ANH GIA LAI MOT SO TAI

LIEU VE THI KY TAY SN

NGUYEN DUY CHNH

Mot thi ky khuyet s

Noi en thi ky Tay Sn, hau nh ngi Viet Nam nao cung ngh ngay en giai
oan hao quang dan toc choi sang qua chien thang lay lng anh bai oan quan Thanh
thien chien va ong ao trong chp nhoang. Viec mieu ta thien Anh Hung Ca nh
nhng huyen thoai c lap i lap lai khong bao gi nham chan. Theo Th Muc ve Tay
Sn Nguyen Hue do Nguyen Tr Sn 1 su tap th cho en nam 1988 a co 1,623 cong
trnh viet ve Tay Sn. 2 Con so o en nay at han a gap boi va ngi ta viet ve
Nguyen Hue nhieu hn bat c danh nhan nao trong lch s cac trieu ai (dynastic
history) cua nc ta.
The nhng ay cung lai chnh la thi ky ma s sach nc ta ay ray nhng chi tiet
trai ngc vi s nc ngoai va ngay trong quoc s cung khong hoan toan ong nhat.
Nhieu cau hoi khong tm thay cau tra li va hau nh nhng nha nghien cu ch tm
nhng chi tiet phu hp vi quan iem cua mnh ma bo qua nhng g khong an khp.
Thi ai Tay Sn la mot giai oan kha ac biet. Co luc tren giai at Viet Nam
hien hu en 4 chnh quyen t Nam ra Bac 3 , moi trieu nh cai tr mot vung, anh lan
nhau mong c lam ba chu. Ngi chien thang sau cung la chua Nguyen Anh
phng Nam, len ngoi lay nien hieu la Gia Long, m ra trieu Nguyen.
Trong tranh oat quyen hanh ke thang la vua, ke thua la giac. Cho nen, neu nh s
nha Nguyen co mieu ta thi ai Tay Sn vi nhng net tham mau, ieu o cung de
hieu. Co ieu giai oan nay lai hoan toan khac vi nhng lan uoi hu tranh nh
khac. Vua Gia Long m nc khong phai t mot ngi bnh dan i len, ong thuoc
giong chnh thong cua chua Nguyen a tng lam chu Nam Ha hn 200 nam, tuy nhieu
lan b truy bc phai chay ra nc ngoai song lu vong nhng theo danh ngha, trieu
nh chua Nguyen khong bao gi b t oan. Tren giay t giao thiep, chua Nguyen
www.vietkiem.com

van dung nien hieu Canh Hng cua nha Le, mac du tren thc te nha Le khong con
na. Co the noi, hau nh chua Nguyen t nhieu van phai da vao danh ngha phan
Tay Sn phuc Le, khong khac g Trnh Thanh Cong vi la c phan Thanh phuc Minh
ai Loan, vi muc ch cu the la quay tr lai c thi ky vinh quang ma ho
Nguyen lam chua man Nam, oi au vi ho Trnh phng Bac. Tam ly tran tr o
khien ong a co thi ky ong vai thuoc quoc cua Xiem La, trieu cong cay vang bac
nh nhieu tieu quoc khac. 4 Hanh vi ha mnh o co the coi nh an nhan ch thi, viec
mn quan Xiem hay cau vien nc Phap co ngi xem nh quyen bien biet khai thac
thi c mac du khong hiem nhng s gia nghiem khac a ket an ong cong ran can ga
nha, ban nc.
en khi tha thang xong len, chua Nguyen khoi phuc khong ch phan at cua ong
cha la ang Trong ma con chiem luon ca ang Ngoai, lam chu toan bo t Nam Quan
en Ca Mau, thong nhat at nc, cham dt hn 200 nam phan liet. Hoan thanh ai
cong nay bat nha Nguyen phai co gang neu cao s chnh thong nen khong coi mnh
nh mot trieu ai mi ma nhan manh vao s tiep noi keo dai lien tuc t Nguyen Kim
en Nguyen Anh. 5 Viet s ve ho Trnh mien Bac th v the hai ben a ro rang, moi
ang lam chua mot phng. The nhng nha Tay Sn th lai khac, ho khong ch la ke
oi au tranh oat ngoi v trong Nam ma con gay them nhieu moi thu bat cong ai
thien, chu ong nhng san uoi lam luc tng nh giong ho Nguyen se hoan toan b
tieu diet. Chnh v cho khuc mac o, nha Nguyen khong cong nhan trieu nh Tay Sn
- du Thai c, Quang Trung hay Canh Thnh, Bao Hng - la chnh thong. Ho ch c
coi nh mot chnh quyen tam thi, mot ngu trieu tiem ngoi, mot loai ban than, tac
t day loan ma thoi. Khi bat c vua toi nha Tay Sn, vua Gia Long a ap dung
nhng hnh phat danh cho ke nghch than ch khong coi ho nh mot oi thu b that the.
o chnh la y ngha cua le hien phu 6 va ban an voi giay nga xe, ngu tng phan
thi oi vi vua toi Canh Thnh ma nhieu ngi - ke ca cac giao s c chng kien a cho rang qua ha khac. 7
Du oi phng a co thi lam chu hau nh toan bo at nc, xay dng mot mo
hnh hanh chanh, quan s, ngoai giao..., tao c mot v the xng ang khong phai ch
vi nhng quoc gia trong vung ma ca vi Trung Hoa, nha Nguyen van khong cong
nhan Tay Sn nh mot trieu ai a qua, co nhac en ch v ho la pha ben kia cua
nhng tran anh e rut kinh nghiem hay ran e va hoan toan khong e cap ti khi hai
ben hu chien, coi nh trieu nh Tay Sn khong he hien hu. Noi tom lai, s gia trieu
Nguyen ch coi Tay Sn ch la mot am giac ln ma s ghi chep ve ho la mot ieu bat
ac d, co chang ch e lam noi bat tai tr va noi gian nan cua chua Nguyen trong qua
trnh khoi phuc giang sn. Nhiem vu chnh yeu cua cac s than khong phai e ghi lai
hien trang nhng g a xay ra tren nc Viet Nam ma la xac nh thien menh thuoc ve
trieu Nguyen, xac lap mot nen van hoa chnh thong cua trieu ai mnh nh tien s
Phillipe Langlet a nhan manh. 8

www.vietkiem.com

Khi vua Gia Long len ngoi, ong ra lenh huy diet het tat ca nhng dau tch ma oi
phng xay dng khi ong con vong gia that tho, ca vat chat lan tinh than. Nhng nam
au cua trieu ai khong the khong mang khong kh khung bo lam tieu ma nhng ngi
nao con hoai vong mot thi ky a qua. Ngay cac cong than a cung ong nam gai nem
mat, vao sinh ra t nhng ch mot duyen c nho nhat cung co the b nghi la am mu
chong lai trieu nh, a en cai hoa diet vong, huong ho vi ke cu thu nen bat c
lien he ln nho nao vi ngu quyen eu co the tr thanh trong toi. Viec truy quet o
khong phai ch mot lan ma con c lap lai nhng v vua ke tiep cho en khi mam
mong oi nghch hoan toan khong con mot dau tch. Mot chnh quyen vi ay u
quyen lc nhat nh xoa so qua kh th khong g ma khong lam c, lam khi ke tha
hanh con lam qua ca nhng oi hoi cua cap tren.
Mai en cuoi the ky 19, au the ky 20 khi ngi Phap chiem Nam Ky lam thuoc
a, Bac Ky thanh mot x bao ho va ngai vang tai Hue ch con la mot bieu tng, cac
nha nho mi bat au thao g cai quan niem chnh thong, ngu trieu keo dai t 100 nam
qua. Ngi au tien co le la danh nho mien Bac - tien s ang Xuan Bang 9 - manh dan
len tieng phe phan tnh chat chnh thong o va yeu cau xet lai v the cua 15 nam nha
Tay Sn.
Viec tham nh lai khien ngi ta phai tai lng gia khong ch mot so hoat ong
quan s ma ca to chc xa hoi ngoai tam kiem soat cua chua Nguyen trc khi ong
chien thang - trong o bao gom toan bo sinh hoat kinh te, ngoai giao, quan s, chnh tr
cua khu vc vua Thai c Nguyen Nhac va vua Quang Trung Nguyen Hue. Viec a
ba anh em Nguyen Nhac tr ve lch s khong phai mot sm mot chieu v nhng g viet
ve ho a qua nhieu tnh huong khac nhau t cc oan nhat la phu nhan hoan toan (30
nam au tien), en viec ghi chep nh thanh phan ban nghch (60 nam ke tiep) va roi
dan dan at ho tr lai trong lch s mot cach khach quan hn (au the ky 20).
en gan ay, khi viec e cao trieu nh Tay Sn c coi nh quoc sach, nhat la
co an nau nhng ong lc chnh tr th tai lieu va sach v viet ve nha Tay Sn bong
dng n ro. The nhng nhng g ma chung ta biet ve giai oan nhieu nhng nay phan
ln da vao ngoai s, kem theo nhng tng tng va theu det nham muc ch rieng t
hn la a ra s that. Ben canh tai lieu trch t s sach la nhng co gang giai thch v
tr cua anh em Nguyen Nhac bang phong thuy, bang c duyen... long trong khuon mau
thng dung e huyen thoai hoa cac danh nhan. Khong hiem sach v mieu ta anh em
Tay Sn va cac tng lanh cua ho nh nhng hiep s vo cong cao cng trong cac
truyen kiem hiep vi tai nang phi thiem tau bch khong the co c tren thc te. Nhieu
nhan vat von d m nhat nay c em tr lai hau trng e tr thanh nhng ban sao
cua Khong Minh, Bang Thong... hay Quan Vu, Trng Phi... ma dan da ngi ta coi
nh mot s that.
Tren phng dien nghien cu, nhng chi tiet o neu loai ra cung khong co g thay
oi, neu khong noi rang nhieu khi con lam cho s viec sang to hn. Ngay ca nhng
nha nho cung ch la vai phu, du cho o la Giao Hien hay Ngo Th Nham, Nguyen
www.vietkiem.com

