PREPARED BY
TO
Priyanka Gupta
Ahamad
Shreya Bhatnagar
Charge
Shampa Srivastava
Deptt.
SUBMITTED
Mr. Jameel
Seminar InEE
A smart grid delivers electricity from
suppliers to consumers using two-way
digital technology to control appliances
at consumers' homes to save energy,
reduce cost and increase reliability and
transparency.
Self healing
Empower and incorporate the consumer
Tolerant of attack
Provides power quality needed by 21 st
century consumers
Accommodates a wide variety of
generation options (like green energy)
Fully enables maturing electricity markets
Optimizes assets
VARIABLE TARIFF-BASED LOAD
variable price profile given to the customer day
ahead
different price profile for each day
automatic home management device coupled to
an energy meter
ENERGY USAGE MONITORING AND FEEDBACK
display of energy consumption
comparisons to average consumption pattern
suggestions on how to further lower consumption
REAL-TIME PORTFOLIO IMBALANCE
REDUCTION
Balance Responsible Party (BRP) which plan
or forecast the energy production and
consumption
Imbalance cost for the BRPs on deviation
from the energy plan
OFFERING RESERVE CAPACITY TO THE TSO
Energy generated by consumers sold back to
the grid
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM CONGESTION
MANAGEMENT
loads shifted away from periods at which
congestion occurs
usage data provided by the consumers proves
to be very helpful
DISTRIBUTION GRID CELL ISLANDING IN CASE
OF HIGHER- SYSTEM INSTABILITY
instable system operated separately
transition to island mode automatic
BLACK START SUPPORT FROM SMART HOUSES
after black-out local grid is out of operation
start-up quickly in island mode
then reconnect with up-stream network
INTEGRATION OF FORECASTING TECHNIQUES
forecasting a necessary tool due to volatility of
production level of distributed generators
lowest forecasting error means most efficient
operation
Independent processors in each component at
each sub-station and power plant
Sensors are connected to all other
components in the system
Own state and of all other components are
known and communicated
On addition of new devices to the system device
parameters are automatically updated
The new component also has a built-in processor
TYPICAL BLACK-OUT SEQUENCE
a sudden outage of major lines occurs
further outage due to overload leaves the
system imbalanced
frequency declines with large generation load
imbalance
generation is taken off-line
island blacks out
long time taken to restore power
emergency imposed on the system
frequency & load/generation imbalance is determined
and total outage is prevented
Distribution system needs many changes to
come in sync with requirements for the
implementation of smart grid
DESIRED OPTIMISATIONS
DEMAND OPTIMISATION
DELIVERY OPTIMIZATION
ASSET OPTIMIZATION
RENEWABLES OPTIMIZATION
Refers to monitoring, control &
communication functions
Important aspects of DA are in areas of
protection and switching
Helps in quickly reconfigure interconnected
network of feeders
Can detect fault current and voltages
Can help in self-healing of the grid
Can communicate with one another
DISTRIBUTED ASSET OPTIMIZATION MODEL
Developed to provide an engineering basis for
predicting hourly loading at any point
between the sub-station & customer
Calculates power flowing through each
transformer
Provides insights required to make better
planning and operating decisions
DATA COLLECTION
DATA INCLUDES
Customer information & billing data
Customer hourly consumption data
Distribution transformer characteristics
Feeder characteristics
Connectivity data for the distribution system
DATA VALIDATION
Total annual customer energy validated with
annual energy measured at the sub-station
ESTABLISH WEATHER SENSITIVITY
Data obtained is weather-sensitive
Tuned with the weather parameters to obtain
the actual data
Data obtained from users matched with Load-
Shape library
Customers assigned best matching hourly or
daily load-shape
CALIBRATION
To compensate for unaccounted energy
calibration process applied
Residential, Small Office & commercial
building sector responsible for over 50% of
total electricity consumption
Homes, offices and commercial buildings
treated as an interconnected network
instead of single units
Able to communicate, interact & negotiate
with both customers & energy devices in
local grid
Grid operated more efficiently as
consumption is better predicted
SMART HOME NETWORK
MICROGENERATION
Small homes can generate wind and solar power
which if in surplus amount can be sold back to the
