DM. Sazonov Santee conn CROWAVE cBY —— and —_— ANTENNAS MOCKBA «BHICMIAA MLKOA® Mir Publiis pub £500 ad roe the Asian by 30n S0sennn8 @ tnarensery esueae sont, 188 EAI (© bh tna Contents rcs Part One, Microwave Circus capt 1, Tamas Ly In Rao Sve aD ie ig aie of» Cor Tmt Loe Seow Gail scone ison Seems Brault. Wetec yet wit Dany hap oF i Ee re at ne en a Seageaae62 Bera gemma rr rm nO 1 mpd of igale b the Baa $b Hela Bet Pore Bi Be a Shee gt tmcion = hai lenge fe ant Stein Creat s fe ere aero eee SE ee an Optine Atmeviueny ‘atresia of Bh anes g 85. Reon whe Tort Dizoetinate te"? Pramas rls Frettoelimapendnt, Aen ar 36. fiGionae rites Unog Qasr Wave and Di we SES eate 8 2, Bisdand satcing of Resistive Lan by Steppe-imgeance Canes ne ene a Ar By 58, Heuibia/nng other LondsbyTaprtimgeiaee saat ah Want Rite a Chapter 6, AMlerowave Control and Rersite Revices st sei ol Barron om the tunear Ane ‘Gt. Classification of Microwave Conteat Dovices 131 ton 88 LE RS thm, sma ti file eye nS et ee HE ea felines a Be eerie “Linea Radiator Bln tRadlators var the Aner cong, att — a toa Dieeete age elgg steer tomes tas BE FS ES nN “ eh Rm ay aes 8Hgg eas Nae Atenas 6: Spel Eyes Sf Hat Ancona COTES SAT atetnds, Objective Served by Araps oncaien Avoons, Blea SSESE GEARSRE Preface ‘The objective ofthis txt 1s Lo give the reader an insight into the theoretical aspects, analysis rynthenie abd design of entenues tnd tier re teenamtspion (oeder) sytem iileding Preparatory ps forthe use of exlating and coatemplated CAD syiteme, Te frotumed that the sealer hay a working knowledge af the aost ly used divisions of higher methemates, basi cnvut they ‘hustions. From a course oa plotrodynemies, he ‘tales is faced to know the cherscteitice of guste sd inglded ‘loctromagnetic waver, the fundamental. principles of sociprocity, Sunlity, equivalonco, and’ the Poynting Gheorem. At a retinder, ‘hese topics are recapitulated i the appendix to the text Basically, this ext fellows in the stope of Antennas peblishod by G.T" Markey and D-M Saionv ja 075, and Microwave Cireuits by DAM, Stzonov, A.N. Gain and B.A. Mishnstin when appeared 18 ‘an Bnplish renelation sn 1084-In contrast ta the above fe books, {lscurse on theory Is combined with prcttesl dotgoe, and thers {sno division of the material into two'sopatate parts it ta ta Be sessed that because of the limited apace avaiable. there ate ho ‘Rparate sections an the massorement of characteris of mciowave clcll sh shtnnas, suing anteni foe sot, adn and long wavelengths, Tho ofevant theoretical napost, hawever, wil be {pond in othe chap to te extent suranga ihe eric Fora move detolled exposition of te eubjectuster the reader nay turn wo (8) and Toi, and al» Chapters 13 9nd 48 in The AuthorIntroduction Any eudio (Communication, broadoustiog, sidas, navigation ont tte ystems will always tchudo eal ass tndispensable pars a ‘ntonne and en = tratamision (or feedot) syste, Foes to ers pay by ones nnd, tang Satfocommanteatign system skein sa fg. Oe eto ins ‘antenna tenostorms the gulded eleclromagagile waves coming true NT a aaa ae al esse nt] a ig 0, Covet sermngement of «sain sytem the teausmitter over the sf. transmission system into unguided siamiggti eves wath te then aia ao ee seen On SU port, the teoiving “antenan transforms the incoming tngulde ‘ee apnc) slecromagastte waves ino gulded naves whigh then ooegted ne eating wud cams cavern Stungiided into guided sleciromagnotie waves is ievitaly accom ‘anu by ie rote vnlistow of sme eatin, The cera ei fn lil duo to the reaiving antenna is superimposed on the primacy ‘itd of th transmitting antenna in sucha way that tb ovecall pence sf the two fas carried to infinity s rdueed by the power tat the ‘ceiving antenna extracts rom the scifont lal. Thee su fade ‘mental llr Ming antoana: According to th theo of electromaguatsh. ny antenna tan be tae for both ans ‘nission snd reseption. ‘This explains why tu many tale seat, flo" Waves ‘il Usthlly be Wausilied and received by ee ‘Siate-of the-art antennas ary designed so meet a umber of eeqir- ts, Of tem, two ace tecisives One it diecive.propesiee oF {te Astctbution of electromagnetic power im space {or Unt npouse tthe tacoming electromngnstic fea ring rocepion) ins al Aetinod pattern: Sometimes, it i dosiroe that at antenna shoul ‘dint ot roeoiv equally well tall digestions, fn other casera Eyed ie nt sad ite rnc pay tn Some nacrow sector called the beam. Por an auton te: bodes SVtariow beam, ts dinensioas soni botany Limes the operating ‘avelengi of ie associated redo atour, The ence hoy nie iment is that the omission and reception of tals naves inal be Secompanied bythe feast cttauibie low of slectomagnete power ‘rough daspation of et tthe eonductors eid deletes $f the Sterna that iy ah tena showld have a nghffcseney he se st achiewing hig lice te coperialy formidable on ces where fn utenaa is vee soll tw comparison with the, speratng Nae il iow practical antenna will operate unser actual service cont ‘ns tnd ow one shad go abot choosing tiv nperang Heaeeseies {Gravelengtis) and ateoa parameters fare give Fadi system ston, repens on the propertie of the medivar tn ch the waves ae 16 be" propagated. "rultgnslly” those sotto ace des ah te separate course on ‘iis oloctrodyhamtcs and Propagation of ade Sie nA aes ume stadt eh alized: conditions of fee spece. The properties an clits of ihe Satrounting medium cat be seeounted for By course tthe ethoey Stare’ the theors of wave propagation rmonce of s radia system tees tat cons te anes ofa team ‘ceiver (oe Pig. O-1) Back rf Ususmstsion system chal (emg rave avon Suetan ti righ cent sug on revver i rele ib ncmog signal on age cy nas. may contaun switching eects snd rotery (or gtansg) Joints, eltetronsebeam switohing Tulsi, Henenpolatcaton ae ‘ices sn whatever instrumentation toy be nese ‘Apirt from antennas, e. tenasmteton system ave widely used, ‘a 'mensuring equipment, bolably to dtermime the paramstacs otveriows nadia, tn particle eecelertors i the Ned ting and drying of Tnateriais and prodocts, medicine and ‘lsavners. Thsreforsy We all Eenen et iin tm fs wer nage 2 petulant canes Froe‘commonly. the key elouts of aa r. trsmision systom are tenant inn (or waveguide scion, adaptor conoeies, Tasching” elements, directional couplers, absocbers. ites, pies ‘Bikers taritaeitulator ond Solator, and siiches ‘Predomiaantly. antennae nnd “the fasacted transmission ystome fall n the category of linea aad poanive devices. Phys, they are asoumblagez of components an elements made of conde: econ yours te'the ctf suionas wing's bea ply Sova ia spice ssa? ihe'e excision for each being independently controlled ay ast {erantenans and tor microwave tranamiason bysen fl te migra ductile er Macey tae rac amie PAs snat Caet miioearamenicranaael fea, or arms) Yield peoibitvely involved ropreseattions af lectcc snd gt tino ino te sei et ra ha ec Sees ela em lon Gates Peri teas aaa acne eco apni eat an ite pellet as peda cael pice ge ana ‘pea ie ates etree Tecan tetera ae aa, ri nett ee ee cee pageant eoadaaier ee mney peat emis mach i as waveguide usctons, loads, irises, radiating slots, dipale ernys. and S600) ire replaced for purposes ol auslysiy nd oyntie ‘malin function mali feeeatdes or by aqua cri a plexity. ‘The paranters of the equivalent multipote er of tate mfuivilont clsults are deduced subject ta the comuition that the ectricl‘cliaractevisties found. for t pariiese rlement_ fom ‘ite fuvelont circuit showia correspond i tsp {tg oxact valuce obtained by's sigoous solution ofthe rapective oundeey peoblom of ‘electrodynamics ot by pression sessute f'n antenna of teansmlssion-eystemndasignet has at bis disposal a Sulicintiyemple clisction of aqurttent cette for slander fr bass tamente, he may thon procaee with his analysis or syatheate Hoy ese Co epics st comme the ba lene tte ‘complete system ofthe desieet coafigeretion. With sich 4ppiy- cis not any longer necessary ta low in deat how elactoarag™ etic elds behave tn the verlous vices, and th combining alge ‘thm selfs implemented bya computer which esecutes suitable Drograms developed and debugged in avaace. The package of sacl Drograme along with oat of base sloment charactrstes consis fee eral of CD ayo fora pnclar cass of antennas nd "Ta addition to the general thoory of microwave circuits, desigears on stateotthenst it trenemanion systems Widely Nes ‘ther appeociate Theories, such ne geometsea! optca, Physical| (ovave) optic, the scalar thoory of diffastiou, and the geo corp of tiesction ‘A Historical Overview: The science au act of ontennas ant ‘uatsnsston (or feder) systems, ag we ktow them today. go haek > ‘the 9th century. As