A SANSKRIT - ENGLISH DICTIONARY ETYMOLOGICALLY AND PHILOLOGICALLY ARRANGED. with special reference to COGNATE INDO-EUROPEAN LANGUAGES SIR MONIER MONTER-WILLIAMS, M.A., K.C.LE. Bodden Professor of Sanskrit Hon, D.C.L. Oxon, Hon, LL.D. Calcutta, Hon. Ph.D. Gottingen Hon, Fellow of University College and Sometime Fellow of Balliol College, ‘Oxford NEW EDITION, GREATLY ENLARGED AND IMPROVED with the collaboration of PROFESSOR E, LEUMANN, Ph. D. PROFESSOR C. CAPPELLER, Ph. D. of the University of Strassburg of the University of Jena ‘And Other Scholars MOTILAL BANARSIDASS PUBLISHERS PRIVATE LIMITED - DELHIPREFACE TO TH 2 NEW EDITION. Tae first edition of the Dele; of Stav enjoys y had the advantage of being published by University Press, with the support of the Secretary The present greatly enlarged and improved work The first edition appeared in the summer of 1872. indebtedness to the great seven-volumed Sanskrit-German piled by the two eminent German Sanskritists, Otto Bahtlingk with the assistance of many distinguished scholars, such as ‘or A, Weber of Berlin—then only completed as far as the beginning of the letter | 2—was fully acknowledged by me in the Preface. Having regard, however, to the entire originality of the glax of my own work, I did not venture to describe it as based on the great Sanskrit-German Wérterbuch. For that plan I claimed to be alone responsible. Every particle of its detail was thought out in my own mind, and the whole work was brought to completion by me, with the co-operation of five successive assistants—whose names were duly recorded—in about twelve years from the date of my election to the Boden Professorship in the University of Oxford. The words and the meanings of the words of a Dictionary can scarcely be proved by its compilers to belong exclusively to themselves. It is not the mere aggregation of words and meanings, but the method of dealing with them and arranging them, which gives a Dictionary the best right to be called an original production. In saying this I am not claiming any superiority for my own method over that of the two great German Sanskrit scholars—which, of course, has advantages of its own, Nor am I detracting one whit from the tribute of admiration which I and other lexicographers are always desirous of rendering to the colossal monument of industry and scholarship represented by their work. I am merely repeating my claim to the production of a Sanskrit-English Dictionary on a-wholly unique plan—a plan the utility of which has been now proved by experience. It was not thought desirable to print off more than a thousand copies of the first edition of my book. These—notwithstanding the necessarily high publishing price—were sold off in a few years. It then became a question as to how the continuous demand for the Dictionary was to be met, and the Delegates decided to provide for it by a supplementary facsimile edition, produced by a photo- lithographic process. Copies printed by that process have been procurable ever since. Of course I was well satisfied with the factual evidence thus afforded of the yates of the Oxcory PREFACE TO THE NEW EDITION. utility of my Dictionary, and the more so as, along with many eulogistic reviews and notices, it met with some adverse criticism, especially at the hands of German Sanskritists. Not that such criticisms discouraged me. On the contrary, as soon as 1 became aware of the likelihood of my volume becoming out of print, I set about gh with an earnest determination to improve the original work by the light of such critical animadversions as seemed to me to be pertinent, And I must at once acknowledge that in these efforts I received valuable suggestions from Professor Ernst Leaman of the University of Strassburg, who was my first collaborator at an early stage of the new undertaking (see p. xxi). It ought, however, to be put on record that, even before Professor Leumann's co-operation, I had made the discovery that the great increase in the number of printed Sanskrit texts and works bearing on Sanskrit scholarship, since the issue of my first edition, would entirely preclude the idea of my producing a mere ‘réchauffé’ of my former volume, with additions, however numerous, introduced from my own interleaved copy and the contributions of fellow-Sanskritists ginning to end—a formidable task, tantamount to the production of an entirely new Dictionary. This task I began to put in hand alone at least twenty years ago, and it is only due to the authorities at the India Office, under whose auspices this work was inaugurated, and with whose assistance it has been printed, that I should explain the causes which have led to the unexpected delay in its publication. In real truth I am bound to confess that I entered upon my third lexico- graphical career with a little too magnificent audacity, and a little too airy hope- fulness, at a time when my energies were severely tried, not only by my ordinary duties of lecturing in Sanskrit, but by other collateral activities. Amongst the latter it may be mentioned that I had devoted myself to researches into Indian religions and philosophies, for a series of public lectures before the University, which I felt bound to give in my capacity of Boden Professor. And I certainly could not have ventured to carry on these researches —much less to have printed them in various books as trustworthy '—if 1 had not gained a ‘first-hand’ knowledge of my subject by placing my own mind in direct touch with the mind of the learned natives of India in their own country. Tt was for this and other cognate reasons* that—with the consent and approbation of two successive Vice-Chancellors, and at my own expense—I under- took voyages to India on three several occasions (in 1875-6, 1883-4), and extended my travels from Bombay to Caleutta and the confines of Tibet— from Cashmere to Madras and the extreme South, including the chief homes of Buddhism in the island of Ceylon. preparations for a new edition on the very same general plan, althou It would necessitate the re-writing of the whole from be- 1876-7, * Some of these books are referred to in the present Dictionary ; for example, that on *Hindism’ (pab- lished by the S.P.C.K., 13th edition); that on “Brahmanism’ &e. {also called * Religious Thought ‘and Life in India? published by Mr. J. Murray, Albemarle Sireet, 4th ed, referred to as RTL.) that on ‘Indian Wisdom" (published by Messrs. Lusae of Great Russell Steet, qth el, referred to as 1W.); that on “Boddhism' (also published by Mr. Murray, and ed, referred to as MWB). * One of these was the founding of an Indian Institute for the promotion of Indian studies in my ‘own University of Oxford. Another was to induce the Government of India to found six Government scholarships for enabling deserving Indians to finish Lele education at our University.PREFACE TO THE NEW EDITION. vil ‘On each cecasion I was cordially assisted by the Governor-General and local Governments of the day*, On each occasion, too, I found scattered throughout old fellow-students and pupils of my own administering immense pro- eager to help me in my investigations; and on each occasion I met to ise with learned and thoughtful natives—not only in the cities and towns, Su: even in remote villages—able and willing to converse with me in Sanskrit, as cell as in their own vernaculars, and to explain difficult points in their languages, hiteratures, religions, and philosophies. It may well be believed that these Indian journeys were of great value extending the horizon of my own knowledge, and increasing my power of improving the Dictionary, but it must be confessed that they interrupted its continuous prosecution. And, in very deed, the intermittent character of my latest lexicographical career would have made its completion during my life-time almost hopeless, had I not been ably aided by successive assistants and fellow-workers, whose co-operation is gratefully acknowledged by me subsequently (p. xxxi); that of Professor C. Cappeller having extended over far the larger portion of the work. And this is not all that I have to urge in extenuation of my apparent dilato- riness. A. still more unavoidable cause of delay has been the unlooked-for amount of labour involved. This is fully explained in the Introduction (see p. xvi), but I may briefly mention here that it has consisted in adding about 60,000 Sanskrit words to about 120,000—the probable amount of the first edition; in fitting the new matter into the old according to the same etymological plan; in the veri- fication of meanings, old and new; in their justification by the insertion of references to the literature and to authorities; in the accentuation of nearly every Sanskrit word to which accents are usually applied; in the revision and re-revision of printed proofs; until at length, after the lapse of more than a quarter of a century since the publication of the original volume, a virtually new Dictionary is. sent forth. It would, of course, be unreasonable to look for perfection in the result of our combined efforts. The law of human liability to error is especially applicable to the development of a new method of any kind, Nor are the imperfections of this volume ever likely to become better known to the most keensighted critics than they are to the compilers themselves. It is said of the author of a well-known Dictionary that the number of mistakes which his critics discovered in it, were to him a source of satisfaction rather than annoyance, The larger a work, he affirmed, the more likely it was to include errors; and a hypercritical condemnation of these was often symptomatic of a narrow-mindedness which could not take in the merit of any great per- formance as a whole. Without having recourse to this convenient way of discomfiting critics of the Chidrénveshin type, and without abating one iota of justifiable confidence in the vast * The three Viceroys were Lord Northbrook, the and to Sir Richard Temple for receiving me at late Lord Lytton, and Lord Ripon. I owe a deep Government House, Belvedere, during the Prince of debt of gratitude 10 Lord Ripon for receiving me as Wales’ visit in 1875-6; and to Sir James Fergusson for his guest at Government House, Calcutta, ia 1883-4 receiving me at Government House, Bombay, in 1884wilt PREFACE TO THE NEW EDITION, general trustworthiness of the present Dictionary, its compilers can yet be keenly alive to its thoroughly human character. Speaking for myself I may say that blended with my thankfulness for the longevity that has enabled me to see a protracted undertaking brought to a com- pletion, is a deep consciousness that I am not young enough to consider myself infallible. Indeed it is at once the joy and sorrow of every true scholar that the older he grows the more he has to confess himself a learner rather than a teacher, and the more morbidly conscious he becomes of his own liability to a learner's n From all true scholars I do not fear, but court, criticism, Such critics will understand how a sense of responsibility may increase with advancing age. putting an author out of conceit with his own performances, and filling him with progressively intensified cravings after an impossible perfection. They will make due allowance for the difficulties besetting the production of so many densely printed pages, often comprising column after column of unbroken serried type, and abounding with countless dots and diacritical marks. Nor will they be surprised at cccasional inequalities of execution in a work representing efforts spread over numerous years. Nor will they need to be reminded that occasional distractions, trials of health arid weariness of spirit are unavoidably incident, not only to the responsible head of a prolonged undertaking, but to his several assistants, Indeed it is no disparagement to those who have contributed to the detail of this work to admit that a com- pilation, which is the result of the collaboration of so many different personalities, must, in some degree reflect the idiosyncrasies and infirmities peculiar to each. Yer notwithstanding my desire that due weight should be given to such considerations, I may be pardoned if I express my confident expectation that the volume now offered to students of both Sanskrit and comparative philology, will supply them with the most complete and usefitl one-volumed Sanskrit-English Dictionary ever yet produced—a Dictionary, too, which in its gradual progress has, I trust, kept pace with the advancing knowledge and scholarship of the day. At all events I feel sure that I may affirm for my collaborators, as well as for myself, that we have earnestly striven to secure for this new volume, even more than for the old, the possession of four principal characteristics, namely :— 1, Scholarly accuracy; 2. Practical utility; 3. Lucidity of arrangement, designed to set forth, as clearly as possible, the etymological structure of the language, and its bearing on that of the cognate languages of Europe; 4. Completeness and comprehensiveness, at least to the fullest extent attainable in the latest state of Sanskrit research, and to the utmost limit compatible with compactness and compression into a single volume. And here it is my duty to notify, in justice as much to my assistants as to myself, that I must be held primarily responsible, not only for the plan, but for the general character of the whole Dictionary. This will be understood when I state that I have from the first exercised a strict superintendence over the details of both editions—not only in carefully supervising the manuscript, but in adding new words, in modifying or amplifying meanings, in subjoining explanations from my own literary notes—made during my sojourning at the chief seats of earning in India—in examining and re-examining every proof-sheet. 1 ought to state, however, that during occasional attacks of illness I have been istakes, = neat teePREFACE TO THE NEW EDITION. ix compelled to trust more to my collaborators than at other times*; and I must also make an exception in regard to the Additions, the abundance of which is justifiable by the circumstance that many of them are taken from texts and books published quite recently. For although a manuscript list of all the words and meanings in the supplementary pages was submitted for my approval, and although many words in the list have been eliminated by me, while others have been added from my own notes, yet the necessity for passing the worst winter months in a Southern climate has made it impossible for me to have at hand every new book needed for the verification of every addition which I have allowed to be retained With regard to a strictly personal criticism in which [ have for many years been content to acquiesce without comment. I may perhaps advantageously—now that I have nearly arrived at the end of my career—make a brief explanation. Some of my critics and a few candid friends have expressed surprise that I should have devoted so much of my long tenure of the Boden Professorship to the dry, dreary and thankless drudgery of writing Dictionaries and Grammars, and to practical researches carried on among the Pandits of India in their own country, rather than to the duty of proving the profundity of my learning and my fitness to occupy a high Professorial position by editing or translating obscure Sanskrit texts which have never been edited or translated before’, In explanation I must draw attention to the fact that I am only the second occupant of the Boden Chair, and that its Founder, Colonel Boden, stated most explicitly in his will (dated August 15, 1811) that the special object of his munificent bequest was to promote the translation of the Scriptures into Sanskrit, so as ‘to enable his countrymen to proceed in the conversion of the natives of India to the Christian Religion Tt was on this account that, when my distinguished predecessor and teacher, Professor H. H. Wilson, was a candidate for the Chair in 1832, his lexicographical labours were put forward as his principal claim to election. Surely then it need not be thought surprising, if following in the footsteps of my venerated master, I have made it the chief aim of my professorial life to provide facilities for the translation of our sacred Scriptures into Sanskrit‘, and for cannot allow myself to think that the Dictionary has suffered much from this cause, except perhaps during the collaboration of the late Dr. Schonberg, the rapid impairment of whose powers did not at firs strike ‘mesos to make me aware of the necessity for increased vigilance on my part (tee p. xaxi) TT believe it is held thet for an Alpine climber vo cstablish a reputation for mountaineering he must as- cend some peak, however comparatively insignificant, that has never been ascended before. But the appli- cation of such a principle as a sole proof of scholarship in the present day, can no more hold good in Sanskrit than in Greck and Latin. At all events let any one ‘who claims a reputation for superior scholarship on that sole ground associate with Indian Pandits in their ‘own country and be will find out that far severer proofs of his knowledge and acquirements will be required of Dim there > Lieutenant-Cotonel Boden, of the- Bombay Native Infantry, returned to England in 1807 and died at Lisbon, Nov.21,1813. His daughter died Aug, 24,1827, where- ‘upon his bequest passed to the University of Oxford, bt the frst election to the Chair, for come reason tunknown to me, did not take place tll 1832 “Tn his address proposing himself for election to the Boden Elecors, Professor H. H. Wilson laid stress ‘on what he had done for ‘the rendering of Scripture ‘Terms into the Sanskrit language’ It was doubtless fon this account that after he was elected he urged me to compile an English-Sanskrit Dictionary—a work never before attempted, 1 laboured at this for about seven years, and although the result (published in a thick volume by the Dieectors of the East India Com- pany in 1851) cannot I fea, be said to meet the needs ‘of the present day, ye it should be borne in mind that it was pioneering work. Nor can it be said to have ‘been useless seeing that seven years after its publication the following testimony to its utlty was voluntarily tendered by the Rev, J. Wenger, translator of the Bible ito Sanskyit and Editor of Dr. Yates’ Sanskyit Dic-x PREFACE TO THE NEW EDITION, the promotion of a better knowledge of the religions and customs of India, as the st key to a knowledge of the religious needs of our great Eastern Dependency. My very first public lecture delivered after my election in 1860 was on ‘The Study of Sanskrit in Relation to Missionary Work in India’ (published in 1861) For the rest, I have already alluded to the advantage which this Dictionary has derived from the support of the Governments of India, and I ought here to acknowledge with gratitude that, without the subsidy granted by successive Secretaries of State in Council, the present volume could not have been sold to the public at the price at which it is now offered. In regard to the Oxford University Press it will be sufficient to say that this volume adds to the countless evidences of its efficiency and of the wealth of its resources. But I may be permitted to congratulate its Delegates and Controller on their good fortune in possessing an unrivalled Oriental Pressreader in Mr. Pembrey. For more than forty years he has read the final proofs of all my books; and I can from my own experience, and without exaggeration, affirm, that I doubt whether any one can surpass him in the perfection to which he has brought the art of detecting errors due to the inadvertence of both authors and printers. It is only necessary for me to add that having been alone responsible for the singularity of the plan of the original Dictionary, I thought it desirable to prefix to the first edition several sections of introductory explanations, In the same way my supremacy in the production of the present new work necessitates my undertaking the responsibility of writing a new series of explanations, in which I have deemed it desirable to pursue the main lines of my previous method, and not to discard any portion of the old matter which could be advantageously retained. MONIER MONIER-WILLIAMS. Ixpiax Ixstrrute, Oxrorn, 1899. POSTSCRIPT. This Dictionary, to which my father devoted so many years of labour, was completed by him a few days before his death, which took place at Cannes, in the south of France, on April 11, 1899. It had been his hope to sce this work published shortly after his return to England, Although this desire was not granted, it was a satisfaction to him to know that the last revise had received his final corrections and that the book would be issued from the University Press within a few weeks of his death, May 4, 1899. M. F, Moxrer-Wittrass. “1 received a copy of Professor Monier and erudidon which his volume displays. The Res. 1 Wiliams’ English and Sanskrit Dictionary at a time Parsons of Benares, who has been engase! when T was about to commence © uanslion into year past in preparing a new Hindee vers Sanskgt of portions of the Old Testament, I have New Testament, has ikewise ¢ used it ally forthe lst seven years, and the more from Professor M. W's work, Indan_ ms Thave consulted it the more exeslent I have found it. generally owe hit a large debs of g 1 feel bound to say that he appears to have succeeded, Let me add 0 not only beyond my previous ideas of what was likely, Dictionary. will but also of what was feasible to be accomplished at the materialsfor the compilation of a far mores present time. The Pundis whom I employ have like- English-Sarakyt Dicionary than that which I & ‘wve expressed their unqualified admiration ofthe labour to comple more than ha wed mater as Thope the present SazsérINTRODUC ION, SECTION I, Statement of the civenmstances cwhich led to the peculiar System of Sanskyit Lexicography introduced for the first time in the Monier- Williams Sanskyit-English Dictionary of 1872. To enable me to give a clear account of the gradual development of the plan of the present work, 1 mwst go back to its cares origin, and most reterate what T sated in the Preface to the first edition, that my: predecestor in the Boden Chait, Professor H. H, Wilson, once intended to compile a Sanskrit Dictionary in which all the words in the language vere to be scintfealy arranged under about 2,000 roots, and that he actually made some progress in carrying out that project. Such a scientific arangement of the language would, no doubt, have been appreciated to the fall by the highest ca Eventually, however, he’ found himself debarred from its execution, and commended it {0 me as a fing abject for the occupation of my spare time doting the tenure of my office a8 Professor of Sanskrit at the old Fast India Colle, Haleybury. Furthermore, he generously made over to me both the beginnings of his new Levicon and a large MS. volume, containing a copious selection of examples and quotations (inade by Pandis at Caleuta under his direction") with which he bad intended to enrich his own volume Kk was on this account that, 2s soon as I had completed the Englsh-Sanshpt pat of a Dictionary of sy own (published in 1851), I readily addressed myself to the work thus committed to me, and actually tarred it on for some time beiween the intervals of other undertakings, until the abolition of the old Haileybury College on January 1, 1858. ‘One consideration which led my predecessor to pass on to me his project of a rootarranged Lexicon was that, on being elected to the Boden Chair, he fet that the elaboration of such a work would be fncempatible with the practical objects for which the Boden Professorship was founded”. ‘Accordingly be prefered, and I thiok wisely prefered, to turn bis attention to the expansion of the second edition of his first Dictionary’—a task the prosecution of which he eventually inrasted to a vwel-known Sanskpt scholar the late Professor Goldsticker. Unhappily, that eminent Orientalst was singula uupraccal in some of his ideas, and instead of expanding Wilton's Dictionary, began to conver it into a vast cyclopeia of Sanskyt learning, including essays and controversial discussions of all kinds. He finished the printing of 480 pages of bis own work, which only brought him to the word Avinudama (p. 87 of the present volume), when an untimely death

