Load Runner 9.

0
Training Courseware
By
Softsmith Infotech
www.softsmithinfotech.com

Table of Contents
TABLE OF CONTENTS .......................................................................................2
LOAD TEST .........................................................................................................3
WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF A LOAD TEST? ...................................................3
LOAD TESTING PROCESS.................................................................................4
LOAD TEST TERMINOLOGIES: .........................................................................4
PERFORMANCE-TESTING EFFORT IN YOUR PROJECT CONTEXT SHOULD
INCLUDE:.............................................................................................................5
LOAD RUNNER: ..................................................................................................7
HOW LOADRUNNER ADDRESSES THE PERFORMANCE TESTING:.............7
VARIOUS COMPONENTS OF LOADRUNNER: .................................................7
WORKING WITH LOADRUNNER........................................................................8
CONTROLLER ...................................................................................................21
CREATING LOAD GENERATORS....................................................................22
DEFINING SLA: .................................................................................................23
ABOUT DEFINING SERVICE LEVEL AGREEMENTS......................................23
GRAPH ANALYSIS:...........................................................................................28

Load Test:
Load Tests are end to end performance tests under anticipated production load. The objective of such
tests are to determine the response times for various time critical transactions and business processes and
ensure that they are within documented expectations (or Service Level Agreements - SLAs). Load tests
also measures the capability of an application to function correctly under load, by measuring transaction
pass/fail/error rates.

Load Tests are major tests, requiring substantial input from the business, so that anticipated activity can
be accurately simulated in a test environment. If the project has a pilot in production then logs from the
pilot can be used to generate usage profiles that can be used as part of the testing process, and can even
be used to drive large portions of the Load Test.
Load testing must be executed on todays production size database, and optionally with a projected
database. If some database tables will be much larger in some months time, then Load testing should
also be conducted against a projected database. It is important that such tests are repeatable, and give
the same results for identical runs. They may need to be executed several times in the first year of wide
scale deployment, to ensure that new releases and changes in database size do not push response times
beyond prescribed SLAs.

What is the purpose of a Load Test?

The purpose of any load test should be clearly understood and documented. A load test usually fits into
one of the following categories:
Quantification of risk. - Determine, through formal testing, the likelihood that system performance
will meet the formal stated performance expectations of stakeholders, such as response time
requirements under given levels of load. This is a traditional Quality Assurance (QA) type test. Note
that load testing does not mitigate risk directly, but through identification and quantification of risk,
presents tuning opportunities and an impetus for remediation that will mitigate risk.
Determination of minimum configuration. - Determine, through formal testing, the minimum
configuration that will allow the system to meet the formal stated performance expectations of
stakeholders - so that extraneous hardware, software and the associated cost of ownership can be
minimized. This is a Business Technology Optimization (BTO) type test.
Assessing release readiness by: Enabling you to predict or estimate the performance characteristics of
an application in production and evaluate whether or not to address performance concerns based on
those predictions. These predictions are also valuable to the stakeholders who make decisions about
whether an application is ready for release or capable of handling future growth, or whether it requires a
performance improvement/hardware upgrade prior to release.

What functions or business processes should be load tested?

Basis for inclusion in Load Test

High frequency transactions

Mission Critical transactions

Read Transactions

Update Transactions

Comment

The most frequently used transactions have the potential

to impact the performance of all of the other transactions
if they are not efficient.
The more important transactions that facilitate the core
objectives of the system should be included, as failure
under load of these transactions has, by definition, the
greatest impact.
At least one READ ONLY transaction should be included,
so that performance of such transactions can be
differentiated from other more complex transactions.
At least one update transaction should be included so that
performance of such transactions can be differentiated
from other transactions.

Load Testing Process

Identify the performance-critical scenarios.

Identify the workload profile for distributing the entire load among the key
scenarios.

Identify the metrics that you want to collect in order to verify them against your
Performance objectives.

Design tests to simulate the load.

Use tools to implement the load according to the designed tests, and capture the
metrics.

Analyze the metric data captured during the tests.