tradition heat, We early atrous siete ens ‘elated to theelectrymagnetic eld ase sasclaved with tho experimen fried “out by M." Faraday (1704-1860) rigorous mateyetical foundation for cectromagnetion tas ind ta fa6e by 7, Moswell ASLO) os aot of univecsal equations” Followiig lt. th tostsigallcaot uoretcal and expenuental sides sat i son tate afte Llds st up by the elementary pole sh the aps Glectromaguetic wave raditare were posto hy Tis Hote (eh he), But he fale to sao anything af practical value ta is fue It wos not until 1895 that A.8- Fopov (1850-1000) built — foe fh. fics time’ ever a teauemiting anleuha (es eluate metal ets secured atthe ends of Hertsiaudipolel sais ceiving ston. Sacral clita onde arounding ation etre {roatment ofa dipole antande aw'an stray of Uipolan nas proposed by M"Abraiam vio ormtated the coacept ofthe radiation sctisuee Df a ostonaa S00 ‘ins eomsente waves ld be enamel, wthin waa pes was iat suggested theoretically by J.J" Thoonson a 1399 a Gord Reviigh itsit, [e'won sat ual & years ine st ae docs Were ieplanented im practice, oisgree amen aud ct ache ak om tot, 1940-30, Acbilrariy. he fellowing lasee ight be defined ta the Alovolapisent of aateonas end tL" teassnnzsionapstome 4, The petid of wie aniennas for Tong and medio waves (1000- 1925). The antennae vere amall comparison wilt the wavelengths ‘sed andthe prieypal bottlenece wes ta trave an accopibie set ‘lla elletency. ‘The bea antaansa af the time ted sasts up 0 190’ tall ang eamiled grounding syatome. Avery fail den was ‘ntsanoad by Alexandercon he proposed te tae a's rotical suet ‘pith several in-phoco toned downlends and» well-developed hones fal pack Ia 1917-1918, NV. Shulotkincarse'up with pethodfor Salelating’ ho capacitance and tnetanee of samples Tngenive dio notwors 1920-1985), As radio com Band antennae a bo weed ‘itch were uot only comparable in san but even could substan or tue parody ole aatenas (ibe praeceesrs. of te: prescatday ‘sed says). nthe USSR, they wero developed under the gutdan. Invedueion igh PP eV Et te one aA ure ar re ena our ea Seer tila sectarian ge TERA a hme eine ta tea Hope ned Tp gen i tt Eu SAGs ancy reer ct ‘NE "ile art end solence of aatesnas and ierywave elute bate Sree nea eee esi seta a anna Sipene casiag ernazatpaeth cet sas HERS SRNR cote ttre pee isthe ic tty desea ie eat ate at Atta cic ‘eaten ica si wes Seat ps na rn wales Sean cat pesopra Rees rerretana Weare: dete Gage ig ae eee a el at es i Een Regen iincton ar ae sei fer msi, Hyg mene te sre aa ae ear spun ioe cay act cee teats Wat ah Wopeacoatey cn ie Pemba ao ih Somes ganas See sees ei tna idea aes ca ie Snares ie te tie SeEsieo ee inate = any saa a eee ea au a eee ety ae Sena ahaa auch ga eat ae HOSS AT Silas ov ii eratata states vee eee Lae eal HRishans vac paetcdaibe erste SPT ao cus ven sel is aaa ne ister AS Sk be dea PE RS Pie UY rhe cman teal ee ie LA Nec ee ae Se aaa ee AS ee ei ttre er aati Heiden aa elas eel ete Se SE aise etn rete SC oe ioe oe Ee mn epi ln ree wey aR lame cae tu a Re GER See arise ae Ee ea LD. Bekheath, Ya. Bold, ¥e.G, Zalkin, V.P. Yakovler, and tionnas. Notably, Ya.N. Vauiyev sand 4 atetiod of itegesl cauats: Sete an 00 fa Clea” Ci fa a eae faliatin characteris of gntodnas placed near tneal bodes of Serdang tae, Vv" Niele? aul cy eters neh ‘Stemlitgenourmethonrconpmtersided seomasaaen as fess of meeps sf asp So ood san es “Rion she reli obained by Soviet seen in ecent yous special mention should be i ar the ova ofthe suits fom te neared smpitoen tnd pines of ae see eeseoae fila. (Credit for pioneer Work here goes taPeML Gatun tad LD. Bas Te summing wp thes sort fire overview of gnteauas aed auroware ct my ote wih onlay ae fo eas Sanu solly siege to txteng tue range of able coneaete ‘ss it was used in Popov's early devices. the antenna has matured 10 Scoantinns oPans ety arty a" tca and ery Besenday rar the went and sasha ands len pes, the : age of See = chloe at she or Proper. ‘Ombinel” i meiceshene Exgsasion (or eden) stn spice anima have Re Sia Boome" an secon slag sf the oe cabte at SeloPart"One Microwave Circuits Chapter One ‘Transmission Lines In Radio Systeme and Devices 4.1, Basie Parameters of Transmission Lines ‘A tranemission Line sofas to a material steuotc fo tesaaae Dat fm ane place f9 anor and endo ea Imagnotic enexgy from ie soutos to loads. Tesusulssow lines serve fo tanvey power from genesutara to aug equipment, to for res ant system scl as Sesonant cavities aed datibutnd-parasnter toned thouite, and do tesnaform load impasneas Transmission ine ‘tons ae sot te combine the edad micioyays componente integral rf, or mlorowave trauaassion syste mst line is called uniform se erouzaeeional ages nd i properties of he fling ei (tea do bot ebango with distane slong Its asic, Algo, a tenoemsion line ie ‘called homogeneous if ita eroaSectionl area filled hy s homoge plese S farther sabi alo opt ne taueguides. Ai ‘open Tine (Gust as multi-wive and stip. Une, ‘urlatn-avo lines, aad some others) hag no outer conducting suiscs ER Soul'complataly telus the conducting region, Tn contac, saragaide wil have one ge several conducting mracas completly ‘helosing the voglon in which eestromagnetie waves are propagated "Won chouring a particule type of teenumasion line fo spociic appucatian, the following elects! charsclaisie and: pores he docirve. ‘Wave type oF mode, lie pattern, and entolffrequeney. To nd tne chabert, a proeands from the specie’ sroxseetonal {oy cana aut se ale a TUBER To We txt, Soviet waage wil’ mony ee au solves hw boundacy probleme of clectsiynamic, Most frequently, electromagnetic eicrgy is co}veyed an tation Hine 8s dominic tea wey ot node ta oe fing yen tel or te eer oh gia int ome appleations, however. prefers may he ven te higher ‘eee i etal reny ean tat athe domingo “The following typer of waves or modes, ity ho named (0) Trane etromapnaie ower or te TEM mode In a howor sgeteous totropic medfuin, it elects and magnetic eld veslo ase in everywhere perpontictlar tothe direcon of propapaiton Te siher words, tne [ongttadinal components of both ed sectors ae ro; the eutolffroquoncy for the FDA mode te lisewis soto. Te Seeley ne hving i at tv aad confsion fo Btetricat (2) wave, or the TM (wanseeree magnet) mde, tule nde the loos componente the magnate Ral ee id the tongtiudipal component of the clecirc Held is nonce “eo Magnelte (H) tamer the TE teranaveres slic) modes this mode tis electric field vector is everywhere porpenifealae the direction of propagetion. and tie langiainel Coupon of tk bleette tld Vettor i rere, 0 fiyord etetromagnals (HE ot EH) wares, or the ME mode ‘is ae has components of ath sete and ago Held soe Both ‘TE aod TA inode re typical of waveguides fled with a liomogensousy isotopic medivat ‘Their aol frequenies ist ‘ther thon soto abd depead” on the shape. snd dimengons at oS ‘ross section and’ the parameters af the filling dielectric. asek ln: ove Bae dente forthe ext eguoncy cota wae: Glatzel: aid ao 0m). a : Hiyboid electeomayaetio waves esist, as a rule, in transmission oes wing au inhomogeneous dielesinie mediuan, ‘Tit satel ‘oquenaies depen on the shape aid size of the cioss-ection ae the parameters of the “iting” medium’ "in. a" complee manne Blaporateslgorthis have tobe ed for desga in sec ease ane to the charastorisiles of hybrid clecratagneic Waves ase south {und on w computer. For route liybeid motes, the cnell reqwaney sy asymiptoteaytend to | aero, Dispersion, Ita tcansmienon line or s transmission medium ts suc th diferateequonetes travel at diferent velocities th lve the medium staid to be atsperoune. Tins Jopendence of veloute Se HRequncy for 8 pvieuat fine may be sticd a4 99 eustiog ‘Teansmisslon Lines operating tn tho TEM ine are fee from die pesion, aud tie paso veloely im thom at say foqueney i Sal oo the velicity of propogation of a plane clectesmaghetts wave ia ekesmeéiua [ing the tennsmission line: pecs where € = velocity of light vacuum cy = felative pormitivty of tie medias = tlative permeability of the medivin Toa awe vl of Tafa" 1M tes efted 4 alow axoguld are frequency dependent azd'exeond the velocity of ght ‘n't medium filing the a sling wavepnde dg = wavelength of the ‘mode in, vacuum. Accordingly, for TE and TM, modes the wavelength in a hollow waveguide (he guide wavelengthy. wil be dog = hy (eh) #2 UL — ght For hybrid modes, the phase velocity” depends on frequency in more complex. way, and for them the daperion characteris fag te ben on 9p: Weg sabe rors ispesion has» marked ‘bearing ‘on the fancy rgponse of devices built oPtcnaminionne (waveguide) settins, and should Se'takon into account when dacgsing Seek davies ‘Attenuation constant. An sletromaghet wave peopagated in any sal transnion Tine sllersatanuaiion’ the magaitaue of ts power cress ae PQ) =P expt wer carried by the travelling wave theough ths reforoace (inital) ation “ofthe teusesatnog Toe 4 5 istince teavelled by the wave én the diection of where #0) es place because some of the propagated power fs inevitably’ dssipeed seat in the conductors ant dielectrics tle bees tome power stilted attenuation constant may be expresed otha in nepess per met- sof fine Toogth a 2 = 05 InP (OP(O) or in decibels per metzo of line longth = 10 og 1F (VP DL ‘The two units are connected by the follwing obvious roltions: 1 aDim = approx. 