EXPERIMENT 1
GENERATION OF BASIC SIGNALS
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
UNIT IMPULSE
UNIT STEP
EXPONENTIAL
RAMP
SINUSODIAL
%program for generating unit step sequence
clearall
closeall
clc
x=[-25:20]
z=[zeros(1,25) ones(1,21)]
stem(x,z)
title('unit step sequence')
xlabel('n')
ylabel('f(n)')
unit step sequence
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
f(n)
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
10
15
20
%program for generating discrete time unit impulse signal
clear all
clc
x=[-20:20];
z=[zeros(1,20) 1 zeros(1,20)];
stem(x,z)
title('unit impulse sequence')
xlabel('n')
ylabel('f(n)')
unit impulse sequence
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
f(n)
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
n
%program for generating unit ramp function
clear all
close all
clc
x=[-18:25];
z=((sign(x)+1)/2).*x
stem(x,z)
title('unit ramp signal')
xlabel('n')
ylabel('f(n)')
10
15
20
unit ramp signal
25
20
f(n)
15
10
0
-20
-15
-10
-5
%program for generating signum
clear all
close all
clc
x=[-20:20];
z=sign(x)
stem(x,z)
title('signum')
xlabel('n')
ylabel('f(n)')
10
15
20
25
signum
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
f(n)
0.2
0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
-1
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
n
%program for generating sinc signal
clear all
close all
clc
x=[-10:0.1:10];
z=sinc(x)
stem(x,z)
title('sinc signal')
xlabel('n')
ylabel('f(n)')
10
15
20
sinc signal
1
0.8
0.6
f(n)
0.4
0.2
0
-0.2
-0.4
-10
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
n
%program for generating sinusoidal signal
clear all
close all
clc
k=input('enter constant')%constant=1
x=[-8:0.3:10];
z=sin(k.*x)
stem(x,z)
title('sinusoidal signal')
xlabel('n')
ylabel('f(n)')
10
sinusoidal signal
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
f(n)
0.2
0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
-1
-8
-6
-4
-2
%program for generating triangular signal
clc
clear all
close all
A=1;
w0=10*pi;
w=0.5;
t=-1:0.02:1;
tri=A*sawtooth(w0*t,w);
stem(t,tri)
title('triangular signal')
xlabel('n')
ylabel('f(n)')
10
triangular signal
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
f(n)
0.2
0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
-1
-1
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
n
0.2
0.4
0.6
%program for generating real exponential signal
clc
clear all
close all
x=[-20:20];
a=input('enter constant')%constant=0.75
z=a.^x;
stem(x,z)
title('real exponential')
xlabel('n')
ylabel('f(n)')
0.8
real exponential
350
300
250
f(n)
200
150
100
50
0
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
n
10
%program for generating complex exponential signal
clc
clear all
close all
x=[-10:0.5:10];
a=input('enter constant')%constant=1.5
y=input('enter frequency')%frequency=60
z=(a.^x).*(exp(j.*(y.*x)+5))
m=real(z)
n=imag(z)
subplot(2,1,1)
stem(x,m)
subplot(2,1,2)
stem(x,n)
title('complex exponential')
xlabel('n')
ylabel('f(n)')
15
20
x 10
0.5
0
-0.5
-1
-10
-8
-6
-4
-2
10
10
complex exponential
5000
f(n)
0
-5000
-10000
-10
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
n
EXPERIMENT 2
BASIC OPERATION ON SIGNALS
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
Shifting
Folding
Time scaling
Signal addition
Signal multiplication
%program for signal addition
clc
clear all
close all
n1=input('enter sample range for signal 1');%sample range[-10:10]
x1=input('enter range of values for signal 1');%range of values[-10:10]
n2=input('enter sample range for signal 2');%sample range[-5:5]
x2=input('enter range of values for signal 2');%range 0f values[-5:5]
subplot(2,2,1)
stem(n1,x1)
xlabel('n1')
ylabel('x1')
title('input signal 1')
subplot(2,2,2)
stem(n2,x2)
xlabel('n2')
ylabel('x2')
title('input signal 2')
n=min(min(n1),min(n2)):max(max(n1),max(n2));
y1=zeros(1,length(n));
y2=y1;
y1(find((n>=min(n1))&(n<=max(n1))))=x1;
y2(find((n>=min(n2))&(n<=max(n2))))=x2;
y=y1+y2;
subplot(2,1,2)
stem(n,y);
xlabel('n')
ylabel('y')
title('signal addition')
input signal 1
10
input signal 2
x2
x1
5
0
-5
-10
-10
-5
0
n1
-5
-5
10
0
n2
signal addition
10
5
0
-5
-10
-10
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
n
10
%program for signal multiplication
clc
clear all