Thiep... va s rang buoc mot cach may moc gia van than, vo tng theo kieu mau
truyen Tau xem ra ch la theu det, anh gia qua cao ke ngoi trong trng (neu qua
thc co) ma phu nhan cong lao cua ngi trc tiep oi dien vi dau soi la bong. Anh
em Nguyen Nhac ng len hoan toan khong do nhng ong lc tam ly thuc ay bi
gii oc sach va lai cang khong can da vao ho moi khi can phai co mot quyet nh
sinh t. Viec at hau nh toan bo cac tai lieu lch s th cap viet ve trieu Tay Sn di
lang knh phe phan chac chan se b nhieu ngi phan bac nhng bu lai chung ta lai co
the lan tm ra c mot so mat xch t ma t trc en nay thng b cac nha
nghien cu bo qua.
*
*

Kho khan to ln nhat khi nghien cu ve thi ai Tay Sn la chung ta co rat t tai lieu
nguyen thuy (primary sources) t nhng nguon kha tn c viet ngay chnh thi ky o
ma phan ln da theo cac van ban viet sau s viec nhieu nam, co khi nhieu chuc nam,
do nhng ngi khong lien quan g en bien co ghi theo truyen khau ch khong phai
chnh ho tham d hay mat thay tai nghe. Nhng tac pham o c hnh thanh thng
e bay to mot xu hng chnh tr cc oan nen cac chi tiet lai cang de b bop meo cho
phu hp vi chu tam cua ngi viet.
A. S trieu Nguyen
Cuoi the ky 19, khoang 100 nam sau khi nha Tay Sn b diet, Thien nh ang
Xuan Bang, khi bien soan bo s kha cong phu nhan e Viet S Cng Muc Tiet Yeu a
viet trong bai ta:
en nh s tch thi Tay Sn, th hoi au Gia Long a co chieu tieu huy het. Vao
nam T c, quan ng s Bui nh Tr (ngi An Ly, Hai Dng) dang s xin sai
quan bien soan, sau v co viec lai thoi. Vng Mang cp ngoi nha Han, ho Mac
cp ngoi nha Le. Khi nha Han, nha Le trung hng th s tch cua Vng Mang va
ho Mac cung khong vt bo, v s la e khuyen khch va ran e. Sao lai co chuyen s
tch 15 nam e cho mai mot trong mot luc, khong ai biet na? (Hai chua Tay Sn
gom Quang Trung 5 nam, Canh Thnh 8 nam, Bao Hng 2 nam, gom 15 nam). The
th le khuyen khch va ran e au? Hn na, khi ay nha Le a mat, trieu ta cha
len, s ke noi cac trieu inh, Ly, Tran, Le trong 15 nam ay, khong thuoc Tay Sn
th con ai na? 10
Nh vay, viec ghi chep va bien soan ve trieu Tay Sn ch thc hien t thi T c
tr ve sau. Tnh ra, khi vua T c len ngoi, nha Tay Sn a b diet vong gan 1/2 the
ky (1802-1847), tai lieu phan ln a b huy hoai, khong phai ch mot lan ma nhieu lan
do lenh trc tiep t trieu nh. Nam Minh Mang th ba (1822), trieu nh huy not chiec
an cuoi cung i Tay Sn bang vang (nang 1.048 lang, 2 ong 2 phan) con sot lai trong
kho. Theo ai Nam Thc Luc, nha vua noi vi Trnh Hoai c:

www.vietkiem.com

- Hoang khao (tc vua Gia Long) ta xa dep giac Tay Sn, thu c het an ngu,
nay kho hay con mot qua. Tram ngh Hoang khao ta, cong c rc r trong s sach,
khong can cai ay, cung u to ro vo cong. Va lai nh on cua nha Thng, nh cua nha
Chu, truyen lam cua bau cho i th c, ch ay la vat tiem ngu th e lai lam g.
Vay huy i. 11
ieu nay cung xac nh viec huy hoai an tn, tai lieu c thi hanh rat qui mo,
khong e sot bat c dau vet nao cua cu trieu, nhat la nhng g co lien quan en
quyen lc. Trong che o phong kien, nhat la mot chnh quyen chuyen che, hnh phap
gianh cho nhng ngi an lau van th cua nha Tay Sn rat nang ne, khong phai ch
cho ban than ma cho ca gia nh, than toc, bang hu. Nhng vu an i Gia Long, Minh
Mang cho thay nha vua khong dung tha bat c ai, cho du la danh than, lng tng,
khai quoc nguyen huan en ca anh em ho hang neu b ket toi am mu phan nghch
cung eu b trong hnh. 12
Sau nam sau, nam 1828 vua Minh Mang mi bat au xuong chieu thu thap tai lieu
ve i Tay Sn. Cung theo ai Nam Thc Luc nha vua:
... sai bo Le t hoi nhng viec cu cua Ngu Tay (tc nha Tay Sn). Vua (Minh
Mang) bao Phan Huy Thc rang: Khi mi ai nh, thu nhat c van th sach v
cua Tay Sn rat nhieu, y tram cho la vo dung nen gan ay sai ot het ca. 13 Nay lai
ngh chung tuy boi nghch, nhng viec chung lam that khong ang ke, song cung la
dau tch cua mot i, kho sach cha cat khong nen thieu sot. Nen t giay cho Bac
Thanh, hoi khap cac co gia va s th ai co ghi chep c viec cu cua Tay Sn, t
nam Bnh Ngo tr i, t nam Nham Tuat tr lai, pham mot chnh mot lenh va chieu
sac tau s, cung moi ieu muc nho mon chung a lam, khong ne k huy khong ke
li van que mua, het thay em nop quan se lng khen thng. 14
The nhng tren thc te viec o khong phai de. Tai lieu sach v qua mot thi binh
la mat mat a nhieu, en khi thanh bnh th chnh sach thi xa nghiem nhat nen du
co lenh cua trieu nh th de may ai dam dang nop, hoa chang ch con mot so van th
xng vnh khong co gia tr s lieu. Nhieu ngi s toi phai lang bat ky ho, thay ho oi
ten, mai danh an tch nen dau co chieu ch, tai lieu ve nha Tay Sn cung khong con
c bao nhieu 15 . Va lai, tuy chep trong s cho ra ve khoan dung nhng thc te trieu
nh khong tch cc truy tam, su tap ma quan lai a phng cung chang ai cat cong
lam viec vo dung nay, l co ke ghen ghet vu cho toi an lau ngu th trong quan hat th
kho ma yen than, ngi dan cung khong ai dai g lam cong viec t to cao mnh, li
cha thay au ma nguy hiem th cam chac. 16
Chieu theo s sach, Bnh Ngo la 1786, nam Nguyen Hue lay Phu Xuan roi ra Bac
dt ho Trnh con Nham Tuat la 1802, nam vua Gia Long thong nhat at nc, tnh ra
tong cong ung 15 nam. Chung ta co the suy ra rang nhng tai lieu, giay t b huy hoai
nam gia hai moc thi gian nay nen nhng chi tiet ve chuyen xay ra tai ang Ngoai
trong khoang 1786-1802 khong thong nhat, thng la hai ba nguon mau thuan vi