His fit Dictionary was published is 1819, and bs second in shown in the Preface to this volume (px), aad in my Life of 1832, while he was a candidate for the Bogen Iotesorsipxii INTRODUCTION. And it will conduce to the making of what I have to say im this connexion clearer, if 1 dra attention at the very thteshold to the fact that Uhe Hindis are perhaps the only nation, except the Greess ‘who have investigated, independently and in a truly scientiic manner, the general laws which govern the evolution of language. ‘The synthetical process which comes into operation in the working of those laws may be well called samokarana, ‘potting together, by which I mean that every single word in the highest type of language (called Samskrita") is first evolved out of a primary Déttu—a Sanskrit term usually iranslated by “Root” bbut applicable to any primordial constituent substance, whether of words, or rocks, or living organisms— and then, being s0 evolved, goes through a process of putting together’ by the combination of other elementary constituents. Furthermore, the process of “putting together’ implies, of course, the possibilty of a converse of witkorana, by which I mean ‘undoing’ or ‘decomposition ;* that is to say, the resolution of root-evolved word into its component elements, So that in endeavouring to exhibit these process symibesis and analysis, we appear to be engaged, like a chemist, in combining elementary sv: into solid forms, and again in resolving these forms into their constivuent ingredients Tk seemed to me, therefore, that in deciding upon the system of lexicography bes: calsv's clucidate the laws of rootevolution, with all the resulting processes of verbal synthesis an constitute s0 marked an idiosyncrasy of the Sanskrit language, it was important to keep prominently in view the peculiar character of a Sanskrit root—a peculiarity traceable through the whole family of so-called Aryan languages connected with Sanskrit, and separating them by a sharp line of demarcation from the ‘other great speech-family usually called Semitic®. And here, if Tam asked a question as 10 what languages are to be included under the name Aryan ‘8 question which ought certainly to be answered in limine, inasmuch as this Dictionary, when first published in 1872, was the first work of the kind, put forth by any English scholar, which attempted to introduce comparisons between the principal members of the Aryan family—I reply that the Aryan languages (of which Sanskrit is the eldest sister?, and English one of the youngest) proceeded from common but nameless and unknown parent, whose very home somewhere in Central Asia cannot be fixed with absolute certainty, thoogh the locality may conjecturally be placed somewhere in the region of Bactria (Balkh) and Sogdiana, or not far from Bokhara and the first course of the river Oxus‘, this centre radiated, as it were, eight principal lines of speech—each taking its own course and expanding in ils own way—namely the two Asiatic Hines: (A) the Indian—comprising Sanskrit, the various ancien Prakits, including the Prakyit of the Inscriptions, the Pali* of the Buddhist sacred Canon, the Ar Magadht of the Jains, and the modem Prakrits or vernacular languages of the Hindls, such as Hit Mariths, Gujarit, Bengatt, Oriya &c. (B) the Iranian —comprising the Avesta language ‘commonly c2.2 Zand oF Zend’, old Persian or Akhamenian, Pablasi, modem Persian, and, in connexion wich Armenian and Pashtu; and then the six European lines: (A) Kelvc,(B) Hellenic, (C) Italic, (D\ Te ) Slavonic, (F) Lithuanian, each branching into various sub-lines as exhibited in the present langcages Europe. It i this Asiatic and Buropean ramification of the Aryan languages which has led to their being called Indo-European, From Now if T am asked a second question, as to what most striking feature distinguishes a) these languages from the Semitic, my answer is, that the main distinesion lies in the character of sheir roots " Sanshi is now too Angliczed a worl to adit of is being and Arann 2 ‘South emits comprising Arabs, Minas, rite as tought to be written according to the system of tre Tteration adopted in the present Dictionary-Seasit, * The mame Semi or Shemitie is applied to Assyrian, Hebrew, Amualc (or Aramman), Acabicy aud Hiayaritc, ‘because ithe teath chapter of Genesis, Shem i represented at father ofthe principal mations speaking thee Ianguegese-g Assur (Assyria Aram (Syria), and of Amphasady grandiather of Fber, fom whom came the Hebrews—or Tratt-Eapbratian tee, the mame Hebrew coming from ys and realy meaning ‘one mho lies beyond (a vver)"—and Jota, the fatber of ‘many ofthe tribes inhabiting South Arabia. I ls waa, to, to reckon among Semitic rasa the people of Abyaiia, whose scred and literary language isthe Exhopicor G's, while hei spoken dalete are Tigié forthe north std north-east, and Ambac forthe centre and south, all presenting afitls with the ancient Hinastie Arabic of South Arabia (Vata) Tene, speaking generally, we may elas Seite Ingeages ander the ‘wo ends of: 1. ‘North Seat, comprising Ayia, Hebrew, fad Eshiopie * Though the younger sisters sometines preserve older forms. * Accorling a some German Theorists tbe cradlelad ofthe Aryans was in the steppes of Southera Russa. Others have fastaicaly placed ie fn Norhers Earoze. Most scholars bold to the old idea of ‘somewhere io Central Asi and probably ‘heregion of Hacria (Halk) and Sogdian, although there might have been secood cerire of migration. I mapslf my believe that Halk was once sche ancient home of Aryan civlsaton. Me ruina are and tener fr twenty sles, te 88 PAK and onthe Pri ofthe esxpios. 14s to the Avene, commonly called Zend (more coretiy ‘his is that ances langage of Easter Tei in which are ween the sacred books ofthe Zoroastrian, commonly calles Zeni-Avesta—books which constate the bible and prayer-book of the Plals—those fogtves from Persia who ae tattered rerywhere thoaghoot India, and ate now among the mo energetic and loyal of eu Indien fellow sabesINTRODUCTION. for radical sounds; for although both Aryan and Semitic forms of speech ate called ‘infective’, it should bbe well understood that the inflectiveness ofthe Foot in the two cases implies two very diferent processes For example, an Arabic root is generally a kind of hard ti-consonantal framework consisting of three consonants which resemble three sliding but unchangeable upright limbs, moveable backwards and forwards to admit on ither side certain equally unchangeable ancillary leters’ used in forming a long chain of derivative words, ‘These intervenient and subservient letters are of the utmost importance for the diverse colouring of the radical idea, and the perfect precision of their operation is noteworthy, but their presence within and without the rigid frame of the root is, so 10 speak, almost overpowered by the ever prominent and changeless consonantal skeleton. In illustration of this we may take the Arabic ii- consonantal root HEB, “10 write,’ using capitals Tor the three radical consonants to indicate their tunchangeableness; the third pers. sing. past tense is KaaBa, “he wrote’ and from the same three consonants, by means of certain servile letters, ate evolved with fixed and rigid regularity @ long line of derivative forms, of which the following are specimens:—Ia'TB, and KVTUBu, the act of writing; HAMB, a writer; maKTOB, vriten; tRB, a teaching to write; muRSTeBat, and taXATOB, the act of writing to one another; mutaK#IB, one engaged in mutual correspondence; WETSB, the act of Aictating ; ma%aB, the place of writing, a wriung-school; HiAB, a book; HMBxt, the act of transeribing. In contradistinction to this, a Sanskrit root is generally a single monosyllable consisting of one of ‘more consonants combined with a vowel, or sometimes of a single vowel only. This monosyllabic radical hhas not the same cast-iron rigidity of character as the Arabic tri-consonantal root before described, True, it has usually one fixed and unchangeable initial letter, but in its general character it may rather be compared to ‘2 malleable substance, capable of being beaten out or moulded into countless evervariable forms, and often in such a way as to entail the loss of one or other of the original radical leters; new forms being, as it were, beaten out of the primitive monosyllabic ore, and these forms again expanded by affixes land suffixes, and these again by other affies and sufixes’, while every so expanded form may be again ‘augmented by prepositions and again by compositions with other words and again by compounds of ‘compounds tll an almost interminable chain of derivatives is evolved. And this peculiar expansibilty arises party ffom the circumstance that the vowel is tecognized a2 an independent constituent of every Sanskrit radical, constituting a part of its very essence or even sometines standing alone as itself the only root ‘Take, for example, such a root a8 BAG, ‘10 be’ or ‘to exis.’ From this is, so to speak, beaten out fan immense chain of derivatives of which the folowing are a few examples:—-Bhava or Bhavana, being; Bhiva, existence; Bhivana, causing to be; Bhivin, existing; Bhavana, the world; Bhi or Bhimi, the earth; Bhi-dhara, earth-sopporter, a mountain; Bhidhareja, mountain-bom, a tree; Bhi-pa, an earih-protector, king; Bhipeputra, a king’s son, prince, &e. &c.; W&bhG, to rise up; Pratyi-bha, to be near at hand; PrOabhiita, come forth, &c.* Sanskrit, then, the faithful guardian of old Indo-European forms, exhibits these remarkable properties beter than any other member of the Aryan line of speech, and the crucial question 10 be decided was, how to arrange the plan of my Dictionary in such a way as to make them most easily apprehensible. On the one hand I had to bear in mind that, supposing the whole Sanskrit language to be referable to about 2,000 roois or parentstems', the plan of taking root by root and writing, as it were, the biographies ‘of two thousand parents with sub-biographies of their numerous descendants in the order of their growth and evolution, would be to give realty to beautifil philological dream—a dream, however, which covld not receive practical shape without raising the Lexicon to a level of scientific perfection unsuited to the needs of ordinary students, On the other hand I had to reflect that 10 compile a Sanskyit Dictionary according to the usual plan > As distinguished from aschangeaby ‘ nanaylabie” like tbe Chinese, and “agplaicaie” like the Debrigian of Souther: Jnl, and like the Turkish and otber members of sn immense lass of languages in which there re no so-called “inetons” ‘bt merely afies o sthxes*glucd” as it were to the root or body of word, and ensly separable from i and aot Mending intimately witht and so, a were, infesting OF coun itis well sodertood that there are in Senssit 4 cenaln somber of dingilabic roots, but Tam here merely aatrating Semitic and Aryan roots generally * The otdarana of « root may be called an ‘ffs and the verbal termination c.f “For other ilsentiqns ofthis see dpi, p. 3005 1 tr, 2, pe 1260 ofthis volume The number of dinct Dios or radial forms given ia some collections ie 1,150, bet ae many forma having the sae ‘ound have diferent meanings, and are conjugated ere they ave el to be dint cost id he mtr thereby Stet to sage it abou be ee to, thats rest may of ue Date ae mdieaiors or developments of sipler Senet ant this Disoeay does st alas dele ato ‘thc ewe, he or moe vos he simple lhogh when Tous te alld thr coenoa i nated Droabl the est tmber of deena ela a Sept igh be redoed to a onpurttly small tlogee—even, #8: ith to lit of ferret abe 150 Foie foots Masy Sasi rot ve semalve Pag ota or vie verdad bth forms we owe! tcoesbt aan ad hay daw 208 hop, rt ak tops eters whew nals gpd comets have ese io ote sped connnass obve ane only the spate, ‘Sitar dr arin Se Agatha Sprttly eg but a componnd of mad rot and ch tensa uty seth tomb te pay mete modes of tech oeran) INTRODUCTION. of treating each word as a separate and independent entity, requiring separate and independent explanation, would certainly fail to give a satisfactory conception of the structure of such a language as Sanskrit, and ‘of its characteristic processes of synthesis and analysis, and of its importance in throwing light on the structure of the whole Indo-European family of which it is the oldest surviving member. I therefore came to the conclusion that the best solution of the diffculty lay in some middle course— ‘some compromise by vizue of which the two lexicographical methods might be, as it were, interwoven, Tt remains for me to explain the exact nature of this compromise, and 1 feel confident that the plan ff the present work will be easily understood by any one who, before using the Dictionary, prepares the way by devoting a litle time to 2 preliminary study of the explanations which I now proceed 10 give SECTION IL Explanation of the Plan and Arrangement of the Work, and of the Improvements introduced into the Present Edition. Be it notified, at the very threshold, that there are four mutually cortelated lines of Sanskrit words in this Dicionary:—(s) a main line in Nagari type, with equivalents in Indo-tale type; (2) a subordinate line (under the Nagarl) in ¢hick Indo-Romanic type"; (3) a branch line, also in thick Indo-Romanic type, branching off from either the first or the second lines with the object of grouping compound words under cone head; (4) a branch line in Indo-Ltalic type, branching off from leading compounds with the object fof grouping together the compounds of those compounds. Of course all four lines follow the usual Sanskrit Dictionary order of the alphabet (see p. xxx). ‘The first or main line, or, as it may be called, the ‘Nagar line," constitutes the principal series of Sanskrit words to which the eye must first turn on consulting the Dictionary. It comprises all the roots fof the language, both genuine and artificial (the genuine being in large Nagart type), as well as many leading words,in small Nagar, and many isolated words (also in small Nagar), some of which have their etymologies given in parentheses, while others have their derivation indicated by hyphens. ‘The second of subordinate line in thick Indo-Romanic type is used for two purposes:—(a) for ‘exhibiting clearly to the eye in regular sequence under every root the continuous series of derivative words which grow out of each root; (8) for exhibiting those series of cognate words which, to promote facility of reference, are placed under certain leading words (in small Nagar) rather than under the roots them. selves ‘The third or branch line in thick Indo-Romanie type is used for grouping togeer under 2 leading word all the words compounded with that leading. word ‘The fourth or branch Indo-ltaic line is used for grouping under a leading compound all the words compounded with that compound ‘The first requires no illsteaion; the second is illustrated by the series of words under @ x. ri (@- 300) beginning with 1. pit, p. gor, col 3, and under WC 1, Lard (p. 233) beginning with 1, Mavaka (p. 254, col 1); the third by the series of compounds under awe r. fard (p. 253, col. 1), and Marana (. 254, col 2); the fourth by the series of compounds under =vira (p- 253, col: 3) "And this fourfold arrangement is not likely to be found embarrassing; becatse any one using the Dictionary wil soon perceive that the four lines oF series of Sanskgt words, although folowing the’? ‘own alphabetical order, ate made to ft into each other without confusion by frequent backward and forward cross-references. In fact, it will be seen at a glance that the ruling aim of the whole arranz is to exhibit, in the clearest manner, fist the evolution of words from roots, and then the interconnex of groups of words so evolved, as members of one family descended ffom a common source. Hi all the genuine roots of the language are brought prominently before the eye by large ¥: while the evolution of words from these roots, as from parent-siocks, is indicated by their being pr in thick Romanic type, and placed in regular succession either under the roots, or under some leading word connected with the same family by the ie of a common origin. It will be seen, oo, that in the case of such leading words (which are always in Nagurt type), their etymology—given in a parenthesis— applies to the whole family of cognate words placed under them, until a new series of words is introduced by a new root oF new leading-word in Nagari type. In this way all reptition of etymologies is avoided and the Nagari type is made to serve a very use purpose. Iwill also be seen that words which are diferent in meaning, but appear identical in form, are distinguished Tate the expression Indo-Romanic’ and ‘Indo-Tallc' to and other Tadian languages, ‘The thick Indo-Romanic type denote the expanded Roman and Italie alphabets adapted by the employe inthis volume isa product of the Oxford Clarendon ‘eof dnetical pints and mark (othe expresion of Sancyit Pres, and therefore named Clarendon ty.INTRODUCTION. av fom each other by the Sgutes 1, 2, 3, placed before the Indo-Romanie or Indole transliterated forms -— ce, for example, qt 1. ale, WeYR 2 ala (p.113)"s 1. Kym, eWea 2. d9ye, wae 3. diya (pp. 142, 144i TEE drih, YE 2 rib, BR 3 brit (p- 738) In regard to the roots of the language, it will be observed that they ate treated of in the present work—both in respect of the meanings and of the exhibition of tenses, paniiples, and verbal forms evolved from them—mote thoroughly and exhaustively than has hitherto been attempted in a Dictionary’, Furthermore, all the verbs formed from the roots with prepositions (as, or example, Way anu-¥/éri, De at, Watney sam-adhiey-d-Whri, p. 1156) ate scranged according to the method followed in Greck and Latin Lexicons; that is to say, such vetbs are to be looked for in their own alphabetical order, and not under the roots Api and fri..'The practieal convenience resulting from this method, and the great advantage of exhibiting the connexion of every verb and its meanings with its derivatives, constitute in my opinion an invaluable gain, especially o the student who studies Sanskrit as be would Greek and Latin, and makes ik a guide to the study of the other members of the Indo-European family. At all events it forms one ‘of the unigue features of the present «ork, samping it wih an individuality of ts own, and diferentating it from all other Sanskrit Dictionaries, The labour entailed in the process —necessaily a wholly pioneering ‘proces —of thus rearranging the verbs in a language so rich in prepositions, can only be understood by ‘those who have undergore # ‘As to the separation of meanings it must be noted shat mere amplifications of preceding meanings ae separated by a comma, whereas those which do not carly run into sach olber ate divided by semicolons. A. comma, therefore, must always be taken as marking separate shades of meaning, except st oceurs in parenthetical observations. Let it be ebserved, however, that all the meanings of a word belonging to a group are not always sven in full, if they may be manifestly gathered from the other members of the group. This applies especially to. participles and participal formations. ‘Observe too that all remarks upon meanings and all descripve and explanatory statements are given benween (_), all remarks within remarks and comparisons with oiber languages between [ T was told by a friendly critic, soon alter the appearance of the first edition, that meanings and synonyms had been needlessly muliplied, but when the book had been fairy tested by repeated and extended application to various branches of the literature, it was found that apparently superfluous synonyms often gave the precise meanings required to suit particular passages. In the present edition— to save space—some synonyms which seemed mere surplusage have been rejected; and I fear I may hhave occasionally gone too far in sanctioning some of these rejections. For experience proves that the practical uilty of a Dictionary is less impaired by a redundaney than by paucity of meanings, ‘Again, a glance at the following pages will show that the arrangement of compound words under 1 leading word, as introduced in the edition of 1872, and continued with modifcations in the present edition, is entirely novel 1 may perhaps be objected that there are too many of these compounds; but once more it may be turged that a Sanshyit Dictionary must not be tried by ordinary laws in this respect, for Sanskrit has developed more than Greek and German and any other Aryan language the faculty of forming compounds. The love of composition is indeed one of its most characteristic features. To exclude compounds from a Sanskrit, Lexicon would be, so to speak, to ‘unsanskritize’ it. Not only are there certain compounds quite peculiar to Sanskrit, but, in the grammar, composition almost rakes the place of Syntax, and the various Kinds of compound words are classed ‘and defined with greater subtlety and minuteness than in any other known language of the world, When a student is in doubt whether to translate compounds like Tndradatra as Bshuvehis or Tatpurushas, the Dictionary is surely bound to aid in clearing up his perplexity. Even as itis, many useful compounds have, I fear, been sacrificed to the exigencies of space ‘The meanings of these, however, can be easily infeed from the meaning of thir component members. Take, for example, such a word 26 samyuktGkshara, ‘4 compound or conjunct lee Another disinetive peculiarity of this Dictionary’ consists in the articles on mythology, literature, religion, and philosophy, scattered everywhere throughout its pages. My own collection of notes from various’ sources, especially those made during my three Indian journeys and published in the books named in the Preface to this volume (see p. vi, with note), have enabled me to furnish students with ‘much useful information on many subjects not hitherto treated of in Sanskrit Dictionaries It will T feel 2 Tn this first cse the hyphen used inthe tansiterted form 11 must, however, bere repeat the acknowleigment of my {smo doubt sulicentto dating the two forme fom eachother, orignal indebtedness co « Westerguad’s Radices;* nor mst “rece, to economize race, the gues have osasioallytovarde T omit to mention Whitaey’s valuable Index of Roos, Vet theend ofthe work been omited see samnd, Sicmdng, 1162). forms and Primary Derivatives.x INTRODUCTION. sore, be admited that the knowledge gained by me from personal contact with Indan Pandits and siueated_men in their own Universite, and with all sors and conditions of Hindis in thir own towns and vilages, has been a distinct advantage to this Dictionary. It has enabled me to give much seful information not found in other works, and to avoid many mistakes made by Sansa who. have only a bookcknowledge of India [A farther peculiar feature is the introduction of a large number of mames of persons and places, This may be objected to as 4 needless extension ofthe scope and limits of a Dictionary. Ta extenvation 1 contend that greater liberiy ought tO be alloned to a Sanskrit Dictionary in th fepeet than to Greek and Latin Lexicons, because Oriental alphabets hve no capial leer» enabling such names to be disingsished fom ordinary nouns ‘Then agtin, in regant to the names of works, which are also multiplied to an unusual exten, Sanskpit lieratore is s0° vast that, although—as I hold—very litle worthy of atenion remains to be edited, yet it may often be of great importance to have atention drawn to unknown teases, of to Commentaries on well-known works ascersined to exist in-mantscrpt in the libraries of Europe ot India ‘As to plants and tres, the adjective qualifying the name of a plant, as well as the mame of the plant itself ought occasionally to be marked, according to the rules of botanical science, with an Capital leer. Buti is often dist for a romboranist to decide as to the correct usage. It was therefore thought beter to use capital leters for both substantive and. adjective, especially as in the new edition, 10 save space, the word “plant” is omited. Hence the second apitl leter, though often inappropriate, serves as & symbol for denoting thatthe epithet is that of «plant. T need. scarcely draw stention tothe comparisons from cognate languages which manifest onsite a special feature of this vohme, Many doubiel comparisons have been eliminated (fom the present edon. A few questionable ones have, I fear, been retained or rashly inserted, but they wil be y detected (eg under Aydaye, p. 65). In regard to what may be thowght a nendless multiplication of indecent words and meanings, offensive to European notions of delicacy, I am sorry 10 say that they had to be ineeried, because in very nuh Sanskrit, Hke all Osiental languages, abounds with words of that character, and to such an extent, that to have omied them, would have bren to cut out a large percentage of the language. A sory is tld of a prudish lady who complimented Dr. Jobnton on having omited all bad. words trom his English onary; whereupon he replied: «Madam, itis trie that I have done so, but I find that you have been looking for them.’ In point of fact students of Sansiyt iterate cannot sometimes avoid looking for such words. Nor have J, except in rare instances, veiled their meaning under a Latin translation which only draws atenton to what might otherwise escape notice Imextensation it may fairly be unged that in India the relationship between the sexes is regarded as a sacred mystery, and is never held to be suggestive of improper or indecent eas, After the foregoing explanation of the general plan of the work it remains 1o describe some of the more noteworthy changes and improvements introduced into the present edition. ‘And let me at once say that, as it was intended to give explanations of even more Sanskrit words than are treated of in the great Worerbuch of Bohulingk and Roth, and in the later Worterbuch of the former, and, as it was decided that to prevent its expansion beyond the limits of one compact volume, the number of pages in the new edition should not be augmented by much more than a hundred and fifty, it became a diffcult problem to devise a method of making room for the ever-increasing number of words which, as the work grew under our hands, continually pressed! more and more for admission into its purview. Let any critic, then, who may ieel inclined to pass a severe jadginent on the contrivances for abbreviation in the present edition of the Dictionary, think for a moment of the dificulties in hich ite compilers found themselves involved. It was only gradually that the actual fact revealed itself—the very startling fact that we had to provide for the treatment of about one half more Sanskrit words, simple land compound, than in the first edition. ‘That is to say, calculating as I had done that the number of Sanskrit words—simple and compound—-in the first edition amounted to about 120,000, it became evident to us, as the work proceeded, that the number to be provided for in the new edition could not be reckoned at less than 180,000. It was as if a builder employed in repairing one of his own buildings had been told that he had to provide for the crowding of 1,800 human beings into a room, originally constructed by him to hold only twelve hundred, Or perhaps the diffculty may be better illustrated thus:—A traveller, after having made a voyage ound the workl, starts some time afterwards for a second similar journey, The rules of the ship imINTRODUCTIO xvii which he embarks only permit of his taking a limited amount of baggage into his cabin, and naturally his first idea is to take the same box which accompanied him on the frst occasion. Into this he begins by packing his possessions, with perhaps a litle more compression than before, He soon finds, however, that the lapse of time has added to his acquisitions, and that no close packing will enable him to make room for them. What then is he to do? He is permitted to make his one box a litle longer and deeper; but even then he bat not room enough. His only resource is to make his one receptacle huld more by filing up every ctevice, and fiting one article into the other by various ingenious devices. ‘This is an illustration of the difficulties encountered in the process of compressing the immense mass of new matter which bad to be brought within the compass of the new edition. It has been possible to lengthen the pages of the new volume by about an inch, so that each column now contains about eight or ‘nine lines more than in the first edition, and the volume has been increased in thickness by more than fone hundred pages (and with the Addenda by 147 pages). These enlargements have given considerable ‘additional space, but not nearly as much as was needed. All sorte of contrivances for contracting, bridging, and abbreviating had, therefore, to be adopted, <0 as to secure the greatest economy of space ‘without impairing the completeness of the work—considerations which will, I hope, be a valid excuse for the oceasional violations of uni‘ormity which forced themselves upon us, as the need for greater com- prchensiveness, within a Lmited circumference, became more and more imperative. ‘Perhaps the necess:y for such measures will be betier understood if I bere enumerate some of the sources whence the additional matter in the present volume has been derived. he latter portion of the great seven-volumed Werterbuch of the two great German Imprim's, all levicographers beginning with the letter 2. Next, all the additions in Geheimeath von Bahilingk’s later Compilation, and especially his Nachtrage. Then all my own manuscript Addenda in the interleaved copy fof my first edition; and lastly all the words from many important pure Sanskrit and Buddhistic Sanskrit works printed and published in recent years, most of which will be named in the sequel. Doubsless, therefore, in describing the improvements which mark this new Dictionary, the first place should be given to the vast mass of new matter introduced into it. This I venture to assert, after a somewhat rough calculation, amounts to very litle short of 60,000 additional Sansket words wilh their meanings. ‘And a still forther increase has resulted from the introduction of references to authorities, and to those portions of the literature in which the words and meanings recorded in the Dictionary occur. The reason given by me for abstaining from more than a few such references in the first edition, was that abundant quotations were to be found in the great seven-volumed Thesaurus—so often named before— ‘which all who used my Dictionary could easily find means of consuking. In real fact, however, not a few words and meanings in the eater portion of the first edition of my book wete entered on the authority of Professor H. H. Wilson, while many more in the middle and towards the end were inserted from sources investigated independently by myself, and were not supported by any of the quotations given in the Thesaurus, Ie followed as a matter of course that, very soon after the publication of my first edition in 1872, the slmost entire absence of independent references of my own was animadverted upon regretfilly by even friendly critics. Naturally, therefore, 1 determined to remedy an evident defect by introducing a large number of references and quotations into the new edition. Nor is it surprising that this determination grew and strengthened in the coutse of execution, so much so, indeed, that after the printing of page 6o I decided, with Professor Leumann’s co-operation, to give no words and no series of meanings without quoting some authority for their use, o referring to the particular book er portion of literature in which they ‘And further, it became a question whether we were not bound to indicate by a reference in every case not merely the particular books, but the chapter and line in which each word wa. to be found, and sometimes even to quote entire passages. This, in fact, as will be seen, has been occasionally done, but it soon became evident, that the immense copiousness of Sansyt literature—a copiousness far exceeding that of Greek and Latin—would preclude the carrying out of so desirable an object in full, or even to f somewhat less extent than in the great St, Pelersburg Thesaurus—unless indeed my new Dictionary was to be enlarged to a point beyond the limits of a single compact volume. Nay, it soon became clear that the exigencies of space would make the mere enumeration of all the works in which a word occurs impossible, In the end it was found that the use of the symbol &c, would answer sll the purpose of 1 full enumeration, * Unfortunately in noting down wonts for lnsenion Tomited to quote the sources whence they were taken, as did not at the time contemplate improving my new eiion by the adi of references. »INTRODUCTION. Hence it must be understood that RV. &e. &e. denotes that a word occurs in the whole literature— both Vedic and Post-Vedic—beginming with the Rig-veda, while Mn. &c. signifies that the use of a word ig resueted to the later literature beginning with Manu. ‘And again, when a word had not yet been met with in any published literary work, but only in ‘native lexicons, it was decided to denote this by the leter L. ‘As to the words and meanings given on my authority and marked MW., many of them have been taken by me from commentaries or from the notes which I made after conversations with learned Pandits in their own country. For it seems to me that Sanskrit Dictionaries ought sometimes t0 give important ‘modern words and meanings as used by modern educated Sanskrit scholars in India—such, for example, a the meaning of préparpratichha (see Additions under Pega, p. 1330). ‘Then a third improvement in the present edition, as every true scholar will admit, is the accentuation fof words occurring in accentuated texts, although it will be found, I fear, that occasional accidental omissions ‘occur, and in cross-references the accent has often been designedly dropped. Many accent, too, which are only known from Pipini and the Phitsitras have been intentionally omitted, It is admitted that accentuation is marked only in the oldest Vedic texts, and that in later times it must have undergone great changes—so far at least a8 the spoten accent was concemed. And this led me to decide that in preparing @ practical Dictionary which employed so many complicated diacrtical marks, ft would be better not to increase the complication by adding the marks of accentuation, All accentuation was, therefore, designedly omitted in the first edition. But the careful study of Panini’s grammar, which sy higher lectures, dating the period of my active occupancy of the Boden Chair (1860-1888), obliged me to carry on, forced upon me the conviction that, inasmuch as at the time when the great Indian Grammarian—the chief authority for both Vedic and classical grammar—elaborated his wonderful system, ‘every word in Sanskrit, as much in the ordinary language as in the Vedic, had its accent, a knowledge ff accents must be often indispensable to a right knowledge of the meaning of words in Sanskrit. ‘And in real truth the whole of Pagini’s grammar is interpenetrated throughout by the ruling idea of ‘the importance of accentuation to a correct knowledge of words and their meanings. For example, we learn from Pan, vi, 1, 20%, that the word ahfya means ‘abode,’ but kabay& with the accent on the last syllable means ‘destruction’ And again, from Pan. vi, 1, 205, that datta, ‘given,’ which as a p. participle has the accent on the second syllable (daild) is accentuated on the first syllable (ie. is pronounced dévla) when it is used as a proper name. On the other hand, by Pi. vi, 1, 206, abyfahts hag the accent on the first syllable, whether as a participle, or as a name (not dirisAlé at p. 619) Further, by Pap. vi, 1, 223 and vi, 2, 1 all compounds ave different meanings according to the position of the accent, Hence Indre-éatra means either ‘an enemy of Indra’ or ‘having Indra as an enemy, according as the accent is on the last or first member of the compound (Indra-iofrd or fndra-iatru; see Additions, p,1321), These examples may suffice to show the importance of accentuation in affecting meanings, ‘That this holds good in all languages is shown by the careful way in which accentuation is marked in modern English Dictionaries. How, indeed, could it be otherwise when the transference of an accent from one syllable to another often makes such important alteraion in the sense as may be noted in the words ‘gillant’ and ‘gallint! ‘récord’ and ‘rec6rd’ ‘présent’ and ‘presént,’ ‘aiigust’ and ‘augist, ‘désert’ and ‘desér.? The bearing, too, of Sanskrit accentuation on comparative philology will be evident to any one who has noted the coincidences between the accentuation of Greek and Sanskrit words. ‘Manifesty then it would have been inexcusable had we omitted all accentuation in the present enlarged. land improved work‘, It must be admitted, however, that incidence of accent has not been treated ‘with exact uniformity in every page of this volume. In Panini’ system, as is well knovwa, the positon of the accent is generally denoted by some indicatory letter, attached to the technical names given by him to his affixes and suffixes, including the terminations "gases now become an Anglcined word and the dot ‘ander the R hasbeen omitted inthe Distionary for impli. Tam sony to have to confess that imbued as Tonce wat with ee noon ae to the deadoe of Sait I bave sometimes the meanings of important mader words Uke in the body ofthe Dsioary The abeace of accent was only permite in calling ot to 1 person in the distance, Pap. 33 ‘The importance of conect accentustion and etonation fa language, the very sound of which is held bythe Hinds to be divine, andthe bearing of Sansket scontuation on that of Greek, had become 4 preted om me that when Twas sat a5 ‘Delegate tothe Benin International Congres of Oris the Goveinment of India io 188, T requested Pani rishgesarod (who watalao« Gorerument Delegate) to llsrte rmypaper on Vedic hynne by epeting them with the right accents hon, The Pant’ aseatons were not oly auch appreciated, tut recived with gratefl acknowledgments atthe time bythe eminent Chairman, Prot. A. Weber, and other Sanskrit scholars preset, bot were miconstoed by coe of my auitors—the well: Known and most exengetic Hon, Seretary ofthe Royal Asiatic Soviet. That getleman made the Pandit’ ustrative additions the subject ofan exradinay ertcinm in a paper on ‘Oriental ‘Congresss} writen by him and pablned inthe Cyleata Review, ‘Nov CLXI (1885), and gute recently reprinted. A letter Itely recrved by me fom Professor A. Weber, and printed Ist yar in the Asiatic Quaterly Review, expreses the astonishment which tre both fl atthe statement in tht paper.INTRODUCTION. xix. of verbs and of verbal devivatves (called graiyaya). Thus, by Pig. wi, 1, 163 the leter ¢ added to a suffix (as in ghurac, Pap i, 2, 161), indicates that the derivative Whedgrure formed by that sufix is accented on the las sllale (eg, Dhmdigard) ‘Vedic texts printed in Nigart character the accents are denoted by certain short lines placed above and He'sw the letters, bot in the present Dictionary we have not thought it necessary to mark the accent of ‘cris rrinced in Nagar, but only of their equivalents in Romanic and Italic type, the common Ud8tia or 1 accent being marked by ‘, and the rarer Sarita by *. And in this connexion it should be mentioned that the employment of the long prosodial mark (~) 10 cenote long vowels (e.g. &) has manifestly one advantage. It enables the position of an accent to be dicated with greater clearness in cases where it falls on such vowels (e.g. ). Next to the three principal impzovements thus explained ought certainly to be reckoned the increased mechanical aids provided for the eye, 10 facilitate the search for words in pages overcrowded with complicated and closely printed type, And most conspicuous among these aids is the employment of thick “Clarendon” type (seep. xis, note 1) in place of the Italics of the previous edition, both for the derivatives under roo's and under leading words and for the compounds under such words; thus allowing the Italic type to be reserved for compounds of compounds. ‘Then another improvement of the same kind has been effected by the distribution of the compounls belonging to leading words under two, three, or even more separate heads, according 10 the euphonic changes in the finals of these words. ‘Thus in the fiet edition all the compounds belonging to the leading word Bahis were arranged under the one word Baht (= Voki); but in the present edition these compounds are far more readily found by their segregation under the five heads of Bahis, Babih, Bahix, Babi, and Bahish (ee pp. 726, 721). Furthermore, among useful changes must be reckoned the substitution of the short tick line (not necessarily expressive of a hyphen’) for the leading word in all groups of compounds whose first member is formed with thet leading word. Take, for example, such an article as that which has the leading word Agni, at pp. 5, 6 It is easy 10 see that the constant repetition of Agni in the compounds formed with that word was unnecessary. Hence Kana, Karman &c. are now substituted for Agmi-kana, Aigni- Karman &c, By referring to such an amtcle as MAbs, at pp. 794-802, an idea may be formed of the space economized by this simple expedient. ‘And here T must admit that a few changes may possibly be held to be doubsful improvement, the real fact being that they have been forced upon us by the necessity for finding room for those 0,000 additional Sanskrit words with their meanings, the accession of which to the pages of the Dictionary—as already mentioned—became a paramount duty. For instance, towards the end of the work, the exigencies of space have compelled us to use Ttalics with hyphens, not only in the case of sub-compounds (as, for example, -mapiimaya under candra-kiata at p. 386, col 3, is for candrakiutamanianaya), but sso in the ease of compounds falling under ‘words combined with prepositions (as, for example, under such words as 2. Vicbudha, Vi-bhiiga, at p. 977). ‘The same exigencies of space compelled ut to group together all words compounded with 3. ¥i (Gee p. 949) and with 7. 2a (sce under aarkadtkata, p. 1123 &). ‘The same considerations, too, have obliged us t0 make a new departure in extending the use of the litle circle ° to English words. Its ordinary use, of course, is to denote that ciher the Bret of ast part of a Sanskrit word has to be supplied. For instance, such a word as Aeia0%, coming after t. Vapaniya ap. 919 stands for Aulavapaniva, while “do, “dala, Sdovea alter codai, at p.'400, are for code, coda, cedacoa ; and simarly “dyotana under Pra-dyota at p. 680 is for Pra-dyotana. ‘The application of this expedient to English words as enabled us to elect a great saving, It must bbe understond that this method of abbreviation is only applied to the leading meaning which runs through a long anile, or to English words in clove jusaponiton. For example, the leading. signification of ratha under the article 1. rétha (p. 865) being * chariot) this is shortened to “eh?* in the remainder of the article; and ‘lated buter’ in one line is shortened to “ef” U°" in the next. By referring to such an article as sahasra, at p. 1195, it wil be seen what a gain in space has thus been effected. Jn cases like ~°née under faid (p. 261) the ° denotes that ~°aéa is not a complete word without the Prefixing of a, which is not given because it has become blended with the final 2 of the lending word e/a. Much space, too, has heen gained by the application of the symbols * © & A (adopted at Professor Leumann’s suggestion) to denote the Mending of short and long vowels, Thus * denotes the blending of two short vouels (as of ata into €); denotes the blending of a short with a long vowel (as of 24d into df); ® denotes the biending of a long with a short (as of d-+a into 4); * denotes the blending of two long vowels (as of 242 into d), and so with the other vowels, eg. for a4, # for au, ¢ for a4@ Ae, (see for example kyittgni for Arila+ apm, kpitOdakn for kyila+-udata, at p. 303). * Some compound words which are formed by Taddhita anes supposed to beaded tothe whee won ought not sell to have 1 byphen baINTRODUCTION, [A further economy has been effeted by employing the symbol ¥/ for roo In this new edition, to, the eters ‘min’ placed after the erude stems of words, have been generally substiuted for the forms of the nominative eases of all adjectives, participles, and substantives (at least afer the first 100 pages), such nominative forms being easily inferred from the gender. But it must be borne in mind that nealy all feminine stems in @ and Fare also nominative forms, In cases where adjectives make thee feminines in ths has been generally indicated, as in the previous edition. Occasionally, to, the neuter nominative form (am) is given as an aid to the eye in marking the change ftom one gender to another, Other contrivances for shbreviation scarcely need explanation ; for instance, ‘N.’ standing for ‘name’ is applicable to epithets as well as names, and when it applies to more thaa one person or object in a setes, i omted in all except the fst; e.g. ‘N. of an author, RV.; of a king, MBh! ae, ‘Also, the Higures 1, 2, 3 &e, have been in some cases dropped (see note 4, p- xv}, and the mention ofl. 8 is often omited after the common root Ai Finally, I have thought it wise to shorten some of the articles on mythology, and to omit some of the more doubifal comparisons with the cognate languages of Europe. SECTION I, Extent of Sanskrit Literature comprehended in the Present Edition T stated in the Preface to the frst edition of this work—riven in 1872—that T had sometimes been asked by men learned in all the classical lore of Europe, whether Sanskric had any literature, Happily, since then, a great advance in the prosecution of Indian studies and in the difusion of @ knowledge of India has been effected, ‘The efforts and researches of able Orientalists in almost every country have contributed to this result, and 1 venture to claim for the Oxford Indian Insitute and ite staff of Professors and Tutors a large share in bringing this about Nevertheless much ignorance stil prerais, even among educated Erglsh-speakers, in respect of the exact position occupied by Sanskrit literature in India—its relationship to that of the spoken eracaars of the country and the immensity of its range in comparison with that of the lterture of Europe. 