Processing ordered files.

COBOL Programming Fundamental

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

$ SET SOURCEFORMAT"FREE"
$ SET SOURCEFORMAT"FREE"
IDENTIFICATION
DIVISION.
IDENTIFICATION
DIVISION.
PROGRAM-ID. SeqWrite.
PROGRAM-ID.
SeqWrite.
AUTHOR. Michael Coughlan.
AUTHOR. Michael Coughlan.
ENVIRONMENT DIVISION.
ENVIRONMENT SECTION.
DIVISION.
INPUT-OUTPUT
INPUT-OUTPUT
FILE-CONTROL. SECTION.
FILE-CONTROL.
SELECT StudentFile ASSIGN TO STUDENTS
SELECT
StudentFile
TO STUDENTS
ORGANIZATION
IS ASSIGN
LINE SEQUENTIAL.
Enter student details using template below. Press CR ORGANIZATION
to end.
IS LINE SEQUENTIAL.
Enter student details using template below. DATA
Press
CR to end.
NNNNNNNSSSSSSSSIIYYMMDDCCCCGGGGS
DIVISION.
NNNNNNNSSSSSSSSIIYYMMDDCCCCGGGGS
DATASECTION.
DIVISION.
FILE
9456789COUGHLANMS580812LM510598M
FILE
SECTION.
9456789COUGHLANMS580812LM510598M
FD
StudentFile.
NNNNNNNSSSSSSSSIIYYMMDDCCCCGGGGS
FDStudentDetails.
StudentFile.
01
NNNNNNNSSSSSSSSIIYYMMDDCCCCGGGGS
9367892RYAN
TG521210LM601222F
0102
StudentDetails.
StudentId
PIC 9(7).
9367892RYAN
TG521210LM601222F
NNNNNNNSSSSSSSSIIYYMMDDCCCCGGGGS
02 StudentName.
StudentId
PIC 9(7).
02
NNNNNNNSSSSSSSSIIYYMMDDCCCCGGGGS
02 03
StudentName.
9368934WILSON
HR520323LM610786M
Surname
PIC X(8).
9368934WILSON HR520323LM610786M
03Initials
Surname
PICXX.
X(8).
03
PIC
NNNNNNNSSSSSSSSIIYYMMDDCCCCGGGGS
03 Initials
PIC XX.
NNNNNNNSSSSSSSSIIYYMMDDCCCCGGGGS
02
DateOfBirth.
CarriageReturn
02 03
DateOfBirth.
YOBirth
PIC 9(2).
CarriageReturn
03MOBirth
YOBirth
PIC9(2).
9(2).
03
PIC
03DOBirth
MOBirth
PIC9(2).
9(2).
03
PIC
03 DOBirth
PICX(4).
9(2).
02
CourseCode
PIC
PROCEDURE DIVISION.
02
CourseCode
PIC
X(4).
02
Grant
PIC
9(4).
PROCEDURE DIVISION.
Begin.
02
Grant
PIC
9(4).
02 Gender
PIC X.
Begin.
02 Gender
PIC X.
OPEN OUTPUT StudentFile

Processing Sequential Files

Run of SeqWrite

OPEN OUTPUT
StudentFile
DISPLAY
"Enter
student details using template below. Press CR to end.".
DISPLAY
"Enter
student details using template below. Press CR to end.".
PERFORM GetStudentDetails
PERFORM UNTIL
GetStudentDetails
PERFORM
StudentDetails = SPACES
PERFORM
StudentDetails = SPACES
WRITE UNTIL
StudentDetails
WRITE
StudentDetails
PERFORM GetStudentDetails
PERFORM GetStudentDetails
END-PERFORM
END-PERFORM
CLOSE StudentFile
CLOSE
StudentFile
STOP
RUN.
STOP RUN.
GetStudentDetails.
GetStudentDetails.
DISPLAY "NNNNNNNSSSSSSSSIIYYMMDDCCCCGGGGS".
DISPLAY StudentDetails.
"NNNNNNNSSSSSSSSIIYYMMDDCCCCGGGGS".
ACCEPT
ACCEPT StudentDetails.

COBOL Programming Fundamental

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

$ SET SOURCEFORMAT"FREE"
$ SET SOURCEFORMAT"FREE"
IDENTIFICATION
DIVISION.
IDENTIFICATION
DIVISION.
PROGRAM-ID.
SeqRead.
PROGRAM-ID.
SeqRead.
AUTHOR. Michael Coughlan.
AUTHOR. Michael Coughlan.
ENVIRONMENT DIVISION.
ENVIRONMENT SECTION.
DIVISION.
INPUT-OUTPUT
INPUT-OUTPUT SECTION.
FILE-CONTROL.
FILE-CONTROL.
SELECT StudentFile ASSIGN TO STUDENTS
SELECT
StudentFile
TO STUDENTS
ORGANIZATION
IS ASSIGN
LINE SEQUENTIAL.
ORGANIZATION IS LINE SEQUENTIAL.
DATA DIVISION.
DATASECTION.
DIVISION.
FILE
FILE
SECTION.
FD StudentFile.
FDStudentDetails.
StudentFile.
01
0102
StudentDetails.
StudentId
PIC 9(7).
02 StudentName.
StudentId
PIC 9(7).
02
02 03
StudentName.
Surname
PIC X(8).
03Initials
Surname
PICXX.
X(8).
03
PIC
03 Initials
PIC XX.
02 DateOfBirth.
02 03
DateOfBirth.
YOBirth
PIC 9(2).
03MOBirth
YOBirth
PIC9(2).
9(2).
03
PIC
03
MOBirth
PIC
9(2).
03 DOBirth
PIC 9(2).
03
DOBirth
PIC
9(2).
02 CourseCode
PIC X(4).
02 Grant
CourseCode
PIC9(4).
X(4).
02
PIC
02 Gender
Grant
PICX.
9(4).
02
PIC
02 Gender
PIC X.

Processing Sequential Files

RUN OF SeqRead

9456789 COUGHLANMS LM51

9456789 COUGHLANMS LM51
9367892 RYAN
TG LM60
9367892 RYAN
TG LM60
9368934 WILSON HR LM61
9368934 WILSON HR LM61

PROCEDURE DIVISION.
PROCEDURE DIVISION.
Begin.
Begin.
OPEN INPUT StudentFile
OPEN StudentFile
INPUT StudentFile
READ
READ
AT StudentFile
END MOVE HIGH-VALUES TO StudentDetails
AT
END MOVE HIGH-VALUES TO StudentDetails
END-READ
END-READ
PERFORM
UNTIL StudentDetails = HIGH-VALUES
PERFORM
UNTIL
StudentDetails
= HIGH-VALUES
DISPLAY
StudentId
SPACE StudentName
SPACE CourseCode
DISPLAY
StudentId SPACE StudentName SPACE CourseCode
READ
StudentFile
READ
AT StudentFile
END MOVE HIGH-VALUES TO StudentDetails
AT END MOVE HIGH-VALUES TO StudentDetails
END-READ
END-READ
END-PERFORM
END-PERFORM
CLOSE
StudentFile
CLOSE
StudentFile
STOP
RUN.
STOP RUN.
96

COBOL Programming Fundamental

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

Processing Sequential Files

Organization and Access
Two important characteristics of files are

DATA ORGANIZATION

METHOD OF ACCESS

Data organization refers to the way the records of the file are organized on
the backing storage device.
COBOL recognizes three main file organizations;
Sequential

- Records organized serially.

Relative

- Relative record number based organization.

Indexed

- Index based organization.

The method of access refers to the way in which records are accessed.

A file with an organization of Indexed or Relative may

still have its records accessed sequentially.

But records in a file with an organization of Sequential can not be accessed

directly.

COBOL Programming Fundamental

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

Processing Sequential Files

Sequential Organization
The simplest COBOL file organization is Sequential.
In a Sequential file the records are arranged serially, one after
another, like cards in a dealing shoe.
In a Sequential file the only way to access any particular record is
to;
Start at the first record and read all the succeeding records until you
find the one you want or reach the end of the file.

Sequential files may be

Ordered
or
Unordered (these should be called Serial files)
The ordering of the records in a file has a significant impact on the
way in which it is processed and the processing that can be done
on it.
98

COBOL Programming Fundamental

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

Processing Sequential Files

Ordered and Unordered Files
Ordered File

Unordered File

RecordA
RecordA

RecordM
RecordM

RecordB
RecordB

RecordH
RecordH

RecordG
RecordG

RecordB
RecordB

RecordH
RecordH

RecordN
RecordN

RecordK
RecordK

RecordA
RecordA

RecordM
RecordM

RecordK
RecordK

RecordN
RecordN

RecordG
RecordG

In an ordered file the records are sequenced on some field in the record.
99

COBOL Programming Fundamental

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

Processing Sequential Files

Adding records to unordered files
Transaction
File

PROGRAM

Unordered
File

RecordF
RecordF

FILE
FILE SECTION.
SECTION.
PROGRAM

RecordM
RecordM

TFRec

RecordP
RecordP

UFRec

RecordW
RecordW

100

RecordH
RecordH
RecordB
RecordB

PROCEDURE
PROCEDURE DIVISION.
DIVISION.
OPEN
OPEN EXTEND
EXTEND UF.
UF.
OPEN
OPEN INPUT
INPUT TF.
TF.

RecordN
RecordN

READ
READ TF.
TF.
MOVE
MOVE TFRec
TFRec TO
TO UFRec.
UFRec.

RecordK
RecordK

WRITE
WRITE UFRec.
UFRec.

RecordG
RecordG

COBOL Programming Fundamental

RecordA
RecordA

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

Processing Sequential Files

Adding records to unordered files
Transaction
File
RecordF
RecordF

PROGRAM
FILE
FILE SECTION.
SECTION.
PROGRAM

RecordF

RecordP
RecordP

RecordF

RecordW
RecordW

PROCEDURE
PROCEDURE DIVISION.
DIVISION.
OPEN
OPEN EXTEND
EXTEND UF.
UF.
OPEN
OPEN INPUT
INPUT TF.
TF.
READ
READ TF.
TF.
MOVE
MOVE TFRec
TFRec TO
TO UFRec.
UFRec.
WRITE
WRITE UFRec.
UFRec.

Unordered
File
RecordM
RecordM
RecordH
RecordH
RecordB
RecordB
RecordN
RecordN
RecordA
RecordA
RecordK
RecordK
RecordG
RecordG
RecordF
RecordF

101

COBOL Programming Fundamental

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

Processing Sequential Files

Adding records to unordered files
Transaction
File

Unordered
File

RecordF
RecordF

RecordM
RecordM

RecordP
RecordP

RecordH
RecordH

RecordW
RecordW

RecordB
RecordB
RecordN
RecordN

RESULT

RecordA
RecordA
RecordK
RecordK
RecordG
RecordG
RecordF
RecordF
RecordP
RecordP
RecordW
RecordW

102

COBOL Programming Fundamental

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

Processing Sequential Files

Problems with Unordered Sequential Files

103

It is easy to add records to an unordered Sequential file.

But it is not really possible to delete records from an unordered

Sequential file.

And it is not feasible to update records in an unordered Sequential file

COBOL Programming Fundamental

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

Processing Sequential Files

Problems with Unordered Sequential Files

104

Records in a Sequential file can not be deleted or updated in situ.

The only way to delete Sequential file records is to create a new file
which does not contain them.

The only way to update records in a Sequential File is to create a new

file which contains the updated records.

Because both these operations rely on record matching they do not

work for unordered Sequential files.

Why?

COBOL Programming Fundamental

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

Processing Sequential Files

Deleting records from unordered files?
Transaction File
RecordB
RecordB

New File

RecordM
RecordM
RecordK
RecordK

RecordM
RecordM
Delete UF
Record?

Unordered File
RecordM
RecordM
RecordH
RecordH
RecordB
RecordB
RecordN
RecordN
RecordA
RecordA
RecordK
RecordK
105

COBOL Programming Fundamental

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

Processing Sequential Files

Deleting records from unordered files?
Transaction File
RecordB
RecordB
RecordM
RecordM

New File

RecordK
RecordK

RecordM
RecordM

Unordered File

Delete UF
Record?

RecordH
RecordH

RecordM
RecordM
RecordH
RecordH
RecordB
RecordB
RecordN
RecordN
RecordA
RecordA
RecordK
RecordK
106

COBOL Programming Fundamental

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

Processing Sequential Files

Deleting records from unordered files?
Transaction File
New File

RecordB
RecordB
RecordM
RecordM
RecordK
RecordK
Unordered File

RecordM
RecordM
Delete UF
Record?