www.vietkiem.com

nhau. Ngay ca Phu Xuan, ni vua Quang Trung ong o, cac en ai dinh th cung
eu pha i xay lai nen viec truy tam lai mot so a iem du la quan trong cung cha
co c nhng cau tra li thoa ang. Mo vua Quang Trung chon au, cung ien bo
tr the nao nay van ch trong vong gia thuyet u biet cong tac khep lai qua kh cua cac
vua au trieu Nguyen rat thanh cong. Cho ti au the ky 20, nhng sach v e cap en
giai oan nay hau nh khong co tai lieu nao khac hn la mot so chi tiet trch t s nha
Nguyen hoac t cac giao s pho ta vua Gia Long ghi chep lai. Viec trnh bay ve trieu
Tay Sn thanh ra rat chu quan va ngay ca nhng ghi chep ve cu trao cua cac thng
nhan Au Chau khi ghe ang Trong cung ch da tren nhng tin on phan ln la that
thiet.
Viec chep ve trieu ai nay cua s quan i Nguyen cung that s sai, chieu le.
Ngoai nhng chi tiet lien quan trc tiep vi cuoc chien gia chua Nguyen va nha Tay
Sn, phan chep rieng ve ho tat ca ch goi tron trong quyen 30 cua ai Nam Chnh Bien
Liet Truyen, cho ca 3 nhan vat chnh Nguyen Nhac, Nguyen Hue va Nguyen Quang
Toan 17 . Tuy ch co the nhng cung nhieu iem sai lam, chep lai nhng li truyen khau,
rat co the tham khao ca tieu thuyet nen gia tr lch s rat gii han. o la cha ke v co
ac cam vi nha Tay Sn, mot so bien co quan trong b bop meo vi mot chu ch ro
ret. Viec ha thap Nguyen Hue cung khong phai ch thu hep trong viec xuyen tac ba
at hanh vi hay t cach cua ong, ngay ca cach dung ch trong s nha Nguyen cung co
cho nho nhat. 18
Xet net hn, viec chep s cua trieu Nguyen tuy qui mo nhng hau het cac tac
pham ch c an hanh vao cuoi the ky 19, au the ky 20:
... Minh Mang va len ngoi vua a cho thanh lap ngay Quoc s quan (1820), at ke
hoach bien soan cac bo sach ai Nam Thc luc, ai Nam Liet truyen. Di
trieu T c, Quoc s quan do Phan Thanh Gian chu tr a soan thao ai Nam
Hoi ien (1851), Kham nh Viet s thong giam cng muc (1856) va ai Nam
nhat thong ch (1856).
Tinh than cua cac Ch du cua nha Nguyen la phai tien hanh khan trng cong viec
bien soan cac bo lch s nay, nhng trong thc te viec bien soan dien ra rat cham
chap. Ngay bo lch s bien nien cua trieu ai Nguyen can thiet phai sm hoan
thanh nham thuyet phuc than dan ve vai tro chnh thong cua trieu Nguyen, th
cung mai en nam 1844 mi hoan thanh phan Tien bien va en nam 1905 mi
c xuat ban. Mot ban Toat yeu cua bo lch s nay can c hoan thanh va
cong bo e kp thi cho cac trng hoc s dung nh mong muon cua Minh Mang t
nam 1839 ma cung phai en nam 1908 mi viet xong e pho bien. Bo quoc s
(Cng muc) d kien bien soan t nam 1811 e hoan thanh vao nam 1837, cung ch
thc s bat au tien hanh t nam 1856, viet xong vao nam 1884 va an hanh nam
1890. 19

www.vietkiem.com

Xem nh the, tuy cac s than co ghi la cong viec lam s khi au t nam Minh
Menh th 2 (1821) nhng viec thu thap tai lieu ve i Tay Sn t nhat cung phai sau
nam 1828 (khi co chieu cua vua Minh Menh). ai Nam Chnh Bien Liet Truyen chu
yeu chep ve tieu s cac danh than, hoang t, hau phi... i Nguyen, tong cong 87
quyen, 2000 trang chia lam chnh bien va tien bien, ch c bat au soan t nam
Thieu Tr th nhat (1841), phan tien bien s tap la bo sach co chep ve anh em Nguyen
Nhac hoan tat nam T c th 5 (1852), sau o mi tiep tuc lam chnh bien, hoan tat
va trnh xin khac ban nam Thanh Thai th nhat (1889) 20 .
Nhn vao t le o so viet ve trieu Nguyen, cung nh quan iem chnh thong, ngu
trieu ng thi, nhng oan s ve anh em Nguyen Nhac, Nguyen Hue t gia tr,
khong phai la nhng cong trnh ang lu tam. Neu khong v tnh hnh thay oi e mot
so s gia can ai tm kiem va co gang khoi phuc lai giai oan nay, chung ta tin rang
vai chuc trang sach chep ve thi ky nha Tay Sn cung b chon vui, lan khuat trong
hang chuc ngan trang s cua nha Nguyen. Vi muc tieu la e khuyen khch va ran
e, viec trnh bay van e a mang mot s quan chnh tr ro ret, khong phai e a ra
nhng s that ve thi ky nha Tay Sn cam quyen nen chung ta khong the khong het
sc can trong oi vi moi chi tiet trong s trieu Nguyen khi viet ve anh em Nguyen
Nhac.
S d chung toi phai trch dan hi dai nh the e nhng ai quen thuoc vi nhng bo
s ln cua Viet Nam ghi nhan rang viec bien chep ve nha Tay Sn gan nh la mot
cong tac rat th yeu v cac s quan b chm ngap trong nhng cong tac khac qui mo
hn. Co the noi, viec chep ve ba anh em Tay Sn ch qua qut cho xong chuyen, khong
c bien soan thanh mot trieu ai rieng du ch vi muc tieu khinh miet nh mot thi
ky ma ngi ta coi la tiem nghch nh nha Ho, nha Mac nen hau nh hoan toan khong
e cap en c cau hanh chanh, to chc quan oi hay phat trien kinh te. Nhng g
chung ta co c ngay nay ve trieu ai Tay Sn, tieu bieu la trieu Quang Trung, ch la
tong hp nhng tai lieu rai rac ma phan ln khong phai chng lieu xac ang. Ngay ca
hoang e xuyen suot ca thi ky nay la vua Thai c Nguyen Nhac, chung ta cung
khong biet ong duy tr bo may cai tr nh the nao va viet ve ong t hn nhieu so vi
Nguyen Hue.
Mai en au the ky th 20, Le Than Tran Trong Kim la ngi au tien neu len
mot quan iem tng oi minh bach:
Nhng ngi lam quoc s nc Tau va nc ta thng chia nhng nha lam vua ra
chnh thong va ngu trieu. Nha nao, mot la anh giac m nc, sang tao ra c
nghiep, hai la c ke truyen phan minh, than dan eu phuc, ba la dep loan yen
dan, dng nghiep at trung nguyen, th cho la chnh thong. Nha nao, mot la lam
toi cp ngoi vua, lam s thoan oat khong thanh, hai la xng e, xng vng cho
rng nui, hay la at bien a, ba la nhng ngi ngoai chung vao chiem nc lam
vua, th cho la ngu trieu.

www.vietkiem.com

Vay nay lay nhng le ay ma xet xem nen cho nha Nguyen Tay sn lam chnh thong
hay la ngu trieu, e cho hp le cong bang va cho xng cai danh hieu nhng ngi
anh hung a qua.
Nguyen nc ta la nc quan chu, lay cai ngha vua toi lam trong hn ca, the ma t
khi nha Le trung hng len tr ve sau, ho Nguyen hung c phng Nam, ho Trnh
xng chua mien Bac; tren tuy con ton vua, nhng ma quyen ve ca
nha chua. Trong nc ta a co vua lai co chua, lam thanh ra vua khong phai la
vua, toi khong phai la toi, ay la mot thi loan. en sau trong Nam th co Trng
Phuc Loan chuyen quyen lam bay, ngoai Bac th co kieu binh lam loan, giet hai
quan ai than, vua chua phai nhun mnh ma chieu ai, nh than phai khoanh tay
ma chu mot be, ay la mot luc ai loan vay.
Luc ay anh em Nguyen Nhac la ngi dan mac ao vai, day binh ap Tay sn,
chong nhau vi chua Nguyen e lap nghiep at Qui nhn. Tuy rang oi vi ho
Nguyen la cu ch, nhng ma oi vi nc Nam, th chang qua cung la mot ngi
anh hung lap than trong luc bien loan o ma thoi.
Con nh Nguyen Hue la vua Thai to nha Nguyen Tay sn, th trc giup anh bon
lan vao anh at Gia nh eu c toan thang, pha hai van quan hum beo cua
Tiem la, ch con c may tram ngi lui thui chay ve nc; sau lai ra Bac ha, dt
ho Trnh, ton vua Le, em lai moi cng thng cho ro rang. Ay la a co sc manh
ma lai biet lam viec ngha vay.
Nhng v vua nha Le nhu nhc, trieu than luc bay gi khong ai co tai kinh luan, lai
e cho Trnh Bong va Nguyen Hu Chnh noi nhau ma chuyen quyen, en noi thanh
ra tan loan. Dau the mac long, khi Nguyen Hue giet Vu Van Nham roi, khong n
dt nha Le, at Giam quoc e gi tong mieu tien trieu, nh the th cach vi nha
Le khong lay g lam bac.
Sau vua Chieu thong va ba Hoang thai hau i sang keu cau ben Tau, vua nha
Thanh nhan lay dp ay mn tieng cu nha Le, e lay nc Nam, ben sai binh tng
sang gi thanh Thang Long. Bay gi c theo t mat du cua vua nha Thanh, th nc
Nam ta, be ngoai tuy cha mat han, nhng ky that a vao tay ngi Tau roi.
Vay nc a mat, th phai lay nc lai, ong Nguyen Hue mi len ngoi hoang e,
truyen hch i cac ni, ng ng, chnh chnh, em quan ra anh mot tran pha
20 van quan Tau, tng nha Thanh la Ton S Ngh phai bo ca an tn ma chay, lam
cho vua toi nc Tau khiep s, tng s nha Thanh that am. Tng t xa en nay
nc ta cha co vo cong nao lam liet nh vay.
Va anh uoi ngi Tau i lay nc lai ma lam vua th co ieu g ma trai ao? Ha
lai chang hn nha Ly, nha Tran nhan luc au quan, n chua, ma lam s thoan oat
hay sao? Vay th lay le g ma goi la ngu? Huong chi sau vua nha Thanh cung cong
nhan cho ong Nguyen Hue lam vua nc Nam, va lai sai s sang phong cho ong