distributor
SMART METERS
With their help user consumption can be measured,
monitored and controlled
Smarter decisions made by consumers can be
communicated back to grid
LOCAL STORAGE UNITS
Enables smart homes to store energy for future use
Introduces a holistic concept & technology
for smart homes
Smart homes & buildings treated as
proactive consumers also known as
prosumers
Prosumers negotiate & collaborate as an
intelligent network
A communication technique to
automatically collect the meter readings &
other relevant data from meters
AMR has benefits beyond meter reading
It provides crucial data on an insight into
other areas of operation
For small commercial customers monthly
consumption read is sufficient
For large commercial and industrial
customers daily consumption read is
required
Remote monitoring devices attached to
meters store hourly consumption profile
Accurate bills provided to customers are
more satisfying than estimated bills
RF COMMUNICATION
Most widely accepted method of
communication between meter and data
collection
A wake-up signal is sent by data collection
system to the RF devices
Devices send back the latest meter read &
other information
RADIO-EQUIPPED HAND-HELD COMPUTER
DRIVE-BY OR MOBILE DATA COLLECTION
FIXED NETWORK DATA COLLECTION
Meter reader carrying a hand-held computer
equipped with radio receiver walks-by homes,
without actually entering the premises
Manual error reduced
Radio transreciever installed in a utility
vehicle
Root information downloaded from the utility
billing system
Loaded into radio transreciever
Vehicle drives along the route and collects the
readings through RF communication
Fixed network installed over saturated areas
where advanced metering data,
reads, unscheduled reads required
variable
Used where daily reading or reading several
times a day is required
INBOUND SYSTEMS
Modules call a central master data
collection computer at pre-scheduled time
Provides hourly consumption data
OUTBOUND SYSTEMS
Master station calls the remote meter
module to collect data
Usage reporting device at each customer
site is called a SMART METER
Computerised replacement of electrical
meters
Contains a processor, non-volatile storage
& communication facilities
Can track usage as a function of time-ofday, disconnect a customer via a software
or send out alarms in case of problems
Interface directly with smart appliances to
control them
Necessary to support major applications &
systems such as demand response, wide area
measurement
& control, electricity storage & transportation.
TRUST
Necessary to know whether appropriate user
is accessing accurate data created by right
device at proper time
And the data hasnt been modified
Data transfer now taking place through digital
medium like internet
Chances of data theft and modification very
high
Hackers can immediately manipulate their
energy costs or fabricate false readings
PRIVACY
Electricity use pattern could lead to disclosure
of when people are at home or work or
travelling
This could support criminal targeting of homes
Most effective solution for securing smart
grid based on PKI technologies
PKI TECHNICAL ELEMENTS
PKI standards
Smart Grid PKI tools
Device Attestation
PKI STANDARDS
Provide a mechanism for defining naming
convention and certificate policy
They dont specify how these standards
should be used
They only provide a high-level framework for
digital certificate usage and for implementing
a PKI
PKI TOOLS
They tell how to work on the PKI standards
Ease the management of PKI components in
the Smart Grid application
DEVICE ATTESTATION
Device
attestation certificates are used
only to assert the device manufacturer,
model, serial no. and that the device has
not been tampered with
Renewable resources affect the reliability of
grid due to their volatility
Demand response and electric storage
provide economics of grid
Grid reliability can be improved by mitigating
peak demand and load variability
Reliability problem arises due to faults
occurring in the system
FUNCTIONS THAT RESOLVE THESE PROBLEMS
Fault diagnosis and alarm processing
function
Fault location function
Service restoration function
FAULT DIAGNOSIS AND ALARM PROCESSING
FUNCTION
Automatically triggered after occurrence of a
fault
Also detect missing remote control signal
Analysis of the fault presented to the operator
FAULT LOCATION FUNCTION
To find the location of faults
Quickly determine the faulty section of feeder
SERVICE RESTORATION FUNCTION
Restores the power to the non-faulted section
of the feeder