YES

RecordH
RecordH

RecordM
RecordM
RecordH
RecordH
RecordB
RecordB
RecordN
RecordN
RecordA
RecordA
RecordK
RecordK
107

COBOL Programming Fundamental

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

Processing Sequential Files

Deleting records from unordered files?
Transaction File
RecordB
RecordB
RecordM
RecordM
New File

RecordK
RecordK

RecordM
RecordM
Unordered File
RecordM
RecordM

Delete UF
Record?

RecordH
RecordH
RecordN
RecordN

RecordH
RecordH
RecordB
RecordB
RecordN
RecordN
RecordA
RecordA

But wait...
We should have deleted RecordM.
Too late. Its already been written to
the new file.

RecordK
RecordK
108

COBOL Programming Fundamental

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

Processing Sequential Files

Deleting records from an ordered file
PROGRAM

Transaction File
RecordB
RecordB

FILE
FILE SECTION.
SECTION.

TFRec

RecordK
RecordK

OFRec

RecordM
RecordM
Ordered File
RecordA
RecordA
RecordB
RecordB
RecordG
RecordG
RecordH
RecordH
RecordK
RecordK
RecordM
RecordM
RecordN
RecordN
109

New File

NFRec

PROCEDURE
PROCEDURE DIVISION.
DIVISION.
OPEN
INPUT
OPEN INPUT TF.
TF.
OPEN
INPUT
OF
OPEN INPUT OF
OPEN
OPEN OUTPUT
OUTPUT NF.
NF.
READ
TF.
READ TF.
READ
READ OF.
OF.
IF
TFKey
IF TFKey NOT
NOT == OFKey
OFKey
MOVE
OFRec
TO
MOVE OFRec TO NFRec
NFRec
WRITE
NFRec
WRITE NFRec
READ
READ OF
OF
ELSE
ELSE
READ
READ TF
TF
READ
OF
READ OF
END-IF.
END-IF.

COBOL Programming Fundamental

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

Processing Sequential Files

Deleting records from an ordered file
PROGRAM

Transaction File
RecordB
RecordB
RecordK
RecordK
RecordM
RecordM
Ordered File
RecordA
RecordA
RecordB
RecordB
RecordG
RecordG
RecordH
RecordH
RecordK
RecordK
RecordM
RecordM
RecordN
RecordN
110

FILE
FILE SECTION.
SECTION.

RecordB

New File

RecordA
RecordA

RecordA
RecordA
PROCEDURE
PROCEDURE DIVISION.
DIVISION.
OPEN
INPUT
OPEN INPUT TF.
TF.
OPEN
INPUT
OF
OPEN INPUT OF
OPEN
OPEN OUTPUT
OUTPUT NF.
NF.
READ
TF.
READ TF.
READ
READ OF.
OF.
IF
TFRec
IF TFRec NOT
NOT == OFRec
OFRec
MOVE
OFRec
TO
MOVE OFRec TO NFRec
NFRec
WRITE
NFRec
WRITE NFRec
READ
READ OF
OF
ELSE
ELSE
READ
READ TF
TF
READ
OF
READ OF
END-IF.
END-IF.

COBOL Programming Fundamental

Problem !!
How can we recognize
which record we want
to delete?
By its Key Field
2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

Processing Sequential Files

Deleting records from an ordered file
PROGRAM

Transaction File
RecordB
RecordB
RecordK
RecordK
RecordM
RecordM
Ordered File
RecordA
RecordA
RecordB
RecordB
RecordG
RecordG
RecordH
RecordH
RecordK
RecordK
RecordM
RecordM
RecordN
RecordN
111

FILE
FILE SECTION.
SECTION.

RecordB

New File

RecordA
RecordA

RecordB
RecordA
PROCEDURE
PROCEDURE DIVISION.
DIVISION.
OPEN
INPUT
OPEN INPUT TF.
TF.
OPEN
INPUT
OF
OPEN INPUT OF
OPEN
OPEN OUTPUT
OUTPUT NF.
NF.
READ
TF.
READ TF.
READ
READ OF.
OF.
IF
TFKey
IF TFKey NOT
NOT == OFKey
OFKey
MOVE
OFRec
TO
MOVE OFRec TO NFRec
NFRec
WRITE
NFRec
WRITE NFRec
READ
READ OF
OF
ELSE
ELSE
READ
READ TF
TF
READ
OF
READ OF
END-IF.
END-IF.

COBOL Programming Fundamental

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

Processing Sequential Files

Deleting records from an ordered file
PROGRAM

Transaction File
RecordB
RecordB
RecordK
RecordK
RecordM
RecordM
Ordered File
RecordA
RecordA
RecordB
RecordB
RecordG
RecordG
RecordH
RecordH
RecordK
RecordK
RecordM
RecordM
RecordN
RecordN
112

FILE
FILE SECTION.
SECTION.

RecordK
RecordG

New File

RecordA
RecordA
RecordG
RecordG

RecordG
PROCEDURE
PROCEDURE DIVISION.
DIVISION.
OPEN
INPUT
OPEN INPUT TF.
TF.
OPEN
INPUT
OF
OPEN INPUT OF
OPEN
OPEN OUTPUT
OUTPUT NF.
NF.
READ
TF.
READ TF.
READ
READ OF.
OF.
IF
TFKey
IF TFKey NOT
NOT == OFKey
OFKey
MOVE
OFRec
TO
MOVE OFRec TO NFRec
NFRec
WRITE
NFRec
WRITE NFRec
READ
READ OF
OF
ELSE
ELSE
READ
READ TF
TF
READ
OF
READ OF
END-IF.
END-IF.

COBOL Programming Fundamental

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

Processing Sequential Files

Deleting records from an ordered file
Transaction File
RecordB
RecordB
RecordK
RecordK

New File

RecordM
RecordM

RecordA
RecordA
RecordG
RecordG

Ordered File
RecordA
RecordA
RecordB
RecordB
RecordG
RecordG
RecordH
RecordH
RecordK
RecordK
RecordM
RecordM
RecordN
RecordN
113

RecordH
RecordH

RESULT

COBOL Programming Fundamental

RecordN
RecordN

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

Processing Sequential Files

Updating records in an ordered file
Transaction File
RecordB
RecordB

114

PROGRAM

New File

FILE
FILE SECTION.
SECTION.

RecordH
RecordH

TFRec
OFRec

RecordK
RecordK

NFRec

PROCEDURE
PROCEDURE DIVISION.
DIVISION.
Ordered File
OPEN
INPUT
OPEN INPUT TF.
TF.
OPEN
INPUT
OF
OPEN INPUT OF
RecordA
OPEN
RecordA
OPEN OUTPUT
OUTPUT NF.
NF.
READ
TF.
READ TF.
RecordB
RecordB
READ
READ OF.
OF.
RecordG
IF
TFKey
RecordG
IF TFKey == OFKey
OFKey
Update
OFRec
Update OFRec with
with TFRec
TFRec
RecordH
RecordH
MOVE
OFRec+
TO
NFRec
MOVE OFRec+ TO NFRec
WRITE
RecordK
WRITE NFRec
NFRec
RecordK
READ
TF
READ TF
RecordM
RecordM
READ
READ OF
OF
ELSE
RecordN
ELSE
RecordN
MOVE
MOVE OFRec
OFRec TO
TO NFRec
NFRec
WRITE
NFRec
WRITE NFRec
READ
READ OF
OF
COBOL Programming Fundamental
END-IF.
END-IF.

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

Processing Sequential Files

Updating records in an ordered file
Transaction File
RecordB
RecordB

115

PROGRAM

FILE
FILE SECTION.
SECTION.

RecordB

RecordH
RecordH

RecordA

RecordK
RecordK

RecordA

PROCEDURE
PROCEDURE DIVISION.
DIVISION.
OPEN
INPUT
Ordered File
OPEN INPUT TF.
TF.
OPEN
INPUT
OF
OPEN INPUT OF
OPEN
RecordA
OPEN OUTPUT
OUTPUT NF.
NF.
RecordA
READ
TF.
READ TF.
RecordB
READ
RecordB
READ OF.
OF.
IF
TFKey
RecordG
IF TFKey == OFKey
OFKey
RecordG
Update
OFRec
Update OFRec with
with TFRec
TFRec
RecordH
MOVE
OFRec+
TO
NFRec
RecordH
MOVE OFRec+ TO NFRec
WRITE
NFRec
WRITE
NFRec
RecordK
RecordK
READ
TF
READ TF
RecordM
READ
RecordM
READ OF
OF
ELSE
ELSE
RecordN
RecordN
MOVE
MOVE OFRec
OFRec TO
TO NFRec
NFRec
WRITE
NFRec
WRITE NFRec
READ
READ OF
OF
END-IF.
COBOL Programming Fundamental
END-IF.

New File
RecordA
RecordA

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

Processing Sequential Files

Updating records in an ordered file

PROGRAM

Transaction File
RecordB
RecordB
RecordH
RecordH
RecordK
RecordK

116

FILE
FILE SECTION.
SECTION.

RecordB
RecordB

New File
RecordA
RecordA
RecordB
+
RecordB+

RecordB+

PROCEDURE
PROCEDURE DIVISION.
DIVISION.
OPEN
INPUT
OPEN INPUT TF.
TF.
OPEN
INPUT
OF
Ordered File
OPEN INPUT OF
OPEN
OPEN OUTPUT
OUTPUT NF.
NF.
READ
TF.
RecordA
READ TF.
RecordA
READ
READ OF.
OF.
RecordB
IF
TFKey
RecordB
IF TFKey == OFKey
OFKey
Update
OFRec
with
TFRec
Update
OFRec
with
TFRec
RecordG
RecordG
MOVE
OFRec+
TO
NFRec
MOVE OFRec+ TO NFRec
RecordH
WRITE
RecordH
WRITE NFRec
NFRec
READ
TF
READ TF
RecordK
RecordK
READ
READ OF
OF
RecordM
ELSE
RecordM
ELSE
MOVE
MOVE OFRec
OFRec TO
TO NFRec
NFRec
RecordN
RecordN
WRITE
NFRec
WRITE NFRec
READ
COBOL Programming Fundamental
READ OF
OF
END-IF.
END-IF.

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

Processing Sequential Files

Updating records in an ordered file

PROGRAM

FILE
FILE SECTION.
SECTION.

Transaction File

RecordH

RecordB
RecordB

RecordG

RecordH
RecordH

RecordG

117

PROCEDURE
PROCEDURE DIVISION.
DIVISION.
OPEN
INPUT
RecordK
OPEN INPUT TF.
TF.
RecordK
OPEN
INPUT
OF
OPEN INPUT OF
OPEN
OPEN OUTPUT
OUTPUT NF.
NF.
Ordered File
READ
TF.
READ TF.
READ
READ OF.
OF.
RecordA
IF
TFKey
RecordA
IF TFKey == OFKey
OFKey
Update
OFRec
RecordB
Update OFRec with
with TFRec
TFRec
RecordB
MOVE
OFRec+
TO
NFRec
MOVE OFRec+ TO NFRec
RecordG
WRITE
RecordG
WRITE NFRec
NFRec
READ
TF
RecordH
READ TF
RecordH
READ
READ OF
OF
RecordK
ELSE
RecordK
ELSE
MOVE
MOVE OFRec
OFRec TO
TO NFRec
NFRec
RecordM
RecordM
WRITE
NFRec
WRITE NFRec
RecordN
READ
RecordN
READ OF
OF
COBOL Programming Fundamental
END-IF.
END-IF.

New File
RecordA
RecordA
RecordB+
RecordB+
RecordG
RecordG

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

Processing Sequential Files

Inserting records into an ordered file

PROGRAM

Transaction File
RecordC
RecordC

New File

FILE
FILE SECTION.
SECTION.

TFRec

RecordF
RecordF

OFRec

RecordP
RecordP

NFRec
Ordered File
RecordA
RecordA
RecordB
RecordB
RecordG
RecordG
RecordH
RecordH
RecordK
RecordK
RecordM
RecordM
RecordN
RecordN
118

PROCEDURE
PROCEDURE DIVISION.
DIVISION.
OPEN
INPUT
OPEN INPUT TF.
TF.
OPEN
INPUT
OF
OPEN INPUT OF
OPEN
OPEN OUTPUT
OUTPUT NF.
NF.
READ
TF.
READ TF.
READ
READ OF.
OF.
IF
TFKey
IF TFKey << OFKey
OFKey
MOVE
TFRec
MOVE TFRec TO
TO NFRec
NFRec
WRITE
NFRec
WRITE NFRec
READ
READ TF
TF
ELSE
ELSE
MOVE
MOVE OFRec
OFRec TO
TO NFRec
NFRec
WRITE
NFRec
WRITE NFRec
READ
READ OF
OF
END-IF.
END-IF.