Load Test Terminologies:

Scenarios are anticipated user paths that generally incorporate multiple application
activities. Key scenarios are those for which you have specific performance goals, those
considered to be high-risk, those that are most commonly used, or those with a significant
performance impact. The basic steps for identifying key scenarios are.

Metrics are measurements obtained by running performance tests as expressed on a

commonly understood scale. Some metrics commonly obtained through performance
tests include processor utilization over time and memory usage by load.
Response time is a measure of how responsive an application or subsystem is to a client
request.
Throughput is the number of units of work that can be handled per unit of time; for
instance, requests per second, calls per day, hits per second, reports per year, etc.
Workload is the stimulus applied to a system, application, or component to simulate a
usage pattern, in regard to concurrency and/or data inputs. The workload includes the
total number of users, concurrent active users, data volumes, and transaction volumes,
along with the transaction mix. For performance modeling, you associate a workload with
an individual scenario.
Resource utilization is the cost of the project in terms of system resources. The primary
resources are processor, memory, disk I/O, and network I/O.
Scalability refers to an applications ability to handle additional workload, without
adversely affecting performance, by adding resources such as processor, memory, and
storage capacity.
Performance requirements are those criteria that are absolutely non-negotiable due to
contractual obligations, service level agreements (SLAs), or fixed business needs. Any
performance criterion that will not unquestionably lead to a decision to delay a release
until the criterion passes is not absolutely required and therefore, not a requirement.

Performance-testing effort in your project context should include:

Project vision.

Before beginning performance testing, ensure that you

understand the current project vision. The project vision is the foundation for
determining what performance testing is necessary and valuable. Revisit the
vision regularly, as it has the potential to change as well.

Purpose of the system. Understand the purpose of the application or system you
are testing. This will help you identify the highest-priority performance
characteristics on which you should focus your testing. You will need to know the
systems intent, the actual hardware and software architecture deployed, and the
characteristics of the typical end user.

Customer or user expectations. Keep customer or user expectations in mind

when planning performance testing. Remember that customer or user satisfaction

is based on expectations, not simply compliance with explicitly stated

requirements.

Business drivers. Understand the business drivers such as business needs or

opportunities that are constrained to some degree by budget, schedule, and/or
resources. It is important to meet your business requirements on time and within
the available budget.

Reasons for testing performance. Understand the reasons for conducting

performance testing very early in the project. Failing to do so might lead to
ineffective performance testing. These reasons often go beyond a list of
performance acceptance criteria and are bound to change or shift priority as the
project progresses, so revisit them regularly as you and your team learn more
about the application, its performance, and the customer or user.

Value that performance testing brings to the project. Understand the value
that performance testing is expected to bring to the project by translating the
project- and business-level objectives into specific, identifiable, and manageable
performance testing activities. Coordinate and prioritize these activities to
determine which performance testing activities are likely to add value.

Project management and staffing.

Understand the teams organization,

operation, and communication techniques in order to conduct performance testing

effectively.

Process. Understand your teams process and interpret how that process applies
to performance testing. If the teams process documentation does not address
performance testing directly, extrapolate the document to include performance
testing to the best of your ability, and then get the revised document approved by
the project manager and/or process engineer.

Compliance criteria. Understand the regulatory requirements related to your

project. Obtain compliance documents to ensure that you have the specific
language and context of any statement related to testing, as this information is
critical to determining compliance tests and ensuring a compliant product. Also
understand that the nature of performance testing makes it virtually impossible to
follow the same processes that have been developed for functional testing.

Project schedule. Be aware of the project start and end dates, the hardware and
environment availability dates, the flow of builds and releases, and any
checkpoints and milestones in the project schedule.

Load Runner:
HP LoadRunner, a tool for performance testing, stresses your entire application to isolate and
identify potential client, network, and server bottlenecks.
HP LoadRunner load tests your application by emulating an environment in which multiple users
work concurrently. While the application is under load, LoadRunner accurately measures,
monitors, and analyzes a systems performance and functionality.