1 may be permitted therefore to recapitulate what I have already said in regard to the term + Sansbit’ before explaining what I conceive ought to be included under the term *Sanskyt iterate” By Sanskrit, then, is meant the leamed language of India—the language of its cultured inhabitants— the language of its religion, ils Iteraure, and science—not by any means a dead language, but one stil spoken and written by educated men in all parts of the country, from Cashmere to Cape’ Comorin, fiom Bombay to Calcutta and Madras‘. Sanskrit, in short, represents, I concsve, the learned form of the language brovght by the Indian branch of the great Aryan race into India. For, in point of fact, the course of the development of language in India resembles the course of Aryan languages in other counts, the circumstances of whose history have been similar “The language of the immigrant Aryan race has prevailed over that of the aborigines, but in doing so bas separated into two lines, the one taken by the educated and learned classes, the other by the unlearned— the later again separating into various prosincal subsines® Doubiless in India, from the greater exclusiveness of the educated few, and the desite of a proud priesthood to Keep the key of knowledge fn theie own possession, the language of the leamed classes became so highly elaborated that it received the name Saxpakyita, or ‘perfeclly constructed speech” (cep. xi), both to denote its superiority to the common dlaleets (called in contradistinction PrBkita) and its more exclusive dedication to religious and literary purposes. Not that the Indian vernaculars are exclusively spoken languages, without any Iteratuce of thet own for some of thom (as, for example, Bindi, Hindistani, and Tamil he last belonging to the Dravigian and not Aryan family) have’ produced valuable literary works, although their subject-matter is often borrowed from the Sanskrit Next, a8 to the various branches of Sanskrit literature which ought to be embraced by Dictionary aiming, ike the present, at as much completeness as possible—these are fully treated of in my book “Indian Wisdom’ (a recent edition of which has been published by Mess. Luzae & Co.). It will be * A paper weten by Pandit Syma Krabrasvarm on “Sancyt su living language in adi’ was read by him at the Belin (Oriental Congress of 887, and excited woch Interest. He argues very forcily that “Saag ar stein the AchtAdhyiyt of ini was spoken veraacula atthe time when tat great gram- smarian flouihed” In the same paper he maintains that Sensi wat the source ofthe Pri, and quotes Vararc' rik eal, 2 (rath saps “Sasi the soure'). OF course the provtsialined Priyitt—though not, a5 believe dived Aire from the learned language, bst developed independenty— Dorrowed largely rom the Sanskrit afer it was thes elaborated. ? Teas been recently ated in pit that Rusia fishes an exception tothe wal ramification into dialets, bat Me. Morill feforo te that i has al the characteristics of Aryan languages, separating Ent into Greet and Lite Ruslan and then into other inetINTRODUCTION. x suficent therefore to state here that Sansky literature com Vedic and Post-Vedic, the former comprising works writen in an ancient form of Sa forms what the language of Chaucer is to later English Vedic terature begins with the Rigaveda (probably dating ftom about 1209 or 1300 nc), and extending through the other Sima, and Atharva-veda), with their Brahmanas, Upanishads, and SBtras, is most valuable to philologists as presenting the nearest approach to the original Aryan language, Post-Vedie literature begins with the Code of Mana (probably dating sn ie earlier? form from about 500 ®.c), with is train of subsequent law-books, and extending through the six systems of philosophy, the vast grammatical Literature, the immense Epics, the lyric, erotic, and didactic poems, the NiGisteas with their moral tales and apothegms, the dramas, the varicus treatises on mathematics thetorie, prosody, music, medicine, &e, brings us at last 10 the eighteen Purinas with their succeeding, Upaputinas, and the more recent ‘Tantras, many of which are worthy of study as repositories of the modern mythologies and popular creeds of India. No one person, indeed, with limited powers of mind and body, can hope to master more than one or two departments of So vast a range, in which scarcely fa subject can be named, with the single exception of Historiography, not furnishing a greater number fof texts and commentaries or commentaries on commentaries, than any other language of the ancient world. To convince one’s self of this one need only glance at the pages of the present Dictionary. and note the numerous works named there, which, if the catalogue were complete, would probably amount to a total number not far short of the 10,000 which the Pandits of India are said to be able to enumerate. Not is it their mere number that astonishes us. We are appalled by the length of some of India’s terary productions as compared with those of Eurepean countries, For instance, Virgil's Bneid is said to consist of 9,000 lines, Homer's Uiad of 12.000 lines, and the Odyssey of 15,000, whereas the Sanskrit Epic poem called Mahi-bharata contains at least 2 lines, without reckoning the supplement called Hari-vapia*. In some subjects 100, especially in poetical descviptions of nature and domestic affection, Indian works do not suffer by a comparison with the best specimens of Greece and Rome, while in the wisdom, depth, and shrewdness of their moral apothegms they’ are unrivalled More than this, the Hindis had made considerable advances in astronomy, algebra, arithmetic, botany, and medicine, not to mention their superiority in grammar, long before sore of these sciences were cultivated by the most ancient nations of Europe, Heneo it has happened that T have been painfully reminded during the progress of this Dictionary that a Sanskrit lexicograyher ought to aim at a kind of quasi omniscience. Nor will any previous University education, such at enable him to explain correctly the sciemific expressions which—although occasionally borrowed from the Grecks—require special explanation, Tn answer then to the question: What extent of Sanskrit I Dictionary? T reply that it aims at including every depariment, or at least such portions of each department as have been edited up to the present date ‘And here I must plainly record my conviction that, novwithstanding the enormous extent of Sanskrit Uterature, nearly all the most important portions of it—Vedic or Post-Vedic—worthy of being edited oF twanslated have been already printed and made accessible in the principal public libraries of the world’, No doubt the vast area of India's philosophical literature bas not yet been exhaustively explored; Dut its most important treatises have been published elther in India or in Europe. In England we may appeal with satisfaction to the works of our celebrated scholar Colebrooke, of the late Dr. Ballantyne, and more recently of such writers as E. B, Cowell, A. E. Gough, and Colonel Jacob, all of whom have contributed to the elucidation of this most dificult, but most interesting branch of study, while among, Continental scholars the names of Deussen, Garbe, and Thibaut are most distinguished. es two dislinet periods, it which is to the Jt ee Vedas (via, the Yaju least ag sas usual in my youth, re is comprehended in this ‘Mech Jaina plilovopical erste, tuo, ie hovgh weil worthy of atertion, and althongh ‘aly osesonaly ler to inthis Dictionary, Its writen 74 "See the chapter onthe Epic poems in ‘Idan Wisdom and ry edition of the “Story of Nala” publibed atthe Clarendon Pres and my Title work on ‘Tedian Epic Poetry” (now scarce eighbeuihoed, il coed "The late Profesor Buhler bas shown thatthe oseriptions of boa $204.0. ote the Mabibhirsta and describe fat con {aining 100,000 donot mean this rma to apply to Buddhist itertue, hich ie very extensive, andi partly i Sans and as mech sill eosdied and utransated, The Divytnadng ited by Profesor EH. Cowell and Me, Nel t an example. It ib writen io Sankt ct ther in'a hind of Sanshined PS, ‘or PI cisguise do Sans gach, Other Budaist Text, writen sn Sanat sited bythe wellknown Tibetan C.1 Esto whom Twas 1 Darling sed eto el ‘Senvkrt a well a a Atcba-Mga€M Deak, forthe elation of which Profesor Leunatn has done roch excellent work. Im fact the anak fom of ain piloopbial erature (sow being ifenponeded by Mr. Virnnd Ghsadhi a Chicago sl flrs aa Snot wholly ebexplred felt of iavesigation. Furthermore, i must be admit thst in some cates Better editions of pare Saushie works ave needed.” For example, « better exial don ofthe Mabi-bhirata han thse of Caleta and Bombay is S desidecatom, The Souther Recension of that immense work fa believe engaging the attention of De Lides,Libearian of ‘he Teas loa,xxit INTRODUCTION. There is also much stil to be done in what may be called Epigraphic or Inscription literature, in which Dr. Fleet, Dr. E. Hultzsch, and Professor F. Kielhorn are labouring so effectively. And I am happy to say that we have occasionally availed ourselves of their labours in the following pages. ‘The Tantras, too, present a field of research almost wholly untrodden by European scholars, and these books at one time attracted much curiosity as likely to present a hopeful mine for exploitation. I therefore, during my Indian journeys, searched everywhere for good MSS. of the most popular Tantras, with 1 view to making the best procurable example of them better known in Europe by a good printed edition fand translation, Everywhere I was told that the Ruéra-yimala Tantra was held in most esteem‘, But after a careful examination of its contents I decided that it was neither worth editing nor translating (see my ‘Brihmanism and Hindtism, pp. 205-208). As to translations, the long array of ‘Sacred Books of the East’ might well be supposed to. have exhausted the whole reservoir of Sanskrit works worthy of being translated; even admiting that the entice range of Sanskrit literature is held to be more ot less sacred, Yet the series is still incomplete’, Assuming then my opinion on this point to be correct, I think I may fairly claim for the present Dictionary at great an amount of comprehensiveness as existing circumstances make either possible or sirable. Of course the earl part of the work must perforee be less complete than the later, Nor can it be said to deal with every branch of literature with equal thoroughness, but its defects are, I hope, fairly remedied by the ample Additions at the end of the volume. SECTION IV, Reasons for epplying the Roman Alphabet to the expression of Sanskrit, with an account of the Method of Transliteration employed in the Present Dictionary. ‘As T cherish the hope that this Dictionary may win its way to acceptance with the learned natives of India, I must ask Enropean scholars to pardon my difuseness if I state with some amplitude of detail my reasons for having applied the Roman or Latin alphabet to the expression of Sanakrit more freely than any other Sanskrit lexicographer. For indeed I know full well that all who belong to the straitest sect of Hindi scholars will at once flatly deny that their divine Sanskrit ean with any propriety be exhibited to the eye clothed in any other alphabetical dress than their own ‘divine NAgarl’ Ma Ai pilfem syd go-tshiram teadriteu dhpitam, ‘let not cow's mille be polluted by being put into 2 dog’s skin’ How can it possibly be, they will exclaim, that the wonderful structure of our divine language and the subtle distinctions of its sacred sounds can be properly represented by such a thoroughly human and wholly un-Oriental graphic system as a modem European alphabet? Let me, then, inthe fist place point out that our so-called European alphabet, as adopted by the Greeks, Romans, and modern nations of Furope, is really Asiatic, and not European in its origin. And secondly, Jet me try to show that it has certain features which connect it with the so-called divine Nagart alphabet of the Britimans, Nay more, that it is well suited to the expression of their venerated Sanskrit; while its ‘numerous accessory appliances, is types of various kinds and sizes, its capital and small leters, hyphens, brackets, stops &c,, make it better suited than any other graphic system to meet the linguistic requirements ‘of the coming century--a century which will witness such vast physical, moral, and intellectual changes, that a new order of things, and almost a new world and a new race of beings, will come into existence. In that new world some of the most inveterate prejudices and peculiarities now separating nation from nation will be obliterated, and all nationalties—brought into fraternal relationship—will recognize their kinship and solidarity. Even during the present century the great gulf dividing the West from the East has been partially bridged cover, Steam and electricity have almost destroyed the meaning of differences of latitude and longitude; and nations which were once believed to be actually and Sguratively the antipodes of each other have been brought to feel that mere considerations of distance are no obstacles to the reciprocal interchange of personal intercourse, and no bar to the adoption of all chat is best in each other's customs and habits of though ‘And a still more remarkable event has happened. 2 A section of it hasbeen printed in Canta. * The tse made of some ofthe sere isthankflly acknowledged at p. seal; bat {6 surprising thatthe Tong lize of 49 thick ‘octavo volumes icles o complete translation of Tod's most sacred book-—the Rigveds, Only rbout 180 oxt of 1017 byaas se translated in yols. ceil and xo, when a continuous English Europe has learnt to perceive that in imparting srvion of al the hyams might have been gives in one volume. eis tegetable, to, that el all only gives abost a third ofthe ‘Atbarvevede yas, and thatthe Bhiguvat-partos, whichis « bible of modem Hind, hes no place i the lit, while vome voles ge tealatons offal enponant works, andvome give ‘etuaaatone of works previoialy tanalated by good scholar.INTRODUCTION. tome of the benefits of her modern civilization to Eastern race, she is only making a just return forthe lessons imparted to her by Asiatic wisdom in past ages. For did she not receive her Bible and her religion from an Eastern people? Did not her sytem of counting by twelve and sities come to ber ftom Babylonia, and her invaluable numerics! symbole and ecimal notation from India through the Arabs? Did not even her languages have thei origin in a carson Eastern parent? It cannot, therefore, be thought surprising if her method of expressing these languages by graphic symbols alto came to her from an Eastern source. We cannot, indeed localize with absolute cerinty the precite spot whence issued the eprings of that rand flow of speech which spread in succesive waver—commencing with the Sanskrit in Asia and the Keli in Burope—over a large proportion of those oxo continents. Nor can we fx, beyond all ability to ‘question, the local source of the fs. known purely phonographie alphabet. But we stand on sure ground when we assert that such an alphabet is to be found inscribed on Phoenician monuments of a date quite fas carly a8 the cognate Meabite insenption on the stone of King Mesta, known to belong to the middle of the ninth century ac? 1k was of course @ friové to be expected that Pheenicia—one of the chief centres of trade, and the principal channel of communication. between the Eastern and Wester worlds in ancient times hou'd Fave been compelled to make use of graphic symbols cf some kind to enable her to cary on ber comm with other nations; and it may firly be conjectured dt a mere system ave been quite unsuited to her needs. But this does not prove that the phonographie inscriptions were ievented all at ones, witot any lnk of connesion with presiously ie prototypes. And itis certainly noteworthy that the discovery at Tel-el-Amarna in Expt mm an ancient king of Jerusalem weiten on tablets in the eaely Babylonian cuneiform serijt? Babylonian form of ideographic wring existed in Palestine and the neighbourhood of Phvenicia 2 carly as the fiteemh century a. Those, however, who have conjectured that the Phoenician phonograms were developed cut of the Babylonian cuneiform aymbels, cannot be said to support their hypothesis by any saishetory proof trary or epigraphic. Nor docs the theory which makes the South Semitic or Timyariie scripts? the precursors and prototypes of the Phomnician seem to rest on sufciently clear evidence, ‘On the other hand it is certain that if we investigate the development of the Egypiian hieros!yphic ‘deograms, we shall find that they passed into so-called ‘hieratic” writing in which a certain number of phonograms were gradually introduced. And it is highly probable that Phorncis in her commercial inter~ course with a country s0 close to her shores as Egypt, or perhaps through a colony actualy established there, became acquainted in very early times with this Egyptian hieratic scrip. Furthermore a careful comparison ofthe elaborate tables printed in the lates edition ofthe Fneyclopmotia Britannica, and in the Osford “Helps to the Study of the Dible'—giving the Fgyptian and Phonician symbols side by side—tends no doubt to show a cerain resemblance of form between five oF six of the Pharnician and corresponding Egyptian levers. Nevertheless, the comparison by no means makes i clear that all the Phoenician letters were derived from Egyptian models nor does i invalidate the fact that existing epigraphic evidence is in favour of regarding Phoenicia as practically the investor of that most important facor in the world’s progress—a purely phono- graphic alpbabe, Here, however, I seem to hear some Jearned native of India remark:—It may be true thatthe Phoenician insripions are prior in date to those hitherto discovered in India; but do you really mean to imply that India’s admirably perfect Deva-ndgart alphabet, which we hold to be a divine git, was borrowed Som the imperfect alphaket of s nation of mere money-making tadets, ke the Phoenicians? Is it not the case that the ealiest elements of civilization and enlightenment have always originated in the East, and spread from the East o the West—not fom the West to the East? And i as is generally admited, the symbols f numbers, which were as estential to the world's progres as lets, originated in India and passed through 2 The Phesician inscriptions have been deciphered by asscing thatthe Phanician language mast have ben skin to Hebrew Aithogh tei age canot be atceraied with bast certs, Yet there is good reason to believe that some of them are of {rete entiqiy than the cogate MoabiteSnecrption of King ‘Metha which was fouad st Diba lite N.E. of Jeotlem a0 south of hbo, * Some of these tbletssbow that diplomatic corepondence passed between Babylonia and Egypt through Palestine. Ta fc, “Babylonian” wae in thove days the langage of diplowacy,s4 F abate in Habyonin cone form character ave proved 10 De eters writes by the king of Jeratlem tothe Egyptian monarch to whose sceriny be appears iehave been ajc There ave two bind of Hist lseipios, vt Saban td Micsan * Notwithstanding the elaborate procs gun by the Ab Van Diva in Bis ingenious aud inerenting teatse on “Forside Péeritare * See note 3, mexxiv INTRODUCTION. Semitic counties into Europe, why should not alphabets have had the same origin and the same course? Did not the Hindis invent for themselves their own grammar, their own science of language, their own systems of philosophy, logic, algebra, and music? Have they not an immense literature on these and other subjects, much of which must have been writien down at least 690 years a.c.? And are there mot references in this literature to the existence of writing in India in very ancient times? for instance, in the Vasishtha Dharma-sitra of the later Vedic period, in the Laxs of Manu‘, in Panini, who lived about 4oo mc, in the Pali Canon of the Buddhists which refers to writing schools and writing materiale? And again, do not the actual inscriptions of King Acoka of the third century n.c. exhibit a remarkably perfect system of alpha- betical signs, and many varying forms in diferent districts of India, postulating several centuries of antecedent evelopment"? And if no Indian epigraphs of an eatlier date than the reign of Asoks have yet been discovered, ig not that due to the circumstance that the art of incising leters on stone and metal only came into use ‘when great Hind kings arose, whose empire was sufficiently extensive to make it necessary to issue edicts land granis to their subjects? Bearing all this in mind, may it not be contended that if there has been any Flagiarism in the matter of alphabets, the borrowing may have been from the Hindi rather than dy them ? Such questions as these have often been addressed to me by learned Pandits, and it must be confessed that they are by no means to be brushed aside as unworthy of consideration. Quite the reverse. They contain many statements to which no exception can be taken. But my present object is not to furnish incontestable proof of the derivation of Indian alphabets from a Phoenician source. It is rather to point out to Indian scholars that even admitting (with some eminent authorities) that there is good ground for claiming fn indigenous origin for Hinda alphabets, many of the letters composing them offer points of contact and affinity with those of Pheenicia, and therefore with those of Greece and Rome and modern Europe, ‘And at the outset it must be frankly acknowledged that the frst phonographic alphabet brought 10 light on ancient Phoenician monuments constituted by no means a perfect alphabetic system. It had, no doub:, advanced beyond the ideographic stage, and even to some extent beyond the sllabic, but its phonograms ‘were only twenty-two in number, and mainly represented consonants. It had not attained 0 the level of fan alphabet in which vowel symbols are promoted to an equality of representation with consonantal, and treated as compeers, not as mere secondary appendages. And even to this day, the Semitic alphabets connected with the Phorician—viz. the Hebrew, Aramzan, and Arabian—are nearly as imperfect, and very Title better than, so to speak, consonantal skeletons, wanting the life-blood which vowels only can impart. Indeed, the imperfection’ of the Phoonician script is well shown by the fact that the Gi every one admits, were indebled 0 the Fhnicians for their rudimentary cononantal method of writing, Ihad no sooner received it (probably quite as early as Seo n.c)) than they began to remedy its defects, and ‘gradually developed out of ita true alphabetic method of their own, which was ultimately made to flow from Teft to right in opposition to the Semitic method. ‘Similarly, too, the Romans when they had accepted the Pheenician graphic signs from the Greeks, found it necessary to improve upon them, and ukimately developed out of them an even more practical alphabetic system, But surely these two facts may be appealed to as making it not improbable that if the Grecks and Romans, two highly intellectual races, sprung from the same Aryan stock as the BrShmans, condescended to accept certain rudimentary phonograms from the Phenicians, and to expand them into alphabets suited 10 the expression of their own languages, the Brahmans also might have deigned, if not ro accept a foreign alphabet, at least to improve their own graphic system by modifications intradueed through contact with Semitic races. Nor should it be forgotten that in later times che Hindls did actually borrow 2 Semitic alphabet from Arabia for the expression of their vernacular Hindi? No doubt it must be admitted that, had any overmastering conviction of the necessity for the general use of written signs taken hold of the Hindd mind in early times, India would not have consented to be bebolden to other countries for even improvements in her own forms of writing But the most patriotic of India's patriots must acknowledge that the Hindis have always preferred coral to written communications. Indeed, although 2 vast literature exists in Sanskrit, no word exists exactly corresponding to our English word ‘lerature';’ and even if such a word were available, true who, a8 1 Tn Bock vi, 168 writen legal dacomects are mentioned. ‘Hindi when ao tonite i called Minds or Un 1 Ae gives the words nin oe fhe 1). 