0.115 nepoe/mn ond 4 neperim = appeos. 8.08 Bim ‘Th calouatio of the attenuation constant for transmission Lines {s Uiseusod in Getal in courses om eectradynasies. Here it wil, Slice to recall Uhat the et commotly ised eqaation forthe etie= Shation constane (in nopers per metre of Line length hss the form = PID) whore, Py 18 the power lott por motre of line length Tn determining Power lose por unt longt ie"uovally assoxed ‘nat the field pets and abe content cistation over the suriaces bf the line's conductors are the sume aa they ould bo i thre woe ‘loses As the Uhory ol stam olfct tell ey the skin depth (on $dthe vesstance prevented y'0 unit square af the conductor see e2°R, fobmel me given by 8 = 8.8 % 10° al oad an My = 0.065 A gl where ny, = selative permeability of the metal 1S repay el ut 1S GCoglagh® “Tactor taking care of the ditlerence 5 SSASates Meee the Stan rma a sh of ‘apper (it is 1 Yor copper, 88 for silver, 4.38 for Stamina," 2 for bes, and 12 for gold ‘The power Tost per unit Tenet af a tranemiscion Line eam be found gral of the slementary inson 0.9: [Jan PR ver i ine vonductors Hate, J 38 ‘ines waded cvisthe mative permittivity a ‘sling the line's sagaent in question, tt be the se tangent nth lec “A iso i fequency neatly always losde toa increase in attenaat on. "There afes Yow excoptions, suchas forthe Ty movie in scar ‘Waveguides The atennstion doe to fosses in he‘dilectite‘netesses ‘lvect’propocton to feequency’ «(with the loss tangent tat etd conetént} while dhe attenuation dae to lesson ithe fie conde: {ors rises at tower rats ~ in diret proportion to the squayo roo: of EEequeney. In hollow waveguides, the itamuation further dependent “he malo Between the operating and. extol? frequencies: as theag frequency approaches the eotot vilus, the attenuation az conde to intity Bhilde up at's progeessvely highee rate 0 th Biihe otto fequney, _ ‘Maximum transmitted power. Under teavelting wave conditions, ‘tho maximum transnitod powers limiied by the detec eakdowh forte excess heating of te comdyctors wid Inslstors ofthe line 4s peleed workuig at high values of pulse peviod to pulse duration le Cu ater uP eleaie Benin owe fngerous, whereas in CW wor: iavatving tangs blacks af power the Ine'niay experience a thermal beentdows, The mesitsuensitowatte ppowor for Hina i usually set st 29 to ey of tne erltical power thas ‘Would chuse s breakdown or” heat butld-op under coudttions of ‘eacling wave. 10 te eustomaey "tallow thom fod rargin of salety a precaution against any iikely tpatemeat ta tlectrleal strength da to various Sconilncities Gad pwatee the toe microwave. trsbaiiesion system, ingih Is toducedy the ergesectioal di- sos of the To have sin ta be refed so ag to een he {nthe croveedanal dimensions entity Sh iocrase in Ue eld spevattion nth tmnt hs popeonate tetas In {he maximum transmitted power (power saving As altealy hte, ‘Usloriee wavelengths the attendatiou gone ep: coupled Wik as fnpaied eat withdrawal due to the reduced eros sectional aro, ‘ie likewise sts a lower lilt for the tasainun tanita powes Deeatse of the likely heat butlecup. 1.2, Base Types of Transmission Lines ‘The types of transmission Linas wed in communication systenas agg itacand vt Thee of paola gp Seen on tile purpose to bo served By a piven system. ig opercting eonltions hdr deistvty by the wavaongie la bo used a the Pover b traronilted. The iost commonly used types of transnnsrion Hines atgstows in Fig. 11, Let us take a elost ook at some of ‘Wir transmission lines. Opon ines made up nae oft entical paclln wires (Figs 20) ane apersted te the TEM mols ste aod {the icotometrie (2) and mate (HF) hands and saree te senaect Sttebaae to rceivere and transnitiaes, On sovier wavelengio, the ‘ea of Beowwize lines is linited by aa appreciable vadtation hich interes "with de operation ot feighboung egpment att fn “Tae charactenstc impedance of an overhead tvo-vite line (in ‘his depen en the contactor aiaetard and the conduct Spach. 7 ee fotste on page 18— Pansat ate, ‘Dos stato in the following easton: %_ — 2b log (DI8 + Mt + (DIAN) Wish the alues of Did eos rations the sharaceriete ig ‘300 to 800 ohn, be convenient foe steacturel Tine ren ty ay ult bar, cpp cman fs than btn abore the grou instal wrt sopendd irr support by spel d ned incase Fourswire tines “mate irvm "pairwise connscted conduetone (Fig 138) ae we in thesome application ae thete worwire ouster: a aay elles|fatl sl Ells] SET] EH/EIEHE HUW ii moun C8, TOO Wig 1.2, Wise rami ests, but emit» smaller amos of spurious radistion, ha Sharseterste fapetaaee, "and. show “A fourwite linecan be formed i a ng the i-phase paieeotesnootor eth a tow aii else Su of two ways: by arrang” feta vertical parlll pattems28 across wise opposite (eanspoeed) getter. With sn-phes (or Sven) extn af the wes igo ia le of the seat goss afermmetry, the charatioratc Upedance is given a akg) by oy = 128 log (2D UL + (DY, ‘even (in-phase) exeltation is applied to she wies lying ctoasise ‘rane ote the caret npednce i ence 2 2am 188 108 ERE ‘The typical dimensions for a four-wire wads ‘feeder for transmitting antennas tree follgns De r f 4 chesacteratie impedance. of 3a. Monat ln nopers por Tn) due to Teas in {enoral equation ib aondatans’ Sees aim = RyBZe a ire isthe leap resatance par Unit Lengeh (per metre unfeequal to she sum of the resistance per mate rn ofthe ldivtal conde, ‘Two-wire lines have a walatively low attenuation, Ear a: fe ‘ing copoer conductors such that D “'20'man aad d = min. (e haricteristic impedance is 2, = 600 ohms, and th design atten ‘og at a wavelength of 30 mie 0.000 dn Sometimes, two-wice lines are alee fbricsted tn flexible cables, a shows in Fg, 13 secant Aanmon tines The ns ant oa ot ardent rom'5S cm ta 10 m. They mey be convini waveguides mado ‘Paid metal pipes ao that one @suppora in the other by dcietec Aig oem tnewators oe Hlesie consi conden” “Tho Sharactaritie lpadanes of a easel waveguide operating ia ‘tho TEM mode in ohms) given ‘by 2 = 198 (yf) log (Die) In the general caso, the signal attention (in AB) ie coaxial Hine is cated ‘by Tanith te condcter nd Weeete, mp the ted sttemmation is the som of two components aman tae ach component can te desczibed by the fllowing equations: aq = 23 UDI (6,10 and 2) where Ry the renstance presen by awn gas ofthe conductor ts given by Be, (hi) The dimeter Band the aveleagth hy ave expresed 0 ot Note thet the value of ay is in “migpsneeFe (mez dependent of “ie trnueietions geometry of the fine and is spely Itoh CO Yo scdnd by the poremeters of the ol CT Alessi tot the operating wave fest wich holga" ter amy lies porating in the TEAT aioe) a ‘Sentratyihe value of a depenéson fhe condutor geomeliy, so iis worthwhile finding of which vat Hil Piece oe'tet min a That om ist minimum st De =. "wiich corresponds toa cha ‘acto ipedanea of 77 ohn for ted la, However horetie ‘The critical power for consi waveguide (thot ss, one at which 4 dlcric ratbsdown ie aboct to Sugbea) spescing” & pale teovalling wave mote is given by mene Pm (BUA (x4) OED wa) we Bio x = 12 aWiew 4s the magnitude ofthe Poynting vector tthe costs bono fair by 2 unlform glene waver aDfs the ot the Coastal wevapeida, The shape, flor Blair oa| | 0 He, (1.3) counts forthe nonuailorm disteifation of the electric told over the eros setion ofthe wavegulie Ie ko Taschen ne Dig ~ ibs, being 0.968 fn Ylae, when the charscteriatle iapoteacs 4 oh. ‘As Ue atid depart fom ite optimal value, the lai Ye aletteseegth Pl? age of a cova wavezue cress At ressively huge ni fae Pig’ La), lio fom Ere, (02) and 8) which dein the cttoustion othe breakdown (critica) power under contin of an elects brealedown, thevalug of cou be dorrtaed tnd thogloctecsteeagth guild bereshanced by incesting tho weveguite diameter D (caller, Ute croue-cctfonel ane). Thus might, however, eave ae Lo he Ty tnode for which the eutof wavelength te De mem (D + 22.02 ‘ondustor) the velative attenuation cid the lets lotic streugth will vary with Did in the stnte