ASSIGNMENT

ON
SUMMARY OF 80286, 80386, 80486
AND PENTIUM MICROPROCESSOR

SUBMITTED BY:
Er. AMIT MAHAJAN
80286 microprocessor: Basically this
microprocessor is an advanced version of 8086. So before
starting with 80286 we must know something about
8086. Intel 8086 is a 16 bit microprocessor intended to be
used as a CPU in a microcomputer. The term 16 bit
means that its arithmetic logic unit, its internal registers,
its instructions are designed to work with 16 bit binary
words. It has a 20 bit address bus and 16 bit data bus. So
this means that it can address any one of the 1048576
memory locations and it can read data from or write data
to the memory and ports either 16 bit or 8 bit at a time.
Here the word is stored in two consecutive memory
locations. Also one thing to note here is that if the first
byte of the word is stored at even address, the 8086 can
read the entire word in one operation. Alternatively if the
first byte of the word is at odd address, then the 8086 will
read the first byte in one operation and the second byte
in the second operation. 8088 is just similar to 8086 but
the difference between the two is that 8088 has a 8 bit
data bus. The Intel 80186 is an improved version of 8086.
It is also a 16 bit microprocessor but it has a
programmable peripheral devices integrated in the same
package. 80186 instruction set has all the instructions of
8086 but also has certain additional instructions. A
program written in 8086 will execute properly on 80186
but the vice- versa is not true. With this brief introduction
of 8086,8088,80186 let’s explain 80286.
The Intel 80286 was introduced on
February 1, 1982 (also called Intel 286 or iAPX 286)
belongs to the family of 8086, is a high performance 16
bit microprocessor. As explained earlier it is an advanced
version of 8086 but with a different architectural
philosophy. It was widely used in IBM PC compatible
computers during the mid 1980s to early 1990s. Its initial
releases were of 6 and 8 MHZ but they were
subsequently scaled up to 12.5 MHZ (AMD and Harris
later pushed the architecture to speeds as high as 20 and
25 MHz, respectively.) On average, the 80286 had a
speed of about 0.21 Million instructions per clock. The 6
MHZ model operates at 0.9 MIPS, the 10MHZ model at 1.5
MIPS, and the 12 MHZ model at 1.8 MIPS. The 80286’s
performance was more than twice of its predecessors
(the intel 8086 and 8088) per clock cycle. Here the
complex mathematical operations took fewer clock cycles
compared to the 8086.

The 80286 eliminates the multiplexing of the buses. It

has a linear address bus with 24 address lines that can
address 16M bytes of memory directly. It also supports a
memory management unit, and through the memory
management unit it can address 1G bytes of memory,
also known as virutal memory. The processor includes
various built in mechanisms that can protect the system
software from the user programs, and restrict access to
some regions of the memory. The 80286 is specially
designed for multiuser and multitasking system. It has
four level memory protections and supports for operating
system.
 There are two operating modes for 80286. The real
address mode and the protected virtual address mode. As
explained in the real address mode the processor can
address up to 1MB of the physical memory. The virtual
address mode is for multiuser and multitasking system.
In this mode of operation the memory management unit
can manage upto 1 GB of the virtual memory though the
real memory may be much less,only 16 MB. Basically in
this mode one user do not interfere with the other. Also
users cannot interfere with the operating system. These
features are called protection. THE 80286 contains four
processing units:
1.Bus unit
2.Instruction unit
3.Execution unit
4. Address unit
All memory and I/O read /write operations are performed
by BU. While the current instruction is being executed,
the BU prefetches instructions and keeps them in a queue
of six bytes. The function of IU is to decode the perfected
instructions and to maintain a queue of 3 decoded
instructions for execution. The EU executes instruction.
The address unit computes address of memory or I/O
devices, which is to be sent by BU for read and write
operation. All the four units work in parallel within the
CPU. This type of parallel operation is called pipelining. All
modern 16 bit CPU use pipelining. In pipelining several
execution units in a processor work simultaneously in
parallel.