4 Litera ete dered fron, "toast Jos 8 Sak + The batk ofthe Bho} (or Bic) te and he les ofthe palm skit it rom if crrespondiog word wee to be wid in seem to have constitted the ehief mates sed y the Hts Sars i would be Jigen The word ashare, which Ail the invoductin of paper by the Moamimadans. No such the Saki for x leer, propely means *inelible? snd thi durabe materials ms Egytian papyres or European parchmest— easing seems to point to the we of eter in ely time for the Inter Being prohibited om ascoustof its Imparymseem to nerplors on tne and metal. Sill the fst easing of ave been employed. [nibs ecrsciog with sharp poi See note 3 Doara INTRODUCTION. xxv Indian Pandits would prefer to designate the immense series of their sacred books by such words as Veda, om e¥, ‘to know), Brath (from ér, °to hear’), Stee (from fs, to teach’), mgHth. fom emi, set’); the reason being that, like Papias, Bishop of Hierapolis (whose date, according to Dean An) they consider ‘that the things” from books are not so advantageous as things from og and abiding voice? Nor must we forget that the climate of Tndia was unfavourable to the reservaon of such writing material as existed in ancient times. Ad besides this may it not be conjectured that the invention and general difasion of alphabetic sng was to Indian learned men, giled with prodigious powers of memory, and equipped with laboriously Zcqured stores of Knowledge, very much what the invention and general use of machinery was to European hhandicrafismen? Ie seemed to deprive them of the advantage and privilege of exercising their craft. It had t0 be acquiesced in, and was no doubt prevalent for centuries before the Christian era, but it was not really much encouraged, And even to this day in India the man whose Jeaming is teasured up in his conn memory is more honoured than the man of far larger acquirements, whose knowledge is either wholly ‘or partially derived from books, and dependent on their aid for its communication to other It scems, therelore, not unreasonable to assume that, when the idea of the necesty for inventing alphabetic signs began to impress itself on the minds of Semi races, it had not taken such deep root among the inhabitanis of India as to lead 10 the invention or general adoption of any one fixed system af writing of their own. Te seems, indeed, mote probable that leamed men in that country viewed the art of ‘writing too apathetically to make a stand against the introduction of alphabetical ideas from foreign sources. At all events there can be no antecedent improbabiliy in the theory propounded by German Sanskrists that an early passage of phonographic symbols took place from a Phoenician centre eastward towards Mesopo- tama and India, at about the same period as thee passage westward (owards Europe, namely, about 860 nc 1 ia not asserted that the exact channel by which they were wansmited has been satisfactorily demonsraed, Some think—and, as it seems to me, with much plausibilty—that they may have been inwoduced through contact with the Grecks®, Perhaps a mote likely conjecture is that Hindl traders, passing up the Persian Gulf, had commercial dealings with Aramean traders in Mesopotamia, and, becoming acquainted with ther graphic methods, imported the knowledge and use of some of their phonetic signs ino India. ‘Thie view was fist propounded in the writings of the learned Professor A. Weber of Berlin, and has recently Leen sbiy argued in a work on ‘Indische Paleographie by the Inte Professor Buhler of Vienna (published in 1896). If Indian Pandits wil consul dat most interesting standard work, they will there find 4 table exiting the most ancient of known Phernician leters side by side with the kindred symbols used in the Moabite inscriptions of King Mesha—which, as before intimated, is known to be as old as aboot 850 u.c-—while in parallel columns, and in a series of other excellent tables, ate given the corresponding Phonographic symbols from the numerous inscriptions of King Asoka scattered everywhere throughout Central and Northern India’ ‘These inscrption-alphabets are of two principal kinds :— ‘The fst hind is now called Kharoshihi (or "Ass's lip” form of writing, li being understood) This belongs to the Norhewest corner of the Panjib and Easern Aghtnistin, It was used by King Afoka for 2 few of his rock and stone insripions, and is a kind of wring the protoyye of which was probably intcoduced into Persia about g00 8c, and brought by Persian rulers into Northern India in the fourth * Pandit Syimajt in hip second paper, read at the Leyden Congress, said: We ts India believe even at the present day that oa! struction i far superior Lo ook learing ia mating the mind and developing its powers! * Certainly, a6 1 think, the change of diection la. the wating ray bave been dae to Greek infueace. Pisin, who probably Iived about 400 &.€, gra 36 aa example of femisine none the word Javan, which Katyiyana interprets to mesa‘ the Grek pabet;” and we know tht Gredk cots snd imitations of Grek tins, unearthed in Nortiomestem India prove the extence of that alphabet there before Alexander the Great's ine. Hind receptivity of Greek infltences i illtated by the number of astroconical words derived dnety Grom the Greek o be fond seated throughout the page of the preset Dictionary. 5" Aoka, who called Bimvalt Pria-darin, and was the grand son of Canagupta, dd for Budde whst Constantive di for CChrisanty, by adopting i as his own creed. Baddhisen then became the religion of the whole Kingdom of Magadhs, aad therefore ofa gest potion of India and Akt sea intial ‘on take and pillars (abou the mile ofthe thi esas 2.) forint the St authentic records of Tndlan history. Vet the language of tee lscrptons cant be sald to be exaly dential sth svcalled Magadbl Paki nor withthe Pall ofthe Badahist Sere sripture, although thote rms of Paiqt maybe loosely ‘lle iter Magadbi or Fai, Nor was th ane Pal oxgialy plied to the lenguaye ofthe Buddhist Canon, bt ster to the line or series of pssagesconstisting a ex (che we ofan). [According to Pvoestoe Oldesberg the Vinay potion f the texts ‘existed nite preset formas enya go tc. The ater Bods texts wete wit dova tot long aftr, and commentales have since een compiled fa Pall and the language of Capea, Sim, ‘ani Born the Fi of Ceylon beog acted by ntereourse with Klnge (Oris "Se this Kharorbht fly deveibed in Profesor Buble? book. ‘The fiat names given to it wete Aviano Pali, Baetro-Pall Talo-Brctrian, Now Aioks &e. Sit A. Cunningham ealled it ‘Ganihinan, Pandit Gaur Semkaz, in his ateresting, work riciaulipil writen in Hind ale t Gndkaraclip.. Some thins Sat Kaos ie deived fom the name of the inexxi INTRODUCTION. century 8c. At all events it i well known that the Persian monarchs of the Akhemenian period fniployed Aravsean serbes, and that the Kbaroshiht weiing, even if originally Tndian (according. to Sir A. Curningham and others), has assumed under their hands a manifestly Aramaic character, flowing like all Semiie writing from sight to lef. Possibly, however, a8 it seems to me, Grecian induences (which peneirated into India before the time of Alexander) may have partially operated in assimilating this early Norteweststa Indian script co a Phoenician wpe, Tt may be excluded ffom our present inquiry, because ie never becarse generally current in India, and never developed into form suitable for printing. The second kind of ancient Indian seript i called Brthma (or Brahm lpi). This is without doubt the cides uf the tno principal forms’. Tt claim to greater andiquity is proved by its name Brthma— given to it by the Brahmans, because, as they assert, it was invented by their god Brabma*—an assertion which voay be taken as indicating that, whatever is origi, it was moulded ino its present form bythe Brahmans. ‘And undeniably ii this Brthma writing (Brahmi lip) which has the best right to be called the true Indian ruhmanical script. Te must have been the fst kind of writing used when Sansiyt lterature began to bo weiten down (petlaps six centuries ave), and itis the script of the Aicka inscriptions of Central and Northern India~and even of Nonb-wesiern India, where it is found concurtently with the Kharoshyht 1c was employed 10 express the Prakit dialect of the Buddhist kings, and flowed, ike ite later development called Nagas fom let to right. Its first appearance on actualy existing insriptons—so far as at present Alscovered—canoot be placed eavier than the date of these Kings in the thied century Dat Wis important io note that the existence of the Brahmi lipi in India must be put back to 2 petiod soficiendy caly to allow for it having once flowed fiom right to let lke the Kharoshfi, probably as early asthe sith century s.c, This is made clear by the direction of the leters on an ancient coin eiscovered by Sir A. Cunningham at Eran'—a place in the central provinces remarkable for its monumental remains One can scarcely accept seriously the suggestion that the position of the short Fin the present [Nogict is a survival of the original direction of the writing’ If then any unprejudiced Hind scholar will examine attentively the tables ia Profesor Bubler’s book, Die wil, Vth, be constrained to admit that the Indian Br&hma leters have certain features which connect them with the ancient Phorician serpt, and therefore with the Greek and Roman. |r should not, however, be forgoten that an interval of neatly seven centuries separates the Phoznick fiom the Bethma inseriptionleters, and that to make the afinity between the two alphabew clearer the sideslghts afforded by collacral ani intermediate Semitic scripts ought to be taken into account’. Nor shovld it be forgotten that when the Hinds, like the Greeks, changed the direction vf their writing, some of the symbols were turned round or their forms inverted, or closed up of opened out in various ways. The further development of the Bréhma symbols into the modem Deva-nigart and its co-ordinate scvipts? is easily qraceable, It must, however, be bore in mind that the later Pandits tied to improve the ancient graphic signs by seting them up as upright as possible and by drawing a horizontal stroke to serve 45 & line from which the levers might hang dovn, and so secure a system of straight waiting — ofien conspicuously absent in HindAsténi and Persian caligraphy T here append a table consisting of seven columns, in which I have so arranged the letters as to illustrate the view that the Phoenician alphabet spread about 800 nc. first westward towards Greeve and Italy, and secondly eastward towards India, ‘The column marked x gives ten Phoenician leters. ‘That marked 2, to the left of 1, gives the ten corresponding Greek letters; that marked 3 the corresponding Roman ; and that marked 4 the corre- spouing English leters. Then the column marked 2, to the right of 1, gives the ten corresponding Brahma Tewers; thet marked 3 shows the gradual developments of the Brahma symbols as exhibited on various inscriptions; and that marked 4 gives the corresponding letiers in modern Nagar”, 5 A savaton oft calle Bhapiproa ie described by Biber, "in the same say the great Arabian Tescher Mebarmad ecard in the fest Sua ofthe Kurkn (according to Rodwell, 3, and Sle, p.4g0 with note) that Gad enght the ae of te ‘en Bvea some Chiaians may not be ladipove to ages with ‘into ed Mabasamsdans ia holing tht the faculty of wrlog, na istzet forthe xprelon of thought—althoag drmaast flvcogh al the esty ges of the wots hitory— as mock @ sivine git a lngange. Mabaumad’ view, however, of the fivoe orga of wring conned in dedlariag thet the Kea {cseented ready writen from benven. * For the lngeage ofthe lasrpiony, ep. xx te § “ose eters ae showa io Profesor Buber abe, * Gur forleable decimal notation certainly cae fot Iai, sit may be said to confor (0 Senile mets i the destin ofthe notation, jnumach aunts ate plsed on the rg, while {eos and ndeds ae onthe lef. * Profsion hla fst table fa hie wotk on Indian Palmo- raphy woeld have been more convincing had he give examples Of collateral and istermdiate Semi forms. Sec a the Beogll the Mra, Gant Be, some of which say be asellly sted ar preeatng forms more closely resem log the ancient Brats eter "A similar line is often drawn in English copybooks and oa sell paper arabs to ataght writing, bt aleye ew, not hove the eter, "De, Tider ofthe Indian Int, has Rady assed me a the right formation of rome of the Snseption letter, The roughness of some fs dee to thir being photogranbe fom nga! imprest,INTRODUCTION. xxvii Let any one study this Table and he must, I think, admit that it indicates an original connexion ot family likeness between the Phoenician and earliest Indian or Brahma leters, whilst i also illustrates the the plastic hand of the Brahmans has greatly modified and expanded the original germs, without, however, obliterating the evident indications of their connexion with the Phoenician 4 a a 1 a 3 4 [lonnesenond] ARcHaic | ARCHAIC = a Eneuay | Rowan | Gacex [PMENIGAN BaKHMA DEVELOPMENTS OF BRAHMA ean > HOH <(/MWIALV BlAlal x ~1oO/4IIbD;/@l/AloOIMI Da < ~< + This is for the Greck dete, whlch 8 repreunted Sn tha Diationry, necording to present wage, by (although ¢ ot would bea more siete ambel 1 According to Prulesoe Bley, the Brthms. (became Nagist W dh, om which & d mas evolve ‘And indeed the modest equipment of twenty-two letters which satisied the Phomicians, Greeks, and Romans, to whom the invention of writing was a mere human contrivance for the attainment of purely Jhuman ends, could not possibly have satisied the devout Hindi, who regarded his language as of divine origin, and therefore mot to be expressed by anything short of a perfect system of equally divine symbols Even the popular Prakrit of King Aéoka’s edicts seems to have required nearly forty symbols, and the 1 Some of the insptons bad not the full complement of vowelagns, Asa mater of fact I fnd tht io soe nsrgtions 1s of only thisty-five letters alls piven, while is obes tere fue they and in others agen thirty-nine. Profesor ler s3ys(p. 82 of his latest work published in 1898) thatthe endinary Brahmi alphabet as frtyfour letiers traceable in the oldest inscriptions (ecading the Bhattiprle) wbleh with ow (derived from 6) wovid make forty, shed with the mark for Visage ‘whlch fint occurs in the Kahana inscription” fortysix. The oma reckon for the youel, 8 taupt in indigenous schol, ‘makes them only tweexxvii INTRODUCTION. amount seeded for the fail Beihmt pi, as used for the Sanskrit of that period, could not have been less than fy (i the symbols for, am rr, dt, and Ja be included). Then, if we turn to the Bralina alphabet in is final development, called Nagnt, we see at a glance that iis based on the scientfe phonetic prineple of ‘one sound one symbol'—ikat i, every consonant sound is represented by one invariable symbol, and every shade of vowe-sound—short, long. or proated ne unvatying sign (not as in English ‘where the sound of « in be may be represented in sateen nt ways). Hence, fr the expression of the perfectly conruced Sansht language there are sixteen ‘onelsign (inching om and of and excluding the prolated vowel forms), and chny-fve simple consonants, a exhibited on p. x0 ofthis volume 0 highly elaborated was only perfected by degres!, and no doebt it ix admirably adapted t0 the purposes iti intended to verve. Yet itis remarkable that even in its latest deselopment, t employed inthe present Dietonary, it has characterises indeative of is peobable original connexion with Seiie methods of wring, which ftom thei exclusively consonant character are admitedly iipertect. For the Pandit, unlike the Gresks aid Romans, cannot in my opinion be said to have adopted to the fall the tue alphabetic theory which assigns a separate independent postion to all vowel-signs. And ty reason for so thinking is that they make the commonest of all their vowels--namely shore inherent in every isolated consonant, and. give a subordinate postion abore or below confonants to tome of their towelsigns. And this parally slab character of their consonantal symbols has compelled. them to onsruct an immense series of intricate eonjunct consonanis, some of them very complicated, the necesty for which may be exemplied by supposing thatthe leters of the English word ‘stength! were Nagart deters, and ssiten WHOUTE, ‘This would have to be pronounced sefareagatie, unless a. conjunction of consonantal sins were employed, to express cr and agi and unless the mark called Vista, “slop” were added 10 the lst consonant, So that with only thity-three simple consonants and an almost in- defnite number of complex conjonct consonants the number of distinct types necessary to equip a perfect Sanskrit fount fr printing purposes amounts to more than goo. Sotely, then, no one will msintsin tht in these dass of every kind of appliance for increased facilites of inercommmancetion, any language is justified in shuting self up behind such a complex array of traphic signs, however admirable when once acquired, At all events sach a aye ought not to have the monopoly forthe expression of a language belonging to the same family as. oor own and in a country forming am integral part of the Briish Empire. The Sanskrit language, indeed, is & master key 10 know iedge of al the Hida vernaculrs, and should moreover be sted as 4 kind of linguistic bond of sympathy and fllow-feling beiween the inhabitants ofthe United Kingdom and thet Indian fellow-subjecs But 10 this end esery faity ought 10 be forded for lis acquiement Andi as we have tried to show, the Brahm lip, the Nagar, and the Greek and Romani alphabets a all four related to each other—at leas. in so far as they are either derived from or connected with the tame rulimentary sioch—it surly cannot be opposed to the fizess of things, that both the Nagart and Romani alphabets should be equally applied to the expression of Sanskrit, and both of them made to cocperate in facitating ts acquisition Nor let it be fogoten tht in the present day the use of the English language is spreading everywhere ttrooghout Inia, and that it already coasts with Sanigit a8 kind of Zingea franca or medium of come unica among educated persons, just as Latin once co-ensed with Greek, S0 mich #0 indeed, tat, contemporaneovsly with the difsion of the English language, the Romin graphic system, adopted by al the English-speaking inhabitants of the Britsh Empire, has already forced iself on the acceptance of the Pandit whether they like it or not, as one vehicle forthe expreston of thei languages; just as centuries ago the Arabic and Persian writen characters were forced opon them by their Mubammadan conquerors forthe expression of Hind Te ison this account that I fel justed in designating the European method of transiteraion employed in this Dictionary by the term “Indo-Romanic alphabet” And be it understood that sich an acceptance of the Romnic alphabet insoles no unscentic OF course a system of writing "The oldest known inscription fo Sensi i 60 a rox at Junge ia Kebitwie, It yelled the Roderdatan ino ic, si dates fom the eed entry a.0, It leno a Nagar, 2 This athe of oor won ‘voc ongtnpronounesd wee! orgun)- Sansa doc not posses the oan of nour" many’ ‘or tht of oar “on" As a cotsnantextnot be pronomnecd bat in old ingsription letters. The Hoer MS, of abost 420 4D. shows « great advance towasls the Nagai, wile Dastdrge's Inscription of about 750 4.0. ehiite complete set of «sm Dols very similar to the Niguel now io ste. It noteworthy, Iowexesy that the fest manaucripe i eeally modern Nigar i wok older than the leveath cea 4 without & vowel, the Hnthmans chose the commonet oftheir Torels forthe importat duty of esabling every coneonant to be pronounced, Hence every consonant is named by pronouncing Tewith a (e.g 4a, bio, ge). Te i Tauppose, for a similar reason that we have sed the common vowel symbol for aamiog saauy of ar Eolish lees,ee IN TRODUCTION. xix adaptation of i 10 the expression of Sanskrit like our chaotic adaptation of it to the expression of English ; or like the inaccurate use of it by native writers themselves in translterating their own Indian words" Quite the reverse, The Roman alphabet alapis itself so renuily to expansion by the employment of iacrtial points and marks, that it may be regarded as a thoroughly scientific instrument for the accurate expression of every Indian’ sound, and probably of neatly every sound, in every language of the world. ‘And it may, I think, be confidently predicted that before the twentieth century has closed, man’s vision, lovertasked by a constantly increasing output of literary matter, will peremptorily demand that the reading of the world’s best books be facilitated by the adoption of that graphic system which is most universally applicable and most easily apprehensible, Whether, however, the Roman symbole will be ultimately chosen in preference to other competing systems as the best basis for the construction of a world’s future universal alphabet no one can, of