COBOL Programming Fundamental

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

Processing Sequential Files

Inserting records into an ordered file
PROGRAM

Transaction File
RecordC
RecordC
RecordF
RecordF
RecordP
RecordP
Ordered File
RecordA
RecordA
RecordB
RecordB
RecordG
RecordG
RecordH
RecordH
RecordK
RecordK
RecordM
RecordM
RecordN
RecordN
119

FILE
FILE SECTION.
SECTION.

RecordC

New File
RecordA
RecordA

RecordA
RecordA
PROCEDURE
PROCEDURE DIVISION.
DIVISION.
OPEN
INPUT
OPEN INPUT TF.
TF.
OPEN
INPUT
OF
OPEN INPUT OF
OPEN
OPEN OUTPUT
OUTPUT NF.
NF.
READ
TF.
READ TF.
READ
READ OF.
OF.
IF
TFKey
IF TFKey << OFKey
OFKey
MOVE
TFRec
MOVE TFRec TO
TO NFRec
NFRec
WRITE
NFRec
WRITE NFRec
READ
READ TF
TF
ELSE
ELSE
MOVE
MOVE OFRec
OFRec TO
TO NFRec
NFRec
WRITE
NFRec
WRITE NFRec
READ
READ OF
OF
END-IF.
END-IF.

COBOL Programming Fundamental

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

Processing Sequential Files

Inserting records into an ordered file
PROGRAM

Transaction File
RecordC
RecordC
RecordF
RecordF
RecordP
RecordP
Ordered File
RecordA
RecordA
RecordB
RecordB
RecordG
RecordG
RecordH
RecordH
RecordK
RecordK
RecordM
RecordM
RecordN
RecordN
120

FILE
FILE SECTION.
SECTION.

RecordC
RecordB

New File
RecordA
RecordA
RecordB
RecordB

RecordB
PROCEDURE
PROCEDURE DIVISION.
DIVISION.
OPEN
INPUT
OPEN INPUT TF.
TF.
OPEN
INPUT
OF
OPEN INPUT OF
OPEN
OPEN OUTPUT
OUTPUT NF.
NF.
READ
TF.
READ TF.
READ
READ OF.
OF.
IF
TFKey
IF TFKey << OFKey
OFKey
MOVE
TFRec
MOVE TFRec TO
TO NFRec
NFRec
WRITE
NFRec
WRITE NFRec
READ
READ TF
TF
ELSE
ELSE
MOVE
MOVE OFRec
OFRec TO
TO NFRec
NFRec
WRITE
NFRec
WRITE NFRec
READ
READ OF
OF
END-IF.
END-IF.

COBOL Programming Fundamental

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

Processing Sequential Files

Inserting records into an ordered file
PROGRAM

Transaction File
RecordC
RecordC
RecordF
RecordF
RecordP
RecordP
Ordered File
RecordA
RecordA
RecordB
RecordB
RecordG
RecordG
RecordH
RecordH
RecordK
RecordK
RecordM
RecordM
RecordN
RecordN
121

FILE
FILE SECTION.
SECTION.

RecordC
RecordG
RecordC
PROCEDURE
PROCEDURE DIVISION.
DIVISION.
OPEN
INPUT
OPEN INPUT TF.
TF.
OPEN
INPUT
OF
OPEN INPUT OF
OPEN
OPEN OUTPUT
OUTPUT NF.
NF.
READ
TF.
READ TF.
READ
READ OF.
OF.
IF
TFKey
IF TFKey << OFKey
OFKey
MOVE
TFRec
MOVE TFRec TO
TO NFRec
NFRec
WRITE
NFRec
WRITE NFRec
READ
READ TF
TF
ELSE
ELSE
MOVE
MOVE OFRec
OFRec TO
TO NFRec
NFRec
WRITE
NFRec
WRITE NFRec
READ
READ OF
OF
END-IF.
END-IF.

COBOL Programming Fundamental

New File
RecordA
RecordA
RecordB
RecordB
RecordC
RecordC

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

Processing Sequential Files

Inserting records into an ordered file
PROGRAM

Transaction File
RecordC
RecordC
RecordF
RecordF
RecordP
RecordP
Ordered File
RecordA
RecordA
RecordB
RecordB
RecordG
RecordG
RecordH
RecordH
RecordK
RecordK
RecordM
RecordM
RecordN
RecordN
122

FILE
FILE SECTION.
SECTION.

RecordF
RecordG
RecordF
PROCEDURE
PROCEDURE DIVISION.
DIVISION.
OPEN
INPUT
OPEN INPUT TF.
TF.
OPEN
INPUT
OF
OPEN INPUT OF
OPEN
OPEN OUTPUT
OUTPUT NF.
NF.
READ
TF.
READ TF.
READ
READ OF.
OF.
IF
TFKey
IF TFKey << OFKey
OFKey
MOVE
TFRec
MOVE TFRec TO
TO NFRec
NFRec
WRITE
NFRec
WRITE NFRec
READ
READ TF
TF
ELSE
ELSE
MOVE
MOVE OFRec
OFRec TO
TO NFRec
NFRec
WRITE
NFRec
WRITE NFRec
READ
READ OF
OF
END-IF.
END-IF.

COBOL Programming Fundamental

New File
RecordA
RecordA
RecordB
RecordB
RecordC
RecordC
RecordF
RecordF

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

Processing Sequential Files

Inserting records into an ordered file

PROGRAM

Transaction File
RecordC
RecordC
RecordF
RecordF
RecordP
RecordP

FILE
FILE SECTION.
SECTION.

RecordP
RecordG
RecordG

Ordered File
RecordA
RecordA
RecordB
RecordB
RecordG
RecordG
RecordH
RecordH
RecordK
RecordK
RecordM
RecordM
RecordN
RecordN
123

PROCEDURE
PROCEDURE DIVISION.
DIVISION.
OPEN
INPUT
OPEN INPUT TF.
TF.
OPEN
INPUT
OF
OPEN INPUT OF
OPEN
OPEN OUTPUT
OUTPUT NF.
NF.
READ
TF.
READ TF.
READ
READ OF.
OF.
IF
TFKey
IF TFKey << OFKey
OFKey
MOVE
TFRec
MOVE TFRec TO
TO NFRec
NFRec
WRITE
NFRec
WRITE NFRec
READ
READ TF
TF
ELSE
ELSE
MOVE
MOVE OFRec
OFRec TO
TO NFRec
NFRec
WRITE
NFRec
WRITE NFRec
READ
READ OF
OF
END-IF.
END-IF.

COBOL Programming Fundamental

New File
RecordA
RecordA
RecordB
RecordB
RecordC
RecordC
RecordF
RecordF
RecordG
RecordG

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

EXERCISE 2

124

COBOL Programming Fundamental

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

125

COBOL Programming Fundamental

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

Simple iteration with the PERFORM verb

Overview

126

Non-Iteration PERFORM.

GO TO and PERFORM....THRU.

In line and out of line PERFORM.

PERFORM n TIMES.

PERFORM .... UNTIL.

Using the PERFORM...UNTIL in processing files.

COBOL Programming Fundamental

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

Simple iteration with the PERFORM verb

The PERFORM Verb

127

Iteration is an important programming construct. We use iteration when

we need to repeat the same instructions over and over again.

Most programming languages have several iteration keywords (e.g.

WHILE, FOR, REPEAT) which facilitate the creation different types of
iteration structure.

COBOL only has one iteration construct; PERFORM.

But the PERFORM has several variations.

Each variation is equivalent to one of the iteration types available in

other languages.

This lecture concentrates on three of the PERFORM formats. The

PERFORM..VARYING, the COBOL equivalent of the FOR , will be
introduced later.

COBOL Programming Fundamental

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

Simple iteration with the PERFORM verb

Paragraphs :- Revisited

128

A Paragraph is a block of code to which we have given a name.

A Paragraph Name is a programmer defined name formed using the

standard rules for programmer defined names (A-Z, 0-9, -).

A Paragraph Name is ALWAYS terminated with a full-stop.

Any number of statements and sentences may be included in a

paragraph, and the last one (at least) must be terminated with a fullstop.

The scope of a paragraph is delimited by the occurrence of another

paragraph name or the end of the program text.

COBOL Programming Fundamental

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

Simple iteration with the PERFORM verb

Paragraph Example
ProcessRecord.
DISPLAY StudentRecord
READ StudentFile
AT END MOVE HIGH-VALUES TO StudentRecord
END-READ.
ProduceOutput.
DISPLAY Here is a message.

NOTE
NOTE
The
Thescope
scopeof
ofProcessRecord
ProcessRecordis
isdelimited
delimited
by
bythe
theoccurrence
occurrencethe
theparagraph
paragraphname
name
ProduceOutput.
ProduceOutput.
129

COBOL Programming Fundamental

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

Simple iteration with the PERFORM verb

Format 1 Syntax

THRU

PERFORM 1stProc
EndProc

THROUGH

130

This is the only type of PERFORM that is not an iteration construct.

It instructs the computer to transfer control to an out-of-line block of
code.
When the end of the block is reached, control reverts to the
statement (not the sentence) immediately following the
PERFORM.
1stProc and EndProc are the names of Paragraphs or Sections.
The PERFORM..THRU instructs the computer to treat the
Paragraphs or Sections from 1stProc TO EndProc as a single
block of code.
COBOL Programming Fundamental

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

Simple iteration with the PERFORM verb

Format 1 Example
Run of PerformFormat1

In
In TopLevel.
TopLevel. Starting
Starting to
to run
run program
program
>>>>
>>>> Now
Now in
in OneLevelDown
OneLevelDown
>>>>>>>>
Now
>>>>>>>> Now in
in TwoLevelsDown.
TwoLevelsDown.
>>>>
Back
in
OneLevelDown
>>>> Back in OneLevelDown
Back
Back in
in TopLevel.
TopLevel.
PROCEDURE
PROCEDURE DIVISION.
DIVISION.

TopLevel
.
TopLevel.
DISPLAY
. Starting
DISPLAY"In
"InTopLevel
TopLevel.
Startingto
torun
runprogram"
program"
PERFORM
PERFORM OneLevelDown
OneLevelDown
DISPLAY
"Back
DISPLAY "Back in
in TopLevel.".
TopLevel.".
STOP
RUN.
STOP RUN.

TwoLevelsDown.
TwoLevelsDown.
DISPLAY
DISPLAY ">>>>>>>>
">>>>>>>> Now
Now in
in TwoLevelsDown."
TwoLevelsDown."
OneLevelDown.
OneLevelDown.
DISPLAY
DISPLAY ">>>>
">>>> Now
Now in
in OneLevelDown"
OneLevelDown"
PERFORM
TwoLevelsDown
PERFORM TwoLevelsDown
DISPLAY
DISPLAY ">>>>
">>>> Back
Back in
in OneLevelDown".
OneLevelDown".
131

COBOL Programming Fundamental

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

Simple iteration with the PERFORM verb

Format 1 Example
Run of PerformFormat1

TopLevel
.
TopLevel.

DISPLAY
DISPLAY "In
"In TopLevel.
TopLevel. Starting
Starting to
to run
run program"
program"

PERFORM
PERFORMOneLevelDown
OneLevelDown

DISPLAY
DISPLAY "Back
"Back in
in TopLevel.".
TopLevel.".
STOP
RUN.
STOP RUN.
TwoLevelsDown.
TwoLevelsDown.
DISPLAY
DISPLAY ">>>>>>>>
">>>>>>>> Now
Now in
in TwoLevelsDown."
TwoLevelsDown."
OneLevelDown.
OneLevelDown.
DISPLAY
DISPLAY ">>>>
">>>> Now
Now in
in OneLevelDown"
OneLevelDown"
PERFORM
TwoLevelsDown
PERFORM TwoLevelsDown
DISPLAY
DISPLAY ">>>>
">>>> Back
Back in
in OneLevelDown".
OneLevelDown".
132

COBOL Programming Fundamental

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

Simple iteration with the PERFORM verb

Format 1 Example

Run of PerformFormat1

In
In TopLevel.
TopLevel. Starting
Starting to
to run
run program
program

>>>>
>>>> Now
Now in
in OneLevelDown
OneLevelDown

>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>> Now
Now in
in TwoLevelsDown.
TwoLevelsDown.
>>>>
Back
in
OneLevelDown
>>>> Back in OneLevelDown
Back
Back in
in TopLevel.
TopLevel.