80386 Microprocessor: The Intel 80386 (also called

Intel386) is a microprocessor which has been used as the
CPU of many personal computers since 1986. During its
design phase the processor was code-named simply “p3”,
the third generation processor in the x 86 lines but it is
normally referred to as eitheri386 or just 386. The 80386
operated at 5 million instructions per second to 11.4MIPS
for the 33MHz model. It was the first x86 processor to
have 32 bit architecture, with a basic programming model
that has remained virtually unchanged for over 20 years.
Successively newer implementations of this same
architecture have become literally several hundred times
faster than the original i386 chip during these years.
As this is a 32 bit microprocessor it
has a circuitry of 275000 transistors. It was basically
introduced in the year 1985. It is compatible with 8086,
8088, 80186, 80286 microprocessors. It also contains a
four-level protection mechanism on the chip itself. It has
a total of 129 instructions. The 80386 is a 32 bit
microprocessor with a nonmultiplexed 32 bit address bus
housed in a 132 pin grid array package. Basically this
microprocessor has three versions: 80386SX,SL and DX.
The DX version has a 32 bit internal architecture
and a 32 bit data bus whereas the SX and the SL
version have a 32 bit internal architecture but a 16 bit
wide data bus . The SL version consumes less power
and is basically used in laptops and notebooks. These
versions operate from 20MHz to 33MHz. It is capable of
addressing 4G bytes of physical memory and through its
memory management unit it can address 64 terabytes of
the virtual memory. The processor can operate in two
modes: Real and protected. In the real mode physical
address space is 1Mbytes (20 address lines), which is
extended to 4G bytes in the protected mode (32 address
lines). The primary difference between these modes is
the availability of the memory space and the addressing
scheme. The 80386 has 32 bit registers and is upward
software compatible with the 8086. The execution of the
instructions is highly pipelined and the processor is
designed to operate in a multiuser and multitasking
environment. It has the protection mechanism for this
type of environment.
It has basically six functional units:
bus interface unit, code prefetch unit, instruction decode
unit, execution unit, segmentation unit and the paging
unit. It has the provision for both memory segmentation
and paging. A page is of fixed size 4KB each. Segment
vary in size, 4GB is the maximum size of a segment. The
80386 has 11 addressing modes: register, immediate,
direct, register indirect, based, indexed, scale indexed,
base indexed, base scale indexed, base indexed with
displacement and base scale indexed with displacement
addressing. In the scale indexed addressing the contents
of an indexed register are multiplied with a scaling factor
and the result is added to the displacement to obtain the
operand’s offset. As explained earlier it has 32 bit register
and has eight general purpose registers, six 16 bit
segment registers, also has a 32 bit instruction pointer,
six debug registers and a 32 bit status register. The
80386 has a segment descriptor register associated with
each segment register. The 80386 was widely used in
powerful PCs before the 80486 was devopled.

80486 Microprocessor: Basically this is an

upgraded advanced version of 80386 and it was released
in the year 1989. It contains a 32 bit CPU, a floating-point
math coprocessor, unified instruction and data cache
memory and memory management unit in a single IC. It
contains an electronic circuitry of 1.2 million transistors.
Its operating frequency for its different versions is 25, 33,
66 and 100MHz. It is 3 to 5 times faster than 80386.
Basically this is available in two versions: DX and SX. The
DX type version is a 32 bit processor housed in a 168 pin
grid array package and can operate with the clock
frequencies from 25 to 66 MHz as explained earlier. The
important additional features of the 486 processor in
comparison with the 386 processor are as follows. The
486 processor includes:
• Built in math coprocessor. In the 386 system, a math
coprocessor is an external device. Therefore, the
math instructions in 486 systems are executed three
times faster than in 386 systems.
• 8K byte of code and data cache memory on the chip.
 • Highly pipelined execution unit. Therefore the
execution time for many instructions is one clock
period.
Basically we do not use 80486 but instead of that we use
i486 because of a court ruling that prohibited
trademarking numbers. Intel dropped number-based
naming altogether with the successor to the i486-the
Pentium processor. The 486 contains the following
functional units:
• Execution unit
• Control unit
• Bus interface unit
• Code prefetch unit
• Instruction decode unit
• Segmentation unit
• Paging unit
• Cache unit
• Floating point unit.
The code prefetch unit contains a 32 byte queue to
store fetched instruction codes. The control unit also
contains a control ROM to store microcodes. The
segmentation unit calculates linear address (the
starting address of the segment plus the offset) from
the logical address. The address given in the
program is called the logical address. It also provides
4-level of protection for isolating and protecting tasks
and the operating system from each other. The
paging unit provides the paging facility within a
segment. It translates the linear address into the
 physical address. The actual capacity of RAM and
ROM existing in a computer is known as physical
memory. The segmentation and the paging unit
constitute memory management unit.
I
n summary, the 486 is a high speed, high performance 32
bit microprocessor. It executes many of its instructions in
one clock cycle by using highly pipelined execution units.
It is designed to facilitate the execution of high level
languages and suited for multiprocessing and
multitasking systems. In the early 1990s, 486 was
generally used in high end microcomputers and network
environments.