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Fried - 1967 - The Evolution Political of Society

Cap 6. El Estado An Easy in Political Anthropology

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Héctor Cardona Machado
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1K views10 pages

Fried - 1967 - The Evolution Political of Society

Cap 6. El Estado An Easy in Political Anthropology

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Héctor Cardona Machado
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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| Morton H. Fried is currently Chairman of the Department of ‘anthropology at Columbia University, He received his Bachelor’ Degroe from City Callag, New York, @Certifeats in Chinese Language and Far Eastern Area trom the Miltary Governmest School (AS.7.P) at Havara University, and his Ph. from Columbia University. Professor Frid has been teaching at Columbia since 950 and has served as Visiting Professor atthe Univoriy of Michigen, National Talwan University, and Yale Unversity. He I the author of Fabric of Shinesa Society (1952), editor of Readings in Anthropotogy (1958), and 2 trequer focia sience journals, symposieon the Far Eas, and anthologies In variousaieaf the cova eiencos. His area of specialization in teachin, mnie hina | ‘an Evolutionary Perspective, byEimanR. Serves ss 3 “The Nature of Cultural Things, by Marvin Harris 485 Rethinking Archaeology, byK.c.Chang. A86 ‘Te Evolution of Political Socoty: ‘An Essayin Polieal Anthropology, | ByMortonH. Fried #37 | MORTON H. FRIED The Evolution of Political Society An Essay in Political Anthropology z 3 a 3 2 z 3 a 8 _ a z m m S = = $ 2 = = 5 wn o 8. = e ip Taper 226 / nm svoLovioN oF rote soca to maintain a systems of diferntal ranking, To be sur many of he speci institns are enentaly olga toot to lateriistion of nore, hic regles the eaten of the wmprivoged with such ple slogans ss "the santly af pate property” or “le god of the State” Kem be wnrined, despite some recent work by Tuhavirl pola cients, hat the acceptance of each slogans and the concurent bea Iindoces inary backed by a veity of fo of ted power, Iie posbl for such apileations of power to be made in tho context of preoiting st of Kt vlatons, but 8 not lily hat thi wl ong rena the cae. We ae aware that soe ‘tho mest repesive lava ondvdoa relations are to be ce win the framework of Knee thare tm death of cae of petal eracky, Yet sch ener exit within leger fac of referenco which ipl that to survive 3 to assune uttnately the mpererdate rl aber wh a tin who war ot the original persocutr, In relations within staifed solic thee can be no mach seston, tnd thereto thero mnt be edition! Doltering. Usually that bolstering involve the appeance of eats who fonotion 10 maintain the economic and. poieal system tod whose positon Sa tht sytem has wating Yo do with nti. Inded that poston uly repre the anti si of ina. 7 should nt be thought that the gonorlly uskeppy tone ofthe preceding soma inate ay fling on ny pat thatthe ate a «form of poland como or {anlzaton woud lave been etter avoid. My vow Is thar could tbe wold. No individual choke ith tuatr were ever preeied in any aigniant sens, Just ts srateton grew within wosetiedscstes without theeomscousewarene ofthe amber ofthe alec so late, so the to emerged and was ard st work cone contating it power on spc cacy Yong befor any re Setve fv took th effort slate and deat the ay \ ena eret reer cwarren 6 The State For some tine now thr has been Irn atin word Sita” at fo the ‘orks of politcal sonst David aston (suo sh says “The word shld be abandoned arch Bo ae that the word is seupaloly ava, no cova hak ‘hip in esresion wil ref a act lary of apres dean this abstinence Cail Alon tad Jane Coe 2a, to ler another lanl exp, ech fd sala ‘pon is pote vow cal, and politica eden tno eae isp pa Sots et 238 (rams mrowenon oF rou, socueY lad, vite strstr, and which tends to re TiS pola pro tone pets perfor tho spiclzoveure «Indeed thi ame a te pind si pis ih fase othe strentypedconcpton of Caditonal an mio