PROCEDURE
PROCEDURE DIVISION.
DIVISION.
TopLevel.
TopLevel.
DISPLAY
DISPLAY "In
"In TopLevel.
TopLevel. Starting
Starting to
to run
run program"
program"
PERFORM
OneLevelDown
PERFORM OneLevelDown
DISPLAY
DISPLAY "Back
"Back in
in TopLevel.".
TopLevel.".
STOP
RUN.
STOP RUN.
TwoLevelsDown.
TwoLevelsDown.
DISPLAY
DISPLAY ">>>>>>>>
">>>>>>>> Now
Now in
in TwoLevelsDown."
TwoLevelsDown."

OneLevelDown
.
OneLevelDown.
DISPLAY
"
DISPLAY">>>>
">>>>Now
NowininOneLevelDown
OneLevelDown"

PERFORM
PERFORM TwoLevelsDown
TwoLevelsDown
DISPLAY
">>>>
DISPLAY ">>>> Back
Back in
in OneLevelDown".
OneLevelDown".

133

COBOL Programming Fundamental

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

Simple iteration with the PERFORM verb

Format 1 Example

Run of PerformFormat1

In
In TopLevel.
TopLevel. Starting
Starting to
to run
run program
program
>>>>
Now
in
OneLevelDown
>>>> Now in OneLevelDown
>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>> Now
Now in
in TwoLevelsDown.
TwoLevelsDown.
>>>>
Back
in
OneLevelDown
>>>> Back in OneLevelDown
Back
Back in
in TopLevel.
TopLevel.
PROCEDURE
PROCEDURE DIVISION.
DIVISION.
TopLevel.
TopLevel.
DISPLAY
DISPLAY "In
"In TopLevel.
TopLevel. Starting
Starting to
to run
run program"
program"
PERFORM
OneLevelDown
PERFORM OneLevelDown
DISPLAY
DISPLAY "Back
"Back in
in TopLevel.".
TopLevel.".
STOP
RUN.
STOP RUN.
TwoLevelsDown.
TwoLevelsDown.
DISPLAY
DISPLAY ">>>>>>>>
">>>>>>>> Now
Now in
in TwoLevelsDown."
TwoLevelsDown."

OneLevelDown
.
OneLevelDown.

DISPLAY
DISPLAY ">>>>
">>>> Now
Now in
in OneLevelDown"
OneLevelDown"

PERFORM
PERFORMTwoLevelsDown
TwoLevelsDown

DISPLAY
DISPLAY ">>>>
">>>> Back
Back in
in OneLevelDown".
OneLevelDown".
134

COBOL Programming Fundamental

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

Simple iteration with the PERFORM verb

Format 1 Example

Run of PerformFormat1

In
In TopLevel.
TopLevel. Starting
Starting to
to run
run program
program
>>>>
Now
in
OneLevelDown
>>>> Now in OneLevelDown

>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>> Now
Now in
in TwoLevelsDown.
TwoLevelsDown.

>>>>
>>>> Back
Back in
in OneLevelDown
OneLevelDown
Back
in
TopLevel.
Back in TopLevel.
PROCEDURE
PROCEDURE DIVISION.
DIVISION.
TopLevel.
TopLevel.
DISPLAY
DISPLAY "In
"In TopLevel.
TopLevel. Starting
Starting to
to run
run program"
program"
PERFORM
OneLevelDown
PERFORM OneLevelDown
DISPLAY
DISPLAY "Back
"Back in
in TopLevel.".
TopLevel.".
STOP
RUN.
STOP RUN.

TwoLevelsDown
.
TwoLevelsDown.
DISPLAY
."
DISPLAY">>>>>>>>
">>>>>>>>Now
NowininTwoLevelsDown
TwoLevelsDown."
OneLevelDown.
OneLevelDown.
DISPLAY
DISPLAY ">>>>
">>>> Now
Now in
in OneLevelDown"
OneLevelDown"
PERFORM
TwoLevelsDown
PERFORM TwoLevelsDown
DISPLAY
DISPLAY ">>>>
">>>> Back
Back in
in OneLevelDown".
OneLevelDown".
135

COBOL Programming Fundamental

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

Simple iteration with the PERFORM verb

Format 1 Example

Run of PerformFormat1

In
In TopLevel.
TopLevel. Starting
Starting to
to run
run program
program
>>>>
Now
in
OneLevelDown
>>>> Now in OneLevelDown
>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>> Now
Now in
in TwoLevelsDown.
TwoLevelsDown.

>>>>
>>>> Back
Back in
in OneLevelDown
OneLevelDown

Back
Back in
in TopLevel.
TopLevel.
PROCEDURE
PROCEDURE DIVISION.
DIVISION.
TopLevel.
TopLevel.
DISPLAY
DISPLAY "In
"In TopLevel.
TopLevel. Starting
Starting to
to run
run program"
program"
PERFORM
OneLevelDown
PERFORM OneLevelDown
DISPLAY
DISPLAY "Back
"Back in
in TopLevel.".
TopLevel.".
STOP
RUN.
STOP RUN.
TwoLevelsDown.
TwoLevelsDown.
DISPLAY
DISPLAY ">>>>>>>>
">>>>>>>> Now
Now in
in TwoLevelsDown."
TwoLevelsDown."

OneLevelDown
.
OneLevelDown.

DISPLAY
DISPLAY ">>>>
">>>> Now
Now in
in OneLevelDown"
OneLevelDown"
PERFORM
TwoLevelsDown
PERFORM TwoLevelsDown

DISPLAY
".
DISPLAY">>>>
">>>>Back
BackininOneLevelDown
OneLevelDown".

136

COBOL Programming Fundamental

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

Simple iteration with the PERFORM verb

Format 1 Example
Run of PerformFormat1

Back
Back in
in TopLevel.
TopLevel.
PROCEDURE
PROCEDURE DIVISION.
DIVISION.

TopLevel
.
TopLevel.

DISPLAY
DISPLAY "In
"In TopLevel.
TopLevel. Starting
Starting to
to run
run program"
program"
PERFORM
OneLevelDown
PERFORM OneLevelDown

DISPLAY
.".
DISPLAY"Back
"BackininTopLevel
TopLevel.".

STOP
STOP RUN.
RUN.

COBOL Programming Fundamental

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

Simple iteration with the PERFORM verb

Why use the PERFORM Thru?
PROCEDURE
PROCEDURE DIVISION.
DIVISION.
Begin.
Begin.
PERFORM
PERFORM SumSales
SumSales
STOP
RUN.
STOP RUN.
SumSales.
SumSales.

Statements
Statements
Statements
Statements

IF
IF NoErrorFound
NoErrorFound
Statements
Statements
Statements
Statements

IF
IF NoErrorFound
NoErrorFound
Statements
Statements
Statements
Statements
Statements
Statements

END-IF
END-IF
END-IF.
END-IF.
138

COBOL Programming Fundamental

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

Simple iteration with the PERFORM verb

Go To and PERFORM THRU
PROCEDURE
PROCEDURE DIVISION
DIVISION
Begin.
Begin.
PERFORM
PERFORM SumSales
SumSales THRU
THRU SumSalesExit
SumSalesExit
STOP
STOP RUN.
RUN.
SumSales.
SumSales.
Statements

Statements
Statements
Statements

IF
IF ErrorFound
ErrorFound GO
GO TO
TO SumSalesExit
SumSalesExit
END-IF
END-IF

Statements
Statements
Statements
Statements
Statements
Statements

IF
IF ErrorFound
ErrorFound GO
GO TO
TO SumSalesExit
SumSalesExit
END-IF
END-IF

Statements
Statements

SumSalesExit.
SumSalesExit.
EXIT.
EXIT.
139

COBOL Programming Fundamental

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

Simple iteration with the PERFORM verb

Format 2 - Syntax
PERFORM

THRU
1stProc

THROUGH
RepeatCoun
t TIMES

[StatementB

EndProc

lock END - PERFORM

PROCEDURE
PROCEDUREDIVISION.
DIVISION.
Begin.
Begin.
Statements

PERFORM DisplayName 4 TIMES

Statements

STOP RUN.
DisplayName.
DisplayName.
DISPLAY Tom Ryan.
140

COBOL Programming Fundamental

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

Simple iteration with the PERFORM verb

Format 2 Example
IDENTIFICATION DIVISION.
IDENTIFICATION DIVISION.
PROGRAM-ID. PerformExample2.
PROGRAM-ID. PerformExample2.
AUTHOR. Michael Coughlan.
AUTHOR. Michael Coughlan.
DATA DIVISION.
DATA DIVISION.
WORKING-STORAGE SECTION.
WORKING-STORAGE SECTION.
01 NumofTimes
PIC 9 VALUE 5.
01 NumofTimes
PIC 9 VALUE 5.

Run of PerformExample2
Starting to run program
Starting is
toan
run
>>>>This
inprogram
line Perform
>>>>This is an in line Perform
>>>>This is an in line Perform
>>>>This is
isan
an in
inline
linePerform
Perform
>>>>This
>>>>This
is
an
in
line
Finished in line PerformPerform
Finished
Perform
>>>>
This in
is line
an out
of line Perform
>>>> This is an out of line Perform
>>>> This is an out of line Perform
>>>>This
Thisis
isan
anout
out of
ofline
line Perform
Perform
>>>>
>>>>This
Thisis
isan
anout
out of
ofline
line Perform
Perform
>>>>
>>>> This is an out of line Perform
>>>> This is an out of line Perform
>>>>in
This
is an
out of
Back
Begin.
About
to line
Stop Perform
Back in Begin. About to Stop

PROCEDURE DIVISION.
PROCEDURE DIVISION.
Begin.
Begin.
DISPLAY "Starting to run program"
DISPLAY "Starting to run program"
PERFORM 3 TIMES
PERFORM
3 TIMES
DISPLAY
">>>>This is an in line Perform"
DISPLAY
END-PERFORM ">>>>This is an in line Perform"
END-PERFORM
DISPLAY "Finished in line Perform"
DISPLAY "Finished in line Perform"
PERFORM OutOfLineEG NumOfTimes TIMES
PERFORM"Back
OutOfLineEG
NumOfTimes
DISPLAY
in Begin.
About toTIMES
Stop".
DISPLAY
"Back
in
Begin.
About
to
Stop".
STOP RUN.
STOP RUN.

OutOfLineEG.
OutOfLineEG.
DISPLAY ">>>> This is an out of line Perform".
DISPLAY ">>>> This is an out of line Perform".
141

COBOL Programming Fundamental

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

Simple iteration with the PERFORM verb

Format 3 - Syntax
PERFORM

142

THRU
1stProc

THROUGH

UNTIL Condition
[StatementB lock END

EndProc

BEFORE
WITH
TEST

AFTER

- PERFORM

This format is used where the WHILE or REPEAT constructs

are used in other languages.

If the WITH TEST BEFORE phrase is used the PERFORM

behaves like a WHILE loop and the condition is tested before
the loop body is entered.

If the WITH TEST AFTER phrase is used the PERFORM

behaves like a REPEAT loop and the condition is tested after
the loop body is entered.

The WITH TEST BEFORE phrase is the default and so is

rarely explicitly stated.
COBOL Programming Fundamental

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

Simple iteration with the PERFORM verb

Format 3 - Sample
PERFORM
PERFORMWITH
WITH
TEST
TESTAFTER
AFTER==
REPEAT
REPEAT...
...UNTIL
UNTIL

PERFORM
PERFORMWITH
WITH
TEST
TESTBEFORE
BEFORE==
WHILE
WHILE...
...DO
DO

Loop Body

test

False

True

Next Statement

143

COBOL Programming Fundamental

Loop Body

test

False

True

Next Statement
2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

Simple iteration with the PERFORM verb

Sequential File Processing

144

In general terms, the WHILE loop is an ideal construct for

processing sequences of data items whose length is not
predefined.

Such sequences of values are often called streams.

Because the length of the stream is unknown we have to be

careful how we manage the detection of the end of the stream.

A useful way for solving this problem uses a strategy known as

read ahead.

COBOL Programming Fundamental

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

Simple iteration with the PERFORM verb

The READ Ahead

145

With the read ahead strategy we always try to stay one data item
ahead of the processing.

The general format of the read ahead algorithm is as follows;

Attempt to READ first data item
WHILE NOT EndOfStream
Process data item
Attempt to READ next data item
ENDWHILE

Use this to process any stream of data.

COBOL Programming Fundamental

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

Simple iteration with the PERFORM verb

Reading a Sequential File

Algorithm Template
READ StudentRecords
AT END MOVE HIGHHIGH-VALUES TO StudentRecord
ENDEND-READ
PERFORM UNTIL StudentRecord = HIGHHIGH-VALUES
DISPLAY StudentRecord
READ StudentRecords
AT END MOVE HIGHHIGH-VALUES TO StudentRecord
ENDEND-READ
ENDEND-PERFORM

146

This is an example of an algorithm which is capable of processing any

sequential file; ordered or unordered!