www.vietkiem.com

lam An nam quoc vng theo nh le cac trieu trc, nh the th nha Nguyen Tay sn
m nc co khac g nha inh va nha Le khong?
Tuy rang chang c bao lau nha Nguyen Tay sn sinh ra noi loan, vua The to Cao
hoang nha Nguyen lai thu phuc c c nghiep cu ma nhat thong ca nam bac lai
lam mot, nhng viec thanh bai hng vong la menh tri, va lai khi hai ngi anh
hung uoi mot con hu, tat la ngi no goi ngi kia la cu ch. Vay lay le ton
ban trieu ma xet th nha Nguyen Tay sn la ngu, ma lay cong ly ma suy th vua
Quang Trung Nguyen Hue la mot ong vua cung ng ngang vai vi vua inh Tien
hoang, vua Le Thai to, ma nha Nguyen Tay sn cung la mot nha chnh thong nh
nha inh va nha Le vay. 21
B. Hoang Le Nhat Thong Ch
Tai lieu th hai ma cac s gia Viet Nam rat tam ac la bo Hoang Le Nhat Thong
Ch cua Ngo gia van phai. Nh ten goi, ay la mot cuon sach theo the ch. The ch
nay la ky s chi van nh T Nguyen nh ngha. 22 Theo gii thieu van ban cua
Tran Ngha trong Hoang Le Nhat Thong Ch 23 th co en 12 d ban cua Hoang Le Nhat
Thong Ch, t nhieu, dai ngan t 7 en 17 hoi. Bai gii thieu nay khong c ro rang
lam nhng vi tieu e tac gia sach la Ngo Gia Van Phai, chung ta co the hieu c
rang ban dch co hom nay c lay t Th Vien Hiep Hoi Chau A Paris, ky hieu HM.
2224, tap 7, quyen 19-20 trong phan Hoc Ton Cong Di Thao.
Ai la ngi soan bo sach nay cung khong minh bach, phan ln cho rang 7 hoi au do
Hoc Ton (tc Ngo Th Ch, 1753-1788 la con th Ngo Th S) soan, phan ke tiep t hoi
8 en hoi 14 do Trng Phu (tc Ngo Th Du, 1772-1840, chau goi Ngo Th S bang
bac), phan cuoi cung t hoi 15 en 17 do Ngo Th Thuyen soan hoi cuoi the ky 19
(1899). Theo li ta cua ban dch Ngo Tat To th:
... Rieng cuon Hoang Le Nhat Thong Ch, hoac An Nam nhat thong ch, khong phai
la mot sach a ch nh nhan e a goi, ma chnh la mot cuon lch s tieu thuyet
viet theo loi truyen Tam Quoc dien ngha cua Tau. 24
Tuy cuon truyen co the c khi thao t the ky 18 nhng ch hoan tat va cong
khai lu truyen t cuoi the ky 19. Ban dch Hoang Le Nhat Thong Ch cung a dang
di nhng ten Hoang Le Nhat Thong Ch dien ngha do Cat Thanh va Tran Thuy dch
(Ha Noi, Thu Ky, 1927) hay Hau Le thong ch do Nguyen ang Tan va Nguyen Cong
Liem dch (Ha Noi, Trng Xuan, 1950). Hai ban thong dung nhat la ban Hoang Le
Nhat Thong Ch do Ngo Tat To dch (Ha Noi, 1942 va 1958; Saigon, 1959 tai ban
1969) va Hoang Le Nhat Thong Ch do Nguyen c Van va Kieu Thu Hoach dch (Ha
Noi, 1964, nhieu tai ban). 25
Nhieu nha nghien cu lai cho rang chnh Ngo Th Nham la ngi ong gop mot
phan ln. Trong chu thch trang 17 cua cuon 1 trong bo Ngo Th Nham tac pham,
nhng ngi chu bien a trch lai Vu c Phuc 26 cho rang tinh than Ngo Th Nham

www.vietkiem.com

the hien rat ro qua cuon sach ke lai chuyen Quang Trung anh quan Thanh va lch s
ngoai giao cua Tay Sn vi trieu Thanh thi o mot cach hao hng ham y rang Ngo
Th Nham rat co the a soan nhng hoi lien quan en nha Tay Sn. Tuy nhien, bo ra
ngoai nhng co y cat chan cho va vi chiec ging khi ngi ta nghien cu ve Ngo
Th Nham e e cao vai tro cua ong trong thi ai Tay Sn, nhieu chi tiet neu oi
chieu vi cac tai lieu khac ang tin hn lai khien chung ta ng rang ngay ca nhng
ieu viet ve ong trong Hoang Le Nhat Thong Ch cung khong xac thc ma co the do
ngi sau theu det them.
Chnh v Hoang Le Nhat Thong Ch do nhieu ngi viet trong nhieu thi ky, nhieu
quan iem chnh tr nen rat kho phan biet ai a viet oan nao, nhng g a b sa oi,
them bt va dan dng, trong cung mot quyen sach cung a co nhieu ieu mau thuan
va khong an khp vi nhau. Cac nha nghien cu cung khong ong y tren mot so van
e van ban va ai la tac gia.
Ngoai nhng chi tiet khong au co ma chung ta khong cach nao kiem chng, nhieu
oan chung ta co tai lieu chnh xac th Hoang Le Nhat Thong Ch eu khong phu hp.
Mot bien co rat quan trong la viec phai oan Nguyen Quang Hien sang Bac Kinh nhan
sac phong th Hoang Le Nhat Thong Ch khong he nhac en nen chung ta co the ng
rang khong phai Ngo Th Nham viet nhng chng nay ma la ngi sau ba ra theo
nhng tin on hay tng tng ch khong phai do mot ngi ang lam quan trong trieu
nh Tay Sn ke lai hay ghi chep. Chuyen i cua phai oan Quang Trung, mot phai
oan ngoai quoc c nha Thanh tiep ai con trong the hn ca phai oan Macartney
cua Anh may nam sau lai ch c chep rat s sai va hoan toan sai s thc e roi
khong t s gia da theo e phong but mot cach rat khinh suat.
Noi tom lai, ay la mot cuon tieu thuyet soan theo loi chng hoi tng t nh
Tam Quoc, Thuy H..., the loai truyen giai tr thong dung thi Minh - Thanh, tuy dung
thi ai lam boi canh nhng khong phai la lch s ung ngha, co nhieu h cau va c
sa i sa lai, them bt cho phu hp vi tnh the chnh tr hay quan iem cua moi
ngi. Tuy nhieu chi tiet viet giong nhau, chung ta cung khong biet s trieu Nguyen
chep theo Hoang Le Nhat Thong Ch hay Hoang Le Nhat Thong Ch s dung tai lieu
trieu Nguyen lam c s nhng ca hai eu khong u xac tn e chap nhan o la nhng
s that lch s.
The nhng viec ho nghi Hoang Le Nhat Thong Ch lai la ieu rat cam k oi vi
nhieu nha nghien cu. George Dutton trong mot bien khao kha cong phu a nhan nh
rang nhieu tac pham ve s noi bat (prominent) a s dung hay mac nhien chap nhan
nhng tai lieu trong tac pham nay ma khong can trch dan u biet ngi ta a coi o
nh ly s ng nhien khong can bien giai. 27 Viec tham nh tai lieu e s dung mot
cach chon loc tr nen kho khan hn khi nhng g ngi ta tng nghe, tng oc va tin
tng mot cach tuyet oi trong nhieu nam qua b at van e. Rieng chien thang nam
Ky Dau chung ta a co hang chuc quyen sach, hang tram bai viet tren sach bao va
mang internet c lap lai hau het cung mot so chi tiet, phan ln da tren cac nguon
www.vietkiem.com