manner es shows {te plot of Fig. 1-4, but the extrema will tae up diferent past ote, "the signal stendation is's misimum at Bid Lhe aed the lesisi strength (8 8 maximum at Did 2.1. The sees commonly Geek Sandee hares napdance oi ead his lhavo bee cise ina gugion were the paremolers of coaxial wavegut ‘deg aro clow to opt ‘As iss been noted, thor may also be fleiblecoasal cables. A fle- ible coaxial cablo consists of a ringie- ar « malli-wit nee (or catia) conductor and an outer conc fm to Tort ef otl ae tng. tha vo lag Septzoted hy an elle dielectric (uch Pelinthyiene ex Pe). For protection against extemal tntluaces {ie cable i additionally coveea brn telstsic shoot ar jeckoe. Th Ditumeters of coastal cable can be Looe pn releraice sources ‘Siti and ulvestep tranemiesion lines Wiley wrod the dee ametsc (UAE) and centimetre GHP) bande, Heer lie mal ser {interconnect "various “crownve,davices and compo S"eamifled merowaye trasemsion (or Feder) system, A’common type of stip lige consis of thls of tectangular erossaiction situated aidwvay: between two, pari ‘etal plates ground planes withthe Long. dimeosion af the ‘tote snip conductor running parallel tothe Sater plate Ds Ut central stp te placed etwoxa tv ‘aotrcelly about he strip, tia form oft cain allied tae or nari Iowa se an epenstrip Tine whieh haw only one geo times i's refeered to op tn tshilded unbalanced of wbapennesead din. The mose common usage i to call the Tormey type sip teip nes, and the Teter, ae ileroeteip Tine, Several Tots of h.Tammasin Lies m Redo Systems and Devices 9 stein and aicrosein lines see th {sgeiated hetnc fed patterar ovor the ekoraectlon Sip sad mcostsp lies ay Come in any ope of thee desigas rigid sitll Tine, lines Tabneated on foilclnddad dislecine Sab ‘tate shee (plas folaforced PTFE, polymers, and the ike), and Hee het cap lelectra hte conic eptice iatecals af high permittivity {pvroy quaste, snpphyrersileoa, fell arsentds, andthe ik). Rigid aefilled stnp lines fe wostly of shielded (oe balanced) ‘oasttucion (Fig. 1.50) aut ate wand sn applications involving high ro in Pig. 1.5, along with the : Wipe LN) a © © Fi 1.5. tcroware stp tno: 9 merase plate Un; 6 hike @ tp Une S| lovals of mlerowave power, For bate ity the conta conductor {Tasca fom fon: guuge step, ah ld sa pice by hen Sule apne tad sear hs socom foct i fabricated by & phoutehemicl Process on a sleciiesubateate snes ey = 2 107, tan 6 1Oes to 10S ands Subsets thickness te 1.0"\y 4 mi falcata both aides ‘The foul thekness te 18 to 400 yr which several Cues the sn depute the unbalanced design! one Inyor of fil serves osu dull, fe groant plane, nnd the oe i ict to fc ts ine pater tiedancat desig, the sched lie pater is covered by mai ‘board Tally stsippet’of fs foil on the inne se Te our “grou anes in ip ine treelinb connected togutorsreund We pore bles of the dove snd alan a eeeral peta bebseen ee Pattern ‘A away of avoiding disectic Lose, a high@ strip tne is sad (Gig, £30 The ctl onto elem hy the arliconmected ‘sri on bai sides aft thin electtesabstate Th gebeeets 8's A on sie supports sundosebedSetwec the ma "groundplanes, Practically no elects field exists inde the dislectie Subsite, oo the dialectic loses have Simos no etch ose hee "The third form, er microxrip tes, ave most exclusively ils on leer substaias with s high dielectric Couelant (es = 10 tat an 8 = 40-t to 5 x TO, with a thickness of 05 to 1.0 mim) Te site is about {/ Vc, that of aie sigh stip Lees, so they aco ‘well adapted to application involving hybe intaprited Sunee ‘Tho bose of a microstrip ne has standard dimensions, with ite aurlsce worked, ign high finish and polhel the desi tne pattern Ye applied ta a subatrata by Veeuumy spusterae te # mask, with the conductors then bule up to the fequirel Weis by sleciroplotng. The most commonly wed orm of micron Tne 1B shows in Pg 13 Inhaled deleted splines the Tower! sole has 4 quasl-TEM structure. Ite phase esiocity stands midcvaySetanes ‘the vlostin of light in the dali a * Thi characevisté impedance of ap sud rose lines vanges between 20" and 100 olins and can readily bo alsied be vere ‘the conductor width. fis eTormidable task tocaleaase the pane {608 of scp and macros tines by hands 3 tis is done on compu- {ets sing sultable programs, For come stip and iascestcip lies, ‘easy parameters ert be found in efrence sources OL Surp and mierntip lias sections ct atfoct ono another. Ae hss boon found the i fines tp neligite if the spac ten the contactors i ee. of thes iss howe wih With closer sp fing dltibuted pgs toi fare ie ‘Riso clasned with strplinssare alot- tad and coplana lines: Among” cheie ‘Mlvantages ane the possiblity ef con ‘ating Tospea oiing to ater ty ‘ability as omponents for nouteaiy- ‘eal fetate device, ‘Alot meres ine h et inthe eondetor ae fos ak permit eho, FD else Seen teed he Sota we cmame eta Ses a es Ela Sethe fei tewccat oe cee SAS Ta AE, acces man satire at iene rin ecanguiar and ‘veo waveguides, Rectangular metal wave-guides are ued in the decimetie (UHE), censimetine (SHE) ant Siiltmetric (EHF) bands to, rauemit microwave, power fa he pre {ipal TByy (ot Hye) mode. Tho eros sectional Uinousiony eb, Pa waveguide ate choesa so a8 to stike a balance between the onfictag requirements for ‘uasimum power ttansler ain sttenuation, and moximum bandwidth. AS the operating wavelength ie anprotclien the cutell wavelength, 2a, By — 2a, the secie froth of the waveguide rapidly dacreieos {8 disect proportion torte factor i ~ Gta)" and the signal attenustio ierensey ‘ther raptily in inverse proportion to the ste factor, Becouse of hs Casomar we ein hat he mast ple wale ‘Wifetength for the domingat TE,y mode, ‘he isimi, weve for alana waveguide scan sa a3 to prevent the exctation and propogation of higher-order nodes ot Which the TE, Taf and TH modes have the foveal, call Maveleagth. or the TE, mode i€ie-equal to a, whenets forthe ‘TA, and TEyy modes iis equal to Sabie: © 6) To be fll son ena lghengrar mudi et inte wevegid em ‘operating waveleagi Me ghould be at loost 180 above the cutolt Siveleagt Tor the HSC higheronter mode “The eros octlonel dimensions, a % for rectangalor wavegulies fare stoutardized. Tho parameters of some standard copper waveguis ‘ts of Soviet manufacture ave summarized in Table Ut" The meat. vxnam [ee | Baan | ie smug sale power, Py: quotad Ggeles under normal tun Ee rived soveral-fold by fi iid maumtatning # postive pressure of 3.5 C10" Ba aside The ees section of rectangular wvguido con be reduce 1 ie Entiat th ora af an Ho taaperespectaly kaw the daubtevedged waveguide snd the angio ridgud taveguss (ig, 13h, ‘The catoffwavelegtt ort highest FE meds in Chess werSeins say lv inraced without bownd if we decrease the gap g whet the fluned earlier may also he treated as a double-ridged waveguide using ieee i erupt | al a 7 Vie eee ee nee es jowover. he ineronsy in the bandwidUh of ridged waveguides ts ‘compaiied by sn impairment in thelr elect sgngih and & mek Teper the Stenetion” conan : “Cucolor waveguides are tsinly sol io sake components for merowave doviess and also, but mora seldom, to convey microwave ig, 1.0, Feld patente eostion of eoulne wavepude suongy over considersble distancss. ‘The fest six modes that cam etckeied and’ propagated inn eicular wavogutda of adie © nr ited in dasconding sedar of eatff wavelangih it Table 12 aw [ae [om | 2 | 106 1 1a “The mont componly weol moder ave TEyy TEay sal TMs. Thee patterns over the erosesertion of 2 Waveetide are sown 1a Fi. PS:ym of nth Sl tet pp Pilate ects ie Toceclntat satelaririeranaae tla iqaey th aah aut ed SEeianlet Sha fare isaeimanear eh Seema Ta ade ttt Covet ee arama eae SUE See Bate ese Sn a clliptical waveguide, In order that auch waveguides could be bent 28 Seni ata atic anorectal SIESN pa my etchant [inion Mirai a eat eee sng oma ae Sep eats fe aoe eet arena Was ct aaah a Si ee serait cmt academe ioe eat eh cert aera emieat ieee nil telat said ta SGN etl aa senveloogth imap be sod for long-distance transmission “of il fod to bull iging’ cavity restore Surfaceenave transmission lines One way to redace latser in ‘estsinisiou Tinos is to use slowed-down surface ivan A g0od pio eons gwroane eructres nod thie brings. dow the sHentetion. A property common vo ait slowed-dowa saver the fiat that the amplitude of the eld rapidly decreas (practically hexponential manner) on moving sw Irom te slow ve steele ‘Thecoocontratian ofa surleco wave fe customarily stated le trae af tho field radue deseribing ard slow-wave structure cece fontsining 80% of tha wave power. Ae the faldradive ie maroc Ue coupling betwoca the auxfsce wavs and the sowewave struts ‘Rowe woul, and