COBOL Programming Fundamental

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

Simple iteration with the PERFORM verb

Sample

RUN OF SeqRead
9456789 COUGHLANMS LM51
9456789 COUGHLANMS LM51
9367892 RYAN
TG LM60
9367892 RYAN
TG LM60
9368934 WILSON HR LM61
9368934 WILSON HR LM61

PROCEDURE
PROCEDURE DIVISION.
DIVISION.
Begin.
Begin.
OPEN
OPEN INPUT
INPUT StudentFile
StudentFile
READ
READ StudentFile
StudentFile
AT
END
MOVE
HIGH-VALUES
TO
StudentDetails
AT
END
MOVE
HIGH-VALUES
TO
StudentDetails
END-READ
END-READUNTIL StudentDetails = HIGH-VALUES
PERFORM
PERFORM UNTIL StudentDetails = HIGH-VALUES
DISPLAY
StudentId
SPACE
StudentName
SPACE
CourseCode
DISPLAY
StudentId
SPACE
StudentName
SPACE
CourseCode
READ
StudentFile
READ StudentFile
AT
END
MOVE
HIGH-VALUES
TO
StudentDetails
AT
END
MOVE
HIGH-VALUES
TO
StudentDetails
END-READ
END-READ
END-PERFORM
END-PERFORM
CLOSE
StudentFile
CLOSE
StudentFile
STOP
RUN.
STOP RUN.
147

COBOL Programming Fundamental

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

148

COBOL Programming Fundamental

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

Arithmetic and Edited Pictures

Overview

149

ROUNDED option.

ON SIZE ERROR option.

ADD, SUBTRACT, MULTIPLY, DIVIDE and COMPUTE.

Edited PICTURE clauses.

Simple Insertion.

Special Insertion.

Fixed Insertion.

Floating Insertion.

Suppression and Replacement.

COBOL Programming Fundamental

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

Arithmetic and Edited Pictures

Arithmetic Verb Template

Identifier K

[ROUNDED

Identifier
GIVING
Identifier
K

[ON SIZE ERROR StatementB lock END - VERB ]

Identifier FROM
VERB

BY
Literal
INTO

Most COBOL arithmetic verbs conform to the template above. For

example;
ADD Takings TO CashTotal.
ADD Males TO Females GIVING TotalStudents.
SUBTRACT Tax FROM GrossPay.
SUBTRACT Tax FROM GrossPay GIVING NetPay.
DIVIDE Total BY Members GIVING MemberAverage.
DIVIDE Members INTO Total GIVING MemberAverage.
MULTIPLY 10 BY Magnitude.
MULTIPLY Members BY Subs GIVING TotalSubs.

150

The exceptions are the COMPUTE and the DIVIDE with REMAINDER.
COBOL Programming Fundamental

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

Arithmetic and Edited Pictures

The ROUNDED option

Receiving Field Actual Result Truncated Result Rounded Result

151

PIC 9(3)V9.

123.25

123.2

123.3

PIC 9(3).

123.25

123

The ROUNDED option takes effect when, after decimal point

alignment, the result calculated must be truncated on the right
hand side.

The option adds 1 to the receiving item when the leftmost

truncated digit has an absolute value of 5 or greater.

COBOL Programming Fundamental

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

Arithmetic and Edited Pictures

The ON SIZE ERROR option
Receiving Field
PIC 9(3)V9.
PIC 9(3)V9.

152

Actual Result
245.96
1245.9

PIC 9(3).

124

PIC 9(3).

1246

SIZE ERROR

Yes
Yes
No

PIC 9(3)V9 Not Rounded

124.45

PIC 9(3)V9 Rounded

124.45

Yes
Yes
No

PIC 9(3)V9 Rounded

3124.45

Yes

A size error condition exists when, after decimal point alignment, the
result is truncated on either the left or the right hand side.

If an arithmetic statement has a rounded phrase then a size error only

occurs if there is truncation on the left hand side (most significant
digits).
COBOL Programming Fundamental

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

Arithmetic and Edited Pictures

ADD Examples
Before
Before
After
After

Before
Before
After
After

Before
Before
After
After
153

ADD
ADD Cash
Cash TO
TO Total.
Total.
33
1000
1000
3

1003

ADD
ADD Cash,
Cash, 20
20 TO
TO
33
3

Total,
Total, Wage.
Wage.
1000
1000 100
100

1023

123

ADD
ADD Cash,
Cash, Total
TotalGIVING
GIVINGResult.
Result.
33
1000
0015
1000
0015
3

1000

1003

ADD
ADDMales
MalesTO
TOFemales
FemalesGIVING
GIVING TotalStudents.
TotalStudents.
1500
0625
1234
1500
0625
1234
1500

COBOL Programming Fundamental

0625

2125
2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

Arithmetic and Edited Pictures

SUBTRACT Examples

Before
Before
After
After

Before
Before
After
After
154

SUBTRACT
SUBTRACT Tax
Tax FROM
FROMGrossPay,
GrossPay,Total.
Total.
120
4000
9120
120
4000
9120
120

3880

9000

SUBTRACT
SUBTRACT Tax,
Tax,80
80FROM
FROMTotal.
Total.
100
480
100
480
100

300

SUBTRACT
SUBTRACT Tax
Tax FROM
FROMGrossPay
GrossPayGIVING
GIVINGNetPay.
NetPay.
750
1000
0012
750
1000
0012
750

COBOL Programming Fundamental

1000

0250

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

Arithmetic and Edited Pictures

MULTIPLY and DIVIDE Examples
MULTIPLY
MULTIPLY Subs
SubsBY
BYMembers
MembersGIVING
GIVINGTotalSubs
TotalSubs
ON
ONSIZE
SIZEERROR
ERRORDISPLAY
DISPLAY"TotalSubs
"TotalSubstoo
toosmall"
small"
END-MULTIPLY.
END-MULTIPLY.
Subs
Subs

Members
Members

Before
Before
After
After

15.50
15.50
15.50

Before
Before
After
After

MULTIPLY
MULTIPLY10
10BY
BYMagnitude,
Magnitude, Size.
Size.
355
125
355
125
3550
1250

Before
Before
After
After
155

100
100
100

TotalSubs
TotalSubs

0123.45
0123.45
1550.00

DIVIDE
DIVIDE Total
Total BY
BY Members
MembersGIVING
GIVINGAverage
Average ROUNDED.
ROUNDED.
9234.55
100
1234.56
9234.55
100
1234.56
9234.55
COBOL Programming Fundamental

100

92.35
2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

Arithmetic and Edited Pictures

The Divide Exception
DIVIDE

DIVIDE

Before
Before
After
After

156

Identifier
Identifier

INTO
GIVING {Identifier [ ROUNDED
Literal

Literal

ON SIZE ERROR

StatementB lock END - DIVIDE

NOT ON SIZE ERROR

Identifier
Identifier
BY

Literal

Literal
ON SIZE ERROR

NOT ON SIZE ERROR

GIVING

{Identifier

StatementB

[ ROUNDED

]} REMAINDER

Identifier

lock END - DIVIDE

DIVIDE
DIVIDE201
201BY
BY10
10GIVING
GIVINGQuotient
Quotient REMAINDER
REMAINDERRemain.
Remain.
209
424
209
424
020

COBOL Programming Fundamental

001

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

Arithmetic and Edited Pictures

The COMPUTE

COMPUTE {Identifier [ ROUNDED ]}... = Arithmetic Expression

ON SIZE ERROR

StatementB
lock
END
COMPUTE

NOT
ON
SIZE
ERROR

Precedence
Precedence Rules.
Rules.
1.
1.
2.
2.
3.
3.

Before
Before
After
After
157

****
**
//
++
--

==
==
==
==
==

POWER
POWER
MULTIPLY
MULTIPLY
DIVIDE
DIVIDE
ADD
ADD
SUBTRACT
SUBTRACT

NNNN
xx

++
--

Compute
ComputeIrishPrice
IrishPrice==SterlingPrice
SterlingPrice//Rate
Rate ** 100.
100.
1000.50
156.25
87
1000.50
156.25
87
179.59

COBOL Programming Fundamental

156.25

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

Arithmetic and Edited Pictures

Edited Pictures

Edited Pictures are PICTURE clauses which format data intended for output to
screen or printer.

To enable the data items to be formatted in a particular style COBOL provides

additional picture symbols supplementing the basic 9, X, A, V and S symbols.

The additional symbols are referred to as Edit Symbols and PICTURE

clauses which include edit symbols are called Edited Pictures.

The term edit is used because the edit symbols have the effect of changing, or
editing, the data inserted into the edited item.

Edited items can not be used as operands in a computation but they may be
used as the result or destination of a computation (i.e. to the right of the word
GIVING).

158

COBOL Programming Fundamental

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

Arithmetic and Edited Pictures

Editing Types

COBOL provides two basic types of editing

Insertion Editing which modifies a value by
including additional items.
Suppression and Replacement Editing which suppresses and replaces leading zeros.

Each type has sub-categories

l Insertion editing

Suppression and Replacement

159

Simple Insertion
Special Insertion
Fixed Insertion
Floating Insertion
Zero suppression and replacement with spaces
Zero suppression and replacement with asterisks

COBOL Programming Fundamental

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

Arithmetic and Edited Pictures

Editing Symbols

Edit Symbol

,, B
B 00 //
..
++ -- CR
CR DB
DB $$
++ -- SS
ZZ **

160

Editing Type
Simple
SimpleInsertion
Insertion
Special
SpecialInsertion
Insertion
Fixed
FixedInsertion
Insertion
Floating
FloatingInsertion
Insertion
Suppression
Suppression and
and Replacement
Replacement

COBOL Programming Fundamental

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

Arithmetic and Edited Pictures

Simple Insertion

161

Sending
Sending
Picture
Data
Picture
Data
PIC
PIC999999
999999 123456
123456
PIC
000078
PIC9(6)
9(6)
000078
PIC
000078
PIC9(6)
9(6)
000078
PIC
000178
PIC9(6)
9(6)
000178
PIC
002178
PIC9(6)
9(6)
002178

Receiving
Receiving
Picture
Result
Picture
Result
PIC
123,456
PIC999,999
999,999
PIC
000,078
PIC9(3),9(3)
9(3),9(3)
PIC
78
PICZZZ,ZZZ
ZZZ,ZZZ
PIC
****178
PIC***,***
***,***
PIC
**2,178
PIC***,***
***,***

PIC
PIC9(6)
9(6)
PIC
PIC9(6)
9(6)
PIC
PIC9(6)
9(6)

PIC
PIC99B99B99
99B99B99
PIC
PIC99/99/99
99/99/99
PIC
PIC990099
990099

120183
120183
120183
120183
001245
001245

COBOL Programming Fundamental

12 01 83
12/01/83
120045
2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

Arithmetic and Edited Pictures

Special Insertion

162

Sending
Sending
Picture
Data
Picture
Data
PIC
PIC999V99
999V99 12345
12345

Receiving
Receiving
Picture
Result
Picture
Result
PIC
123.45
PIC999.99
999.99

PIC
PIC999V99
999V99 02345
02345

PIC
PIC999.9
999.9

PIC
PIC999V99
999V99 51234
51234

PIC
PIC99.99
99.99

PIC
PIC999
999

PIC
PIC999.99
999.99

456
456

COBOL Programming Fundamental

023.4
12.34
456.00

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

Arithmetic and Edited Pictures

Fixed Insertion - Plus and Minus

163

Sending
Sending
Picture
Data
Picture
Data
PIC
-123
PICS999
S999
-123
PIC
-123
PICS999
S999
-123
PIC
+123
PICS999
S999
+123

Receiving
Receiving
Picture
Result
Picture
Result
PIC
-123
PIC-999
-999
PIC
123PIC 999999PIC
123
PIC-999
-999

PIC
PICS9(5)
S9(5)
PIC
PICS9(3)
S9(3)
PIC
PICS9(3)
S9(3)

PIC
PIC+9(5)
+9(5)
PIC
PIC+9(3)
+9(3)
PIC
PIC999+
999+

+12345
+12345
-123
-123
-123
-123

COBOL Programming Fundamental

+12345
-123
123 2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

Arithmetic and Edited Pictures

Fixed Insertion - Credit, Debit, $

164

Sending
Sending
Picture
Data
Picture
Data
PIC
+1234
PICS9(4)
S9(4)
+1234
PIC
-1234
PICS9(4)
S9(4)
-1234
PIC
+1234
PICS9(4)
S9(4)
+1234
PIC
-1234
PICS9(4)
S9(4)
-1234