tai lieu th cap (secondary sources) pha tron gia h cau va nhng ieu mat thay tai
nghe. Hai nguon tai lieu nhac en tren eu khong the tm au ra tai lieu goc thanh
th bat c mot chi tiet nao cung ng gia that va gia, can tai kiem chng.
oi vi ngi nghien cu, viec i tm ban lai dien muc cua mot trieu ai ngan ngui
khong phai de dang khi trong tay chung ta ch con rat t manh vun vng vai cua mot
chiec bnh quy, trong o lan lon nhieu o sanh o s ma ngi ta co tnh e lan vao.
C. Cac tai lieu khac
1. Tai lieu s cap:
Cho ti gi phut nay, trong nhng van ban ve thi ai Tay Sn, chung toi ch biet
c hai nguon tai lieu coi nh s cap:
a. Cung Trung ang va Quan C X cua nha Thanh con nhieu van th bao gom
chieu bieu, th t lien quan en cuoc chien Viet Thanh va bang giao gia hai nc 28 .
Nhng tai lieu o trc ay c lu gi theo dang toi mat, la nguyen ban t hn hai
tram nam trc trong o phan ln cac van th qua lai ve chien dch anh An Nam c
tap trung trong bo Kham nh An Nam Ky Lc (bao gom 31 quyen), tong cong 856
trang). 29 Mot so van ban khac con lu lai nhieu chi tiet lch s, cha ke cac but tch, an
tn... lien he en nc ta cung can c khai thac. Cong tac nay phai la mot chng
trnh qui mo tren tam voc quoc gia ch kho co the do ca nhan thc hien v hiem ai dam
hi sinh, bo cong sc sang ai Loan hay Trung Quoc trong nhng d an ton kem, nhieu
cong lao va thi gian.
b. Ve tai lieu cua nc ta th en nay may man con ton tai ban sao mot so van th
trao oi gia trieu nh Quang Trung va Thanh nh gi trong Vien Vien ong Bac
Co. Nhng van th o a c nh Thu Hoang Van Hoe phien dch, c nhan Han hoc
Nguyen Tao gii thieu do Nha Van Hoa Bo Giao Duc VNCH an hanh di nhan e
ai Viet Quoc Th (1967) 30 . Tap tai lieu nay hau nh khong c s dung rong rai
trong cac nghien cu cua Viet Nam. oi chieu vi th t va tien trnh giao thiep cua
nha Thanh chung toi thay hai ben rat khp nhau chng to ay la nhng van ban co gia
tr.
Ngoai ra, cung con mot so cac van tch t gia bao gom mot so bai cua Ngo Th
Nham, ac biet la tap Han Cac Anh Hoa cung mot so th t Nguyen Hue qua lai vi
La Sn Phu T Nguyen Thiep va gan ay phat hien mot so tai lieu chau Qui Hp
(Nghe An) co lien quan en nha Tay Sn. Mot so th van cua cac s than khi i i s
nha Thanh cung bo tuc va xac nh lai mot so chi tiet.
2. Tai lieu th cap:
Mot so tai lieu hien con tang tr tai th vien Han Nom (Ha Noi) tuy khong chnh
thc nhng c viet do nhng ngi song trong thi o co t nhieu lien quan en bien
ong cung cha ng mot so d kien ang ke:

www.vietkiem.com

a. Lch Trieu Tap Ky tc Hau Le Lch Trieu Tap Ky do Ngo Cao Lang ngi
Thanh Hoa, o hng cong nam inh Mao (1870) bien soan, c con ong la Xien
Trai bo sung.
Bo nay co 6 quyen nhng quyen 5 a mat ch con 1, 2, 3, 4 va 6 c dch va xuat ban
gan ay trong o co nhieu chi tiet ve chien thang Ky Dau va bang giao Thanh Viet
i Tay Sn.
b. Bac Hanh Tung Ky la hoi ky cua Le Quynh (1750 1805), mot tong than cua
vua Chieu Thong noi tieng vi cau noi au toi co the chat nhng toc khong the cat,
da toi co the lot nhng ao khong the oi khi b ep phai gioc toc thay ao theo kieu nha
Thanh. Li t thuat cua ong a nh chnh c nhieu van e quan trong, nhat la
nguyen nhan cua viec Ton S Ngh em quan sang nc ta.
c. Lch ai Bieu Chng Khanh Luc bao gom mot so bai bieu, khai, sach, van te,
nhac chng ... cuoi the ky 18, au the ky 19 trong o co mot so tai lieu i Tay
Sn. 31
Cac loai tai lieu nay chung toi coi la quan trong nhat e dng mot khung hnh trong
khi truy tm d kien, mac dau b sao i chep lai nen can nhng chuyen vien ve van ban
hoc anh gia, so sanh.
3. Tai lieu Au Chau:
Rat nhieu tai lieu nay con nam trong cac van kho quoc gia Au Chau hay hoi
truyen giao Giao Hoi La Ma co gia tr ve thi gian v c viet bi chnh cac giao s
Tay phng co mat Viet Nam thi ky nha Tay Sn ng quyen. Phan ln la nhng
tng trnh cua cac giao s len cap tren va th t trao oi gia cac giao phan. Tuy ch
la van th lu hanh noi bo nen khong tranh khoi nhng thien lech, yeu ghet theo cam
tnh rieng t cua nguon tin cung nh ngi viet th, chung ta cung co the tm hieu va
oi chieu c mot so bien ong a phng va tin tc loan truyen trong thi ky o.
Nhng tai lieu nay cung giup nh chnh lai mot so chi tiet ve ngay thang trong s Viet
Nam. 32
Cac tha sai cua giao hoi Thien Chua sang truyen giao eu co gang tm cach lay
cam tnh cua gii cam quyen e co c nhng de dai trong cong tac cua ho nen nam
vng nhieu viec ma chnh s khong nhac en chu yeu la e cho ngi ke nhiem co
nhng au moi e bat lien lac va phat trien khi can. Nhieu van lieu cua Hoi Truyen
Giao con ghi nhan rang ngay trong gia nh cua anh em Nguyen Nhac cung co mot ba
d theo ao va mot so nhan vat chu chot cua ca hai chnh quyen ang Trong lan ang
Ngoai, co hao cam va t nhieu yem tr cho ao Thien Chua c hoat ong tng oi
thoai mai (khong biet v ly do chnh tr, quan s hay ton giao).
Co rat nhieu truyen ngon rang anh em Tay Sn xuat than t mot gia nh co lien he
en ao Thien Chua va chnh ho cung co the a tng la tn o. Mot giao s Au chau
viet la cha cua ho la mot tn hu a bo ao va Nguyen Nhac a c ra toi khi s
www.vietkiem.com

sinh. Mot ngi khac noi la Nguyen Nhac co ten thanh la Paul va ngi lanh tu Tay
Sn t xng la Paul Nhac...
(There are numerous anecdotes suggesting that the Tay Sn brothers came from a
family with Christian connections and may even themselves have been Christians.
One European priest wrote that their father was an apostate Christian and that
Nguyen Nhac had been baptized as an infant. Another gave Nhacs baptismal name
as Paul and claimed that the Tay Sn leader called himself Paul Nhac) 33
Nhieu cap quan lai cua tng vung cung co lien he gan xa en cac to chc cua giao
hoi. t ai trong chung ta lai ng rang nhng nha truyen giao Tay phng, chu yeu la
ngi Phap, a moc noi hay ket than c nhng nhan vat quyen the nhat nh tai
Bac Ha nh Hoang Ngu Phuc, Hoang nh Bao 34 va rat co the ca Ngo Van S....
Vao cuoi the ky th 18, cac thay oi ve ky thuat, c kh, hang hai cua the gii anh
hng rat nhieu en tnh hnh Viet Nam, trc tiep lien quan en sinh menh cua nhng
the lc ang uoi hu tranh nh. Nhng ong gop hay can thiep ve quan s va chnh
tr cua cac giao s qua truyen giao Vien ong co the lam nghieng lech can can thang
bang khong phai ch mot quoc gia ma toan the khu vc. Mang li to chc, c cau
sinh hoat va thong tin cua cac nha truyen giao kha chat che, co lien quan mat thiet en
sinh hoat chnh tr cua mien Bac va cua nha Tay Sn. Thi ky nhieu nhng nhieu khi
gay tr ngai cho viec truyen ao nhng cung la c hoi tot e nhng the lc t ben
ngoai tm cach can thiep va khai thac noi bo nc ta.
Co the noi rang viec phan tranh Nam Bac di thi Trnh Nguyen cung em ti
mot so iem tch cc, t no lc tm kiem ky thuat Tay phng e gia tang sc manh
quan s en viec m ca vi ben ngoai cho phep cac giao s vao giang ao mot cach
thoai mai khong b ngan tr. Ch en khi v nhieu mau thuan nay sinh gia cac tha sai
ton giao va trieu nh, khi o mi co nhng han che. So vi nhieu quoc gia vung
ong A, Viet Nam giai oan o tng oi ci m hn nhieu. Viec an ap cac giao o
Thien Chua cuoi the ky 18 va gia the ky 19 co nhieu nguyen nhan chnh tr hn la v
c tin. ieu nay cung tng oi de hieu v nha cam quyen Viet Nam luon luon muon
cac nha tu ngoai quoc lam au cau trung gian e mua kh gii va dung cu quan s nen
mot khi ho xoay chieu th khong phai ch mat mot nguon cung cap ma con la mot e
doa to ln oi vi s an nguy cua mot trieu ai.
Ngoai tai lieu cua Trung Hoa va Hoi Truyen Giao Hai Ngoai, mot nguon tai lieu
chung ta cha lu tam ung mc la tai lieu cua mot so phai bo ngi Anh nghien cu
va tng trnh ve khu vc ong Nam A. Vao thi ky o, ranh gii quoc gia cha phai
la nhng yeu to quan trong va ngi ngoai quoc thng nghien cu mot khu vc vi
nhng ai ong tieu d, coi nhng xung ot a phng nh nhng the lc tranh gianh
quyen lc hn la mot quoc gia nay, mot dan toc nay anh vi mot quoc gia khac, dan
toc khac. Nhng sinh hoat cua vung nay lai c tm thay nhng mo hnh tng t
mot a khu khac mac dau tieng noi, chung toc khac nhau nhng van co lien he hang