the atenaniion fs raducad Unfocunatly, wen field radios is vary gees, the auslace Wave becomee wnatable 2d can ronly be emitted from Strgularitien, especially tow line — ets, Prtcaly, the field radins ought not to exceed several ‘mavelengtis “The most commonly used form of surtace-wave transuasoa lines 4s the dllacracrad line.” As ft hate implies, tis line Loa old f holibw dielectric rod slang which an asilly: aorsyimstee iyi mode is ropegated (Pg. 110, "This mode texted by srs ‘uully deforming the TH, modo of eecuier waveguide vis 8 Lorn fannchee: Tn fact, two sigh modes oethogenally Polued cen exist a Fe, sagt ene, Sat at a sad iS gs a sopra eka aus Pee si tie doo tats cue wo eomeleh a imatiate geen ans vcard Boia sen te le oer sconirastgcar caine a aie Sihige ealctitaacr ty aa ec slate tanto SAL ae the fie adn about 1D the eat space wavelangth witinnttPariet SAI ett ELSA eal Sarena Sowa at PLR a ‘own ghd cctv samara aniband), the etenuation 1 0.09 to 0.1 Bina, which Is by an onder of oagtiae fewer shan it isto copper rectangular waveguide, WH ‘BeFdpraalise rolatie pigs velocty ranging ta value fom Oo O85 We stcnuaton tn a dilocitcrod tio a prectially tae same 68 Shak exiting au uniouuded Uisleute medium. The field ras ie Thout tie te rod rane, andthe Hae maybe Dnt toa ra ‘ten wavelengths infos spe Aiba Sceety oP slashave Hiden, known os omage ties. ace combinations of islstie rods and metal shes, armaged a $ sein item. tm tinge STEP ea ananassae tts ‘atone ne wave, At feos ara 10 Gia ings ies ave eee meee cerns eee ace Selec inne steele ieee osu anishlsuanananteret a ISDS pranaina ations chit t,t ft sn Cae Sees cee win oleae Remit tine tines ce eciioainet it ee ee Se Late Scere cacao sf te ae Sate aes Sa eta tia Sa aisle SQLs iota aea it eres EES i gull oes oP inten 2 ta ape Pisa dtd ales “en ll eis Sear LS ice eerie SSeS Rie ce nd eetshe ta Heian nad pk a Eight Opti wavegles 6 splat pole; gnetanes tence aeeeeenheear erage Sh MOE Sot is eating tian seein nar niente iii dekolte Bem. « ee 7 whe ecg i ces. te SCRE a toe nee esatait gun ie vy od ni, ge tts ttn aati ae Seca Ae arr tee de EES Ae nm pte ee Scag tate Sarat gana iat Segal sta ie ieee Seas 41.8. The Mathematical Mods! of Uniform Transmission Line ‘Within uniform portions ofa transaissien Line, the electromagnetic ‘old due to's vem mode Ss the superposition of aa sncident (ies (f forward) and 'e roflectod (oversee backward) wave. Tho tera Sinedont refers te 8 tavelling wave produced by generator and propagated from the salcted origin, € = 0, tn tho positive” E-iree~ Toe" Assuming tt the tine depeadence of motechramatie compo. ‘eto oo the oxy (ut form, ty component ofthe eleiomegoetc Feld acoeinted with the tncdont wave is connected to the loagit- inal coordinate by « caltion of the exp (— 770 for, where tab ge compas prpepton constant = th altnuation casa {hsepoes por metro of ine longi sd fide the pasee constant te m= ie tur the pose Sonstant i connected othe guide wavelength hy and ‘has velotty op by 2 Well-known molten 2m ath, = aloy Fecall that the guide wavelength is dofined as the distance over ‘which he phase of tenelling wave, changes by 2 "Te tra! flea eefara to travelling wave produced clther by ain dient or ln and propogated I the ection oppeto {the ineidont weve” Any Seid component of srfleced mosocsroe hnatle wave on a-ungonm transmizeion lige is connected tothe lon: ‘Final eaeaate by wrslaton of th exp 8) fo tvanafer fe Tada aah acta” letromepte ach a coriaia amount of slectromagnetic snengy along the tanstls- ‘os lina, It ts eotablishd in elctrodynates thatthe tnideat and Sho efaced wave are arthogonal to sack other. Thi moana that th {tive power conveyed by ay ofthe two waver i indapendeatof the ati Fomgaiod nthe opp etna He ative wer arid the" tndnt wave te tntgral of tie Beyating wecar of fives faen" over the crosessotion of the sesnsmieion ite ses 7 BG. (A. $n the Appandis} Pro ne{ [te fctas}) oa where By and it, ope the vector distribution fusctions ofthe nay tess aad magatle elds savocitet wit ube neident ave at Siiven section ef the tranemlsion line, sn 8 ~nds vs veotet Went af the ‘romraestoat sre 5 ntegel ia Bq” (ea) Deus inproper, However i {ib open wie tansnion ine te ler aa gan it strength aise rpiiy Jan mors. amay ow thecondcin fad fieletres, so the integral sn (24) converges ad hus‘ fie valve, "The power conveyed fy a vllecod waves P,, is given by sn eye on similar to Eq. (1.4), exeopt shat Ey and Hy aze replaced by By i eH cane sf auariataslom cara iatl Ga con eon eho ahaa Sores hae, sie gett nta aane c oP Ae rnc ace amet seta tots Anna etnies nt Jo gehved hy building » wivaro! mathesatca of equator lng linea eqetvatent she vey el ition fants retsnetina it replaced, Dy ntagrat. (averaged) Tasos af he electomagnete Fi Ue enttuent ormafsd incon! an rflcted wolage pesos tse waves sre elie ne fellows 8.) = (Pi exp Ue exp (~ HB) ~ bs exp (HB) 5) = (PHM exp UgE) esp Ce HB) = b Orex CE HB) 8) As follows from Rag, (1.5), the magnitods of the normalized G- cident or tafected) voltage wave is tha square rot ofthe respecpover and has therefore the dimensions of WA. The phaso of the Repective nowmalsrd voltage wave te taken ta be equal to Ut of {he teensvene component of tho electric Mlld acsocatod with the eapetive mares Far betta insight into tke eoneept of ormalizod UGavelling vatago wave lot us ful to examples ‘Foumple U1°A coutal wavegute operating in the TEM, node Pig LTD. Tits couoff frequency te for thse ode fs sero, AY any plone cutting across the wavegtide, osly the field components tnd Hy exist having the sume radial distetbution, Ur. The ratio of the treneverse components Ei, and 2, gives the ance impeiance BP a Bly steve the configuration ofthe conductors inthe case o the TEM SIQISTES caSiadtic wave on simpy weve bnpedonce 20 148, TmBbmode coms) wave Fig, 1G, Revaggler waver ee opined ia METS solely determined by the parameters of the magnatodolstric mate~ a aie lls the ine, Gost Se, 2 — (ea or 9 tigvelling TEM mode sa coaxial waveguide, the magnitude oF ihe Boyuating vector fe 11 (0) = hal 28") (2 yhote Bag isthe rine vale of the radial component of the electric Hd aadtthe uctac of the saner conductor with r ~ at (the sub ‘Siipt “amas wadientes that Ue a tho mesioua Yaluo with the cxosesection of tho coaxial waveguide). Using Bq (1.4), we obta Oe bau Varn FY sey = Ba | wO 45) xan 12. tangas waved een he Ty wade (rig: U3). Tho cactzomgnetie Tied an Us mode hn theo Soma: seats, By, Hi and Hy. The transverse components Ey and Hi, awe tr sdenteal“distution over the eneeesetion, ah (eal. Note {at for au incident TB-vove ta any hollow waveguide tho Fata etweon 2, ond #7, isthe sume at soy point witinn the cross-section aU ojuil othe wiv tipodence [or thet mode! EP = (ula yh) = aleaP Hh — OR whose f5 = petmitivity of the dielectric filling the waveguide fermi the nett Hog the gata cutott wavelongiy considering the Uleloctric thet fills he waveguide ‘tuo magutade ofthe Povatig vestor forthe traveling Ey amotio piven bY 1H, = (BhalZ) si" (ala) where Zia isthe rt valuo ofthe electric fe strength atthe exis ‘tthe wilde, ta cy a8 sutinado of Uae eocesettoa titi: tion." Using" Eq (lt, we obtala ne SI 80 CEaaclV EBL | faint (nslon de dy)” = Baye @b2ZTE eftection cooficent. The ralio between the transvese, electric tiold components for au stctlent anda vllectod Wave at Une same Dott ofthe croseectton of = tranenianion line called toe electra Fe reftettan’coxficient of tha lve be Bede Since, according to Bq. (1.5), the normalized uculent an rellected voltage waves ago genetically propetional tothe transvor com ‘pononts ofthe respesitve sige Hales nn have the te beeen 1 Fellows that tie tefloction touffctent far the normalized Waltages, boiie; Neling hw he ince gn fll ola waves vty {TEN Alcan slong” the. wevoguds esi, tie‘ sary "ior fe Gmablidh how the fellestion cocificieat varies from ene tnaaverse piano te enotbe 5.8) = 5, =, 0 exp OEE (0 exp (— HD = expen wn es 5 (0) the reetion coefficient at setion &— and ee he Ropsotton content lnc he mada ts queen Note that Along wlh the Ecordipete dics fom gentrior to toad; ame Hola fate of the coordina patna fe opporia dteecilon (Pig 1. t8) "Then the wellstion owen Wares with Sistem along the exis ao 6 =} exp (= 2) No matte what equation i usd to expras the rfeston cts {Se eho we teasvese Plamen qaeslah over owsle te genes: Te Fre L, Wavs nan eqinlet ln ne tor the reflection cosfiient sulfers «pase lag and decreases in bolute value owing to the attonuation in the teanemiston line ‘otal normalted Yoltges and corents on transmission live, \When'anTncident nda flected wave cossst oma trmsmssion