course, foretell with the same confidence. (One thing, I contend, is certain, Any ordinary scholar who consults the present work will be ready to admit that it derives much of its typographical clearness from certain apparently tifing, but really important, contrivances, possible in Romanic type, impossible in Nagarl. One of these, of course, is the power of leaving spaces between the words of the Sanskrit examples. Surely such a sentence a8 Sidhu mitrdny akudalid cirayanti is clearer than sidhumitrdyyahuialadedrayanti. Again, who will deny the gain in clearness resulting from the abiliy to make a distinction between such words as ‘smith’ and Smith’ ‘brown’ and - Brown, ‘bath’ and ‘Bath?" not to speak of the poner of using italies and other forms of European pe. And, without doubr, the use of the hyphen for separating long compounds in f language where compounds prevail more than simple words? will be appreciated by all. I can only fay that, without that most useful litle mark, the present volume must have lost much in clearness, and sil more in compactness; for, besides the obvious advantage of being able to indicate the difference etween such compounds as su-tapa and gute-pa which would have been impossible in Nagarl type, it is manifest that even the simplest compounds, like aad-agnd-viveka, sv-alpa-kedin, vould have required, without iis use, an extra line (0 explain their analysis Fairness, however, demands that a few of the obvious defects of the Indo-Romanic system of transliteration adopted in this volume should be acknowledged. In cerain cases it confessedly offends against scientific exactness; nor does it always consistently observe the role that every simple vowelsound should be represented by a single symbol. For instance, the Sanskrit vowels wf and "are not represented in this Dictionary by the symbols ¢ and 7, according to the practice of some German scholars—a practice adopted by the Geneva Transiteration Committee—but by rf and ri, And my reason is that, inasmuch as in English Grammar r is not regarded as a semievowel, r and 7 are unsuitable representatives of voel-sounds. Moreover, they ate open to this objection, that when the dot under the r is accidentally dropped or broken off, as often happens in printing, especially in India, the result is worse than if the r were followed by # For example, Krchna is surely worse than Krishna So again in the case of aspirated consonants, the aspiration ought not to be represented by @ second leter attached to them, Indeed, in the ease of c# employed by Sir W. Jones for the palatal *, and chi for w, the inconvenience has been so great that in the present edition T have adopted (in common with ‘many other Sanskriists) the simple ¢ for *, the pronunciation being the same as ¢ in the Italian dolee or as ch in ‘church’ the latter of which would, if a Sanskrit word, be writen ‘cure! Similarly ch has been adopted for @'. ‘As to the transliteration of the palatal sibilant gt, I have preferred J to the § employed in the first ‘edition, and I much prefer it to the German and French method of using . Experience proves that the cedilla is often either broken off in printing or carelessly dropped, snd as @ consequence important words such as Atoka are now often wrongly printed and pronounced Acoka. So also I should have preferred the symbol ¢ for the cerebral sibilant, but have felt it desirable to retain sh in the present edition. There is the same objection to ¢ as to the ¢ mentioned above, This Take, for example, the following tanlterated words ta 4 recut pampllet by a saive:—Det, pays, Durga, Parana, ‘ihtani, Krihna, Save, Aaa, Coa ie. have even seen ‘rab writen forthe Hiadatnt hers, “bad Faster gives an exumpleof one compoand word consisting of gz pllsles. This might be matched by even longer specimens ‘fom what i ealed Campi compostion, We may, at leat eatenain a hope thatthe hyphen wil aot ve dni to Saas forthe better endestanding of the more complex woud, sech, for example, as eaiiibamaneddiornite nrittt, barmaphaloripolarivadhrijoonirmitatesé hom ‘rena, token at baphazard fom De, Moira Texts. We say ven oapres a hope that German shore aad other Fropeans, eho speak forms f Aryan apeeh, all of them equally detighing Th cumpostioe, may more fegsetlycondescend to employ the yphen for some of ther own Segelpedaia Verba, thereby Itating the practical Englisbman tm bis Paliametary com pounds au, fo example, as Habeaorparsuspnsinact on Bimeance frelon ill “fa the paper on tanlteration, which T read atthe Belin Teterational Congrew, proponed « kind of mark of accentan tion to represeotasptsted consouats, a, for example, #, 7 ‘Tovsy (an ap seat) that apprted 2 o pl ke Bio intlorn cor fh io upiil is tos cetain extent misleading. Tels simply ‘bor f pronoanoed asia Ireland with a frie emission ofthe trea,23x INTRODUCTION. will be clear if we write the important word ARiaht in the way German scholars write i, namely Wy and then omit the dots thus, Bai. Tn regatd to the nasals T have in the present edition adopted & for % and A for w. changes T am glad to Gnd myself in accord with the Geneva Transltertion Commitee. ‘As tothe method of using tlie &, A for , w and italic g, gf for m, adopted in the ‘Sacred Books of the Eat! —the philological advantage thought to be gained by thus exhibiting the phonetic truth of the imterchange of gutturals and palatals, appears to me to be completely outweighed by the disadvantage of representing. by similar symbols sounds difering so greatly in actual pronunciation. For instance, 10 represent such common wowds as ‘chinna’ by ‘AAinna’ and ‘juina’ by *gaina’ seems to me as objectionable as to wte ‘Kina’ for ‘China’ and‘ Gapan’ for ‘Japan’ The plan of using Italics is no saeguard, secing that in printing popular books and papers the practice of mixing up Roman and Italic letters in the same word is never adhered to, so that it is now common to find the important Indian sect of Jains printed and pronounced *Guins)? Having felt obliged by the form in which this Dictionary is printed 1o dwell at full length on 1a matter of the umost imporiance both in iis bearing on the more general culvation of Sanskt and on the difusion of knowledge in our Eastern Empire, I must now repeat my sense of the great assistance the cause of the transliteration of Indian languages into Romanized leuets formerly received at the hands of the late Sir Charles Trevelyan. He wat the fst (in his able minute, dated Caleutts, January, 1834 ) to clear away the confusion of ideas with which the subject was perplexed. He also was the frst 10 awaken an interest in the question throughout England sbout fory-two years ago. His arguments Induced me to take part in the movement, and our leers on the subject were published by the “Times, and supported by its advocacy. Since then, many Oriental books printed on a plan substantially agrecing with Sir W. Jones’ Indo-Romanic system, have been published’, Moreover, on more than one occasion I directed the attention of the Royal Asinic Society*, and of the Church Missionary Society®, and Bible Society, to this important subject, and at the Congress of Orienalists held at Bevin in September, 188, Tread @ paper, and submited a proposal for concerted international action with a view t0 the fixing of ‘© common scheme of transliteration. The dieussion that followed led to the appointment of the fst Commission for setting a common interaatonal system of transcription, and it may, T think, be ely assumed that the agitation thus set in motion, and catied on for so many years, was one of the principal factors in bringing about the proposed international scheme issued ly the Transliteration Commitee of the Geneva Oriental Congress in September, 1894 In these SECTION ¥. Acknowledgment of Assistance Received. In the Preface to the firs edition I made special mention ofthe name of an eminent scholar who was a member of the Oxford University Prest Delegaey when the publication of that edtion Was undertaken — De. Robert Scott, sometime Maser of Ball afterenrés Dean of Rochester, and co-author with Dr. Liddell of the wellknown Greek Lexicon, He had been one of my kindest ends, and wisest counsellor, ever tince the day I went 10 him for advice during my frst undergraduate days at Ballil, on my receiving an appointment in the Indian Civil Service, and T need scarcely repeat my sense of what this Dictionary, in its inception, owed to his support and encouragement [Nor need T zepeat the expression of my sense of obligation to my predecessor in the Boden Chai, Professor H. H. Wilson, who fst led me to the sudy of Sansksit about sixty years ago (in 1839), and furnished me with iy Srt materials for an ently new system of Sanshyitlexcography (ee px) All the words and meanings marked W. inthe flowing pages in the present work rest on his author. * Surely we ought to think of ou India fllow-ahjets wh fn theirengemessiolea te courect pronunciation of Eapliah would he greatly contac if old that nich good old Enlih words a8 inch, cach, chin, much, jump, jet, ong 0 be waiten pic, a, fi, mob, gap, et, * This will befound at p.3 ofthe Original the History ofthe Applietioa of the Roman Languages of India edited by nein 5 » Among ther merle publicstions a mot acca eon ofthe Rigveda Suef edited by Profesor Ausesht, was printed inthe Roman character, nd published a two ofthe volumes of Professor Weber's Tice Studien, "See eapecilly my paper rea belore the R.A.S, Apel 21, 1850 Ta 1856 T wrote strong leer to the Rev. Henry Veon, Aepreeutng the sytem of tranaltention then adopted by the CoM.S. He has been recently remodeled on the line of the Genera Congres spor.INTRODUCTION. vet Neverteles, sincerity obliges me 10 confess that, during my long literary career, my mind has had to pats through a kind of painfol discipline involving a gradval weakening of faith in the trustworthiness of sy fellow men, not excepting that of my first venerated teacher. I began my studies, indeed, with much confidence in the thought that one man existed on whom I could lean as an almost infalible guide; but 45 I grew a litle wiser, and my sensitveness to ctror sharpened, I discovered to my surprise that 1 was compelled to reject much of his teaching as doubtful. Nay, Tam constrained to confess that as T advanced furiber on the path of knowledge, my trustflness in others, besides my old master, experienced by degrees 8 series of disagreeable and unexpected shocks; wll now, that Ihave arrived at nearly the end of my journey, find myself left with my faith in the accuracy of human beings generllyand certainly not excepting nysell—somewhat dstesinaly disturbed. Such painfl feelings result fea, in my own ease fom a gradual and inevitable growth of the excl faculty during a long lifetime, and are quite consistent with @ sense of gratitude for the effecve aid received from my collaborators, without which, indeed, T could not have brought this work to a conclision, ‘In my original Preface 1 exprested ray thanks to each and all of the scholars who aided me in the compilation ofthe rs edition and whose names inthe chronological order of their services were as follow ‘The late Rev. J. Wenger, of the Baptist Mission, Calcuta Dr. Franz Kielhor, afterwards Superintendent of Sansbyit Studies in Decean College, Poona, and now Professor of Sanskrit in the Univesity of Gottingen; Dr, Hermann Brumnbofer; Mr. A. E. Gough, M.A, of Lincoln College, Oxford, sometime Professor in the Government Coleges of Benares, Allihabad, and Calouta; and lasly, Mr. E. L, Hogarth, M.A, of Brasenose College, sometime Head Master of the Government Provincial School at Calicut. tis now my uy to express my grateful obligations to the able and painstaking Assistants who have co-operated with me in producing the present geeaty enlarged and improved work. 'No one but those who have taken part in similar Tabours can at all relize the amount of tedious til T might almost say dreary drudgery—involved in the daily routine of small lexicographical details, such as ing references and meanings, making indices and Tiss of words, sorting and sifting an ever-increasing store of material, revising old work, arranging and re-atranging new, wring and re-wrting and interineating ‘copy’ cortecing and re-corecting proofs—printed, be it remembered, in five kinds of inticae type, bristling with countess accents and crea! points, and puting the eyesight, patience, and temper of author, collaborators, compositor, and prest-readers to severe tia. I mention these matters not to magnily my own labours, but to show that I could not have prosecuted them without the able co-operation of others, ‘The names of my new Assistants in chronological order are as follow = Firs, Dr, Ernst Leumann (a native of Switzerland) who worked with me in Oxford ftom October 3, 1882, until April 15, 1884, when he accepted a teachership in thc Kantonschale of Frauenfld in Switzerland. T have already acknowledged my obligations to him. He was succeeded by the late Dr. Schonberg (a pupil of the late Professor Bubler), who came to me ina condition of great physical weakness, and whose asistarce only extended fom May 20, 1884, to July 19, 1885, when he leit me 10 die, He was a good scholar, and good worker, but impatient of supervision, and, despite my vigilance, I found it impossible to guard against a few errors of omission and commission dye to the rapid impairment of his powers ‘Then fllowed an interval during which sny sources of aid were too Gif to be recorded. Jn September, 1886, Dr. Leumann, who had meanviile been appointed Profesor of Sanskrit in the University of Suassburg, renewed his co-operation, but only in an intermitent manner, and while still resident in Germany. Unhappily the pressure of other duties obliged him in September, 1899, to withdraw feom all work outside that of his Professorship. He laboured with me in a scholarly way as far as p. 4743 bat his collaboration didnot extend beyond 355 pages, because he took no part in pp. 137-856, which represent the period of Dr. Schéinberg’s collaboration. 1K was not il December, 18y0, that Dr. Carl Cappeler, Professor of Sanskrit in the University of Jena, began his painstaking co-operation, which, starting from the word Dida (p. 474), he has prosecuted per- severingly to the completion of the Dicdonary. And i should be put on record that, although his collaboration had to be carried on contemporaneousy with the discharge of his dues at Jena—involving the necessity for a consant interchange of communications by post--yet it resued in the production of 834 fished pages between March, 1891, and July, 1898. Te should also be recorded that, fiom the beginning of the leer @ p, he had a carefl assistant in De. Blau of Bedi, who also occasionally read the proofsheets and contributed a certain number of words for the Addenda. Furthermore, I must express my gratitude to Herr Geheimrath Franz Kielborn, C. 1. B, Ph.D. Profesor ‘of Sanskrit in the Universiy of Gottingen, who was my assistant soon after the inception of the fist edition, for his free and generous supervision of the grammatical portions of the present edition ffom about the year 1886; and his readiness to place at say disposal the experince which he gained daring his labours for many years as Superintendent of Sanskrit Studies at the Government College, PoonaTRODUCTION. xxx Ty 1 have finally to record my gratefol appreciation of the value of the principal works used or consulted by my collahorators and myself in compiling this Dictionary. Some of these, and afew" important grammatical wworks—asuch as the Mahi-bhishya (in the excellent ediion of Professor Kielhorn), the Siddhnta-kaumudt embesides many other texts, such as that of Manu, the Briat-samhita $s, did not exist in good critical editions when the great ‘Thesaurus of the two German Lexicographers was being compiled. Professor Ernst Leumann informs me that during the period of his collaboration he was much aided by Grassmann’s Rig-veda, Whitney's Index Verborum to the published text of the Atharva-veda; Stenzler's Indices to the Grinyacsitras of Asvalayana, of Paraskara, Suikhayana, Goblila, and the Dharma-Sstra of yutama; the vocabularies to Auffech’s edition of the Aitareya Brahmans; Bubler’s Spastamba Dharma- stra; Garbe's Vaitna-sitra; Hillebrand's Siakbiyana Srautasiira &e, He states that in his portion of the work his sim was rather to verily and revise the words and meanings given in the Petersburg Dictionaries than to add new and unverifable matter. In regard to quotations he refers the reader 10 tae Journal of the German Oriental Society, vol. xi, pp. 161=198. Professor C. Cappeller states that in addition to the books enumerated above he wishes to name in the fist place Bohlingk's Upanishads, his Panini (2nd cd.) and Kivyldaréa as well as the valuable etitica remarks of that honoured Nestor of Sanskriists on mumerous texts, published in various journals; further the Jaiminiya Upanishad Brihmana edited by H. Oerel, and various Sita works with theie indices by F. Knauer, M. Winterite, J. Kirste, and W. Caland. For some additions contibuted from the Detiyiyapa Srautasitra he is indebied to Dr. J. N. Reuter of Helsingfors. He also made use of the Vaijayantt fof Vadava-prakia (edited by G. Oppert, London, 1893); the Unddigana-sbtra of Hemacandra (eulted by J. Kise, Vienna, 1895); the Dictionaries of Apte (Poona, 1899), of A. A. Macdonell (London, 1893), of ©. Cappatier (Strassburg, 1801); Whitney's Roots, Verbforms, and Primaty Derivatives of the Sanskrit Language (Leipzig, 1885); Lanman’s Noun-inflection in the Veda (New Haven, 1880); Jacob Wackernagel’s Alindische Gramm ik (Gosingen, 1896); Delbrick’s Alindische Syntax (Halle, 1888); Regnaud’s Rhétorique Sanskrite (Paris, 1884); Lévi’s Théatre Indien (Paris, 1890); Macdonel’s Vedic Mythology (Strassburg, 18g3), & For Vedic interpretation Roth and Grassmann have been the chief authorives, but it will be seen that nether Sayapa nor such modern interpreters as Pischel and Geldner in Vedische Studien (Stutgar, 1889~ 1897), and Bloomfield for the Atkarsa-veda (in S. B. E, vol. sli) have been neglected. ‘The Buddhistic portion of the Dictionary has chiefly been enriched by the following :—Asvaghosha’s Budidha-cria (edited and translated by Professor F. B, Cowell of Cambridge); Disyévadana (edited by Cowell and Neil, Cambridge, 1886); Jataks-mala (edited by H. Kero, Bostea, 189s); the two Sukhavatiaythas (S.B.E, vol alix) and the Dharma-samgraha (Anecdota Oxon‘ensia, 1865), Tt is evident, that until new and complete Pali and Prakrit Dictionaries are published, the idiomatic Sanskrit used by Buddhists and Jains and the authors of certain inscriptions cannot be dealt with satisfactorily Of course many portions of the Indsche Studien (edited by Professor A. Weber of Beslin) have been consulted, and valuable sid has been received ftom some of the translations contained in the ‘Sacred Books of the East’ as well as from many other works, the names of which will be found in the Lise of Works and Authors at p. xxvii ‘As to the books used by myself, many of them, of course, are identical with those named above. Others are named inthe fist edition, and need not be refered to again here. I ough, however, © repeat that some of the words marked MW, in the present edition rest on the authority of the Sabda-kalpa-deuma of Radba- Kkanta-deva (published in eight volumes at Caleutta in the Bengali character). am also, of course, responsible for some words and meanings taken from my own books, such as *Brahmanism and Hindtism,’ Buddhism,” “Indian Wisdom (see note 1 to p. vi of Preface), my Sanskrit Grammar and Nalopakhyanam (with vocabulary, published by the Delegates of the Oxford University Press, text of the Sakuntala (with index and notes, published by the same), as well as from the notes appended to my English translation of the Sakuntalé (published by Messrs, Harmsworth among Sir John Lubbock’s hundred best books of the world), MONIER MONIER-WILLIANS. xian Instrrure, Oxroro.LIST OF WORKS AND AUTHORS. (The rer ts that ofthe Engicd Alphabet. The ites onade the parents repre the airevatd forme sued én the references} Abin egos Geniuatotye 1 Kopp Sambi Retna Fp, Rito eth Notaapua) arbi thas Sieg int. | Risse et sean | Masi Ua. Kearse Mas |a | sti Agta Sapa | Ricks ye Nar Guanes Ode KEGKy tis,” um the | Malip( as) Nise GRPEAS Diameatiun, | Sean Mallon) Ancien Boca pea Gisaitahceegah. Kevan Mantes)oy ys), Aicare}Upanata Boge tyson, | estes | Minannie(eetesea ‘lence south). “hlavaine jatar | kin ke Geongesen). | Magaryasamita the ‘anki rear, by Rey- | Boi). | Goat Salonkape. | Ratbro‘aen Sent) mk) Bhonrateai Solskoeye Mando), aia rae, by Mat Gre atesbeiimane). | MackobyeUponiad), 12 eee no) | Olas ee aha ndety anitad:, | Or aan ‘ ‘Chaat xia. Baten |Get Sensi, | Kin ou pts, | Macnee Aan Bing woe separa Rolin Mantel “a Satna Se EESENGnley, | Majo taco: ana. orn any ihe Eee ener seca caitae; | BncetsUpani, | ar Urwin). | Kerk te nah sae aay Baim atn ie. Erle Mee wai ihe te eka tnsel EGER) see, SCRDSETENS fo | Har o) Bobo Te |e, ms id ivan | Hi ee NS Ela ve. a | Rajat, oy Bante | Rca NE tacn ie adh deo iy Bye Coenen ais me AoGramiteicesaray: | BE Mte Nar dpe) Hemant ERP a tan, aramtt eee | ann ad Heres rk ies Sioa. neuer. |e etany slate ag ey, Boe ey, | wana og een) | iets. Aeeemntin, | Eanputestahsketins | Meniaey cera | Reb at), Msn Reo oteamd, | Re fap Mak ca, Sen exon ervncio Gripes | Krsna osioe at Rr eVetnatan), | Eiofe heats S Kroatetngn), | Moukada tame. Smiptigig | etek! sueehkey rindi | Rye apse Pa | Nec San Anhinemin, | Sanne a as Newent SMart. | Seat aca sj beni) Mitte omen on so eats neta’ [ESBS aac | Ven AiMiyaccyoigasem. | nctosty nib, | Pela nn, by Se | RS he Up anal] ht, Dean eLOOeayAs, | Qin Stosewtinn? °* | Race Met bana ia Ssicbene utp ren Auvatynatincin). | Calis panied, ‘Aptana, | Rab(St eommentey on itera idk Upaniiad). | Data hana Jie sn anpanskets ae Nils, | Js Bata, atrme | Kuntar! ‘ | Duektetsseris a pean eka Dasa pu Join iia Bet tinap), ‘aos Wee Peat. | Dassen) mrss Upc Iapdonds), | Aiiaree Ve} ecasueh | Daybaca Hin sees) gh ay by Vea Bayes Hakan. te Nirayseslure Mera oon my(sae | Bevan Jeans | taphakoeruan, Nita = Botagetarn:. | Ridante. hea [Re nahsep) OG Aamleptridnd) sn. | Dei san Re pisats, | Gattis ap Reokastamskhy | Bosanages iy. Liye iy Beton, Sado eat Doran Tete, op mh | Nidan, See eee BikrapuotsBatmaatin- | Derma amga ‘Contant | Comm) Butrint: Gerjan: | Darmurseyenys), | Kan) emer ge)” | wet ‘spat Beaman fils J tiaar sn | Sea, satrap Seh(ue San | Drtercy Ril ao) Une rer ia Com Dnata} Ruri) Misch Ditinary,| Niamaaye intra) Dana Sev. Eipu ie Pa Stor oteUp(nta Sheth tyne Diao | Dhyane Urania | Rep). sing. Siw ) bys. Taster) | Mata Noga fy Vi. pechayaay Mine | Dryas. TigEsvecnad, | Magainiys in ae | Mise Ride ‘ae [Regie viet. | Bly Pom ah ruatrhianecsiy, | Doge bi Ritter) | wash tam fbn spin Up Bap mg) Dasa BERGER tar ihe | Maaseayenp. Gee 8a | at Bithersirte), | Gao Deiat). Sent ce. Nyy) Baga cI. | Ka Sdetbrnpeace | tens Ruan Bibiana | Garden . Mikatesean. | Nytanxxiv LIST OF WORKS AND AUTHORS, Patra) Racest). | inant), | nape.) Retin | spc Se EE ie [eat |eRnteomn [EeetetatRy. | ie), Ta a an, SMinGreeeseteman). | Srepecesisly | te nti vein). | Ramee teitd) | Guenter, | Ste : Eoornpenncetinad Prenton mamma