www.vietkiem.com

ngang, hang doc chang cht, t khi co the tm c mot mau hnh thuan tuy ca biet.
Nhng nghien cu da tren mau so toan vung va nhieu tai lieu lien quan en cac quoc
gia lan can, ac biet la Lao, Cao Mien, Xiem La, Mien ien, Indonesia, Phi Luat
Tan... va mot so tnh mien Nam Trung Hoa, cac sinh hoat thng mai qua lai tren bien
ong cung giup chung ta giai ma c nhieu nghi van ma trc nay khong co cau tra
li. 35
Ket luan
Chung ta co may man c nghien cu trong thi ky tin hoc, khi tai lieu t nhieu
nguon khac nhau co the thu thap tng oi de dang. C nh le thng, tai lieu t chnh
ngi Viet phai la tai lieu nguyen thuy, co gia tr cao nhat. Tiec thay v hoan canh ac
biet cua at nc a a en tr treu khi chung ta phai tm kiem tai lieu t ben ngoai
e viet ve s nc mnh. Viec truy tam nhng th t, chieu bieu cua Trung Hoa co lien
quan en Viet Nam e bo tuc cho chnh s, giai quyet nhng thieu sot va nghi van con
ay ray trong sach v nc ta la mot ieu can thiet.
Khi quan niem ve lch s con han che, nhan manh vao tnh chnh thong cua mot
trieu ai, cac s gia lam khi co tnh huy hoai, bop meo hay ba at nhng ieu khong
co thc ve ke thu cua mnh. Di xu hng nay, viet s va tuyen truyen du cho mot
chnh quyen hay mot dan toc - cha co ranh gii ro ret.
The nhng ieu o khong phai ch xay ra giai oan cuoi the ky 18, ngay ca
nhng s viec gan ay ma nhieu ngi trong chung ta a chng kien nhng muon ghi
lai cho chu ao cung phai t nhieu da vao tai lieu ngoai nc e c nhn t nhieu
goc canh, trong tinh than khoa hoc tm kiem s that ch khong phai e bien minh cho
mot chu trng hay y thc chnh tr. Khuynh hng nghien cu mi nhan manh vao
viec nhn nhng bien ong qua mau so cua toan vung hn ch la han che vao mot quoc
gia, hay lam khi ch vao mot ca nhan cua lanh tu va a ra phan tch thay v ch tng
thuat bien co ma thoi. 36
Kham nh An Nam Ky Lc cua nha Thanh giup chung ta mot phan nao trong
viec dng lai cuoc chien Viet Thanh va bang giao i Tay Sn nhng nhieu b an
khac van con nam yen trong kho tai lieu tai ai Bac, Bac Kinh va cac th vien a
phng cua Trung Hoa can c a ra anh sang. Nhng cong tac qui mo o phai co
s tham gia va ong gop tch cc cua mot oi ngu tr thc nang ong vi s ong tnh
va yem tr tren qui mo quoc gia hay quoc te. Hi vong rang bai viet nay m au cho
nhng anh gia va bien soan trung thc hn.
Nguyen Duy Chnh

www.vietkiem.com

TAI LIEU THAM KHAO

1. BARRADOUGH, GEOFFREY. Main Trends in History. New York: Holmes &
Meier Publishers, Inc., 1979
2. BARTLETT, BEATRICE S. Monarchs and Ministers The Grand Council in
Mid-Ching China, 1723-1820. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991
3. DUTTON, GEORGE. The Tay Sn Uprising Society and Rebellion in
Eigtheenth-Century Vietnam. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2006
4. ANG PHNG NGHI. Les Institutions Publiques du Viet-Nam au XVIIIe
siecle. Paris, Ecole Franaise dExtreme-Orient, 1969
5. ANG XUAN BANG. Viet S Cng Muc Tiet Yeu (ban dch cua Hoang Van
Lau) Ha Noi: nxb KHXH, 2000
6. O, BANG. Nhng Kham Pha ve Hoang e Quang Trung. Hue: nxb Thuan
Hoa, 2003
7. OAN, XNG QUOC, Trung Quoc Thong S: Can ai S. ai Bac: Chung
Van o Th, 1984
8. NG, VAN C LA KHANH SAI (-). Can Long Truyen
(). Bac Kinh: Nhan Dan xb xa, 1994
9. FOREST, ALAIN. Les Missionaires Franais au Tonkin et au Siam XVIIe-XVIIIe
Siecles. Livre II: Histoires Du Tonkin. Paris: LHarmattan, 1998
10. http://www.humnet.ucla.edu/humnet/ealc/faculty/dutton/AHAHLNTC.pdf
11. KHUYET DANH. S Ky ai Nam Viet (Annales Annamites) (in lai theo ban in
lan th 5 cua nha dong Tan nh, 1909). Sai Gon: Nhom Nghien Cu S a
Viet Nam, 1974
12. LANG NHAN. Giai Thoai Lang Nho toan tap. Texas: Zieleks, 1985
13. MAI, QUOC LIEN (chu bien). Ngo Th Nham tac pham (4 quyen) Ha Noi: nxb
Van Hoc, 2001-2
14. NATIONAL PALACE MUSEUM. Chinese Cultural Art Treasures (3rd Edition).
Taipei: The National Palace Museum, 1967
15. NGO GIA VAN PHAI. Hoang Le Nhat Thong Ch (ban dch Nguyen c Van
Kieu Thu Hoach) Ha Noi: nxb Van Hoc, 2002
16. NGO, THI CH. Hoang Le Nhat Thong Ch (ban dch Ngo Tat To) Saigon:
Phong Trao Van Hoa tai ban, 1969

www.vietkiem.com

17. NGUYEN, CONG VIET. An Chng Viet Nam t the ky XV en cuoi the ky
XIX. Ha Noi: nxb Khoa Hoc-Xa Hoi, 2005
18. NGUYEN, LIEN HOAN (dch). Nien Bieu Lch S Trung Quoc. Ha Noi: The
Gii, 2001
19. NGUYEN, LNG BCH PHAM NGOC PHUNG. Tm Hieu Thien Tai Quan
S cua Nguyen Hue. Ha Noi: nxb Quan oi Nhan Dan, 1971
20. NGUYEN, PHAN QUANG. Theo Dong Lch S Dan Toc, S Kien & T Lieu.
tp HCM: nxb Tong Hp, 2004
21. NGUYEN, QUOC VINH Gop them t lieu mi ve quan he chien s va ngoai
giao Viet Thanh thi Tay Sn: Bo tranh Bnh nh An Nam Chien o co
th e vnh bang ng but cua vua Can Long, Phan Huy Le (chu bien), Cac
Nha Viet Nam Hoc Nc Ngoai Viet Ve Viet Nam. Ha Noi: nxb The Gii, 2002
22. NGUYEN, THE LONG. Chuyen i S Tiep S thi xa. Ha Noi: nxb Van
Hoa Thong Tin, 2001
23. NGUYEN, TNG PHNG (Tien am). Lc Khao Binh Che Viet Nam qua
cac thi ai. Ha Noi: Ngay Mai, 1950
24. NGUYEN, VAN SIEU. Phng nh D a Ch (Ngo Manh Nghinh dch). Ha
Noi: nxb VH-TT, 2001
25. NHIEM, KE DU (chu bien). Trung Quoc van hoa ai ien. Sn Tay: Sn Tay
giao duc xb xa, 1999
26. NHIEU TAC GIA. Lch S Van Hoa Trung Quoc 2 tap (Tran Ngoc Thuan, ao
Duy at, ao Phng Chi dch). Ha Noi: nxb Van Hoa Thong Tin, 1999
27. ---------------. Nghien Cu Hue, tap nam 2003. Tha Thien: Trung Tam Nghien
Cu Hue, 2003
28. ---------------. Nhng Van e Lch S ve trieu ai cuoi cung Viet Nam. Hue:
Trung Tam Bao Ton Di Tch Co o Hue Tap Ch Xa & Nay, 2002
29. PEERS, C. J. Soldiers of the Dragon, Chinese Armies 1500 BC AD 1840. MD:
Osprey Publishing Ltd., 2006
30. PETERSON, WILLARD J. (chu bien). The Cambridge History of China, Vol. 9,
Part One: The Ching Dynasty to 1800. Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press, 2002
31. PEYREFITTE, ALAIN. The Collision of Two Civilisations The British
Expedition to China 1792-4. (ban dch cua Jon Rothschild t tieng Phap