sponse syste sve the pal Jaane ment iy too ilerentated ae tative Ilpltive end active sruume, Tho technics el na toes nel tom of Irion pola structure, The Tue to flow Artic we suggest hee i Ifthe fncone are thar then the srtlres most be, eventhough we sy fed than tucked away, sot peas in ars and creat a oler soca ste (amd olan 960, Pu) “hisses moat lenght phsing of what the eto logit I, Adasmon Hosbal ated fly decade err ‘her thre i poles! organ th asta ole. rpeniaon it wer 20 ten f the st {Hocico p57) “Te cutest of th prvius chapters should mak i clear tat Tcamot agen wits thee dtngthed soil Sets, Ido agree thatthe lc i not merely a vera ‘qubble” We ans nt he confused by the pristence of Pole! funcuone in "ooo end cram” of sell Es that ttn othr aspects or eabeyetame of te lager socal sytem, even ater the cmeryence of speciale’ ap Darius Aprecation of the er of modern poltical so. fais to cst broader nets and catch import plea [rocasesoutie the formal istietons ef modem gov Eroroent mst ot leon cor imay at he ipl ema Xion of tho coneptof force sad power he fous Ina of thos ntti desigsted "he tate” Turthecnore, to pet the “oaks sn eeics” heory Into th amy of snple sole, ar euggesed by A ‘mond and Coleman, cat bave the proche rent they do- ‘lr, he olny of th mami of police dovdoy Inet On the other and espn of th ft at there The State / 229 as tins, not bo lang ag by autoplay reckoning, ‘en hare reno so Ses at clnure sting ek {ainlyW door moe necessary courage sae poof view for empl, the dncon of he tay st Ted tacely at the end of Chapter § thows how dys analysis can bo if sched fo Ue monsateste de Shotony. No dos see of thi ichotony meena pr- tent broadyauged ayes a fotos, eral, tion of comomi, Ky ral or ater elatnhi This ‘enckson, too, shold be sue fron te Scion in sr arr caper ‘Altough the queston goes beyond the simple probe den of definitions, i ectsy to conn tnt pbs af the cut, Once aun i ot mater of elening the “te” mosning of «word Bat of ating lly that word vw mean in oUF usage and why Bee sda {agoous ote that ay. ‘Admittedly, eae tendencio obyposasie the sate “=to asus the state with ome myst concep fp. ‘lof mass wil of of highest gond aid cbs mage eis ot mening in such age wold png ‘actin. Bat oul ottawa wi ae ad neoesry cont breast ha been lop fal and necessary concep nope ‘A stato Dot simply legate, an exctive by, «foley sem, alee Bea oe 4 govern From the lt of view developed i ect © chapters, stato better viewed 2s the complex of tna: tions by means of which the power of the socioty 6 or {ganized on a basis suporioe to insip, Note at all the Power available n a society doer not necessary bocome pre-cmpted ly the state. OF course the state may be i volved in a numberof eontets for major aad rior sources (of power and it may even terupoatly Tose some of thse contests, although t0 Jose too big sone, a too oft, wil ‘avarisly lead to a shi in the de facto power-hlding group 290 /- tun nvoLunoN oF PoLMICAL SocrEY | When T say dhat the states an organization of the | power of scity I rfer to snauy diferent things OF groat importance i the claim ofthe state to paramountey in tho ‘pplication of naked force to socal probleme, Prequcctly | this meene that warfare and killing become monopolies of | the state and may only e carried out at tines, i paces, tnd under the specie conditions act by the sate, Other epider involving king wil dor the punitive resction ofthe ongunied sate free, Sometizes ths concern forthe ‘control of violence invades the merowest of Kn groupe snd ven extends to the individuals rights to his own person a {nthe frequant prohibition of suede the Grab unas tho power of «state can be mani feated in areal pystcal fore, an arty, atl, « police force, «constabulary, with specialized weaponry, dil, con scription, a hierarchy of command, and tho other part- pphemalis of stroetored contol How diferent from what ‘ve encountered in exploring palieal contol iu egalteran Sod rank society. To the extent that a straifed society Tacks formal and specialized mnechanims of control i eourt dlsuster, for in tho face of