rine ican rt. es meat oe Seat Bie ei See fe yeeateghae. _ ret samme cla latann, ty | Spee Sea Biaae He gaan ERIS ay, a Reet se Fie waa. | Maararn sect liy Ritentnin, | Seen abi) Shean sett Ecpaausnmy |e stan Bremdrteia). | Raa. Seana |as vation. Falla [CIESS age sno [aotiatcrarpa [onan | a re inate, | PERO ts cn | Seemann” | Seah aa Receipt.” | "Bria a Hind | Reuneainan), | Searan Upintd | Va Paws ery Se sate: | afciyeUnedin, | Tuayganoate” | Veer Se. Recameen™” | tet, aputendnys” | Renee | Vien Fra enigas) gene, Soares eepomcatoo. | des. Pras LE tat we «| en Tepe senu” | Yarn Petia x Eg Heteupaay. | rsweey, Rites inet Sere Beet" Hee Prue | Romestduin). Speaks). | TapiyaBe(thmags) vagrca. Flea wa. | Ret Sikes” | Hecke) Helmut, [RvSfontramwogas. | aitractemae),” | Tube Tatavteup’s | Van. bento). [Ri hacutiy” | ty Sse vega Poe ENaGreaama) | Biter rates wees Regeceia [Skier | sai | Teac Moat), by BOUSECNIS, | SAGGTEONCHES | SOA aig we vi | eiaastnitay | “St Pyipe Dein, | Sys ities Jum | tedeyes ania. vices Piceatanrcaich, | SNES, som te | mn Tap wear Fang Seal st ia en |e be Yolen, Pebinenins, | Gitclangin, | hls 2 P| Sct] aa on) Fanci Stramte: sean Hes Yori panes. Pe gat Pana, Hc Ee an aye palace See, | Sona pent each Fens, EV iconm, |Eugitste w a | Uapete uyaetcn) Rien, | Seetemeaet, | Sal Hite oot Wins Peri EnBichpame wan Gesmccetaamte, | Yee, Payee toe esi PEACE: satay eyes frpkemangn. | Seam | oli nas | Ya ns Fete Speeprantti, [SMe ees mt Pecan, me OE ane Ms yatta, | oRtanr usta ReGeiarm, | santa Time awGue sn [Vintdantich: | Yop Ropu SS, Sihcaay | ens SYMBOLS. = dense eure! to ega the rea expane by, fe ©) Beween thee ptetbons send ll ema upon meaingy aa all deiptve and expanloryateren 11) Betwoen thee breckessand al emars whin rem, thd compare with eter langage ‘= dente tat heeding wer ina group of conposnds itt be repented ‘cert in cos Ike afl, Slowed by -atitatod anny which ate fF Speed, havye-wtda, deat the Bening of two sho vowel (a oft motes the Bending of wort wth 3 ag vowel (a +4 nt 8), ‘ent the tending of eng with» sor vowel at oF nt 8), “ence the bleeding of two long vowel (ar 4+ nt 8. © anor that the rest of «ward i to Be op grater Barina fr Barkin, dente rot 7 aeoate that «rower la ing. dente tat «vows ote it Be pecaly noted a shor Me denotes hat vowel abl ithe Tog shat + efor ple Be for et rer, iis poe ut no always eguralnt toa hyphen. A srtened tne haweatdane.ABBREVIATIONS. [Us the progres of a ork extending over many years it hat Som found almost impouite fo precere aisate aniformity in the we (of abbreviations and tym, Out tt $i oped that mit of the incositences ave mated tn the folowing tae] Km Amane pat compar acompumtive dept. | item othe same mean | MS, Siceabitie oe ‘od conclu, ig ar tat os precng| ~ manors Moca merece to sme | rod Conon we gue Peeling word no ce | so cnet iden Nie Name (o> tle or iy ia the me page| com mesebonare 1G Zin ine compos ott | Spikes sco onalite cae Gheanve eae. ‘fetadels okeprond | n,m gender. Mew orse sscrcting, | deen elev ingen = impersonal or wed | neg negate, Ba Additos Deck = Descente operon Sees ve, Rap erAdeeman of he | dint-> daianve iptv, | ems cma ce, ‘Niha Se me drmate noguge, | imp. ~mpensie. oor oeee, aucedjecive i min), | Suede number ‘pu cinder tomate eonntoontie ia Sade | edt Ine ian moot ‘seed tan ok Se eam gat, tr | fer pons fiewaigein ‘sin ‘se opto opps ees, Ene ai ‘een nae Seno Kegidane AnpSano, crepe mpl sinepebtin, | cig-—cpaly. BS ionsie, |epcepeiay Tumevtnwolocion,” | One = Own Rocorsceenera, | siyinmetymalgy. Tommtone, thes acodig to ote fakoanie PClesine, frccimegaa PesParnenapela Ss et. Ege=Bpartely UiDieeeeparben Gee, a | pazage aad Pail (ch ‘Kim, or Armor = Arporcan nd or mening ies | pps ftom. | Ful or ht = fom, loop gen if mare | pete pecayine, eect eye] ee ne a a ae Seve mk | Ree he = tee Sale one [emer scene cr ae Beem [ce co ae eee ec see Geactesh | GeeGammar. gre npiode, Fea I rn Ob —- poy eee Sones eee rat eects Se ee | eae Sees lei, |e oS pany oe] kane Ean | eee Mob citer coonnd ep and pepe = preps a alent on MSS, = mans, | peu present en, Reopens Foun pony. Fron-m pou ‘ron poate Fre Fron yen und le fedipL retepae eter tetonve or wad ‘chev Ros = Rusian. RVI Rget {Saree rand ll ie, SAS Shae or [se a fing nlc. NE TStiont o Saronian | Sasha ‘af tie, ‘mye peri dere, SIRENS she wor van. and Var Varies, eva, Veeco Vota, wien et, vowerowel weave erceons cing TiTHE DICTIONARY ORDER OF THE NAGARI LETTERS WITH THEIR INDO-ROMANIC EQUIVALENTS AND THEIR PRON ENGLISH WORDS CIATION EXEMPLIFIED BY Coxsowanrs. “Bp od re ]_ enna dace (mone Tike thin hs) 8, ter, fathor hy ,, adkore (but more dental Je) fu, Haus (os in Gero) iz dh ,,redhsived (reared). 6 cae | Bn, none (pone a either true Apusvara gf} SP» nove (oone): Hh, shun, bush aor faethe pal of ty = z 7 X z wl, ly | Fn not, mt in lg, . | 7 : | 1 pace (ote). | gh, tata. Pw pot aip Jy By fall, bus. lea, HR ph, pat \ Be 8 rade (ride). | cate Ga mei) Lb, bear, ab / FE. merry (wernt) i% eee 7 Dh ,, abhor | Ti, marine (marine) i ; MD, map, jam. Eg Fv matme ones. Pj css 4 | zs Uti ,, revelry (revel). i A ys yet. loyal a ° uo ) Rein oy» hedgehog (hejhog). az | Ir, the above protonged. || Ur red, year se. Lael «i (aij). z* hs UR wae TEL ta tet © a prep there, eo Zit a tae BH 1. Gometines fox Faia Vee) i, alte | , = | 77 Se coma nein, BR Ih ., (omesines tur Bh inVele)| ey ee LS eam oo wat “ q aq | fy nate (tie Tread 5 lt si, i, b symbol called Visarga, 1% th ,, uthook (more dents) Zh, hear, hit. rie cuet font ay ears Site beret he women wie ad a een ofA Prt as oe ee ee ee Fe eumelanin tes Meomnctee metas feat Cts tite abt te reas ee a Weal ted we setae taats ba may dn epsan Anno ot cto eo ere waa ht nae ia Ace oe ty aa oe | Seaagse witha ated” net's alse Bas, Sidy ao age os een Se a 2 ice ay re St ba | ™ Semen protein be fom WE ave p 174 coh al Ginerve tate THE DICTIONARY ORDER OF THE INDO-ROMANIC LETTERS WITHOUT THEIR NAGARI EQUIVALENTS. Sets ey phot Asta oy nscpy ps By BRS mm 7s #0 BD AB OF m BI—K ERS mes oh JRE Bs Os eae Bet. wsiR akartri-tes. rvesthe est etterof the slphabet; the ofoatreat amine pater elects amas | abuehs mh. mie dined RY. 66 fenshorfvond nit ncoamanin nasty | Sbamy ia be Nels Ro RY agutraghyni de dnceusg RY 4505 Seieen pesuat a Sieoumicn Val tach on 2 (dito Bay RV 08 1A. i See. fate Spa cle “gnats ate RV, 2,3. TM a-a(prgeiyacg.)avoetive partite eg an lee a | [etoneh Vande) Feiegeonetparant gag Semi, wet 2e60 | aya al 1. Paki, to move tka, “Wasa eforen vowel en ex. iin, pa Shy naa a Rely ea ay bra a a pet conepomtog Gh ded ato, Onk,| mye asind of ah a. rege coreg Ge 8d Fat fac Gale |G Ruoingstiesin L. omatsnsaceirak | WH 1, oka, the suffix oka (akee), rie cere gust cpalyat nt | ada miners poled! ie you, the say the | QS 2 Feary eli i eet |e NS ny Se ouprlay ty nny de DA a) Ss Ci Tal splat pone Ss aa ota | gh 18 x Srhwcglde Gangs ets a Bo) Feit agri | oman ons — Faaa een coieeit meter nian: | a rhavig apie arewy tee tn, rtmaweaay, | Peseat; wine, imei Sone ed cachmeagie|-oeertin. hata “Sapa ays no pl (i atupmcapafen acong Posten, | Seat be WET eluthora nn, not had, week, Sistas Ve otonaly Ser te Sea eee rosy coe ompnbds ted wk bo. am a tt Thon, atin | arin, weatay i Gadvivinn oe sith uc ata , | Gee dtiina os etd bla axa ach ne Ueda Log goin, oper women? Se | SATE a-kertuka, fo. thormlcee, fre 2k, ua, n. uoapyiness, pain, veble, T8 a B WHA o-koce, min, buisless, ald; fat, Srbica a3 (asm Neof Ret, he dngons tail, fisconnned stem aptieime n pes | Ue ig a eines) n | tom whee dicho enema Bg rs Tins ag ts cae ey yn mb 0 Re 7 : ing owe, hae. the base of some prosouns and oa 2 am, 77 i mh epe aay FAR ov cf veni), Se ‘HITA o-Latthone, mf, unboastfel "B gsytheangmen rede tothenooin | Abts gm tag tlic | WEEE aathuhan,n. and of gra. tenses (in the Veda often wanting, as in Huet, the | gyia); [ef Gath. azz ; Gk. dos, devaha ; Lat, | utterable, unmentionable. echo aly pete | Sma) maf eos | wa don, dom, pa whom Fe any [Seeeaaeareeuime mane ges ES cpa Rania asthe Gia te ne wots a need | Jote Ts Saga, mild pt te toler, | SRA e-kanyd not vngin, Mf ni eLetter pathic, | deur, ao ea Bl weEFOR orinn, fa, fe from debs, Ts | FORGE shaee ae agesctatee se | WRFRA kamponee6, my. of prin ria evi. cl. 20. P. aniayati to divide, |» burden on te Shove gata Pavrfdi.) | ofa Raksha But ani 20. P.aniayat to divide, | ade oe gpk el ro. D andayate to icige| “nari (dns or ageecbhbrti, | gfe gckampite, mt, uoshaken, fms mga, unspeakable; uns Fae Lai ao asapopat, Le ao sae the sowie ian | Gy) m, N, of oe ofthe 11 chit pupil ana SH nie, of, m. (probably fe. V1. oi | “agony vs by, trong $B Se | cee naps) of Manin (et ie ‘Rokampge, rf not tobe ken pet tnei, soot fee he save Jou fe | RGara (yn ig te ae, RW. Ea tcl wo Sones ey wept, | 39 ; prespeny pre briny sede |" 2s ‘eights 1-3. orate, |_ SME eora, 20 hanes ied x= et ty tate ing RS Ses | iby 1. Kat | ao on ao ly peg et a? (D Faber acta pase ance te AR poten amen waprewhy PESSCYrcun bys Bob ela lames aps adage cs Neat | cha ara oe Sameer Aghios et, Har tot of aten Ls | Arka tna, re ie Dy pe MAES LSE | agpiemet cd nprenions eg oas Coeeesaia) 2 Eins nc a otek | pr eb nk th Sehasashes ses erkee coe twee te tne sl ey "Actentpn oot de. Gretna Poa Stepan S|") 2. anh to pe othe, to|, WHE etre, meet argana darian tac cararm | CBIR) oan or in| mt ars, ey. tga or cialene in aus oem | iene Setaeaeneen Ee "| ee “Tih tangs ie sae, da, | ati ane Pec BY meres is _— ofa forion (ofa sgh menage’ | geen tac on ae aboma orn rfiao. having dinutive eh “apiat id se by Bare Antbvaten | “Rye Syl RV set sf | ay Ts Seg tery dea ot Bl raga, n. descent of par of adeity; partial eames | gog, dear ; Gk. &xrupas, €or, dyer.) = pats or | or rudder; without Karon, ‘oa eof ction 64-67 ofthe fst bok of he | Soa anpatt [V3], ond ol perp ean | AckarpAie, min, withoot et TS, Mal, agated aah sa: SRAy nds a lpiegade astra, | Laneprer cot ert m9. 8, penne pata rata | soba se coher a a ag: ip reer dee see rien asa eae EY ae ac | tn ee ee aa eee gga | Agbe (oir memperaphip aro| wa anxiety, distress RV.3 (cl. Gk, & ‘Goth. ‘Wai o-kartri, #3, m. not un agent, N.ap- aan dunereptayofthe | sant (eT | st ream roars stoke, by cama ay tana a, 3.» dwarf, Le ieamuvane downs Ait seri! tn fos ASL aha Soman; fea tat, Se. head avngamarow it Gudadun sale) VS," | Ga Gr) ara a se of ogy.2 wig ockarman, warn afrinta, eRe olan fn not working; not | avn + wen set av, a 9 aml ia gt | AAaitas, a fewnesnl, MB.) a. Cy mia eines, Sb Sota cde Wg opt on. uncut, nimpied Twn etter ot in pts entne; | SMTA nr enn N, of ateacher, | Spttafs cats i el ior, Tey | wfrarotiteoss,mfa.without ansthing, | WEFAN actritrima, mfla)n inartiial ‘WRAR s-kalnike, ma without stains or ee ae oo sects (on) ESA | ddrtane, fda ncompete, ER ahs, fa. fee fom ip orp Jab ate BAY ebrpa, ni, meres, unkin st mca, Limi tones, Yt" AceBeaaay 6. eer Cott, (8 | png gteipene, fa nt sry {WREBT o-falkona or a-talbale, fn, not |“ { es Sag Naive, asm. n0 gambler VS. |, SER Chri tn not emaciated, TS ; flajn.notanbjecttorues, | OFRFETT atilcshés nfo sinlers, SB. | iy ackyansva, ing aoe emparion rare) rirti, is & ill, disgrace, | 2 Ha a J ot manufactured, not artificial, | o-kuytha.rafa.not blunted.not worn | Ws +" vet pecs nal pene 1) RRR hetesnfa neta | gae clriste, mats. unploughed, un- TwaeNT tole, | ARB wl aera ace ae ee as, m., N. ofa ron) AHA eckutas, ind. (usually in comp.) | mM ye eye ead a the eon ee weet sick; ue) | Ma ayy Seer ARS : Peroni | ‘Ways feesmin (1a, g3.).otcon- |e segment ster ‘wafi bsi, m,urepoached grees agian anna || WHR ekediryt, ddr SUMMER actrishertormee, lo. fe foc ded, gute 1 | “SWAT ocketana, fo. houses. ‘RY eet, rf. hapless able RY 6.35 C abet 839), WAR obi, fis] Rn. SR a ee cleric Rie” | he elas em m.witbout a bend? 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Oe ie (Gu Ge the Sanit: | WR a-kuha, as, m. no destver L (erorateita: (amen nh to pecker Spang of rb a | Aaah 0 Se ‘ave, fight, RV, 5a 8 TRecung 7: aban ua) i ae ‘Aes wating igh, RV.g sk ge, sping Sern RV. Fndanine | WBZA-ifemi(3jnhaving noprominence | ak ng, Ros; hy wéhi) la ‘WRI. akta, mtn. (/ej), driven, ESE SSelagy catnctmn hen dee, | on te hn TS ot dr nrg a | RY Seat kins nach Sa, stm} aed toons Yat | NSB ggppan mf nat moisten See | seer étpireminsunbounded, Vs, | gyre ne e vitmia, mf. a-kimé, 39.8 x 109,13 (ar), m. the ea, VS Be; tor | US A y wart olay, au, boen,ncrpres, | 22 BE Se SNS 285 | a dra, mf (Vinee, BY w on) tgs Neon Pe Neti es | 9282 . : (ite stn Ange, Hr EM obra, mm. 8 Danes, RY. 8 NE etree, min canals; (am), | “Eatartsa satis se. | sac: rahe) tng Boge pune ofa tes (am nase dnd.’ | qu aren ee the gu wie eer ene cere |e "SY eskrai, fa, destitute of energy oF Acetate otpertming gaa gra- | ‘ricebre, pore lnc Sy, RV g/l Hadi a) | ditiebhy + feedom form troule Up. wardarfarw o-hironesfaite,fibn.| -stesbein ee nity crc | SA atrama, mf, not harping sven pot foc eatsigy nt oeing we wih nfé)n-undone, not commit. | Ua) foremost | ager es be pn, Bh gievtctea pombe of coo ray. | gg ee ale ene eee | TT ee euiatt et eee oe beer oS, Ss | SP fee mn eg | a ge sprit een SAE | Spe he in essary of eee ont Aare SEAS ot ere Haak a Sl Su Tne up| Ann nt ee meectecamtStn el | fein p04 et oe beef whapear ssl | Shatin tesne Pa ean tunis oh miter tye hog agit nrg Ag er | cles d's noe! tie asoatat | so ane aay eT aa ee Pen UAE ae i | Ste Sia oa | aa ei mtd etapa ae Gt eon | ates lane ot ae | ASK re Ne oe erat mb ease womans | ty'Uay ANU gc he Gs Spin} bees | Afpee med cas RE ets) seat lity ao ao | oe en iy a er | oral CY ing of Bee Ae etl uc en's | Sey peel mia Si cgi Nei | EP unr ad |e ay ee aby Var eof red ee Maes | acer wtih phog, | coaciiae piss ey Jobe iia ea te ty eae | woe heal. gale ar eo | aM) anal a a ig he A ams moa Ft Rimi gh | aaa Gagne Re Me Les end | abt tere am Seta | Suse uta re! re Beir Ses ANG tse hy | Sse erate ey | oad, hmm IA Siet ea ARE Pa ote Saba earlier ogre he ler ipa eis S04. | phn Uefa, | (Sate nnn ich Sete Marte dei em | tbe inne! deems Wu ae | ie Sanaa en A Stdachtgn tea gate meigen ney preme | esseg ymacocarte GR ets bone tess baht cahe Tri Ware Same esTERY ere e chae | “nn teen aea eins | abetting Rito Pham ihre | reat uit ts | Mee oh Sm ee se bey Shorkink sed hate ic Me catia oe bene | Ci =ephilc nom mae ae RSAC leon Ma "Reno | fe mtn le | tym ot ny a Peet nb knee are ¥5 Sirs ache | haar ectprmcten cinaccketen | wae acters, eta (Vgrabhev RA pin nuns | price inc am | PS, bets, ry ‘Sie aetinant cau enon | tate Seat ey | 278) ‘aspen au aan fart | eh nile aape co | Axe mite ren, MB i IN Gee agaatensatr nos san | gt pecs cpp une | AO MR fered es aa Tete he aga monte mate S| pore geet es a ekg a a | Behe Phen on sriSign AVANT ASS ae one | pe ow pete ko Sete |S sip npc oto vr | Ca bey to "Spit | say, us exrng nbn eet ‘rie jtatana ne” agnteninign | eh see Re'ppes nee |, Aan mr teed Sc ongn tt See aV ACY | ennai BS peaaRea ng | ee eft aN seeping | epee en | Agen cl es {ae ate Ap int Samat emmy ne |! ajar hy ene | gem wee eal Bree cn | ape he pun hea | PET aay rg ctl Apso | me cram en eee, Patel Sere od | ae moan ning aes | SAT gry, mt ot re. om Hein teen ees "purple |e Tic Rc ena fibe Soe | may wt es ses redo Aan and Some (baked in lve | tenga the fp. the ‘efit agri, word invented for the exe Se ee Motel te ees | Epil es ee retest m nn Eo Recall, Semone Koay | ee ence hw : : cic egeiegiarns se ee. | hn Edit am Sarat arin Rn a ete (Sete aragares haere | ulate See ce ata | eh Teme muamarieh RVs 4.7 & epee Manebatres soc | PPE sea (Rca | eggs As Gh a Rs A ‘rt there et woe, re = twa ny See RE fa | Aare eed Seg sei ne Adee | pieces | 9 rd “aguratmaens nish Song | cGaapune Sloat tale nqenie ee : Bey aereatin eg |S mates Peale | pat A iniye AG; HK apg te Ue oo nea: Tee apes ae Sea a oe penal ea ean epee) Smee Sa ee AN | aga cs a ep eee Abell | Seana ani | ines Re hf Bag fate Met ser | emma ry ene | RY yes rcs sapien om age of he Arie |prthayenginteetg kal Cake | poor on Le Ul si ster A py nie etc |e put and att | Da ae i AV Hohe EO i Sie Mle leh, | netfomingiomen anita |S a him i AV” ean fos Monae = Sera "eg | Tree Sl en N ffs | tly ih seo ape Blin cota Se tn |e hm i tim rt Atm a Foe "Acai nr nen corn pe |e aman, Sg Tee ha iain ieee uh of ann ite | Rupe rth Sotellemeret te pooes hanyeuddasagn, | rst ogning abut te a of Novem by Biba aa daly pay, Mas YO P. aphayati, 10 goa STN were agha-mara. spi aigtigi-bicen, 7 Seige Sitti th Raptnge PCL UMTS [Mean on Uni avian ws ere wee, | eae the Baw het ner ami f | #2 GSN ee he ma Note cha ote eeaeegeyenneen |e acre oe Sarma eens LEB ainge Abend cr | le en mare mele, “Aerkys l.ssnaes9 leecos RV, . ands 2 weet S| eds Lo ‘Setdeouia, nrc Ove os tia magn (ohh meng Meet Le | Acasa mca ames | Beg ope’ nian) Mot ng ‘UTA e-photemine, mo. incongrans,| ten ws 1 fetes Haba; | anes, meme dic CE Tren ten fst dn ora, | ni rartgnns wns" | itr Sen oe wh eahorma mtn. not hat, coo. Ate | edie ephrigs wring Gru) nog | (hte me Ve), SB, — gaa Lib ua, basing cul pea he mee “xa Pe AS Oy UTR. | were wey Sule fay maple fom or era Snickers ees yao I dp, y, m UADHE, | oc ater etait | fe eh mt rhe 7. rene, Tne E heel of Yn ft heating ae eaten nian ew | aaa mitment amber | ont dene wie 13 Gy Ea seer ephita nin ntact AY { ABE, ouving hk, RY, 45 | ite rtd gente bal oe were septate, fa witout fod or | SSE cre aSgaE hm ORFS SR Ie fac Ama CN aunty, 2, | Ringetmeniay irons, te agent crea, fo ncompansinate, | ABER nd anda m2 het ty 8. of babe of Rima am ab ID iaciglnne nace cc ‘ABD mm re wate | Cota a ee Bin (0 the ol ‘wuE deghora, mn. not terifes (es m.| ing atmos Sus sha soos ej wn, | MePaan he uh (am a ret wenn arian nee ara; gory Sowand | Mating feta bans Lawless |i pet am, apn cif te 2 moet Dogs vine wuncaah ovorte duxtator] Seen cs ant Dial Span cen otc cn ft of The wey pall ts rare ef ate his fale pebgaactetay ezine Btn, Cher acl Siar cnoreess | ASE craic anee Ersoy fe fat ng tei ere | tare’ (yee Wes | preach ay eco Minty fee i tic Nat Seay Ms | du gma cae Maar: | ga ats eae mahas (olor ttaagencvlee | SE Pansat fh, AN ~ nea or “asda oan AOI Sane ie | iliac wcrmipaena, [Romiieentee vanes Mi a aaa en fa infavhgatin ugg owih |B nb toni rmaconegeaiacans add io ping pace. — PEAMRS 0,3 ate Re eye 1 elevation of theomstnn, =< mejapaten, Tee eth . obey, ia Nom shpat [Sami he weg ae ae te ‘WUe ashath, ar. in Gr) nonso- | aa seagtrosy Cocca) RY. ruts ty | S yada Senden iy. dpe = paste mn atone ofa soul oe it im? hard | ABW, 27, oa peo Lec anbura,” [a eteaae real a, tay Pe pk esting rs aplcd tote hd come | ‘Abba, ay amy sua sme, Un, | Conv. m akabhaas cr rake toly- fats ard Varn} (thous, ba ashe | Camm angio rotted scone al bs rhea, spreion Bur omen Saysnih rpoetobemaed remit | rane tenner phos ind ycoe of aghaveat,0 sine | (rv ata drum (ee a) thng) mented vont, lb =f u Sf espe of Ag al, kage sates eh oat em | STR oa, mm? Siminaton in| So “raae ewig Sh ‘Nght fet. ( a) nat il | esha 8 ph en cer Ae tego neon BY. ‘SARE alte oben tla eatin i | Senta Oe can Aen ea nt Stephany ot aoehay6(2, 3), noo | da he pn Algo Mergen, | OM! Boge caro. = ekenbstn scene ad GE Sod RU, AV2| Adtoa-bra, cence of Anka pana | Foaeng and eh, se .. a {change of bodily appearance, coll Cis, Ma Gah £5 47] Reece i ln ee ofa ren tre ed ‘Bite e-ghryesn.(V/phr).epropeto || EMT ait, (a corrptionot ed | ef ihelings st wners Ko ane’ say, tele sas, 4), sv embacy,b E Mtonege ck ot mliy nis ee tly Chita Nan co ae. evel BA Hb leone wih e)| EMT aed pj baving be. | PP Cherm 7S 8, Seat cide dnattsantisoretto, | epee atv, 3,64, éaetiee es ceammetrgn online RONEIS RAE tis | ggg atthe ete ae) PSN ee ao inhat maha RY Pub ea Sete Smale ackagnir one aaa Rate rp enn ig ion ah Ceti ra Ester | Rg ih ret die |e fat ne ah el ‘hore the Bip. (ehereinnts ening antide“ae | yi, to mark (el ons), Le oot, bi = aka a bls ofa inet. ‘Emery ane fen eet eps ad 7 mot es oferta |” aguas om, awn, a pce towaki? | Svar m Nal Some hare [ata ere SMEBLC ore, angi ties, Tend in dheam an oak o erenkedintraen; | LEME incarporea!s (2) mu Kren ABC Nouved ners gure) Rewecphets se | STH aig, ind. © particle implying at- ay or sere, teat te ASSESS, hy ak ic eto, at of Ute, an emetine patience; | fink aber oro De bly. Ag Ud, See mass hea sane’ he mer | omy be tendered by wel indeed, oe} pee | mute! elton oceans teen he seen ne out an seats danas [ther gush; foie, tow wacarter! [Gra ha ante bay or Semen rate ‘Thom: ality show a fame ights assed | Abt Cor cin comp. wits tA apd | the pra praca cesny. Mbgkoge int, [4 Gk dgnce dyn dey Syn at | enon), Hew, ae aking the de of | When i coton etre Te nbs ot Day ice) karate at of ng | sing, temp, Fg. arms agree | terra featon of crelaton ofthe dient ‘anpngs eben ins chungonchoten yea | es, ome = Ako take the Se fj to | inte oc member anpng, ain aie ot comie tall fasbengacouer, (ata ‘Abere (3), mio, béong WHA algae, om, Sce ain eof wigati, s,m. (Veg), Bes es | peta imi tpet hah| /aig,q.)the act BA wignna, an ef waking, Lal Jonein ee WM eiyabla, w. a bind af vce, Le RF 0000, nn. dod fruit, L EHR oes, 0s, no( 02), Un}, bi L SFT gd 28,20 eres) my n.(09 ted We le ly Na pre the ary aie te pane Hels ash, Kon iy ateovm to1ie: Ou Gorn cod fiioy Ho asim ad et [pr hocoa bree ~Eukehaia the tail mana “yori pace (of Gitarths, chief ofthe Candhareas, Mi £ Ghendrn Spumhon pab > Geist ata ova Bur Gani Ghani “ASgtsdvarenayase, © et inguin co, Sr, pat Mary Tony: Nea sof Su Ta ofan es Raho Beara Monty a ese Ieicand airfare bot ith ha ea Sey avatat tly “Bagel dh mnt bar (ne ofthe Kiphukh of Butea Proalon ena ed ae rai aarti ete cone Hino je ne po ee I ede En Gan} i ey at oe ee ighim mi eel hep eae ‘pon ot hy th a Noa cer” sarge mig eal a, "Rate. Cahafcment oie) WARAT cigitd. See aigaka, BART oigir, i, m.(/aig, Up.), N.of i up eel the Bohman Aber “aed dnparel te Sapa be tk | “aig a ‘Aura = Sagi RY. 83 486s, 4 MY py dyin 2 te) wemfira aiy idhipa. Bogie ee EPS | |, Sistene ma of 4 Baty author ofthe 2vtther te Bae jevkacisyme homie eciocy [Sia SS Gi det Wrenn the risa thd fay RY TS “Abgiracy 2, an eteny of Vida in bi “Abgirasimayanty 5, ERT nigh. See aye [BEPC eit oo en fo Sahel (oraincnth, re, tec ec et ‘Tine (ua ig thes t pee the tho ap athe Soper ‘rotanay © mapping ot etackng Teenbteka, ot overbtana, 1 4 gre | ing (th skate ge anes [trie ie eg ae np | suipaioaday ste igus Aba. | pareany ns foros, Aageibembite, Pepe ont ge | ir fen ing steel aba: aly repel chal toe {mer cmbtranay ‘sig te eng or ase of than ‘Abpesntaies, |N. oa hry Barantianssin boning te hen ie “WET sigishe SHANA cigusiin, mén. ‘resonant (2), | paste hot any [WR dine. See co. . BARC LEE soe tte hgh Ceipermeeraopins | basen fis peony toes m.( Ye ot op)" mor amaigurt, | | PBeiotsonm (Vegoreigh anges | whet a-cints. Te Agha "ayenont se oe oie [ek ony), kmakay a amas, | actin ce a ea ad), Le ake one (connected with Va, 4.