LAN is a datacomm
system allowing a number of
independent devices to
communicate directly with
each other, within a
moderately sized geographic
area over a physical
communications channel.
• A LAN usually connects
servers, workstations,
printers, and mass storage
devices, enabling users to
share the resources.
• Most local area networks
are built with relatively
inexpensive hardware such
as Ethernet cables, network
adapters, and hubs.
LAN APPLICATIONS: LAN ACCESS PROTOCOLS :
• Personal computer LANs
– low cost 1. Ethernet
– limited data rate
2. Token ring
• Back end networks
3. FDDI (Fiber Distributed Data Interface)
– Interconnecting large systems
(mainframes and large storage
devices).
• high data rate
• high speed interface
• distributed access
• limited distance
• limited number of devices
LAN TOPOLOGIES:
1. BUS 2. RING
3. STAR 4. TREE
BUS TOPOLOGY
• Used with multipoint
medium
• Allows for
transmission and
reception
•Avoids collisions and
hogging.
• Terminator absorbs
frames at end of
medium.
RING TOPOLOGY
• A closed loop of
repeaters joined by
point to
point links
• Receive data on one
link & retransmit on
another
– links unidirectional
– stations attach to
repeaters
• Media access control
determines when a
station
can insert frame
STAR TOPOLOGY
• Each station connects to
central node
– usually via two point to
point links.
• Either central node can
broadcast
– only one station can
transmit at a time.
• central node can act as
frame switch
TREE TOPOLOGY
• Used with
multipoint medium
• Heard by all
stations
• Full duplex
connection between
station and tap
• Need to regulate
transmission
• Tree is a
generalization of bus
HARDWARE COMPONENTS of a local area network…
A local area network is made of computers linked by a set of software and
hardware elements. The hardware elements used for connecting computers to one
another are:
The network card: This is a card connected to the
computer's motherboard, which interfaces with the
physical medium, meaning the physical lines over
which the information travels
The socket: This is the element used to mechanically
connect the network card with the physical medium.
The physical connection medium: The main physical support media used in
local area networks are:
•Coaxial cable
•Twisted pair
•Fiber optics
LAN’s TRANSMISSION MEDIA…
Twisted pair Coaxial cable
Voice grade unshielded Baseband coaxial cable
twisted pair (UTP) – uses digital signaling
– Cat 3 phone, cheap, low – original Ethernet
data rates Broadband coaxial cable
Shielded twisted pair – as in cable TV systems
– more expensive, higher – analog signals at radio frequencies
data rates. – expensive, hard to install & maintain.
Optical fiber
– security, high capacity, small size, high cost
DEVICES USED FOR CONNECTIVITY…
LAN PROTOCOL ARCHITECHTURE…
LAN PROTOCOLS IN CONTEXT…
MAC FRAME FORMAT…
• MAC layer detects errors and discards frames
Connection of Two LANs
Why High Speed LANs?
How’s the
• Speed and power of PCs has weather in
Seattle, Mar?
risen
– Graphics-intensive
applications & GUIs.
[email protected]• LANs are essential for Ethernet
client/server computing
• Now have requirements for
– centralized server farms
Network
Ethernet (CSMA/CD)
[email protected]
• Developed by Token-
ring
– Xerox - original Ethernet
– IEEE 802.3
• Carrier Sense Multiple Access
with
MSN Messenger
Collision Detection (CSMA/CD)
Large LAN Organization
Diagram :
SUMMARY
•LAN is a computer network covering a small physical area, like a home, office, or
small group of buildings, such as a school, or an airport.
• LAN usually links computers (or resources such as printers) using a wired
transmission medium (most frequently twisted pairs or coaxial cables).
• Logical topologies 1. Ethernet 2.Token Ring 3. FDDI
(10mbps,100mbps) (16mbps) (100mbps)
• Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD)
• Packets routed based on physical address (MAC).
• Ethernet technologies
– CSMA/CD media access
– 10Mbps Ethernet
– 100Mbps Ethernet
– 1Gbps Ethernet
– 10Gbps Ethernet