How LoadRunner Addresses the Performance Testing:

LoadRunner reduces personnel requirements by replacing human users with

virtual users or Vusers. These Vusers emulate the behavior of real users
operating real applications.

Because numerous Vusers can run on a single computer, LoadRunner reduces the
amount of hardware required for testing.

The HP LoadRunner Controller allows you to easily and effectively control all the
Vusersfrom a single point of control.

LoadRunner monitors the application performance online, enabling you to finetune your system during test execution.

LoadRunner automatically records the performance of the application during a
test. You can choose from a wide variety of graphs and reports to view the
performance data.

LoadRunner checks where performance delays occur: network or client delays,
CPU performance, I/O delays, database locking, or other issues at the database
server. LoadRunner monitors the network and server resources to help you
improve performance.

Because LoadRunner tests are fully automated, you can easily repeat them as
often as you need.

Various Components of LoadRunner:

Vuser Generator:
Vuser Generator is the Script generation component of LoadRunner. This component has two main
things and are described below:

Vusers In the scenario, LoadRunner replaces human users with virtual users or Vusers. When you run a
scenario, Vusers emulate the actions of human users working with your application. While a workstation
accommodates only a single human user, many Vusers can run concurrently on a single workstation. In
fact, a scenario can contain tens, hundreds, or even thousands of Vusers.
Vuser Scripts. The actions that a Vuser performs during the scenario are described in Vuser script.
When you run a scenario, each Vuser executes a Vuser script. The Vuser scripts include functions that
measure and record the performance of your applications components.
Controller. You use the HP LoadRunner Controller to manage and maintain your scenarios. Using the
Controller, you control all the Vusers in a scenario from a single workstation.
Load Generator. When you execute a scenario, the Controller distributes each Vuser in the scenario to
a load generator. The load generator is the machine that executes the Vuser script, enabling the Vuser to
emulate the actions of a human user.
Performance analysis. Vuser scripts include functions that measure and record system performance
during load-testing sessions. During a scenario run, you can monitor the network and server resources.
Following a scenario run, you can view performance analysis data in reports and graphs.

Working with LoadRunner

When testing or monitoring an environment, you need to emulate the true behavior of users on your
system. HP testing tools emulate an environment in which users concurrently work on, or access your
system. To do this emulation, the human was replaced with a virtual user, or a Vuser. The actions that a
Vuser performs are described in a Vuser script. The primary tool for creating Vuser scripts is the Virtual
User Generator, VuGen.
Vusers emulate the actions of human users by performing typical business processes in your application.
The actions that a Vuser performs during the recording session are described in a Vuser script.
Using VuGen, you can run scripts as standalone tests. Running scripts from VuGen is useful for
debugging as it enables you to see how a Vuser will behave and which enhancements need to be made.

Steps for Creating Scripts:

VuGen enables you to record a variety of Vuser types, each suited to a particular load testing
environment or topology. When you open a new test, VuGen displays a complete list of the supported
protocols.

This window opens up as soon as you open the VuGen. You can select the protocol of you application
and click ok. For most of the web application its Web (HTTP/HTML) Protocol

Open VuGen
To start VuGen, choose Start > Programs > <App_Name> (for example LoadRunner) > Applications >
Virtual User Generator from the Start menu.

To open an existing script, not in the recent list, click Open Existing Script.

To create a new script using a recent protocol, click the protocol in the
Recently used protocols list.
To create a new script in a protocol that is not listed, click New Vuser Script.
Choose File > Zip Operations > Import From Zip File to open an existing cript from a zip archive.

Now click on the New Protocol Script and you will see the following Window. From this window you
have to choose the protocol on which the application you are going to load test works.
VuGen provides a variety of Vuser technologies that allow you to emulate your system. Each
technology is suited to a particular architecture and results in a specific type of Vuser script. For
example, you use Web Vuser Scripts to emulate users operating Web browsers. You use FTP Vusers to
emulate an FTP session. The various Vuser technologies can be used alone or together, to create
effective load tests or Business Process Monitor profiles.