www.vietkiem.com

LEmpire Immobile ou Le Choc des Mondes) London: HarperCollins Publishers,

1993
32. PHAM, NGOC PHUNG. To Tien Ta anh Giac. Ha Noi: nxb Quan Giai
Phong, 1975
33. PHNG LC QUAN. Kham nh An Nam Ky Lc. Ho Nam: Hai Nam
xuat ban xa, 2000 (chup lai nguyen ban t Ng Th Phong vua Gia Khanh,
hien tang tr tai Co Cung Bac Vat Vien Bac Kinh)
34. QUOC S QUAN TRIEU NGUYEN. Minh Menh chnh yeu (tap I). Hue: nxb
Thuan Hoa, 1994
35. ---------------. ai Nam Chnh Bien Liet Truyen: Nha Tay Sn (ban dch Ta
Quang Phat) Saigon: Phu Quoc Vu Khanh ac trach van hoa, 1970
36. ---------------. ai Nam Liet Truyen (Ngo Hu Tao, o Mong Khng dch).
Hue: nxb Thuan Hoa, 1997
37. ---------------. ai Nam Nhat Thong Ch (Pham Trong iem dch). Hue: nxb
Thuan Hoa, 1997
38. ---------------. ai Nam Thc Luc, Tap Ba (ban dch Vien S Hoc). Ha Noi: nxb
Giao Duc, 2004
39. ---------------. ai Nam Thc Luc, Tap Hai (ban dch Vien S Hoc). Ha Noi: nxb
Giao Duc, 2004
40. ---------------. ai Nam Thc Luc, Tap Mot (ban dch Vien S Hoc). Ha Noi: nxb
Giao Duc, 2001
41. T Nguyen, thng va ha. ai Bac: Thng Vu An Th Quan, 1980
42. TRAN TRONG KIM. Viet Nam S Lc, quyen II. Saigon: Trung Tam Hoc
Lieu Bo Giao Duc, 1971
43. TRAN, VAN GIAP. Tac Pham c tang Giai Thng Ho Ch Minh (Tm hieu
kho sach Han Nom Tap 1 & 2). Ha Noi: nxb KHXH, 2003
44. VIEN NGHIEN CU HAN NOM. Tap Ch Han Nom 2 (5). Ha Noi, 1988
CHU THCH
1

Ngha Bnh, Uy Ban KH/KT, 1988.

trch lai theo Li Tana, Nguyen Cochinchina, Southern Vietnam in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth
Centuries. New York, Cornell University, 1998, tr. 139.

Le Trnh mien Bac, Nguyen Hue mien bac Trung phan, Nguyen Nhac Bnh nh, Phu Yen va
Nguyen Anh Gia nh.

www.vietkiem.com

Ngay khi khoi phuc c toan coi Nam Ha, chua Nguyen cung van ngan ngai khi chuan b tien quan ra
Bac. ai Nam thc luc chep:
...Vua (Gia Long) tng cung bay toi ban viec dung binh, bao rang: Bac Ha la nc cu cua nha
Le, t khi liet thanh ta xay dng c nghiep mien Nam, hn 200 nam van theo chnh soc nha Le.
Gan ay Tay Sn trom quyen, ta phai lo dung binh ch la e phuc thu, ma thoi. Nay b coi cu a
c khoi phuc, ma au so giac lai tron ra Bac, neu ta c binh Bac phat th sau khi bat c toi
nhan roi oi vi nha Le se the nao?. Bon ang c Sieu va Tran Van Tac eu tau rang: T
khi vua Le chay sang nc Thanh, i khong thay tr lai, at Bac Ha a lot vao tay giac Tay Sn
roi. Huong chi t khi quan nha vua lay lai o cu ti nay, nhng toi dan nha Le khong mot ngi
nao ng ngha e anh giac, nha Le khong day lai c a co the biet ro roi. Nay ta dep c
giac Tay Sn, chiem c at ai, o la ta lay giac Tay Sn ch khong phai lay nha Le.
Cong viec xong roi, th se x tr. Duy viec cat quan th qu co danh ngha, ma oi quan ng
menh tri thuan long ngi th trc phai oi chnh soc. Nay ta anh mien Bac ma van con
dung nien hieu nha Le, thc e ngi Bac bao ta mn tieng phu Le, chi bang c chnh e v, oi
nien hieu, to bay ai ngha vi thien ha, nh the th c nc la chnh ang, khong ai d ngh
c...

Quoc S Quan trieu Nguyen, ai Nam Thc Luc, e Nhat Ky, quyen XVI (tap I) ban dch Vien S Hoc.
Ha Noi, nxb Giao Duc, 2002, tr. 488
5

Xem them Mot so nhan nh cua Philippe Langlet ve hoat ong cua Quoc s quan trieu Nguyen cua
Nguyen Phan Quang va Phan Van Hoang (Tap Ch Nghien Cu Lch S, Ha Noi, so 263 thang 7,8 nam
1992, in lai trong Nguyen Phan Quang, Theo Dong Lch S Dan Toc, S Kien & T Lieu, nxb Tong Hp
tp HCM, 2004 t trang 989-1010)

la tap tuc i xa, khi anh thang ch quan em tu nhan va kh gii lam le cao te to tien, bao tin
thang tran. Nghi le hien phu bao gom 4 loai: hien phu, thu hang, cao thanh, lao s (dang tu nhan, nhan
au hang, ba cao a hoan thanh, va khao thng tng s).

Ve viec hanh hnh vua toi nha Tay Sn, xem them Charles Maybon, La Relation sur Le Tonkin et la
Cochinchine de Mr. De La Bissachere (1807) Paris, Librairie Ancienne Honore Champion, 1919, tr. 11822.

Nguyen Phan Quang Phan Van Hoang, Mot so nhan nh cua Phillippe Langlet ve hoat ong cua
Quoc S Quan trieu Nguyen (Tap Ch Nghien Cu Lch S so 263, 7-8-1992) (in lai trong Nguyen
Phan Quang, Theo Dong Lch S Dan Toc, nxb Tong hp TPHCM, 2004 tr. 989.
9

ang Xuan Bang (1828-1910) quan lang Hanh Thien, Nam nh o tien s nam 1856, lam quan rat can
man, thanh liem, gioi ca ve hanh chanh lan quan s. Ong a ra nhieu cai cach ve kinh te va ngoai giao
nhng khong c vua T c chap thuan. Khi ve hu, ong em het tam tr vao viec bien soan va trc
tac, e lai nhieu tac pham gia tr. (Xem them Lang Nhan, Giai Thoai Lang Nho toan tap, Texas,
Zieleks, 1985 t trang 450-72.
10

Li ta viet nam Thanh Thai 17 (1905). ang Xuan Bang, Viet S Cng Muc Tiet Yeu (ban dch cua
Hoang Van Lau). Ha Noi, nxb KHXH, 2000. tr. 9. Nh vay mai ti luc nay chung ta mi thay mot s gia
song thi Nguyen xin c cong nhan nha Tay Sn nh mot trieu ai chnh thong, du rang ong van co
gang nhan manh rang e khuyen khch va ran e.
11

Quoc S Quan trieu Nguyen, ai Nam Thc Luc (tap Hai) (ban dch Vien S Hoc). Ha Noi, nxb Giao
Duc, 2004, tr. 222.

12

Gan ay, ngi ta co tm c ba chiec an ong ma cac nha nghien cu cho rang thuoc i Tay Sn
nhng eu la cua nhng cap bac tng oi thap, khong may ac biet. Rieng ban than chung toi cung con
ng rang an nay thuoc ve i Nguyen, khong phai i Tay Sn. Xem them Nguyen Cong Viet, An
Chng Viet Nam t the ky XV en cuoi the ky XIX. Ha Noi, nxb Khoa Hoc-Xa Hoi, 2005.

www.vietkiem.com

13

Nh vay viec tieu huy tai lieu ve nha Tay Sn mot cach qui mo do chu trng cua trieu nh t nhat
cung hai lan, mot lan i Gia Long, mot lan i Minh Menh.