line tho gettve power tranemitted thgh » slecodivanovers pl io fal te iflernon betwen the powers tense by the ne PaPi~Pa lhl P= lePd—1bIN os ‘The teanamisted active power may bo xe-wrtten én afferent fem Pa Re (th + pul lit A — pe) = 1 PEL —18) + 6-H wich timate to do because the difference ip — §*) 1s a puro sen tre ig leat sneer gr tr ti s ) The total normalized voltage (vith dimensions of Wi the solo the nermslied Incident nS rectal oleae wove britiaause 9) {2) Th total normalized curent (with dimensions of WP) 6 the afernee tween" the naemalized ‘ncidoat sad ratlcted voltage babi -na—p 10) As follows from Bq. (1.9), the normalize voltage on a east sgn Iino is proportions tothe total levee ld mich ess ote fine owing to the suparpesition af the sacident aad flected “To ablaia sight ito the concept of nocuslised current as ell: ‘aed by Bq. (10h it shpold at rst be noted that the napa reflec ton’ coufieteat ie nothing but the sallecion caaficret for tho smagnatic Sod n= Halla, (Because px and oy are in antiphase, the Poyating vectors for the ee) {ud urns out to correspond to the total magnetic field produced by ie superposition of te incident and flected waves. This i the {icon ity Is Teltimate to see tae ta “eusrent Ta view ofthe ‘Bory detiog fr te tt onmalnd valigs a cet the ation deseribing the active power trast through the sleet ‘tansvers plane takes the stme form ay ie sed in tie theory of lnwstequeney siete cenit P= Re Gir) tn Normalized impedance and amittance. The ratto between the ‘otal nocmaliz voltage & on an equivalet long line and the total normalised curent itm the aame line steed the normalized Gena Ission-ine impedance (wich ¢ dsnesioaless. quant) forte iima ti —5 1) Its reciprocal is termed the neralizadtranemssion-line aditanee (hish likewise # dimensonions quantity, Gmetad Hash —us Using the concopt of normalized transaesau-line impedence ond ‘sdmititnce, the power tasfrred by line may be proeated i te ~e‘more forms employed in the theory of low-frequency circuits: Pmlitentivr It follows from Bag (442) that, whan the reflection couficient tt ese that i phen foly an tnetant wave dns, the fat of the Sorallzed Voltage to the narmaliaed” current ts equal to unity ‘Tite splice thats dimenaonizer characte sepedanee of wt 1S fimtomticlly set in the oqutveleat Tong line. Tt shoud be siessed ‘neo more tat the total aormelize voltage on at equivalent long fine ie dettood as the sum of the incident snd reflected voltage traves, sd the total normalized eurent a lei dillon, Thore © fo oiler meaing in the concept of normelizaveltoge and curent, In the generel zis, thee is ven ao wey of indieating the points {the chesesection of lie between which the normalaod veluage, ‘ite Sadi coatcton caren the normale’ cra ‘Normalleation. for tasaianon lines operating s= TEST modes (and aniy in auch modal, we re a'a Position te ateoduc tie gorons concepts of an incident vellage wavo Vy expressed in ‘olts, an incident current wave J, expresod in amperes, and the Cnrecteristie impedance 2: ~ Vr exprcod io oboe Using thee shecnarmlisol Senet te coll lata of «wears, EEG Smeal f= tmstsision ite operstiog in We TEM Hen he fntdbed by wletions Keown ow watt be called eCouvontces! theory of long. nee Fav bh tdi Pelt te= ued oy Bang ie aH = 2,0 + Hk — HN —E + As) ‘The power wansfered on a long i fs givon by Poli jmaredina rom urR (4a 1 above savton een coun 9s thy ame snasning a2 10 Fae (13) 4nd (40) for sn equtvelaat Tong Hine ‘By comparing Bg (143) aod (44) wae Eqs (8) and (Lt0), ye Zon wits ihe fellcwing sonssising tolations for voltages and ‘uncets on. tatsmisolon ibe operating In the TEM wode LE (ui In turn, Ege (1.5) may be used to writ se rule forthe normelize- tom of iipedancen HLOLVAV RIVE) = 82-0 iy (1.10) Example 1.3. Normalise the incident voltage. and current im a travegeider Iu a coustel waveguite peti vt tae PES HE ide Feud deb Ln (DI) wre ag ete adalat a tengo inn (la Vi) Sn ihe alae of the tamer sonivstor at sea, ‘By Ampor's cual Inv, the longitudinal cient, towing fon tho safle of the tauer coaductar is piven by the snoginl of 6 agent component othe tng fal ir topemosey tt ‘where Htqox = Ema 228 fs the auimuthat magacieflld strength or inns (in Alm) at 7 2'G2On evalunting the integra we obtat f= Bunalzgo “The rtio ofthe voltage to the cureon associat with steavelling wave gives the chnractenstic.Lnpedance (in ohms) af te cosa waveguide in qussion Bi Wilh = 2EPV2R) I (DIA) = Fe)? % 60 tn (DI n inserting the values of Fa, ‘wo obtain the Hormellaed nei iv ‘which checks with the result found etter, Ba. (1.5) The normalization equations (119) aud (iG) may be asod in afta taco bate one ay yey Ted he nee Sperating in the TEM mode without recourse lo qa. (3) On the and Z the found in Ege (1.18), ft olige asd ln (DIAZ VEther (which is less obvious), Ras. (1.15) and 4.48) oor an opper- {aft ogo over om the mathe onal af es tae ey allan opetvlont tong line wih a drnnsionlass characte podance of unity to other mathematical motels in the for alent Tong ines having an eshtsey” chaooterste (ceity ikon amentoles Net to nanny Se ‘hc impottances ie Justifed for exemple, when dealing with Juneli= og of te transmtoton liner iru in ssesectioeal neato fellection fom exch Junction may be Secibed a squavaleat fpsbropt dacges ie dlngoaonen ch a r valent fong ines convening to te fncton: The meget of tie abrupt change is assumed’ to ho such thatthe ilectios coef lent of the protatype jonetion would he tho same as Get of fe ‘odel'in the equrvaent ere A. The Bifect of Mismateh on ‘Transiisson Line it "Eieleney and Power Transter In the general case, an arbiteary Load will give rise fo reflected ‘wave ota Wanamieion line, When i superposed one neat ‘ave, "the reflected wave prodacer multipfe masts Sal minin in 2 A ells Repost got ed over i ie see ‘¢Tongtodinl distibutions of norlind voltages and carents (ig Gs tat a mized wae patarn Some Ta cagneeing breiloo if fe customary to sherctorge tie mtead wave Soutitog Ems of the rating uve rai PWR. symbeined oe ein thie {eat Sp deine athe cio ofthe minimum gto of th total ormalized voltage’ curatt or ‘alae of the repecuve ut TWH = K = vl tans = lla shore |i the magaltude of the rection covficent, Frequently, {stad of the TAR, aon is made of is seiprocely called the Renda ttavertio, SWR*. The TWH or the SW fe measured by inverpociog ‘shat town as a ltt (or menaerng) nein the tranemianioe lise stiniacest" and exploning ter longitatinal Hold disebaton wich 3 movable probe Inthe abteaco of chic lots, the magaitude of the reflection Regent So tad couterlokan (arts the fot) echo the lade arb {Say irom the gebersor tha tho Walla ods,(2) Refecring tothe lines of constant rand = posing rough aad point 2 read oa the respestive sctes tho rel ga tisaginry pars Of Whe impedance. In our case the rest is 2), ~ 040 —7 0.74 G@)"ro"find the normelizd admittance ‘of th” some Toad, 2ecell hat a quartecwave matching clement tcansforms yp into tiyq Sumercdiy equal to the adimisiance: Move fom Toad iupodanco point 2 arguad the siecle of constant Ky = 0.25 through m quartar- ‘ave distance Yo acrive at ¢ dlametnealty oppeste point whose ‘lenlinetor give he wal and imaginary pasts othe los adimiteene Jin 0.38 + 1.06 1s) Aliernttively the load admittance can be found by ditetiy rsdnring toon aduaittancn chart" They difference of tle chet fiom aa impedance cart fa thet the voltage nodes on the line aro Plotted slong tie right-hand alt of te horsomtal exis runing fom {be centre es shortsenst point B (where tends to waluity). Die voltage node ow the Lins Where Hj = 028 covrespons to a node amiltance, yy = Ky = 40, tying oatunlly, ow the circle of come AP of aang sabed ie ete oy he eat int through, sa elctrcal distance aul to Bly = Eetfeneate late ws wo te same’ porn 3 wih defines the ood 1.1. Narrowband Matching of Trnsmiason Lines Jn See, 1.4 hae anon ta an optimum condton for o truaniaion lines penece impedance mac between generale ap ll a api cane ‘mots whic are bat aolly from fee gees (Chote, they ate fee from omic Je) fant premre tha igh etn ee ur consiger the socalled narrow sand maicng ta, which the traveling. ‘wave tonditten (= 1) existe only at Hosein egcney Ae fn ei cequaney Sepa ftom te Gexign valve ‘aneateh occurs, and the: TR dees: gyri sean 2H cas Rr Seige nane te Bel be pees cco» apie nin atte Se PS poe ear Bn Goes “designer chocks Uiat thie bandwideh 6 obtained by computation Segertment only after he hav determined the valuas of all the oteing elements aud ignores it nil tht gaara mutcng i, roadbed matching ‘Shinte'e maximum mach bande fa brotdbond mntehang, 1 Setrequured that the TWA shold be suuty atthe design