Now set the General options for VuGen.

For Example To set the environment-related options:

Select Tools > General Options and click the Environment tab.

To save the current script information for auto recovery, select the Save
AutoRecover Information option and specify the time in minutes between the
saves.

To set the editor font, click Select Font. The Font dialog box opens. Select the
desired font, style, and size and click OK. Note that only fixed size fonts (Courier,
Lucida Console, FixedSys, and so on) are available.

To use a comparison tool other than WDiff, select Use custom comparison tool
and then specify or browse for the desired tool.

Click OK to accept the settings and close the General Options dialog box.

Now Set the Recording Options for recording the user actions of the application under load test.

Now that you are ready for recording Click on the record button

Give the Url of the application that needs to be load tested like the one below

The following table describes the criteria for determining the business functions or processes to
be included while recording
Basis for inclusion in Load Test
High frequency transactions

Mission Critical transactions

Read Transactions
Update Transactions

Comment
The most frequently used transactions have the potential to
impact the performance of all of the other transactions if
they are not efficient.
The more important transactions that facilitate the core
objectives of the system should be included, as failure
under load of these transactions has, by definition, the
greatest impact.
At least one READ ONLY transaction should be included,
so that performance of such transactions can be
differentiated from other more complex transactions.
At least one update transaction should be included so that

performance of such transactions can be differentiated

from other transactions.
Now record the transaction in either Vuser_init or Vuser_end or action by using the recording
tool bar.

Once the recording is over a recording log is also generated

To view a log of the messages that were issued during recording, click the Recording Log tab.
You can set the level of detail for this log in the advanced tab of the Recording options.

Now the script will be generated for the recorded user actions and will be displayed like this

The above one is called the Script view. It can also be viewed as Tree view
Tree view:

The Next step is enhance the script

This includes
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)

Inserting Transaction statements

Log messages
Comments
Inserting Functions
Performing Correlation
Parameterize
Inserting Rendezvous Points
Doing some run time settings.

To Insert Inserting Transaction statements Log messages, Comments, Inserting Functions

Now you need to perform Correlation in the script. The purpose of Correlation is
To simplify or optimize your code
For example, if you perform a series of dependent queries one after another, your code may
become very long. To reduce the size of the code, you can nest the queries, but then you lose
precision and the code becomes complex and difficult to understand. Correlating the statements
enables you to link queries without nesting.
To generate dynamic data
Many applications and Web sites identify a session by the current date and time. If you try to
replay a script, it will fail because the current time is different than the recorded time. Correlating
the data enables you to save the dynamic data and use it throughout the scenario run.
The main steps in correlating a script are:
1 After Running the script once click on can for correlation button

2 Determine which value to correlate.

For most protocols, you can view the problematic statements in the Execution log. You doubleclick an error message and jump directly to its location. Alternatively, you can use the WDiff
utility distributed with VuGen to determine the inconsistencies within your script. For more
information, see
3 Save the results.
You save the value of a query to a variable using the appropriate function. The correlating
functions are protocol-specific. Correlation function names usually contain the string
save_param, such as web_reg_save_param and lrs_save_param. Refer to the specific protocol

chapters for an explanation on how to perform correlation. In several protocols, such as database
and Web, VuGen automatically inserts the functions into your script.
4 Reference the saved values.
Replace the constants in the query or statement with the saved variables.

Now you can Insert Parameterization Statements

Steps for parameterization:

Locate the argument you want to parameterize

Give the parameter a name
Select a parameter type
Define properties for the parameter type
Replace the argument with a parameter

Once you click like the above one you need to give the name for the parameter as in below one

Then Select a parameter type.

Define properties for the parameter type.
Replace the argument with the parameter.
Once you do it the parameterization window will look like this.

Now you can insert rendezvous point in the script

When performing load testing, you need to emulate heavy user load on your system. To
accomplish this, you synchronize Vusers to perform a task at exactly the same moment. You
configure multiple Vusers to act simultaneously by creating a rendezvous point. When a Vuser
arrives at the rendezvous point, it waits until all Vusers participating in the rendezvous arrive.
When the designated number of Vusers arrive, the Vusers are released.