close all
n1=input('enter sample range for signal 1');%sample range[-10:10]
x1=input('enter range of values for signal 1');%range of values[-10:10]
n2=input('enter sample range for signal 2');%sample range[-5:5]
x2=input('enter range of values for signal 2');%range 0f values[-5:5]
subplot(2,2,1)
stem(n1,x1)
xlabel('n1')
ylabel('x1')
title('input signal 1')
subplot(2,2,2)
stem(n2,x2)
xlabel('n2')
ylabel('x2')
title('input signal 2')
n=min(min(n1),min(n2)):max(max(n1),max(n2));
y1=zeros(1,length(n));
y2=y1;
y1(find((n>=min(n1))&(n<=max(n1))))=x1;
y2(find((n>=min(n2))&(n<=max(n2))))=x2;
y=y1.*y2;
subplot(2,1,2)
stem(n,y);
xlabel('n')
ylabel('y')
title('signal multiplication')
input signal 1
10
input signal 2
x2
x1
5
0
-5
-10
-10
-5
0
n1
-5
-5
10
0
n2
signal multiplication
25
20
y
15
10
5
0
-10
-8
-6
-4
% program for shifting
clc
clear all
close all
x=[-5:20]
z=[zeros(1,5) ones(1,21)]
subplot(2,2,1)
stem(x,z)
-2
0
n
10
title('unit step')
xlabel('n')
ylabel('f(n)')
x1=x+3
subplot(2,2,2)
stem(x1,z)
title('shifted signal')
xlabel('n')
ylabel('f(n+3)')
%program for folding
clc
clear all
close all
n=input('starting point')%starting point=5
m=input('length')%length=8
p=n+m
x=[n:p]
y=sign(x).*x
subplot(2,2,3)
stem(x,y)
title('sample signal')
x1=-x
subplot(2,2,4)
stem(x1,y)
title('folded signal')
%program for time scaling
clc
clear all
close all
m=input('scaling constant')%m=1
x=input('input sequence')%x=0:10
n=input('sample range')%n=0:5
if m>=1
k=mod(n,m);
j=1;
for l=min(n)+1:max(n)+1
if(k(l)==0)
y(j)=x(l);
j=j+1;
end
end
else
for k=min(n)+1:max(n)+1
y((k/m)+(1/m)-(2/m)+1)=x(k);
end
end
q=length(y);
n=0:q-1;
stem(n,y)
xlabel('n')
ylabel('x[n]')
title('down sampling')
axis([min(n)-2 max(n)+2 min(y)-2 max(y)+2])
down sampling
7
6
5
x [n ]
4
3
2
1
0
-1
-2
-2
-1
EXPERIMENT 3
IMPLEMENTATION OF CONVOLUTION SUM
% program for convolution without using standard commands
clc
clear all
close all
x=[1 2 3 4 5]
h=[40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47]
m=length(x);
n=length(h);
if(m>=n)
p=m;
else
p=n;
end
X=[x,zeros(1,n)];
H=[h,zeros(1,m)];
for i=1:n+m-1
Y(i)=0;
for j=1:p
if(i-j+1>0)
Y(i)=Y(i)+X(j)*H(i-j+1);
else
end
end
end
stem(Y);
ylabel('Y[n]');
xlabel('n');
title('convolution of two signals without conv function');
convolution of two signals without conv function
700
600
500
Y[n]
400
300
200
100
0
6
n
% program for overlap add convolution
clc
clearall
closeall
x=[1 3 5 7 9 11 12 13 14 17]
h=[10 5 2]
cconv(x,h)
p=length(x);
q=length(h);
if(p>=q)
N=p;
else
N=q;
end
x1=zeros(1,10);
Nx=length(x);
M=length(h);
L=ceil(N-M+1);
h=[h zeros(1,N-M)];
d=floor(Nx/L);
for j=0:d-1
k=1:L;
x1(k)=x(k+j*L);
x1=[x, zeros(1,N-L)];
r=1:j*L+1;
z(j+1,r)=0;
y=cconv(x1,h,N);
10
12
t=1:N;
z(j+1,t+j*L)=y(t);
end
for j=1:length(z)
b(j)=0;
for k=1:d
b(j)=b(j)+z(k,j);
end
end
stem(b);
450
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
EXPERIMENT 5
10
COMPUTATION OF DFT
% program for computation of DFT
im aginary part of x (n)
real part:x (n)
for t=1:45
h(t)=sin(2*pi*(11^11)*t)
end
N=length(h)
n=1:N
y=0
for k=1:N
y=y+h(k)*exp(-j*2*pi*(k-1)*(n-1)/N)
end
subplot(3,1,1)
stem(n,real(y))
title('spectrum of given signal:real part')
xlabel('n')
ylabel('real part:x(n)')
subplot(3,1,2)
stem (n,imag(y))
title('spectrum of given signal:imag part')
xlabel('n')
ylabel('imaginary part of x(n)')
subplot(3,1,3)
stem(n,angle(y))
xlabel('phase')
ylabel('n')
title('angle plot')
spectrum of given signal:real part
0.1
0
-0.1
10
15
20
10
15
20
25
n
angle plot
10
15
20
25
phase
0.05
25
30
n
spectrum of given signal:imag part
35
40
45
30
35
40
45
30
35
40
45
0
-0.05
5
0
-5
EXPERIMENT 4
COMPUTATION OF IMPULSE RESPONSE OF THE LTI SYSTEM
% program for impulse response
clc
clearall
closeall
x=input('enter the input coefficients=');%x=20
y=input('enter the output coefficients=');%y=20
m=input('enter start of sequence with negative value');%m=-2
n=input('enter length of sequence');%n=30
p=m;
q=m+n;
z=p:q;
w=-p;
i=[zeros(1,w) 1 zeros(1,q)];
X1=filter(x,y,i);
figure;
stem(z,X1);
xlabel('sample range')
ylabel('y(n)')
title('impulse response')
impulse response
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
y (n )
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
-5
10
15
sample range
20
25
30