Trequoacy WiC ekonot seeve ass baw for deeming Ue valaot of the mat "Phe lative match bsndwiduh, defined ow the rato of Af to fe (ques fy is the desigh frnqueneyy is a fonction of the feuency SSopome"af the Tost nad tastehingSloments snd the allowable ni ugeaterg A, 0 a sum value of the TWR, Kye This ratio may range between broad Ete rom » few hundcads of ono percent to soveral octavesh ‘id ioe nothlog "sairaw about or rawbatsatching ft wil ule te balance ou tlio feo she Toad at tte selected frequency by telrodeway am opposing ‘ellen at some teaneveree plano os tie Tina. For the mateh ane ‘width to be a4 bron as pretieable, the fength of the matohing elo- Inoat ould be opt to's minimum and it must be located a else tothe Tate posi {tthe sematamonte ae, sid ey ‘ioparture frown fhe deniga eequeney mill being on muna chang Infife electeeallengthof the matching elemeat, aad the mssmateh ‘it nerese at 2 slower rate with chaogee In frogueney. ‘Tho devices mest coremonly used Tor narrowband. matching aro ‘eautmisioncine sgments with + variable chavacterste impedance Seu Taped recta ny, sate nd diaphragm) looted et iso ‘Brame 1s Matching by a quarter-wave transformer. The use finiaiainarave acai element i usted Fg. 128 ues" ay engcent AB! of the line AL the. teaaslormee “uCpat (poi "Stee impedance atthe design Teoguency must be exaellyqual to unity (this 16 the match condition). Thea, according to By. 20) the normalized smpedenca ate tranioret input polat 4, must lilewtse be purely resistive and equa ta ra ah harder nowt mit Be leat ihr ot «so oa a ao aa fsatinode! in he longitudinal voltage distribution. The latter eas it Showa sa Fig. 1.23" . (The reiithoe at voltage node on the line is equ to the load TWH, Hy. On seting ry = Ker wa shin the sequited characte Stig implance of the “transiscncr aye {a the alterative case of point A being located at 4 loop of sho val: lige “distribution whore” the impodshee, is purely’ restive ad SEES LO A/a the rogue characters sexotance of he ass {mer lf a ‘Thus, locating the apo of « matching transiomer ts loop calla for am inctassed characteristic mpodenca, whoress locating fat = node calls fora reduced charactnstie tipedanee of the tatching Uansiormer, ‘ie choice depends on the value of the charsctares ‘mpedance that can bo obianed ‘by deforming the crosesestanal See eae = soca a fee a UR th Seer tt he es May eget ran oma ang fnttduced ine USS by Tatricy ie Toot wieey aks ig ca Mies aia Steg atie a ae neal nehSie durian i terse SAC Scr ae le ie PRS ete neon ero ae gyda ott pt ie 28 ond mene ood he Five ete of constant TWA (ihe heavy lise Ip Fig, 24) tl Reus the lin of eonstant rmsistonce "= 1, thereby Iecating sate ay toy Mig 28, Load impedancy sutebng Sy (aspen ead (8) lames ZT angular dates etwoen points Zand 2 in Pg. 1.2 toca tes te connection potat for a series reactance “Tho reectanca at Point 2, talon villa minus eiga, gives the valoo ofthe motchlng eeaetve loneat Ls nso; that la oe Oa lg. 1.26 To ealaliton of movable lanped-octnce matehingslomate ding tts reactance, the impedance at point 2 becomes equal to ety ich corresponds to moving and te” = 1 euce on the Uanste. SSowsline chact to point 4. of the point of perfect match “Apert from poutt 2. there te one more point where the ciscle of sistant load PWH ots the circle of unity ceatelance; ths is point ‘$"Howover, pont 8 ile farther sway from the lond by an alohaAistance, Blase 3p placiug the matching eactance et potat 3 might itrwe“al tick Bomdwiaih, On tho oler hand, is requires a ‘encunne of the apposita gu — factor which may ura more Minacive trom sttucture’ comserations ‘taung restos nating elon! (Pg. 1280) may be examined in a However, anstead of an impatiance char, one should ‘ee am adttaace chart Italo fe Yrgng tnt on th ay of paren nai chng'deview two centrofed ogre af freedom (the Teatton and i tmpodancs of s qusrervave tranafonaee, the Tocntion al ofa rentaace, ete.) il safle fn petneiple. Dil ons on the vatwae of nicking elements Chapter Pwo Microwave System Components 2.4, Matehed Lande Matched lands of ieominaoes ston the, most comnonly wed ySiumiied on nes Alo, they sam be weed ag duniny aatenms 3 tae’aligument of tenonstiew asa standards of tpedance i ‘iotehet loves ar estomaritydesribed n torms of the magnitnde ot bie rtletion coetlicint, |p |, or tse corwaponding value of 08 of EWR watinn the specltfedbonewida Ire woehncally fax sible \o builé matched losds with [p |< 0.01 for a relative bond ‘Rudi fmf of 2) oF 30% oe store, Becaton tine agate of the rel Joction easton ts smi, no spacial tequlcoments ae txposed 08 the pean of te, lad rlcton, eget, eh thi phn my "Rother important consideration x ragarts matched loads i the power dissipation retig. dome suaiched fonds are built to dissipate Feariovels of power (oat over W), while others can handle Tange Digeks af pow. ‘Fite piyecal design of «utched fond depends on the typeof tine (graveghide) in whteh it oto be uae andthe power level expected. [igs Thatohed loads aay be lemped ang dsubuted, and the lattes ‘hy’be designodfor'exy high lovote 8¢ power by sucreaing thes or coastl finer, Ube simplest matched load i # Laped ceistor swith srenigtance Squat to the chartceratie topedance of ise Line Ji the Si bund, However, such romor becomes compare {he ith the putas ssvniength the snpst feentanee becomes Ie ‘qacgey-dopendent, and the quality of matsh iz impaited appreciab- WWSRe's way af braging down the sllecton coutielant and extending tle operating nw coetal mated leds for Use SHE ban a flee fabricated tn lossy” non-uniform wausmissien-line sechons, ‘The whrorbing element ih sueh load may be & block af suteble lg. 2. Coat tt ods ition ‘materi or x this Gla, A matched to with 9 absorbing cones ped blocs town 10 Fig 2. ta. A good qalty of ratel with this {eof foal a nitosned when the lenge ofthe nheorbg sere ie ‘ital ta or gesier then the wavelength on the fam t= Move offers consi imaeed tone toe a absorb arion Blas Bim Chekness ts made sol ‘yliniical sbeorbuag lemon pur resistive a sear constant vera broad bandit es fied wiht nowuniform metal sald Sushi lap at fronton Figure 2iu/show a coast mntshnd load with x step-shaped shld rind that aa opual-qually of match at RO! bo the shield eiamotor a Feduced so thal 195 10p(04)= 25 V5 oye Zi the ehstactenshe impoance af Ube mann coal waye- Fees Tee lat ie op ote mcr wut be 3 He ovter tins that af dhe seorbing fil ‘in hrogdband cosval londs the outer ssl = given the sbape of «| tuna (Pig 2st) etched loads for sri and mucrastrp tines ae tint ssi of a resittive material applied to a cient oud sad shortal at one end torte ground plat Bt te lin. Tho fly Uscknex tr chosen’ Recto ofthe tua dept, ane te Am longa may be small ta compasion with the wavelength onthe ina. Because of poorest tans [ee however, such Tampa loads can stan up to low power levels only. For e Roster por dispation, (eis ulial wo fabricate Tonds ‘ong 2) titans or aomeatfony lsny Line sections: Thi, owe arr tequrar thatthe aorbing rartaca ba givens suitable shape, conte spine het ho arte sath Youd 4th Faron of ceramic stripe or ports coated with an absorbing mater ‘Won matched lends ae fabicated on veline bonedse (offen Fig 22. Waveguide matebed nade germination ume osc cel candi he ged lz, Wiha re ies asou Shays ate Saha ata ee ea eldest a a craven Tire ta ad re maty made in shred vou seco onclg strip oe lock of some suo mr ing ia role Is low-power matched ids, the sherhing seme ‘in the form of a dielecie plate coatod by.a graphite or metalic fikm is. #20), Plog-type loeds (ig. 2.20 trough 2) intended for Eiger lovin are made of eompesie sateils band ou powde fell grepaite, carbonyl oa, or ilcon carbide. The plu tay bo ‘hap as wedge ore pyreind to reduce veflectigns. Te atten ow due to tn shcarhiag clement io in exces of 20 or 25-0, rele: ig fiom the Gaal shore willbe negigily emall. Por beter Snes, he re rar Wiehe eth ement tes ‘router cutoee ofthe waveguide i ited with» radiates. 