Now you can set the run time settings

Now we can run the script in stand alone mode to check if the scripts are running properly

Once the scripts are running fine in stand alone mode , these scripts can be placed in controller
for funning the load test.

Controller
To open the Controller:

You can open the Controller by choosing either of the following:

Start > Programs > LoadRunner > Applications > Controller.

Start > Programs > LoadRunner > LoadRunner. The HP LoadRunner

launcher window opens. Select the Load Testing tab, and then click Run
Load Tests.

Once the Scenario is opened we can do the following

1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)

Controlling the number of Virtual Users

Setting up the SLA
Define the group name, Vuser quantity, load generators, and scripts for the Vuser group
Add and configure one or more scripts to the Vuser group
Enable or disable a Vuser group for the scenario
Remove a Vuser group from the scenario
Setting up the Run Duration
Setting up Load generators
Defining the run pattern by using Ramp up and ramp down

Selecting the Scenario Type

Select one of the following scenario options:

Manual Scenario. Select this method if you want to build a manual scenario. You build a manual
scenario by creating groups and specifying the script, the load generator, and the number of
Vusers included in each group.
Use the Percentage Mode to distribute the Vusers among the scripts. Select this option if you
want to build a manual scenario by specifying a number of Vusers to be distributed among the
selected Vuser scripts.
Goal Oriented Scenario. Select this method to have LoadRunner build a scenario for you. In a
goal-oriented scenario, you define the goals you want your test to achieve, and LoadRunner
automatically builds a scenario for you, based on these goals.

Creating Load Generators

Defining SLA:
An SLA is a formally negotiated agreement between two parties. It is a contract that exists
between customers and their service provider, client or between service providers. It records the
common understanding about services, priorities, responsibilities, guarantee, and such
collectively, the level of service. For example, it may specify the levels of availability,
serviceability, performance, operation, or other attributes of the service like billing and even
penalties in the case of violation of the SLA.

About Defining Service Level Agreements

When you design a load test scenario, you can define goals or service level agreements (SLAs)
for the performance metrics. When you run the scenario, LoadRunner gathers and stores
performance-related data. When you analyze the run, Analysis compares this data against the
SLAs and determines SLA statuses for the defined measurements.

Depending on the measurements that you are evaluating, LoadRunner

Determines SLA statuses in one of the following ways:

SLA status determined per time interval within the run. Analysis displays SLA statuses at set
time intervalsfor example, every 10 secondsover a timeline within the run.

SLA status determined over the whole run. Analysis displays a single SLA status for the whole
scenario run.

Running the Scenario

The following procedure outlines how to run a scenario:

Open an existing scenario or create a new one.

Configure and schedule the scenario.
Set the results directory.
Run and monitor the scenario.

And once you run the scenario you will get the details like this

Graph Analysis:
During load test scenario execution, Vusers generate result data as they perform their
transactions. The Analysis graphs help you determine system performance and provide
information about transactions and Vusers. You can compare multiple graphs by combining
results from several load test scenarios or merging several graphs into one.
The Report utilities enable you to view a Summary HTML report for each graph or a variety of
Performance and Activity reports. You can create a report as a Microsoft Word document, which
automatically summarizes and displays the tests significant data in graphical and tabular format.

Analysis graphs are divided into the following categories:

Vuser Graphs. Provide information about Vuser states and other Vuser statistics.

Error Graphs. Provide information about the errors that occurred during the load
test scenario.

Transaction Graphs. Provide information about transaction performance and
response time.

Web Resource Graphs. Provide information about the throughput, hits per second,
HTTP responses per second, number of retries per second, and downloaded pages
per second for Web Vusers.

Web Page Diagnostics Graphs. Provide information about the size and download
time of each Web page component.

System Resource Graphs. Provide statistics relating to the system resources that
were monitored during the load test scenario using the online monitor.