14

Quoc S Quan Trieu Nguyen, ai Nam Thc Luc (tap Hai). Ha Noi, nxb Giao Duc, 2004, tr. 796. Co
ieu ve sau nay trong S Quan ngi ta cung khong tm thay nhng tai lieu nao thuoc ve i Tay Sn,
khong hieu dan chung khong dang nap hay ch la mot ke e trieu nh thu luc nhng g con sot lai em
ve huy cho ky het.
15

Theo le cu, con chau nhng ngi cong tac vi Tay Sn eu b cam thi ba i (tam ai bat ac ng
th), khong khac g thanh phan cung inh lam nhng mat nghe liet vao hang ha cu lu. Trong nhng
nam au thi Nguyen, khong t nhng vu ai an nay sinh t mot ly do het sc vu v.

16

Hien nay trong van kho cua Viet Nam tuy van con mot so sach v e lai nhng phan ln khong co gia
tr g ac biet, nhieu chi tiet rat ang ng. Nhieu tai lieu khong ro xuat x, bien soan thieu khoa hoc
(chang han Minh o S cua Le Trong Ham) nhng van c s dung v nhu cau chnh tr hn la ve gia
tr cua tai lieu.
17

Trong ban dch ch tong cong 50 trang (t trang 521 en 571) cho ca ba ngi con trong nguyen ban
DNCBLT-S tap, quyen 30 ch co 56 trang ch Han.
18

S trieu Nguyen khi chep lai li noi cua Nguyen Hue khi t xng a dung ch co () la ngi an ba
thay v dung ch co () la li noi nhun cua bac vng gia. Dch gia Ta Quang Phat a ma mai la thoi
tieu nhan nho mon cua s gia (Nha Tay Sn, 1970, tr. 134, chu thch 1) Mot viec nh the co the giup
chung ta suy ra them ve nhng viec khac.
19

Nguyen Phan Quang, sd. tr. 993

20

... Ti nam T c th 5 (1852) bo Tien bien liet truyen lam xong; phung ch ke tiep, lam bo e
nhat ky chnh bien liet truyen, cac vien s quan luc ay, tham bo khao xet nh chnh, chia ra tng
muc, bien thanh tng loai. au la cac truyen cua Hau phi, th la Hoang t, cong chua; th na la cac
be toi; th na la ngi co hanh co ngha, va cac liet n; cuoi rot chep phu them cac truyen ve bon tiem
thiet va viec nc ngoai, gom co 8 muc, cong 33 quyen, nhan e la Chnh bien liet truyen s tap...
Li tau cua s than nha Nguyen nam Thanh Thai th 1, ngay 13 thang 10 (5-11-1889). ai Nam Liet
Truyen (tap 2). Hue, Thuan Hoa, 1997, tr. 8 9.
21

Tran Trong Kim, Viet Nam S Lc, quyen II. Bo Giao Duc Saigon, Trung Tam Hoc Lieu, 1971, tr.
127-29.
22

():

T Nguyen, quyen ha. ai Bac, Thng Vu An Th Quan, 1980, tr. 1952

23

Ha Noi, Van Hoc, 2002, tr. 5-6.

24

Ngo Thi Ch, Hoang Le Nhat Thong Ch (ban dch Ngo Tat To). Saigon: Phong Trao Van Hoa, 1969
Li gii thieu, tr. 5
25

ang Phng Nghi, Les Institutions Publiques du Viet-Nam au XVIIIe siecle. Paris, Ecole Franaise
dExtreme-Orient, 1969 tr. 4-5
26

T Ngo Th Nham en trao lu van hoc Tay Sn. Tap ch Van Hoc 4/5. Ha Noi, Vien Van Hoc,
1973,

27

Xem The Hoang Le Nhat Thong Ch and the Historiography of 18th Century Vietnam tr. 31.
http://www.humnet.ucla.edu/humnet/ealc/faculty/dutton/AHAHLNTC.pdf

28

S lieu (historical documents) cua nha Thanh c chia ra lam 8 loai:

-

Quan C X ang The Archives of the Grand Council

Cung Trung ang The Palace Records

www.vietkiem.com

Thanh S Quan ang The Records of the Board of the History of the Ching Dynasty

Thc Luc The Veritable Records

Ban Ky The Annals

Khi C Chu Diaries of Activity and Repose

Chieu Th The Imperial Mandates

Quoc Th The National Credentials

29

Hien nay chung toi ang sap xep e phien dch bo sach hiem qu nay. Mac dau phan ln nhng chieu
bieu o eu trung thc vi nguyen ban ma ngi ta con tm thay c trong kho lu tr tai lieu cua
Trung Hoa, chung ta van phai anh gia lai mot cach than trong va tm ra nhng chi tiet khong an khp
vi nhau hay nhng cat xen co tnh cua ngi bien tap, nhat la ve chien dch em quan sang nc ta va
tien trnh rut chay khi thua tran. Ban chung toi dung ay la ban do Co Cung Bac Vat Vien in lai theo loi
chup ban. Ho Nam, Hai Nam xb xa, 2000.
30

Tuy nhien, v khong am tng le tiet cua nha Thanh nen mot so chi tiet trong ai Viet Quoc Th b
suy dien lech lac va can mot ban dch mi chnh xac hn.
31

Theo Li Toa Soan tap ch Han Nom so 2 (5) 1988 th trong kho t lieu Han Nom cac tac pham tren
con c lu tr di dang sach chep tay di cac so hieu A.15, VHv. 1312 (LTTK), A.4 Q3 (BHTK),
A.1722 (LDBCKL)
32

Mot chi tiet rat quan trong ma tai lieu cua Tay phng co the s dung e cai chnh tai lieu cua ta. o
la ngay ang quang cua vua Quang Trung. Theo th cua cac giao s co mat tai Viet Nam con lu lai
trong Nhat Ky Ve Nhng S Kien ang Ghi Nh, Nha Van Kho Quoc Gia Paris. Paris, Archives
Nationales so F5; A 22, th la th e ngay 20 thang Chn cua c ong La Bartette gi cho ong Le Breton
trong o c ong cho biet rang:
... Bac vng a an nh ngay 11 thang Mi (am lch) tc ngay mong 8 thang Mi Mot la ngay
ong t phong mnh lam Hoang e di danh hieu Quang Trung (co ngha la anh sang trung ng
tc la theo s giai thch co le ung nhat, mat tri cua vu tru) ong thi ong ang ban tnh mot ke
hoach v ai theo nh sac lenh ban bo ngay 6 thang Mi (am lch) hay ngay 3 thang Mi Mot gi
cho ai than ai t Ma va tat ca cac quan hay s quan Tay Sn lam viec tai Bac Ky... ang Phng
Nghi, Vai Tai Lieu Mi La Ve Nhng Cuoc Bac Tien cua Nguyen Hue Mot Nhom Hoc Gia, Mot
Vai S Lieu ve Bac Bnh Vng Nguyen Hue. Cali, ai Nam, 1992, tr. 195
Theo s nc ta th hau het sach v van ghi la ngay 25-12 nam Mau Than (20-1-1789), cach nhau gan 2
thang , qua st sao vi khi vua Quang Trung ti Nghe An. ieu nay khong phu hp vi thc te hanh
quan va tnh hnh luc o.
33

George Dutton, The Tay Sn Uprising Society and Rebellion in Eigtheenth-Century Vietnam.
Honolulu, University of HawaiI Press, 2006, tr. 180. Chi tiet nay cung tm thay trong S Ky ai Nam
Viet (Khuyet Danh)tr. 11
...Ve s ao th bang yen, v quan Tay Sn chang lo en viec ao. Ba d ong Thai c th co ao va
giup nhieu viec cho thanh s ao. Cung co le ma ng rang me ong ay cung co ao na ...

34

George Dutton, sd. tr. 178. Alain Forest, Les Missionaires Franais au Tonkin et au Siam XVIIe-XVIIIe
Siecles. Livre II: Histoires Du Tonkin. Paris, LHarmattan, 1998, tr. 216-8.
35

Chung toi ac biet chu trong en s lieu cua Xiem La (tc Thai Lan ngay nay) v co rat nhieu lien
quan en chua Nguyen Anh va mot so hoat ong cua nha Tay Sn tai Lao va Bac Thai.
36

Xem them Geoffrey Barradough, Main Trends in History. New York, Holmes & Meier Publishers,
Inc., 1979. ac biet cac chng 4 New Dimensions in History, chng 5 The Search for Meaning in
History: National, History, Comparative History, and Meta-history

www.vietkiem.com