¥.) Rogen senate 2 ac, 4 technical tern forall the vee ap” Ajanta weg woe ‘WR e-elri, mf. having no whee sea tg whe eon RW WHE acrkakus, at, n.d ep, no [gel ete ea ae | Aeteanssbi, a dott ere Se xvs | win RUE econ mt pokey Ge |SeeaqE sccntora, min dette oP four, ot of shot temper, [wey a-condra, mo. mooatess, HATS e-onpalesmfn. not oxilating, nob ‘Aetpulya, tine BRE carn oF erat [IV], mf, ie “HTH corona, fa. no last, not eat ss ole Mans Ri watts accarmike, mn. having no skin, cy Coc Bait Sa | Masel" mc fin hy of seen et nbs eh, ho led Givin = yar, ratown, Jin ew bmrktey ay Noes Bch rom Oho Bestar no the seven hee ot Gis tog he Jana maths ty Ne of a Sata = renga, ceo ating sewing gf nine de | STR cir, fo. not pretty, Pip, aveftfa, without understanding, | rvs tnlpioy tad, RVs the NBD. snggess #0 fake cuir his smo-knowte Sty. ste | Sache, megs Aparan ee goo) ov faces mates Sura SAeiastwan, a, nik of nothing gnoant oii oy 8 “goat it emote, worpeta nota be ject’ thaght; Tecate, RY Sette of Invoke sei: mpRan anna (it), img oftwo Rihie Mates Kat ts Upeae mone nR [fa deity rf. not heaped up. ‘afer =. acite, min (./ae, gone, Le Reuante, nin vig, 0 ‘aFa e-cited, min, not variegated, une iningate; Cn). voit dat tes) Veit Ss 3 th att “afr acini, thooghesness,sfetery Aestotty mint tught of warpath ‘Mains. Beer}, N.of re. = nartsas Jesingincne ra, mf. not of long duration, sa ec (aah ie Jaina st Sen igs TAR doishru. See 2. cite AF a-cetane, mfa, without conscious acest, ei, iprudcat, RV: wnconscion, jo “eoetEna, ro. thoughts, infruated RY. wi, swan fia oleae’ rate Aeattanrs ‘SY xcpthin nf. Moths, motionless, SEM wit, fn. (Vou), not driving seats com “aE acoha, nf. (fr aboka for chad orrhiya, Veh ot nd? “oot at pl Heck espe, cea (oy,rua erst by ee hdd, hating ar water? (0) fe No ot Sry im Mt ee Hye ARV ape tey Sura “Ea 2.00eha es, m.(comraptionofrikska, stars aay aay, Bsn, (2) WH 5. dechn so atthe end of a pda), or suai ha, Wed twat (ever ae Indy the brave) it wea ind of page ooh /t or beeh-V/gam oe Acehiev/eae, te ann gy homed Rs Be "Aoohh“Va: aru rn eit, RV. 4,3 ‘Beeb diteny nn sowtay RV ig, ‘Keent Yank, ogo tows oppor RV “doch ad, to core net, RY. ‘Roehae y ba tua 5 RV Seta iran, oval oa to, eden, RY. Rava ra Ct fate AoohaEY/br0, 10 iet oeage, PBe ‘BoekE ph orbochar Vy tonpeea RV.: n ‘or eivetetirwcer ae SLAB By "Bett Shas ra ane it eke Frac at EE Gee Ene, 0 eer waht aD tag a aeons eae at ae thes ean” * Baie emma, ‘WAATZ d-cohidra, mln, free from clefts or Wee Tees, accintita, wa ajana, 9 Pig ea gg Se ee ‘Arecaedga, ts, pope e ipsle wo be | cay ind Wap anechypté, seen Valyidevs of the Jae ‘waft ecchirids or nochir,f discus, of one ofthe si FR d-eyuta or -eyuté fa, not fallen fi, ad pea, peraoest ot aking Upyng: asym Nu Chto of Kr Sra phan; he plat Monn Ttconay No oom a sak om | Jor dt, pla Oss of Java | fr Agjutacts (noah posh thee rece Uo tw ite), wpa an oman (0) ‘tea Mobis TAs mets, 8 ‘Suan, igvcurt bes =k, tee red gre, Pgs Reign aot, Uy To conan ny 8 os fae ihe Pay, 1 Winter eaten Busines Tees ayatlptahyaye, = aj, cht. D. (deft, supplemented | fede), Sat a gta. te, rope ten; et” Dud ais abe desoss ErDitng [eh Ok dys Lay FAS 2,2 dov, op (of Mao, diet mer aie, fa af deepas, AV of Ayo of Sen ‘its a Sire of Kan cb. wi Msc fisher Nfs nel sence ofa dt eet imine. py Nes poe RV. ‘bn. Oh Net cise teeter eaeerant pare etal kag fortes “Sarma, SEITEiipe Sis Rey haa ee Pine ae mal Sue ora ne | UE Phy oe ek Senna | [tessa nis thes epee a oetein Seibon’ “esbaniat” tS | Oo CP acta teat | Wuhan Gea rpi Sasi “eae er et a fonts roy routes, ts pad fap moe enticed ph NB toe Grimty cles dpe algal. paar aving ‘She i a goth 8 of Bratt 0 Tedecang, wpAlas my gene ers VS.p No Danas iter bapa (jist be ‘he ter or oon oe mec pat AV, 68 Tiataie, goats fe pa Va | Simtiye i), tetig ike gat oe), [RM op ete Samben, Neon ke ISS Ste talent feed; (hy fy Nucla Raksha, amaray Ne ot the ues tiled Ajeaea (Liga cellist ats a adie spirits Hibegi mde ee a sursil gedit alanis trace the nk fost an etm, Seder Sores ee pen AS! ver roholne trp s pie, Ae ‘Seen a Mn ne ce an can ale Soest I alae spond poly oped asd aa of Fist aida ih utes Cate Tare, Afeperaae xe ee pastas tte res Gh Tom dee PESinac Ulebos las) orbgarnas Nagipe ad ae eet eee ateae att bans fuse Pitan Sos Sraprenlirhaae Agena 8 ‘ssenta ‘natal ye ele ee 21, is No deeb of Paka | ca hing of Magaita (ole o,f jomng theta dae of the upc th eye Cal ‘ei tua corparl 10 He ptring ‘iurh heart aca deal uk ‘Ajanbjota fe ama, Be See tnt en, exiting rom AvvWW! Heke tidiate Rane an Sif gt rn ead pein SWHHT ojakava, as, m. Sivas bow, Le inate ps eta cate ee so Mints Win su onsee ea) Sica int Lato iy pee ‘nein Cy Se Seated ere ey Slee Tagcik cso tnmmndetior "Tarara Sut ane Lae emer, pote te iy lp Ciynegaeg fe cltipeteny tam, m Sete bony het Net tie Smead Sie gute eg Ae ‘SATE ejaghenya, mf, not lasts nok SatMER éuphnicen, wf jghmashn. (ion) nt ig ile. 968 et jf. Facoutin Cataphrct, wonton ae TEE eof, not inanimate, pot or Bet dy oe Sa nd Rap Toei (Calpopogm Prove). = a may of & teen ape ‘WMT iy, f. yellow join, BHA 1. giana, 0s, m. (ej), the insic set Eres fom), Bao ting oF10 swadifre giana-yoni-ja, WF aiica, Seyi Sen met n| numa mel ne ey | aN Ri mT ing fd jena aoe, | Nf tlstes Lind ot seme | TM ope pn reas fre ation ake | ‘ee ant, STE Kap tae wh | Ee at rl | stony tf oer aaa See 2.00. await sod exhalation WAT 2 oje-p0,m. See tah. ‘eB a jambla, on. "tootless, a frog. | SEM esjng em ms noneitory, feat; | (city exited napa, ries (a Gy: UST etait es tons 8 oa Bagh | corr, shinee ogre obe wor | at [WHE wire mf, (ino sie to| apy ander ee ya | eofeahcamma eie e al Aeferayay mie not ajc to old age, RV, “ree, ater rm Gr ira wa ony in oom serpy nt jt ld aed, a TG tom, eh. ssjand, ma, not quick, inetive, % Rint ‘MB jase, mf. (ns, not to be ob- sees etl RV Re om tase Expo dpa 9) pal SHEA ajar, mtn, (pp. V3. hi) not ceppng lng (ncn) evi he oer bee a wlohe ema ingot alates wt peop ate an ete es ef th le) ‘Ranatubgn im (nc) ao ch ace nt tpi onpl gre, whos od arandycine WM oj, fashe-gost. See 1. wa 1, mf. not awake, not veka 5 (0) a the plant elt Verbena ‘wmf aii, o aff. Caminuim Cp- men it Opstias pla eden "WATE Gite, malo. unor, not yet born, sotyet ete make oan al oe inp i yet eee og a See pan, ang snenelpe wing tee Bia nf wero onpaijene, tlt” whose Hyer tpi te ne 30 erteped gue aE hong no epee of tien ao, ynah take tacenwaatra (dise’, mi flag no enemys bavag np serra o¢ eq (ode RV me Neo of Fede, a go iS conf Sy son ‘Vinistt r Binists cotenprsy of Sy ‘eun)Afttiwaaga, in hv ho ter ‘Asti, om having wo cae, Voth nat, mf. (PF pe 384), nok Jorieg, aware ‘wont acini, is[AV J, oF afniko (LJ, pvr batng noe nfo. not otk, not related, (in Gr) nt coreguaing, Nit. n) act alone Senet rnion aes, (jams Be, fo sem (TB 2 ‘ot nom, vaaon. fhe Spr ee Seasiny Sanya ces fre Buda: id of theaters to re ‘Guinn Avaepgia decent rk ie (Oost pea ls of del gs the ‘entre ‘“egacwnnsta, Si Get feral thes ined naa tex a conor of Basin mas £2 tuna ona ace tbe Sta Aca eters hr ert! Nraf ng Cndageer ie mesa ae Seman, mis ving at chhlod self ur pte Aitapida, m, hnay go smapaned corny ae Rte Rant aitdnarige, ning wo Stel pains “af yn, om. (rabably at Sst the sn ofa aso the ay akin an ance, ‘rea Shh nce (wcrc eos ‘So bir a coud sey covering Be) he Say ‘Ein ofa tg Be (0), my Neo 4 cena str, VO. Spader oped os pater, De cpaailty Rf pon ee Gu) nyeate ws hignor imate one whe repens ‘ePRE ard mtn.) én id. gies RM AN. We Naso Sok sont yor) 2 sui hyacinth Sen VE ‘leas goat Ply. vi, 9h Agta ijt mos emptor Soy A MSirkya, Non A-guniuietbeasle cece, Ring to seen ‘Asian, connet with x courte, gk whenideye) ‘wf ohm mfa.noteronked, sights forte gL aby Gena stom. Aja, tg ‘fag jive, fn. tongueess; (0), a fg, we gikare, om, n. Sivw's bow, L. See gate ‘wri ears an “tht bas nothing wohwaon’ Not Hay Sung er AIR jta, nfo. (Viva, ususlly jin, Biostar Nt atu sete etna by Kaba, Aide “Ast thes bg ei, RVs mabe dao m8 ecient. (vi PEsieas ff eligeton, Le ‘Septet ingestion SGU lgeenes, ‘WATT ave, mo. lifeless efirat aot ning deste of» Tae sealae “Elven, mi dete of» aot, AV. Sepraat fy overcoats sap Sh ‘uy th ak at Pr is ‘Dilton, o,nonextecy,denh IYTFET a.jugupsite, mf, ot dshived. WAL jer mln. (Ver) not subject old age o ect, RV 12 Besar (35 ence 4 RV. i, 17,13) RY. not decom maven, ‘wir jetery, mtn invincible Jey ey Ss pe, MIBK comity Nf tad fhe BARN dosha, EG}. ot iid ne “A-jowtya (4), ls, ot Hike, not welcome, | ations {SORT oa, f(a the drama) cour ‘WORT ahi, f the plat Macourtia compet (naj any HA aja, as, rm. During cot WR aj20, mfn, (Vita), not knowings Si 1 grant wean, Pi, Be Re Seow Ny aa deoitgineclane ions tbat, aos, (ne et) ‘att neta lo et ‘ttn inst tne nerd enon erect her gcae: Ges gorra i he re Gans fafa nk yin apr scree arly iin ape ewe hs eee hy oe a ies Stay a oy tert igne Soadbasn cb Same “Sit i Boece ile nen 9.6 Sepa matte casei, BF dima, as, m. (aj), earcer, march, RE Oe fy sense, ag bath, RV AV ats i Sl «a RV. (Dato cinta! gir) is hn bing no coed wih elton re Tye l/l sed es scents oe ‘oan jy fhe sat of ing seats Weeds Gee ne Rilinincksngrtn, Seen Cipeptats coping wih oto NRE owe 6 WRU c-jyeahthd, mf. not the oldest or teats (eyo pe ich none i the ede che Mia, RV, £5, 6 8 Oo, ¢3 ch lam alti mst tebe a the ec bel {Mein bio) epee ose etorng e Soe wh fae eer ther ate (connected with ¥/ee, 4), GLP. Acdnent tina ete yn ‘ec anc tobe are ine to reeence (wihbned bol hone {ends tore, grandest toegeas an, wine ft, mins whoe canter or Chun hte ntls make cer, peer Ded As onelstat Ye dest bende [gs Pasa pate orate, tebe, 3! all, only Uy ated toy gringo Seed tomes se chudirylae, dike dane, doe pune Be ‘Bie, sing” (ofthe bar ofthe hy tl of apie, only the endo roma, 9%iat fm. oF Meas (cl Lf, Aajasdeyan ms ce ote he apa tao ‘hrot a bengil seyon amtowe Milas (dy yong meses L crea cathe, bande | FAR aljika, nen, Nuof asow uf Yada. ‘afeafe toring £(eDesid.of eek), Leste feng, [hae care (4.40?) Ba WHE of, fa Messing?) | SHR cafe om, ms (Persian wordy a nj, ol. PL, oni wile & in Scat won oo | atch BAe dete Fey cee cr tet me | ne a mpg cigs en Jota a Ajax, 0s, ty N. of a so ible m= Ea - iu of un {heen or sutenes ase (Arash ts, { oc agent tbe nated etemity apnea ‘Agamtan, 2, N.of apne, BaP Nast paar ‘set “Marika, beer Kawika, 07, m4 wos, Rete cto al of ecaing or wandering eda, sl Fn whine hi “AYUYE fait of eamngerwanetiagaboa stiatkas Cs wcling ofthe cg yet meaty | -AtBEPB feo) rary ii like eolsrum, -Adjangegist, may Nott | ABA, Now. A afd to eater won x ra ‘vont Ajanta spectro ary Lng i, te brome 8 cat 1 ‘Adjankiavaas, os eyewster, ARganE-vatiy | | Agyttroaning tot ne ofthe tet ls. ‘Reema lepine of the north-east (ote wes?) | aking for a exces fondue far plese, Bnet in of tn ee Nota medina! ym ‘EET eforushaor aforssha or efarishoke, ‘aijandet, (specs ies; zanalimane, | ggg the on Jes Aad, Vigan te ‘WB a-fle, min. not shaky, fm, L. obi ems fe tin] Bg tte iy jad ata) vee eee et oe ee to conternn, L.5 to lessen, dim a ; sak Rise | waiter nates nse Phin Si f | sthinaye neal a Yak, Ra Seamte Ciatnay Riana’: atte | is or oven ct aja apis ine ee, | Com el ed ine aa ee ee nn heyy | peesatetahin giant = alae Staton Meek Nou | fd we ede Mena oe ee ne fagdscaa | meso ero Kot Ree eta Sree anit cms, fay Ne 18; | ate ofan nade cpa nesta, min, ping sight on sng | og nee an aie ‘hay nt noghiens have aps, Shea, EP same af Gof 2 Yabo Kae of ‘oun. Sane ra Jan Mk it sameie il: RV tween ory] _Bbeay ood Iota ughy A 2 (nanan i svete: | gc sy git aries cnet alo, | Aaa av apt onthe ots oe Rirteay gaantady mi invngenged | Aes ey Lz vob ‘Betany amas weapon ped ee a diy ‘aypnye (Not fa), A cfapate to be ver vpetomgty Pa i 7 Conan ‘WE attlo,ar or atlokeoe,m.awetch- tenet (8d) aac 5 N.of nay, RA pact onts tain Sia woman) Bahay? “aviathicbandham, i (othe way ta tg omen), Pa 4,42 52 ‘wright olds, £, N.of a town, Rajat GT etndndsos,m. king of Kosa, SBr WaT alya, See vat BHR oth ct PK that, te tog, Ze fey afhids, am. pl, N. of w pele Bh Rie Gin, Vk Pao, #3 99, Ss ee fn back a wt cee jay min slippers AV. ‘Aajtentiny oro alone, 4, "highly vila te SL ‘WHE aijaleouly if, for atjeli, qr. sratiaijou ie. (s/a3j,theopen bands uct de by ae 4 shy Blowed (at 9 2 tego nce fo aeice when raed tthe ined ark of spain) rrr, st ts tenon; mon tote Mates woh Flot water, aatdejadh VP ee a ease fay eft lft had when paced se TUae egal ot Kodne, eoasmamy akg the ative sept. aso Rei, a ‘artes gue (ih he hands ed feria) ie piant Miso Naame pape, mn cn fod ia making he alain, ae ‘sree andaka. iw ‘wise oil, £, N.ofe Prikyt metre. | He snipe 1.P. aati to endeavour, Le WERTH a/eteroti,N.ofafabulovepalace {sya etir.n. Pat BR woes ten ice iw ant Le "Reda am, nx, L | aa, atitum, (cl 1. P. evo, dpm, epitem, to SPbent ahs ae ye cee nan ah sone eam kes B. =e lore, ‘ bountary L Apiombadarye, the Neots Sinn ace (id hare been lat aed on 2a or gale of ak Som Cigna ote sai ail tome (man Desay amen 835/000 ene ate se? Neo he Sage pear the ie neha Na ‘inssvina, rit baving the sae of a atm cone ‘ining he semi lt nda the boy Min go. meyer mr nomic det (en suri, cregedtia mam eget of ck mic at. eevad tibe pun Crt Faljane GER! SNediny nose vo beter in and {coh mim’ Sedlntay te of 2 oaks ‘Serueas dni. fl Ne othe Pele sal tes | Simnite partie age ‘Ryweauin, ma hntspiting son, Bee “Apaten, fs ie, ate toi lever, peed.) (am), nan tm, cmp ith VAD an its de ‘ha ofc tig to, Nt ino Se nese ole th aoe etter the Sra sien, RY SAE ovaha, as, my ‘ea, MB nth or ofhyel.1, K.anphote inane a ia, amin, to 3, wove tend, Le pga, pind) et BE onga,0m,n, (80 8, my Le) [Vom Un} an egg 2 side; the scrotum; te ma Igy some ide, Naf Sr (et bis ig Tied wit te Behind or andine opp eetanay nth tn of the mundane pe, UP TEefere yest the pan Comaias Are (Govent) e kous or “kotha of “Rosa, ‘Sesersum; hemes ep mJ eres (eaymavisk Ly afi et tiene es ian 1G) mate! aaron, hing of Be (Gale! dain, weggbels mae te Neck Sor Sarda oe epiaaas, © Suing of ‘heseonam, hte =, Yaranana, asin jeter lptial;(o)-meanclips. an Se rn ata eta) ak "Ak, the sexta (om), 990 8 Ns of 8 son of Vie12 wat ayfara. wineray ati-rdjan. totem gegen 20s Not ama, rt Th Atpe mi B Angartya, Noe Ape rrpate to behave sae | ‘nnn, tse tis bce Fa Py ie i shyt, tm. a very oF tos "paki Pll afb [eboney the | pene, aan invert, ke egies ous dash song. Fhe i of ole i Cy ea ‘BA 1-4, ind a prefix sad to ira “sur | Spa eal sun set ay Heng Crtnara Jones | as 9 sane kei lamina ws "eM ns (Vth, efn.not uit | ga “Bhaae! oc ers Ni: Comma of fi Eng Se | fa cng ar Br ey an 4 Comme sia Nie tyne mo wane | WATER atpan, fen an acetic SI | EPR Burn mace ar comes pay i : | sfc, ind. (probabiy neut-ofan obsolete | aires, ‘tn, very sill, mens ina exer: SARE otf for ented jt), afd ot | jon pentose eee | ele "WAT acofenifachavnggnobeat orshoee, | amd em. wads hyde hnk | me : Ropar, SUG (em x ese te id) ety apn ted al ay | Pty rr) fanny tate tat Fost ‘erm tte, nt booing | eae a ae Sanat a | sa peranba-pae te) = [When presaed fo nouns, not derived as vst | eee eokkinsnin- repute pager, Serer tnt. mig ly, | eaten ate | atc ti Eee wn wren | an al Soe lft | eer vans, arate fn | aor ey ht! what | ea paca prep raat thease iran yon te) pea mn mprnvgaaryanyacnrcn te SEE rime in ei et nal. | cy eek “ee i se | mel gar ane (WAM a-tantre, mia. having no cords; | Rakshas, Re = keirite (0) oe -Rbatya (Coan. | ola Ries i) 8 ‘medicinal plant (Sidomia C sted, fe om std, | Me ani Me | Mao a tert, onwearied, RV; AV. | emacinted acpangn ie ticory rs Jar ture Mancare, are’ Nf Galore, Actantirita ce standin, min, 18 Mn. &e. | very or too deep ble. wikraddha, sufi, exces: | Mith, = DMbhatea, tofu. excessively dhaprecable sterner pn of ante we | eo ee luni | to ee ee eng o fivapens mason el tna dtene | CS ear; kent gran (arog She | mee “sehr atid tacky, wie, cay ee shh Ghiac er scr | ie ct on, sarap RY gaa Ge sEnlsjowesgandituomsecineceeps | mie Sooty sbeoe Spee Caer ‘Eira eng RV ag | pepe ipa argh | een, Chania SAAR e-tunds, mi, without darknes, | LAsvarcu be gatviterae semen | AAganatan gh nate Carter oh tne sa Actamavinye (acetic | Sadana fase terion | sete embark ec = ae stony vay ints ered one | ~eaghay vey pant ey eee; | a ey tng. ate fpr Rage fia AR cdgy th, Shtpare: | nan aca a oy ns meee WARE detemeray min. not languid, VS. | ee tn exctint cone Vi, yay Gyr See | quite fe town seal ae wvlly deere; Seedlow, Pea a min lat t | os geri pei ht ats | SS. beer ok ln | Buta emia ot ee tangas, da, ad on no ston, | Sah tapaaets, ne rey wns cikabpn | fl Ly Sones te casenraris oe Poe ‘not very sttong, RV. ¥, 335 1 & vil 100, §. mia, very sharp. weirs, min, very sharp, pungent | aug, min, exttenely rapid, Stk, —zakte, min, "wat sd tive of te poo, | USP NP gem Aap in| Ma Shy as ‘era a.torka s,m, anillogical reasoners “A-tarkit, of, scones, onthought of ne “hotarkys, ils. jncmpreente, suringwight alisrucira, swfrrerm atictaram. 13 a eke | er ean sees | on eae cen San Cals Scien | capi eaten | "aiogy i) ecg, mein ee Sera Same irae ccna. | iat ane eet aaa Bene okie i getig ata | TR tee, mf (bull) eovting Feira cocoa taken tay atc | . Tradherng, =tobh, m.or tobha-tk, fer tye, mi. (V2, ion | SFRMTE ating’ yah, “to emerge oven,’ to SC tt |e ane Ar | Rin tnt, 7 augaaiee noes |“aMtetabes a. ep t,o, BL Sittigern cssncconvneyerdome | gcos “Arye, Ge any get |, WATE at- Vow (Po. ci japuryt),t ry Toanyh mut oy loqcines cveety ni | Spey xing est UEC | act, gies icky RV 178 3 — Las | wert gu the plant Henonies ead a | eG fa eats | WERE oi-/qra ote beyond or over nprnfy Ny ofa Wese tenm Ait | wands arr iph tes Abgewbeat, vi ey | the yal Naame, Sr | TB SEALS tome oe wi: Swing | ping lee Asgetaoes ae | Pa ca gh ane, "AtgouBeny it vor ea tyes | Atlograa 22 f taking oe beyond, ‘agus min ven sere (ae) en violent hi very comple exert, | upg one who oes or seus to an exezondl> SPSplnn ave any fre ver pee) ‘Dap-banai, ha: | sy exits Go pl) canioohn {Rhey RY . embtay ie ted: | fronted lng dy Pm te | Vacheron my eect grote (x) {hey rthnabanacmmdaag, La kd 18 ee ee at hathas an or ga o ayers thea i, ad thee Eatin tt fester | meen mtn ‘Type te, tae shih exesnestin = vytentichatanincnred | fares atickandaka, as, m. the plant | ei! hermom, ‘ations Zaria "oth’) SB. Ta lecey suns roped me eavecve roe | poeta lL “aeiogeahyhy us Nol thee suctve lita Eran iti ar ne) es fm at-kes, mf beyond the whip, | wractve! + wey Hodes wath ‘Avtegady ater svi or grotood dep metpages ts fiid een. mens | somanageabe, Pe, wi 2 198, Sh he : seed on it ane psc pages | fag ti/Ap, to become very angry, | ESsng i dat rele th fu and wach fst yan Pee tug ge Sihs saukiaoreeant very powes | BATES ai-y/bird, to jump about astaungs (Go ho the eA ecto re | i a i env. | Ee tft oe swfagtati-Virisltodragoreror beyond, | ance © we ibe ee eae ae | spf aTC ari-tesore,qs,m.the plant Tropa | WHT ati-v/enr, to pass by; to overtake, THe teogie “denn mat ey anda | Bpaon spn to ear fyb a mitel, rf, very promperous, PA. j ° mae we Aticcars, mit. anslent, Changeable ; (4 7 rons a 48S | AFRO ati-v/tram,to step oF go inyond Fiat (ho hnk, 1B | ar tem (es atime tevin! | "An Le ac ic) ate Jytagona ‘he exis | Ca RV. fog ts to Fy, oss toga me; | Aton oe Sehr asain reset, °5 ie tees carat, m.Fosng by, owen, sa sean etait nce | emcee ps wea | pgs mil as eel ofc SEROUT TOS OE S| Guar, tmpn ve tpg ava | rac, SERCO lta ent, | ers fe a oe a tio | Ae, ig tne, Seba beueaite ements Ceres | ES i | Whippy ati-verit tostick on, farten, AV. 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TISIa he sinh Maran VE Go| hg gc dgotigel) AY teste oe | wRRRET atten a mt nondet,ARy-ndvvan tig way | (ie pal, AY. to Dele pa ‘atictarém, ind. (compar. of ati), ty"eatesire taveline Aty-amasabana | ot buon Goes: Conk dhbiyan 2d. Gs | aren rok ihe) Ress er ter Sr hatanins min qute ut of ompeeaage | “PHAM, ne | more wit abl Sj very ch excoaingy, RANE EAA he eee Spent | FRET atiny/gam oF ati-y/t.g@, to pass | excsrely.|ery swings alice “wf aici to clove, pit, VS. to ATR tv trip, to be stated. sig ah ‘eFAAati-v/tr, to pan through or by or ; | ating oci-vp, P. to clarify om purity ra crea oa Dea | ST ati-v/nam, to bend aside, heepon| anual ace eplind). RY. a 60 ine | AlSferi tpl oe puge by wg ooh firey alishadh whit: Vapi tomeditte deel VP. | WEAF] sip, 4, m. surpassing bin sete atthe hed | mg ae $8 suming eh ore Coan |, AMR mpi sown pe renming or ‘nol Ate 0 | SERIE ation, d, ma Ne of a epenipdsheSan senha aed ae 4, {Stree nas, ia. beyond danger, | WRG etic pri, to convey serss, to RE sted, upaning tht Pon. | tgs Se S| teeny ene voce ne nincee anton = m devinen, to breathe o¢ | Cor tin kay rn Ce ASA ‘attra ac-team, sryasing thee, Pin | ce ema mE Vee fo breathe OF | ny eo ca Fite pst ho asap; | ERPAYH anirt (or wrongly written | ARG vor Ps pire to ee ion me So by ena) atentert 4 Ne Vbe nce ee pla | El crowing, MOR. FRA af Vtear, to hasten overmach, | omtans epee seen i ant even yl | | NAREST tpray/ city crite (=-cidite ‘afati atthi is, (/at, ors tobe ‘hynanderantannl Rann, angst hepa | efaPAER ofi-nidrom, ind. beyond sleep- | Hi! oF isnguicable, RY. 5&6, 3 iit ea mt | RR tre to by afar anton Veo) (per. Pa. | FANT aisVprah, Woon asking, | aphauni quay) tence fib ap | Sr Be ‘fugue, hop deve, rs cw teem | geet “wfaRTaTs ori -pra- jel, to fame or blare aoe sa divinity, TUp. = dvena, ee evel | StRFAR aniinaye nd » (vim |x ingly, MB inst, “wera ata, to led over or bepond | ny dante of ee) Be Wen pom arranhng. RY. et ee i econ rating RY. 5 lem | eg atipret (a) to lead Dy ot rare see ng | ee rg” : ne seni | Eat. nb Cato im way, TS, | EOE rasa (ma) open ot Gunna ing Sinead andl ge} | WAPRE tlead, to drive bp, AV. sting Noakes an) ‘ at-pra-v/pad, Ca tt, RFR at- doh, ogo eyo, to pas |, SRE eto stem ot Bow oer, w pt hv Ck) (seein craton) RO | ame TS. 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(~/eyedd), Bibi Sop snd fing, tag tsi sed ee ‘wfafem uti-/dilto makeover, transe, | AS-atia is psn bond, tomo’ | "Sy otra /ei, ine vent signs Pas ody, (a Ge) to be over | ed we sr | “Astana in ovr asst nen, | Infonet “Ae-pe, om. paving ana, lees nel, | bd fn ac), St; to have an ee wit spt cote” | (vn, Se “adept, missy ded orb x keh a nn, enn pin | OD mee) om | Aa tegen weaving, {afecoe nog oan atresia, | APRCES, md, raking ac ing is nd | : ec, SA, rich tee eu | deve eh pate ict, | SERRE atime véensto pate highly. Gis od nde sateen the form wa wend | SERS at-pattra as, m. the Teak tree; | WT#MGati-pra-v/érwcl 3. A.-irive( Ved, (aoe, pens et ‘acta Macken, | 49¢9.totenme towne moses athe, “Rte atti, es. "very int,’ | ATR ati/pad, to go Beyond (ace), | Bt : saSpinnt Pug Ree imparts meen manne: Cn tint | STORER ti yra-Vend, Pat tobe. BEER atev/dip tobe excnsively com | Asati ging yon, yin, bo: | wt a prvi, Inns sea cried. riptpati the pabig by of tn son ci | ae tena tenn sre to WAAR at-deve, ot, ma, a auperion god; | Mh 20 3.39. | own semi RV 6000 e peti Bods | Aetpamam, tla gece tayo, tnnagrene | Atbpeteatit, mi svcd vicky. pig a sinc a Sefer atpra-V/th, to have an ade AH tis/2druto sandy pats bats | "efeeetcpre, rn one who has ove: aver RY. 6p 19, 66 vA ony Se ceteris Gh magetenmy, | wtieetetipra A c9hgile,to sfrnrsae at-dhoncan, a, m..N.ofaVedic | Patt aticpart(peri-v/i),to pass ound, | give or hand ove, Sie SA vm dant of ak am Sarecieel nd. exceeding ite, SFr ate pa ‘SPH ati-v/pai, to ook Beyond, 100k | attra eign, ede tan ie ilenta, pot away oe, A Ata RVI 4 TAY. See sefry ati-/t.dhe, to ranorsush over | WERRT oti, pa, Cavs. P. papaya, to | STTBetewPrasolumpovertocseape TS. 7 veto drink in great quantity, Katha, WAMU ati-preshita, am, n, the time swfing tt rir, 4 Ns of w cass of ct gait, TRO ct preity sir ga iad | MEFUTEPA at decir fy No «| URS vs asng of ot Ten each staining atte | Voie ee of he ps Contain ropectiey | WFRTY ati-vbcdh, to molest or annoy ‘plates (at nineteen. td even sab) excel