Starting Analysis
You can open Analysis as an independent application or directly from the Controller. To open Analysis as an
independent application, choose one of the following:

Start > Programs > LoadRunner > Applications > Analysis

Start > Programs > LoadRunner > LoadRunner, select the Load Testing tab, and then click
Analyze Load Tests.

Once you start the Session a Summary report will be displayed

Summary Report:
The Summary report provides general information about load test scenario execution. This report
is always available from the Session Explorer or as a tab in the Analysis window. The Summary
report lists statistics about the scenario run and provides links
to the following graphs: Running Vusers, Throughput, Hits Per Second, HTTP Responses per
Second, Transaction Summary, and Average Transaction Response Time. The appearance of the
Summary report and the information displayed will vary depending on whether an SLA (Service
Level Agreement) was defined. An SLA defines goals for the scenario. LoadRunner measures
these goals during the scenario run and analyzes them in the Summary report.
This Summary Report will have the following details:

Transaction Summary
This section displays a table containing the load test scenarios diagnostics data. Included in this
data is a percentile column (x Percent). This column indicates the maximum response time for
that percentage of transactions performed during the run. For example, in the table below, the
value in the 88 Percent column for browse special books is 8.072. This means that the response
time for 88% of the browse special books transactions was less those 8.072 seconds.

Scenario Behavior over Time

This section displays the average errors per second received by the application under test per
time interval. For example, 0 means that on average there were zero errors received per second
for that time interval, 0+ means that on average there were slightly more than zero errors
received, and so on.

HTTP Responses Summary

This section shows the number of HTTP status codes returned from the Web server during the load test scenario,
grouped by status code.

X Worst Transaction
The X Worst Transactions table shows the worst transactions in terms of how often the transactions exceeded the
SLA boundary during the run, and by how much.

SLA Report

An SLA (Service Level Agreement) defines goals for the load test scenario. LoadRunner
measures these goals during the scenario run and analyzes them in the Summary report. The SLA
Report shows the succeeded or failed status of all SLAs that were defined for the scenario run.

The Following are the other Graphs that are Displayed

Transaction Response Time under Load
Displays average transaction response times relative to the number of Vusers running at
any given point during the load test. This graph helps you view the general impact of
Vuser load on performance time and is most useful when analyzing a load test which is
run with a gradual load.

Hits Per Second Graph

Displays the number of hits made on the Web server by Vusers during each second of the
load test. This graph helps you evaluate the amount of load Vusers generate, in terms of
the number of hits.

Running Vusers Graph

Displays the number of Vusers that executed Vuser scripts, and their status, during each
second of a load test. This graph is useful for determining the Vuser load on your server
at any given moment.

Average Transaction Response Time

Displays the average time taken to perform transactions during each second of the load
test. This graph helps you determine whether the performance of the server is within
acceptable minimum and maximum transaction performance time ranges defined for your
system.

Hits per Second

Displays the number of hits made on the Web server by Vusers during each second of the
load test. This graph helps you evaluate the amount of load Vusers generate, in terms of
the number of hits.

Throughput
Displays the amount of throughput (in bytes) on the Web server during the load test.
Throughput represents the amount of data that the Vusers received from the server at any
given second. This graph helps you to evaluate the amount of load Vusers generate, in
terms of server throughput.

Transaction Summary
Displays the number of transactions that passed, failed, stopped, or ended with errors.

Average Transaction Response Time

Displays the average time taken to perform transactions during each second of the load
test. This graph helps you determine whether the performance of the server is within
acceptable minimum and maximum transaction performance time ranges defined for your
system.

Page Component Breakdown

Displays the average download time (in seconds) for each Web page and its components.

Windows Resources
Displays a summary of the System Resources usage for each Windows based host.

Connections Per Second

Displays the number of Connections per Second

Downloaded Component Size (KB)

Displays the size of each Web page component. Note that the size displayed includes
both the size of the component and its header.

Time to First Buffer Breakdown

Displays each Web page components relative server/network time (in seconds) for the
period of time until the first buffer is successfully received back from the Web server.