Receiving
Receiving
Picture
Result
Picture
Result
PIC
1234
PIC9(4)CR
9(4)CR
PIC
1234CR
PIC9(4)CR
9(4)CR
PIC
1223
PIC9(4)DB
9(4)DB
PIC
1234DB
PIC9(4)DB
9(4)DB

PIC
PIC9(4)
9(4)
PIC
PIC9(4)
9(4)

PIC
PIC$99999
$99999
PIC
PIC$ZZZZZ
$ZZZZZ

1234
1234
0000
0000

COBOL Programming Fundamental

$01234
$
2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

Arithmetic and Edited Pictures

Floating Insertion

165

Sending
Sending
Picture
Data
Picture
Data
PIC
0000
PIC9(4)
9(4)
0000
PIC
0080
PIC9(4)
9(4)
0080
PIC
0128
PIC9(4)
9(4)
0128
PIC
57397
PIC9(5)
9(5)
57397

Receiving
Receiving
Picture
Resu
lt
Picture
Result
PIC
$0.00
PIC$$,$$9.99
$$,$$9.99
PIC
$80.00
PIC$$,$$9.00
$$,$$9.00
PIC
$128.00
PIC$$,$$9.99
$$,$$9.99
PIC
$7,397
PIC$$,$$9
$$,$$9

PIC
PICS9(4)
S9(4)
PIC
PICS9(4)
S9(4)
PIC
PICS9(4)
S9(4)
PIC
PICS9(5)
S9(5)

PIC
PIC++++9
++++9
PIC
PIC++++9
++++9
PIC
PIC-------- 99
PIC
PIC-------- 99

-- 0005
0005
+0080
+0080
-- 0080
0080
+71234
+71234

COBOL Programming Fundamental

-5
+80
-80
1234
2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

Arithmetic and Edited Pictures

Suppression and Replacement

Sending
Sending
Picture
Data
Picture
Data
PIC
12345
PIC9(5)
9(5)
12345
PIC
01234
PIC9(5)
9(5)
01234
PIC
00123
PIC9(5)
9(5)
00123
PIC
00012
PIC9(5)
9(5)
00012
PIC
05678
PIC9(5)
9(5)
05678
PIC
00567
PIC9(5)
9(5)
00567
PIC
00000
PIC9(5)
9(5)
00000
166

COBOL Programming Fundamental

Receiving
Receiving
Picture
Result
Picture
Result
PIC
12,345
PICZZ,999
ZZ,999
PIC
1,234
PICZZ,999
ZZ,999
PIC
123
PICZZ,999
ZZ,999
PIC
012
PICZZ,999
ZZ,999
PIC
*5,678
PIC**,**9
**,**9
PIC
***567
PIC**,**9
**,**9
PIC
******
PIC**,***
**,***
2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

EXERCISE 3

167

COBOL Programming Fundamental

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

168

COBOL Programming Fundamental

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

Conditions
Overview

169

IF..THEN...ELSE.

Relation conditions.

Class conditions.

Sign conditions.

Complex conditions.

Implied Subjects.

Nested IFs and the END-IF.

Condition names and level 88's.

The SET verb.

COBOL Programming Fundamental

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

Conditions
IF Syntax
StatementB lock

IF Condition THEN

NEXT
SENTENCE

StatementB lock

ELSE
[END - IF ]
NEXT
SENTENCE

CONDITION TYPES
Simple
SimpleConditions
Conditions
Relation
RelationConditions
Conditions
Class
ClassConditions
Conditions
Sign
SignConditions
Conditions

Complex
ComplexConditions
Conditions
Condition
ConditionNames
Names
170

COBOL Programming Fundamental

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

Conditions
Relation Conditions
[NOT] GREATERTHAN

[NOT] >

[NOT] LESSTHAN

[
NOT
]
<

Identifier
[NOT] EQUALTO

Identifier

Literal
IS
Literal

NOT
=
[
]
ArithmeticExpression

GREATERTHAN OR EQUALTO ArithmeticExpression

LESSTHAN OR EQUALTO

171

COBOL Programming Fundamental

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

Conditions
Class Conditions

Identifier

172

NUMERIC
ALPHABETIC

- LOWER
IS [ NOT ] ALPHABETIC
ALPHABETIC
- UPPER

UserDefine dClassName

Although COBOL data items are not typed they do fall

into some broad categories, or classes, such a numeric
or alphanumeric, etc.

A Class Condition determines whether the value of data

item is a member of one these classes.

COBOL Programming Fundamental

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

Conditions
Sign Conditions

ArithExp

173

POSITIVE

IS [ NOT ] NEGATIVE
ZERO

The sign condition determines whether or not the value of an

arithmetic expression is less than, greater than or equal to
zero.

Sign conditions are just another way of writing some of the

Relational conditions.

COBOL Programming Fundamental

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

Conditions
Complex conditions

AND
Condition
Condition
OR

174

Programs often require conditions which are more complex

than single value testing or determining a data class.

Like all other programming languages COBOL allows simple

conditions to be combined using OR and AND to form
composite conditions.

Like other conditions, a complex condition evaluates to true

or false.

A complex condition is an expression which is evaluated from

left to right unless the order of evaluation is changed by the
precedence rules or bracketing.
COBOL Programming Fundamental

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

Conditions
Complex conditions have precedence rules too

Precedence
Precedence Rules.
Rules.
1.
1.
2.
2.

NOT
NOT
AND
AND

==
==

****
**or
or//

3.
3.

OR
OR

== ++or
or--

Just like arithmetic expressions, complex conditions are evaluated using

precedence rules and the order of evaluation may be changed by bracketing.

Examples
IF ( Row > 0) AND (Row < 26) THEN
DISPLAY On Screen
END-IF
IF ( VarA > VarC ) OR ( VarC = VarD ) OR ( VarA NOT = VarF )
DISPLAY Done
END-IF

175

COBOL Programming Fundamental

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

Conditions
Implied Subjects

When a data item is involved in a relation condition with each of a number of

other items it can be tedious to have to repeat the data item for each
condition. For example,
IF TotalAmt > 10000 AND TotalAmt < 50000 THEN
IF Grade = A OR Grade = B+ OR GRADE = B THEN
IF VarA > VarB AND VarA > VarC AND VarA > VarD
DISPLAY VarA is the Greatest
END-IF

In these situations COBOL provides an abbreviation mechanism called

implied subjects.
The statements above may be re-written using implied subjects as;
IF TotalAmt > 10000 AND < 50000 THEN
IF Grade=A OR B+ OR B THEN
IF VarA > VarB AND VarC AND VarD
DISPLAY VarA is the Greatest
END-IF

176

COBOL Programming Fundamental

Implied
ImpliedSubjects
Subjects
TotalAmt
TotalAmt
Grade
Grade==
VarA
VarA>>
2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

Conditions
Nested IFs
IF
IF (( VarA
VarA << 10
10 )) AND
AND (( VarB
VarB NOT
NOT >> VarC
VarC )) THEN
THEN
IF
VarG
=
14
THEN
IF VarG = 14 THEN
DISPLAY
DISPLAY First
First
ELSE
ELSE
DISPLAY
DISPLAY Second
Second
END-IF
END-IF
ELSE
ELSE
DISPLAY
DISPLAY Third
Third
END-IF
END-IF

VarA
VarA VarB
VarB VarC
VarC VarG
VarG
33 T
33 T
33 T
13
13F
177

44
44
44
44

T
T
F
T

15
15
15
15
33
15
15

COBOL Programming Fundamental

14
14
15
15
14
14
14
14

T
F

DISPLAY
DISPLAY
First
Second
Third
Third
2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

Conditions
Condition Names

IF 4
VarA
THAN
VarB
1
4 4GREATER
4 4 4 4 44
24 4
4 4THEN
4 4 4Action
44
3
Condition is either
TRUE or False

Wherever a condition can occur, such as in an IF statement or an

EVALUATE or a PERFORM..UNTIL, a CONDITION NAME (Level
88) may be used.
A Condition Name is essentially a BOOLEAN variable which is either
TRUE or FALSE.
Example.
IF StudentRecord = HIGH-VALUES THEN Action
The statement above may be replaced by the one below. The condition
name EndOfStudentFile may be used instead of the condition
StudentRecord = HIGH-VALUES.

IF EndOfStudentFile THEN Action

178

COBOL Programming Fundamental

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

Conditions
Defining Condition Names
Literal
VALUE
88 ConditionN ame
THROUGH

LowValue
VALUES

HighValue

THRU

179

Condition Names are defined in the DATA DIVISION using the special
level number 88.

They are always associated with a data item and are defined
immediately after the definition of the data item.

A condition name takes the value TRUE or FALSE depending on the

value in its associated data item.

A Condition Name may be associated with ANY data item whether it is

a group or an elementary item.

The VALUE clause is used to identify the values which make the
Condition Name TRUE.
COBOL Programming Fundamental

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

Conditions
Example
01
01 CityCode
CityCode
88
88 Dublin
Dublin
88
Limerick
88 Limerick
88
88 Cork
Cork
88
Galway
88 Galway
88
88 Sligo
Sligo
88
Waterford
88 Waterford
88
88 UniversityCity
UniversityCity

PIC
PIC 99 VALUE
VALUE 5.
5.
VALUE
VALUE 1.
1.
VALUE
2.
VALUE 2.
VALUE
VALUE 3.
3.
VALUE
4.
VALUE 4.
VALUE
VALUE 5.
5.
VALUE
6.
VALUE 6.
VALUE
VALUE 11 THRU
THRU 4.
4.
City Code

5
IF
IF Limerick
Limerick
DISPLAY
DISPLAY "Hey,
"Hey, we're
we're home."
home."
END-IF
END-IF
IF
IF UniversityCity
UniversityCity
PERFORM
PERFORM CalcRentSurcharge
CalcRentSurcharge
END-IF
END-IF
180

COBOL Programming Fundamental

Dublin
Limerick FALSE
Cork
Galway
Sligo
Waterford
UniversityCity

FALSE
FALSE
FALSE

TRUE
FALSE
FALSE
2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

Conditions
Example
01
01 CityCode
CityCode
88
88 Dublin
Dublin
88
88 Limerick
Limerick
88
88 Cork
Cork
88
88 Galway
Galway
88
88 Sligo
Sligo
88
88 Waterford
Waterford
88
88 UniversityCity
UniversityCity

PIC
PIC 99 VALUE
VALUE 5.
5.
VALUE
VALUE 1.
1.
VALUE
VALUE 2.
2.
VALUE
VALUE 3.
3.
VALUE
VALUE 4.
4.
VALUE
VALUE 5.
5.
VALUE
VALUE 6.
6.
VALUE
VALUE 11 THRU
THRU 4.
4.
City Code

2
IF
IF Limerick
Limerick
DISPLAY
DISPLAY "Hey,
"Hey, we're
we're home."
home."
END-IF
END-IF
IF
IF UniversityCity
UniversityCity
PERFORM
PERFORM CalcRentSurcharge
CalcRentSurcharge
END-IF
END-IF
181

COBOL Programming Fundamental

Dublin
Limerick TRUE
Cork
Galway
Sligo
Waterford
UniversityCity

FALSE
FALSE
FALSE
FALSE
FALSE

TRUE
2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

PIC
PIC 99
VALUE
VALUE
VALUE
VALUE
VALUE
VALUE
VALUE
VALUE
VALUE
VALUE
VALUE
VALUE
VALUE
VALUE

VALUE
VALUE 5.
5.
1.
1.
2.
2.
3.
3.
4.
4.
5.
5.
6.
6.
11 THRU
THRU 4.
4.

City Code

6
IF
IF Limerick
Limerick
DISPLAY
DISPLAY "Hey,
"Hey, we're
we're home."
home."
END-IF
END-IF
IF
IF UniversityCity
UniversityCity
PERFORM
PERFORM CalcRentSurcharge
CalcRentSurcharge
END-IF
END-IF
182

COBOL Programming Fundamental

Dublin
Limerick FALSE
Cork
Galway
Sligo
Waterford
UniversityCity

FALSE
FALSE
FALSE
FALSE

TRUE
FALSE
2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

Conditions
Example
01
01 InputChar
InputChar
88
88 Vowel
Vowel
88
88 Consonant
Consonant
88
88 Digit
Digit
88
88 LowerCase
LowerCase
88
88 ValidChar
ValidChar

PIC
PIC X.
X.
VALUE
VALUE
VALUE
VALUE

"A","E","I","O","U".
"A","E","I","O","U".
"B"
"B" THRU
THRU "D",
"D", "F","G","H"
"F","G","H"
"J"
"J" THRU
THRU "N",
"N", "P"
"P" THRU
THRU "T"
"T"
"V"
"V" THRU
THRU "Z".
"Z".
VALUE
VALUE "0"
"0" THRU
THRU "9".
"9".
VALUE
VALUE "a"
"a" THRU
THRU "z".
"z".
VALUE
VALUE "A"
"A" THRU
THRU "Z","0"
"Z","0" THRU
THRU "9".
"9".