weakening bonds of kinship, in face of the commonplace realization tht the web of Kin ‘cannot contain the enlarged. popelation or the locreasing xumbees of others, of nonkisinen in tho society, it be ‘ames a question of developing forma, specialized instei- tents of coorion o reverting fo a ote ealy maintained system of access rights to asic rewurons, ti te tak of ‘maintaining general social order that stands at the Beart of the development of te slate. Apd at the haart of tho ‘pODle of maltaining general oder i the need to defend the central onder of statfeaion—the diferentiation of cilogpres of population in terns of acco to aslo te- sources. Undoubtedly, ab alkeady inaleatd, ono means of Ine to stor common atte of states to whic we shat very sory thy tt or otherwise take Tvs tpn tle members, far the sein that the sate ‘ts ou ens be sbi ‘Tho sate most deal wil touble cast, Quite early thse sppets ome snot of norms asclteWit Sanction Cotonary heing of gts does ot ano. wally bppens but costmay ruler and procedures tre renfrsed by formal eration end appcaton. Balos tht might ave tgplicdbnéneen En groupe se now ep Ded whi kn Zoups by a eaten force Wh tho Bute comes the pasty tht rember of a common Ein {up tan accuse one anthers one ater, tod by See othr fo lager scely ta sande beyond Kin Te Site / a7 the net edn he ts of intespral ney nd aggreion, i alo is soon reqled to Fond dopey owe hg an ovr aprons ona ea intro, ate ths nee owe eae of court othr ejunlns of kay oc Pee otro pts end hoger Sas ted vated of firs de Sa me pak The aa mur etal main srg, whch maybe oid te Veter nd ee 2 pra oto ver appellee hese dled win tap oko ee ‘cure mt fe eat ade Ss ‘ary of int ands of concn eee et Pons ig ned tions Ga sae a Koel, with rye sees gett th Nejerols Repl of cone Se a Ine funy sa Hs gop om cal oe otis ban, hdd ge ad yal ine of the sna ape fd he Ito singe ol pes es E Gaye en enditrd gray eat hee ted cts inlet oe te ee Stina pry sete te tae ne sovergiy Te i nett aa Sekt dt poi ny ence Ratan ee suc it mary meg sce Sy erie eat asia xrily ote maltese of oct han hugh st of istry rested tho Bal amy tyme ht rng myers st ta epg at A milly esabishnen always dependent upon the gon Sal oy th ate wh pera ee tte rman on te maa ae Inger pet A th oy Ws cet ha 238 /- i EvoUPnON oF Foun, soc tas Known many smal sates, maitary weak that ave en Arad for ete log. pevods amidst ae. powerful Sedplbors. Thus weak soveteigtes may be pote by concatenations having Ite Yo do with the sal sat Geedn, as when Thala’ romalied sree between French snl Bech clonal expesocs Sul ho fact at ‘ben tat even the sls tte have ad some airy finger ths hoy fequety mimi igh combi Senet hy ese hat rain ane ile promising broader milly suppor. inthe amteance of tral overegay, tow. cer that some of the most fasnuing quony about ie eat. A acl Chae sme ‘ony ie to legitinacy an that fn tr roger mare than naked powers No iio now has ever been devld Of an dsogy tat conecrated ts power and sneioned tee, Many state however, hve undergone stations fn hic, toto the fomfar Chinese pis, the rand of Teeven has boon ft by a suing group’ Where thi has Tapper win soe sat, of eve arth rs of leet overt stent opon Invasion, the bese pin [is ofthe previo order of fticaton verry be Tenouly aired. Instead,» new portion of the population termes the vacfed roles end sates, and th old ordot ‘erermed with minor aeratos Tat anlye of the coneep of legacy san ue sate problem forthe sul seat peta fom the ttre ofthe hesomenon As inated nou et chapter, tren such a cuny proponent of postive polly at John ‘Kon rcopaleed Gat pysal per alone ws ot sa Clot to tatgate 4st Set growing sophistication tags the vealation tat power es not erly in Ua sty Act ples er oer military force at a specie soil ob fet, bat soc thingy at costal of wore of information Sha the menos of cttenmiato. rem what we now of the anciont pitino states te were mals of ges lance fom the outst That eal ruling ets sometines The Ste / 299 ‘sppesred in priestly gut, making the specail busiest

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