IF
IF ValidChar
ValidChar
DISPLAY
DISPLAY "Input
"Input OK."
OK."
END-IF
END-IF
IF
IF LowerCase
LowerCase
DISPLAY
DISPLAY "Not
"Not Upper
Upper Case"
Case"
END-IF
END-IF
IF
IF Vowel
Vowel
Display
Display "Vowel
"Vowel entered."
entered."
END-IF
END-IF
183

COBOL Programming Fundamental

Input Char

E
Vowel
Consonant
Digit
LowerCase
ValidChar

TRUE
FALSE
FALSE
FALSE

TRUE
2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

Conditions
Example
01
01 InputChar
InputChar
88
88 Vowel
Vowel
88
88 Consonant
Consonant
88
88 Digit
Digit
88
88 LowerCase
LowerCase
88
88 ValidChar
ValidChar

PIC
PIC X.
X.
VALUE
VALUE
VALUE
VALUE

COBOL Programming Fundamental

Input Char

4
Vowel
Consonant
Digit
LowerCase
ValidChar

FALSE
FALSE

TRUE
FALSE

TRUE
2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

Conditions
Example
01
01 InputChar
InputChar
88
88 Vowel
Vowel
88
88 Consonant
Consonant
88
88 Digit
Digit
88
LowerCase
88 LowerCase
88
88 ValidChar
ValidChar

PIC
PIC X.
X.
VALUE
VALUE
VALUE
VALUE

"A","E","I","O","U".
"A","E","I","O","U".
"B"
"B" THRU
THRU "D",
"D", "F","G","H"
"F","G","H"
"J"
"J" THRU
THRU "N",
"N", "P"
"P" THRU
THRU "T"
"T"
"V"
"V" THRU
THRU "Z".
"Z".
VALUE
VALUE "0"
"0" THRU
THRU "9".
"9".
VALUE
"a"
THRU
VALUE
"a" THRU "z".
"z".
VALUE
"A"
THRU
"Z","0"
VALUE
"A" THRU "Z","0" THRU
THRU "9".
"9".

COBOL Programming Fundamental

Input Char

g
Vowel
Consonant
Digit
LowerCase
ValidChar

FALSE
FALSE
FALSE

TRUE
FALSE
2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

Conditions
Example

01
01 EndOfFileFlag
EndOfFileFlag
88
88 EndOfFile
EndOfFile

PIC
PIC 99 VALUE
VALUE 0.
0.
VALUE
VALUE 1.
1.

EndOfFileFlag

0
EndOfFile

READ
READ InFile
InFile
AT
AT END
END MOVE
MOVE 11 TO
TO EndOfFileFlag
EndOfFileFlag
END-READ
END-READ
PERFORM
PERFORM UNTIL
UNTIL EndOfFile
EndOfFile
Statements
Statements
READ
READ InFile
InFile
AT
AT END
END MOVE
MOVE 11 TO
TO EndOfFileFlag
EndOfFileFlag
END-READ
END-READ
END-PERFORM
END-PERFORM
186

COBOL Programming Fundamental

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

Conditions
Example

01
01 EndOfFileFlag
EndOfFileFlag PIC
PIC 99 VALUE
VALUE 0.
0.
88
VALUE
88 EndOfFile
EndOfFile
VALUE 1.
1.

EndOfFileFlag

1
EndOfFile

COBOL Programming Fundamental

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

Conditions
Using the SET verb
FILLER
01
PIC
01 FILLER
FILLER
PIC 99 VALUE
VALUE 0.
0.
88
88 EndOfFile
EndOfFile VALUE
VALUE 1.
1.
88
NotEndOfFile
VALUE
0.
88 NotEndOfFile VALUE 0.

0
EndOfFile
1
NotEndOfFile 0

READ
READ InFile
InFile
AT
AT END
END SET
SET EndOfFile
EndOfFile TO
TO TRUE
TRUE
END-READ
END-READ
PERFORM
PERFORM UNTIL
UNTIL EndOfFile
EndOfFile
Statements
Statements
READ
READ InFile
InFile
AT
AT END
END SET
SET EndOfFile
EndOfFile TO
TO TRUE
TRUE
END-READ
END-READ
END-PERFORM
END-PERFORM
Set
Set NotEndOfFile
NotEndOfFile TO
TO TRUE.
TRUE.
188

COBOL Programming Fundamental

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

Conditions
Using the SET verb
FILLER
01
PIC
01 FILLER
FILLER
PIC 99 VALUE
VALUE 0.
0.
88
88 EndOfFile
EndOfFile VALUE
VALUE 1.
1.
88
88 NotEndOfFile
NotEndOfFile VALUE
VALUE 0.
0.

1
EndOfFile
1
NotEndOfFile 0

COBOL Programming Fundamental

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

Conditions
Using the SET verb
FILLER
01
PIC
01 FILLER
FILLER
PIC 99 VALUE
VALUE 0.
0.
88
88 EndOfFile
EndOfFile VALUE
VALUE 1.
1.
88
NotEndOfFile
VALUE
0.
88 NotEndOfFile VALUE 0.

0
EndOfFile
1
NotEndOfFile 0

COBOL Programming Fundamental

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

Conditions
The Evaluate
Identifier

Literal

CondExpres sion
EVALUATE
K
ArithExpre ssion
TRUE

FALSE

ANY

Condition

WHEN TRUE
K StatementB lock K

FALSE

Identifier

THRU

Literal

[NOT ] Literal

THROUGH

ArithExpre ssion
ArithExpre ssion

[WHEN OTHER StatementB lock ]

END - EVALUATE

191

COBOL Programming Fundamental

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

Conditions
The Evaluate

EVALUATE TRUE Position

WHEN L-Arrow
2 THRU 10PERFORM MoveLeft
WHEN R-Arrow
1 THRU 9PERFORM MoveRight
WHEN L-Arrow
1
MOVE 10 TO Position
WHEN R-Arrow
10
MOVE 1 TO Position
WHEN DeleteKey
1
PERFORM CantDelete
WHEN Character
ANY PERFORM InsertChar
WHEN OTHER PERFORM DisplayErrorMessage
END-EVALUATE

192

COBOL Programming Fundamental

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

Conditions
Decision Table Implementation
Gender
M
F
M
F
Age
<20 <20 20-40 20-40
Service Any Any <10
<10
% Bonus 5
10
12
13
EVALUATE Gender
WHEN
"M"
WHEN
"F"
WHEN
"M"
WHEN
"F"
WHEN
"M"
WHEN
"F"
:
:
:
:
WHEN
"F"
END-EVALUATE.
193

TRUE
TRUE
Age<20
Age<20
Age>19 AND <41
Age>19 AND <41
Age>40
Age>40
:
:
ANY

COBOL Programming Fundamental

M
40>
<10
20

F
40>
<10
15

ANY
ANY
Service<10
Service<10
Service<10
Service<10
:
:
Service>20

M
F
20-40 20-40 etc
10-20 10-20 etc
14
23

MOVE 5 TO Bonus
MOVE 10 TO Bonus
MOVE 12 TO Bonus
MOVE 13 TO Bonus
MOVE 20 TO Bonus
MOVE 15 TO Bonus
:
:
MOVE 25 TO Bonus

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

194

COBOL Programming Fundamental

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

Tables and the PERFORM ... VARYING

Overview

195

Introduction to tables.
Declaring tables.
Processing tables using the PERFORM..VARYING.

COBOL Programming Fundamental

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

Tables and the PERFORM ... VARYING

TaxTotal
Variable = Named location in memory
PAYENum

CountyNum

TaxPaid

PROCEDURE DIVISION.
Begin.
OPEN INPUT TaxFile
READ TaxFile
AT END SET EndOfTaxFile TO TRUE
END-READ
PERFORM UNTIL EndOfTaxFile
ADD TaxPaid TO TaxTotal
READ TaxFile
AT END SET EndOfTaxFile TO TRUE
END-READ
END-PERFORM.
DISPLAY "Total taxes are ", TaxTotal
CLOSE TaxFile
STOP RUN.
196

COBOL Programming Fundamental

The program to
calculate the total
taxes paid for the
country is easy to
write.

BUT.
What do we do if we
want to calculate the
taxes paid in each
county?
2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

Tables
and the
PERFORM
... VARYING
County1
County2
County3
County4
County5
TaxTotal

TaxTotal

PROCEDURE DIVISION.
Begin.
OPEN INPUT TaxFile
READ TaxFile
AT END SET EndOfTaxFile TO TRUE
END-READ
PERFORM SumCountyTaxes UNTIL EndOfTaxFile
DISPLAY "County 1 total is ", County1TaxTotal

: 24 Statements

DISPLAY "County 26 total is ", County26TaxTotal

CLOSE TaxFile
STOP RUN.
SumCountyTaxes.
IF CountyNum = 1 ADD TaxPaid TO County1TaxTotal
END-IF

: 24 Statements

IF CountyNum = 26 ADD TaxPaid TO County26TaxTotal

END-IF
READ TaxFile
AT END SET EndOfTaxFile TO TRUE
END-READ

58 Statements

197

COBOL Programming Fundamental

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

Tables and the PERFORM ... VARYING

Tables/Arrays

AAtable
tableisisaacontiguous
contiguoussequence
sequenceof
ofmemory
memorylocations
locations
called
, which
name
calledelements
elements,
whichall
allhave
havethe
thesame
samename,
name,and
andare
are
uniquely
uniquelyidentified
identifiedby
bythat
thatname
nameand
andby
bytheir
theirposition
positionin
in
the
thesequence.
sequence.
CountyTax

10
5

1
2
3
4
6
MOVE 10 TO CountyTax(5)
ADD TaxPaid TO CountyTax(CountyNum)
ADD TaxPaid TO CountyTax(CountyNum + 2)
198

COBOL Programming Fundamental

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

Tables and the PERFORM ... VARYING

Tables/Arrays

10
3

MOVE 10 TO CountyTax(5)
55
2
ADD TaxPaid TO CountyTax(CountyNum)
ADD TaxPaid TO CountyTax(CountyNum + 2)
199

COBOL Programming Fundamental

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

Tables and the PERFORM ... VARYING

Tables/Arrays

55
1

55
4

10
5

MOVE 10 TO CountyTax(5)
ADD TaxPaid TO CountyTax(CountyNum)
ADD TaxPaid TO CountyTax(CountyNum + 2)
55

200

COBOL Programming Fundamental

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

Tables and the PERFORM ... VARYING

Tables/Arrays

55
1

Subscript

MOVE 10 TO CountyTax(5)
ADD TaxPaid TO CountyTax(CountyNum)
ADD TaxPaid TO CountyTax(CountyNum + 2)
201

COBOL Programming Fundamental

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

Tables and the PERFORM ... VARYING

CountyTax

PROCEDURE DIVISION.
Begin.
OPEN INPUT TaxFile
READ TaxFile
AT END SET EndOfTaxFile TO TRUE
END-READ
PERFORM UNTIL EndOfTaxFile
ADD TaxPaid TO CountyTax(CountyNum)
READ TaxFile
AT END SET EndOfTaxFile TO TRUE
END-READ
Subscript
END-PERFORM.
PERFORM VARYING Idx FROM 1 BY 1
UNTIL Idx GREATER THAN 26
DISPLAY "County ", CountyNum
" tax total is " CountyTax(Idx)
END-PERFORM
CLOSE TaxFile
9 Statements
STOP RUN.
202

COBOL Programming Fundamental

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

Tables and the PERFORM ... VARYING

TaxRecord.
PAYENum

CountyName

A-89432

TaxPaid

CLARE

7894.55

CountyTax

IF CountyName = "CARLOW"
ADD TaxPaid TO CountyTax(1)
END-IF
IF CountyName = "CAVAN"
ADD TaxPaid TO CountyTax(2)
END-IF

:
:

203

:
:

:
:
:
:
24 TIMES

COBOL Programming Fundamental

:
:

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

Tables and the PERFORM ... VARYING

TaxRecord.
PAYENum

CountyName

A-89432

CLARE

TaxPaid

Idx

7894.55

County

CARLOW
1

CAVAN
2

CLARE
3

CORK
4

500.50
1

125.75
2

1000.00
3

745.55
4

CountyTax

DONEGAL DUBLIN
5
6
345.23
5

123.45
6

PERFORM VARYING Idx FROM 1 BY 1

UNTIL County(Idx) = CountyName
END-PERFORM
ADD TaxPaid TO CountyTax(Idx)
204

COBOL Programming Fundamental

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

Tables and the PERFORM ... VARYING

TaxRecord.
PAYENum

CountyName

A-89432

TaxPaid

CLARE

Idx

7894.55

County

CARLOW
1

CAVAN
2

CLARE
3

CORK
4

1000.00
3

745.55
4

DONEGAL DUBLIN
5
6

CountyTax

500.50
1

125.75
2

345.23
5

123.45
6

PERFORM VARYING Idx FROM 1 BY 1

UNTIL County(Idx) = CountyName
END-PERFORM
ADD TaxPaid TO CountyTax(Idx)
205

COBOL Programming Fundamental

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

Tables and the PERFORM ... VARYING

TaxRecord.
PAYENum

CountyName

A-89432

CLARE

TaxPaid

Idx

7894.55

County

CARLOW
1

CAVAN
2

CLARE
3

CORK
4

125.75
2

1000.00
3

745.55
4

DONEGAL DUBLIN
5
6

CountyTax

500.50
1

345.23
5

123.45
6

PERFORM VARYING Idx FROM 1 BY 1

UNTIL County(Idx) = CountyName
END-PERFORM
ADD TaxPaid TO CountyTax(Idx)
206

COBOL Programming Fundamental

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

Tables and the PERFORM ... VARYING

TaxRecord.
PAYENum

CountyName

A-89432

CLARE

TaxPaid

Idx

7894.55

County

CARLOW
1

CAVAN
2

CLARE
3

CORK
4

125.75
2

8894.55
3

745.55
4

DONEGAL DUBLIN
5
6

CountyTax

500.50
1

345.23
5

123.45
6

PERFORM VARYING Idx FROM 1 BY 1

UNTIL County(Idx) = CountyName
END-PERFORM
ADD TaxPaid TO CountyTax(Idx)
207

COBOL Programming Fundamental

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

TaxTotals
CountyTax

Tables and the PERFORM ... VARYING

Declaring Tables

000000

2
01

000000

TaxTotals.
02 CountyTax

000000

PIC 9(10)V99
OCCURS 26 TIMES.

or
02

CountyTax

OCCURS 26 TIMES
PIC 9(10)V99.

e.g.

MOVE ZEROS TO TaxTotals.

MOVE 20 TO CountyTax(5).
208

COBOL Programming Fundamental

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

Tables and the PERFORM ... VARYING

Group Items as Elements
TaxTotals
25

3
000000

CountyTax
01

000000
PayerCount

CountyTaxDetails

TaxTotals.
02 CountyTaxDetails OCCURS 26 TIMES.
03 CountyTax
PIC 9(10)V99.
03 PayerCount
PIC 9(7).

e.g.

209

MOVE 25 TO PayerCount(2).
MOVE 67 TO CountyTax(5).
MOVE ZEROS TO CountyTaxDetails(3).
COBOL Programming Fundamental

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

Tables and the PERFORM ... VARYING

PERFORM..VARYING Syntax

PERFORM

1stProc

THRU

THROUGH

VARYING

EndProc

Identifer1

IndexName1

FROM

WITH

TEST

210

lock END - PERFORM

COBOL Programming Fundamental

Identifier 2

IndexName 2

Literal

Identifier 3
BY
UNTIL Condition1
Literal

Identifier 5
Identifier 4

AFTER
FROM
4
IndexName

IndexName3

Literal

Identifier 6

UNTIL Condition2

Literal

[StatementB

BEFORE

AFTER

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

Tables and the PERFORM ... VARYING

PERFORM VARYING Idx1 FROM 1 BY 1 UNTIL
Idx1 EQUAL TO 3
DISPLAY Idx1
END-PERFORM.

Idx1

Move 1 to Idx1

True
Idx1 = 3

Next Statement

False

Loop Body
Inc Idx1
211

COBOL Programming Fundamental

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

Tables and the PERFORM ... VARYING

PERFORM VARYING Idx1 FROM 1 BY 1 UNTIL
Idx1 EQUAL TO 3
DISPLAY Idx1
END-PERFORM.

Idx1

Move 1 to Idx1

Idx1 = 3

True

Next Statement

False

Loop Body
Inc Idx1
212

COBOL Programming Fundamental

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

Tables and the PERFORM ... VARYING

PERFORM VARYING Idx1 FROM 1 BY 1 UNTIL
Idx1 EQUAL TO 3
DISPLAY Idx1
END-PERFORM.

Idx1
Move 1 to Idx1

Idx1 = 3

True

False

1
Next Statement

Loop Body
Inc Idx1
213

COBOL Programming Fundamental

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

Tables and the PERFORM ... VARYING

PERFORM VARYING Idx1 FROM 1 BY 1 UNTIL
Idx1 EQUAL TO 3
DISPLAY Idx1
END-PERFORM.

Idx1
Move 1 to Idx1

Idx1 = 3

True

False

2
Next Statement

Loop Body
Inc Idx1
214

COBOL Programming Fundamental

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

Tables and the PERFORM ... VARYING

PERFORM VARYING Idx1 FROM 1 BY 1 UNTIL
Idx1 EQUAL TO 3
DISPLAY Idx1
END-PERFORM.

Move 1 to Idx1

Idx1

2
Idx1 = 3

True

False

Next Statement

Loop Body
Inc Idx1
215

COBOL Programming Fundamental

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

Tables and the PERFORM ... VARYING

PERFORM VARYING Idx1 FROM 1 BY 1 UNTIL
Idx1 EQUAL TO 3
DISPLAY Idx1
END-PERFORM.

Idx1

Move 1 to Idx1

2
Idx1 = 3

True

False

Loop Body

Next Statement

1
2

Inc Idx1
216

COBOL Programming Fundamental

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

Tables and the PERFORM ... VARYING

PERFORM VARYING Idx1 FROM 1 BY 1 UNTIL
Idx1 EQUAL TO 3
DISPLAY Idx1
END-PERFORM.

Idx1

Move 1 to Idx1

3
Idx1 = 3

True

False

Loop Body

Next Statement

1
2

Inc Idx1
217

COBOL Programming Fundamental

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

Tables and the PERFORM ... VARYING

PERFORM VARYING Idx1 FROM 1 BY 1 UNTIL
Idx1 EQUAL TO 3
DISPLAY Idx1
END-PERFORM.

Move 1 to Idx1

Idx1

3
Idx1 = 3

True

False

218

Next Statement

Loop Body

1
2

Inc Idx1

Exit value = 3

COBOL Programming Fundamental

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

219

COBOL Programming Fundamental

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

Designing Programs
Overview

220

Why we use COBOL.

The problem of program maintenance.

How Cobol programs should be written.

Efficiency vs Clarity.

Producing a good design.

Introduction to design notations.

Guidelines for writing Cobol programs.

COBOL Programming Fundamental

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

Designing Programs
COBOL

221

COBOL is an acronym standing for Common Business Oriented

Language.

COBOL programs are (mostly) written for the vertical market.

COBOL programs tend to be long lived.

Because of this longevity ease of program maintenance is an

important consideration.

Why is program maintenance important?

COBOL Programming Fundamental

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

Designing Programs
Cost of a system over its entire life

Coding
7%

Testing
15%

Analysis
and
Design 9%

Maintenance
67%

Zelkowitz
ACM 1978
p202

Maintenance Costs are only as low as this because many systems become so
unmaintainable early in their lives that they have to be SCRAPPED !!
:- B. Boehm
222

COBOL Programming Fundamental

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

Designing Programs
Program Maintenance

Program maintenance is an umbrella term that covers;

Changing the program to fix bugs that appear in the system.

Changing the program to reflect changes in the environment.

Changing the program to reflect changes in the users perception of the

requirements.

Changing the program to include extensions to the user requirements (i.e.

new requirements).

What do these all have in common?

CHANGING THE PROGRAM.

223

COBOL Programming Fundamental

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

Designing Programs
How should write your programs?

You should write your programs with the expectation that they
will have to be changed.

This means that you should;

224

write programs that are easy to read.

write programs that are easy to understand.

write programs that are easy to change.

You should write your programs as you would like them written if
you had to maintain them.

COBOL Programming Fundamental

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

Designing Programs
Efficiency vs Clarity

225

Many programmers are overly concerned about making their

programs as efficient as possible (in terms of the speed of execution
or the amount of memory used).

But the proper concern of a programmer, and particularly a COBOL

programmer, is not this kind of efficiency, it is clarity.

As a rule 70% of the work of the program will be done in 10% of the
code.

It is therefore a pointless exercise to try to optimize the whole

program, especially if this has to be done at the expense of clarity.

Write your program as clearly as possible and then, if its too slow,
identify the 10% of the code where the work is being done and
optimize it.

COBOL Programming Fundamental

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

Designing Programs
When shouldnt we design our programs?

226

We shouldnt design our programs, when we want to create programs that

do not work.

We shouldnt design when we want to produce programs that do not solve

the problem specified.

When we want to create programs that;

get the wrong inputs,
or perform the wrong transformations on them
or produce the wrong outputs
then we shouldnt bother to design our programs.

But if we want to create programs that work, we cannot avoid design.

The only question is;

will it be a good design or a bad design
COBOL Programming Fundamental

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

Designing Programs
Producing a Good Design

227

The first step to producing a good design is to design consciously.

Subconscious design means that design is done while constructing

the program. This never leads to good results.

Conscious design starts by separating the design task from the task
of program construction.

Design, consists of devising a solution to the problem specified.

Construction, consists of taking the design and encoding the solution

using a particular programming language.

COBOL Programming Fundamental

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

Designing Programs
Why separate design from construction?

228

Separating program design from program construction makes both tasks

easier.

Designing before construction, allows us to plan our solution to the

problem - instead of stumbling from one incorrect solution to another.

Good program structure results from planing and design. It is unlikely to

result from ad hoc tinkering.

Designing helps us to get an overview of the problem and to think about

the solution without getting bogged down by the details of construction.

It helps us to iron out problems with the specification and to discover any
bugs in our solution before we commit it to code (see next slide).

Design allows us to develop portable solutions

COBOL Programming Fundamental

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

Designing Programs
Relative cost of fixing a bug

In Production
x82
In
Construction
x20
1
In Design

Figures from IBM in Santa Clara.

229

COBOL Programming Fundamental

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

Designing Programs
Design Notations

230

A number of notations have been suggested to assist the programmer with

the task of program design.

Some notations are textual and others graphical.

Some notations can actually assist in the design process.

While others merely articulate the design.

COBOL Programming Fundamental

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

Designing Programs
Flowcharts as design tools

231

COBOL Programming Fundamental

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

Designing Programs
Structured Flowcharts as design tools

232

COBOL Programming Fundamental

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

Designing Programs
Structured English
For
Foreach
eachtransaction
transactionrecord
recorddo
dothe
thefollowing
following
IF
IFthe
therecord
recordisisaareceipt
receiptthen
then
add
add11to
tothe
theReceiptsCount
ReceiptsCount
add
addthe
theAmount
Amountto
tothe
theBalance
Balance
otherwise
otherwise
add
add11to
tothe
thePaymentsCount
PaymentsCount
subtract
subtractthe
theAmount
Amountfrom
fromthe
theBalance
Balance
EndIF
EndIF
add
add11to
tothe
theRecordCount
RecordCount
Write
Writethe
theBalance
Balanceto
tothe
theCustomerFile
CustomerFile
When
Whenthe
thefile
filehas
hasbeen
beenprocessed
processed
Output
Output the
theReceiptsCount
ReceiptsCount
the
thePaymentsCount
PaymentsCount
and
andthe
theRecordCount
RecordCount
233

COBOL Programming Fundamental

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

Designing Programs
The Jackson Method

234

COBOL Programming Fundamental

2004 IBM Corporation

ISSC Shanghai, AMS, GCG

Designing Programs
Warnier-Orr Diagrams

OpenFiles
ProcessRecords

UpdateCustomerBalance

PrintTotals
CloseFiles

235

COBOL Programming Fundamental

ProcessReceipt

RecordType ?

ProcessPayment

WriteNewBalance

2004 IBM Corporation

IBM Solution & Service Company (China)

Any Existing Process Could Be Improved!

Thank you very much!

2004/11

2004 IBM Corporation

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