122, Ronetive Loads Reactive load otarminations weed as standards in merowave me ‘ssurnnts and in matching and control microwave devic are Yequle fed to have tateble normalized faput impedance which cau secure~ {aly be computed from physical dimensions. Most often: renetive ade shorted sogmonts of clesad-wiro transzicion Iie, come ‘only town ta hove stubs. The ey puenmote of real et othe Sravepuide atte witha fsed shorting plunger 2 Merwe Som Compan ‘snldaced in place may be as high as 50D or evan sr ihusabte sake wit a moval 1 ower boca Gt edditonal lowes, ral, in exons of 100 ‘Tho norton condition, that is, an opencereuite output ia stuhs ‘can only be vonined i shielded maleewire lines where no spurions Seating Faition can take place. : aguies ave shown in Fig. 28, with tha sectional views wranged to The SWR of ip. 2.8 weve bong plunges: 1, mare: plge: someting ‘be parallel to tho nettow dimension ofthe waveguide. In the design (of Fig. 2.00 ie epic contac springs A sca icved vay toa tho ‘hortlig wail for adistanco of fyi inde the wnvegvide, Bessie ‘ef this the contacts are located Gt 2 wavaguign cetlon with sao Togitiainal current om the wavegeide wali and tay departure of the contacts from ta sdes! condition éaanat loud to ha nares in power dissipation ‘Tn the design of Fig. 2.36, the contacts A axe conscted into the waveguide is two inpedence transforming Line actions vith Low Values of the hormalized sharsctaite Smpodance, ra, nal) te‘Acsuaing thot the contact resistance at point A ier and apolvang ic the equation for smpedauce tranaformation by & gusts fanfonmens we obtarn the tapos impedance at poral ram ta Galt ‘On choosing 2 to be substantially smaller ian zest 8 possible to schol dee egaraent cute rauion tt nee ‘the SWIC of the plunger (Uhl fc Tlded ahead alltel ssction me up otro at ded guaterwave tection: witht, andr Te the Conte Fe Sibnce is stdad the slonte venetcce of te shorted unttocve~ ‘erib dath's characteristic mpedance 2, and Le sum of Ihe Lk dies oh contac ad wun tranaened by theater we ‘Stab with’ sharactansite impedance 2 inte t practially tre ro= stance at point Bin ather words, a Siotual short-circuit a esas ilghed for murowave coments a povat 3.) "The denis we have jst extsined ae quite applicable lo coast a plngers in the SH bond 28. Supports for Coasal Microwave Transmssion Systems [Rigul consul microwave trnamlssion aystom pore the problem ot suppocing ie inner conductor ‘hex supports haveto sot & Mn Ber ot cofletingsequacements tiey opt noe to fave rise Lv Fig. 2.6, Dials die pare fection, impair electrical strength, increase the alteneaion, of ro tee the operating bandh Also, thoy must perme repeated dsas ‘tmbly an anebly of te Ganson ysl, le “Five mer epductor is moat oon supported by ailectrs dives ot sy: metal naar. ‘A lmple aloe support (ig. 2.4} connec in cousiel guide nay ‘be vepresntad byline Sition of an equvateneIeagut Int Ve and with 2 roduced characteristic impiance. At low froqusucies tan fy simple dielectric supports have am tnsigullcaa aoc ithe lie performance. At higher fraquoncienhoweser, te lesa fa longth oF the support increases sad so does tye attenuate Hetectfons can be intoiitead by seduclog the diameter of the ine? f 2 ie be ° in) ig. 2.5, afta apport for» sous ae ‘conductor within the lenglstaken 1p by a dee, ts heopng the ci acteristic tnpodance wnctonge ‘Ts leady othe desge Sow ne flush oe un die may pl 1 he lametr fr of en he * axing can I now en fons rao amet oe fee af the support nn niso estas ti ld seneity In tie sa, But inevitale gap between the support nd the tae coudacion ‘ety’ high The efectnesteength cathe eahanced by making gone ante grooves and eis tm se surlae a th supports ae shee sa We. be Thy Ue SH band, dietectew supports ive way to maelenedatrs— rigid. parallel shorted quarter-wave asus witch suppoct the tar fandictor ag shown on Fige 25a, A sstal support tee notte te match atthe operating wavelength rodvets ue electrical sonst ‘nly very alightty, and “ateoduect but tery gmail exten Unfortunately. the simple metal support Fig. Sa hoe @ Huta ‘acid ocause vartatione tn Teequoney lead to shepges tt the slectricallugth of the support ant tniaice'» mlsmatel i eS ‘Wat ts known a4 « broadband metal support (Fig. 2.50) has. in aaaition to auarter-wave meal snutator, half wave tevostorince ‘whieh aa reducod charscteratietmpesace, Zn The vale of Z.yar may bo chosen euch Use the suppor! ideally matched ne bly'at the conte frequency, but ais at two mote feequapetes ue ‘above and’ the otner Below ihe centre Teyuency of Ue had Fh‘ovillating SWR.vefroquency curv [or matched. microwave trans: ‘nison ayatem with 8 browdbend support for Zaye 08 t abown InFig.2be- At Ze i vavied tho hunpe of ho SWIC euevo one the Felativo match banat Afy/fy at this level change x8 shown in M_ MM tek ° oy Eg 28 SRnnccy inn and the plot of Fig. 2.58, The operating bandwidth of » broadband me- jah Sapper aan alow SWA Teel of 11 dD ofthe conte requaney 24, Miesowave Connectors and Couplings For sasa of assembly and disustombly, the components of & mi- -rawave tronsoton systecsave fitted with suitable cpnmectors ouplings or adapters. Thay are designed to provide sella se: Slee contact at! the’ jelats te. presuvo the “quality” of atch Si electrical strength Of ths aytem, to latvoduse mintmom Sx SE gal etauaton, nd at to give seo spurious mio of ‘x microwave connector for flexible coal eghls, electric con- tact in provided by sing callta nd jacks Pig: 21a) held together Iyroutar throated collage nate or simslar fasteners, At any action of 2) mial microwave conaestor tho siameters of an conductors ae ‘honen so auto salntain the characterise tmpatance of ts line at ‘Sonat value with sllowence for the affect of the dislestie: The ‘flit omc nica cons anna to masked ‘loc Wh pood workmanship, the rns SW of the ondar of 1108 te ts Nise couplings fog eh nome cps navepuies have ‘rejoined by Hange couplings which may be of sith te plano fe ‘Su reaver typesand the choke spe (Oh 2 Merwe Sem Conant co ahaa Eine ta tehaasuneanrce sea 23, Mlerovane cova conector 1, cnc; 2, lomale enstac: 8, i beeps gee sone 28). To Yap ot Stand most, te Sahn rove oh ods of i na ha wha ‘SINS Gate fone curing, bos in kth fm m ig. 2.0. com shorted half-wave st Senge ie ue ve nl Aue ee int and fhe meceteat cot poo Bane as Fae ‘avteudo, while the other qasstrrave sation boesn ib oe SiaTontil goat sed epi S nite saese ees Inoue wavegide cals eval ine tgs neh tne Ses seta itr at aoa search Pe a ‘er oapatad sca Snot rears Stee 2 ‘al etwen te jued wavogile acton'n ue yon cee. iiked"hoence thd total Teng af te choke gloss Bow ttto point € mall the guide wavelengti. The insides ofthe waveguide speed y's att dopped tu alone nem conve roe flange couplings Wil ee thels ob sal even ifthe te Pees ‘of guide are alghtly separated or misaligned, and will nat spate i leotrie sucngth of te sytsen Une 14 imeem th SHR ors gu ty with reqveny ne thse we ) teen We cntnor compicated Rétory tating ont ale ovo otate wis respect i te another wshou dlatarbug eles 7 ‘fie contact or the quality af nate S 97 “Rotary yoints oan short sections otis TEA coor waveguate ott y ‘Th curutee waveguide. ta ctealat Navigate de aan int ey ss c 4 Soh vetaey yovnte wae cubing contacts bat” they ase uoclia sie alone conto ak the transmitted power ts miata ded ata high level. A betiee cholo ie a fotaty jnt wilh's choke freon pevtnance Sate wi gua Tn cased Yotaryyonte Fig 20), cake prooess ave provide a oth te ower snd te ine conductor Bash choke 1 9S A @ 3 Fig, 2.8, Waveude cobeange coupling; sole: eure eet sep shected halE-wave stub. The oquivaleat circuits for the chokes fn fhe owter a inner conductors ue tha seme and sown separately fm Fig, 2406, (ote that aunllar equivalent cicuste apply to the thek gaove nth waves plunge of Fg. 2 the aves {hide flange coupling of Fig. Sha) inna te cule standing Sle Etmagui Save form, wih ie cron ae lve ac [Bngtt hy af the sort onus of ihe ste Theetor, the wallage Fae al Tt a, HODES Falla) root T tone a op cro the contaclsonsancar i x70, m0 microwave powe Ton and the pufarmance'e te hay it atthe opering | Meta Se hn aa wen the reavoney i ike th she eng Spang alu, che input impodanets of the choke, Z5 nnd Z grate now-zeres and te fo Ie in te oS ney so Fo nput impedance of Sach choke can Be fount OY Getting $5 meine salu witson local aga Squats = + anit wich ts lod into another shorLesrevited line ection with en | tapetl impedence egal te { 2, = Hoey tan BbOn setting tan pls tan [Ut Ash) 021 = 2fond wo oly ain aftor simple manipulations Ma % Cala) Wan + 2a) (al) (Bh) Na CodZag) Cau + Ze) (2 (A4) 1 follows from the expressions for Ky and X q that reflections at « rotary yoiat can be reduced hy bringing dena the characteristic it Dedaueds Ze and Ze ol the. parcicated choke srosres and by Hi Grearing thotharsctdatle tmpedsnons yan Ze a th shorecren tad cthoke eaves ‘Refering to the oguivslent circuit dingram of a rotary joint in Fig. fe, the nput TWA ofthe font inthe caso of an Leal mate sie output i found to be Kae 1 — (al2Zam) (Af) as (+ Zel2ai)— oa + Zl Za phere Zayy ts the chartcteratic impedanco of the main transmission, Tine and°AY isthe emount of detaming from fy The second tra the ‘uate braskats i strato toi tae fra becawe the gop in [or nnd outer conductors are spaced a quseir ofthe golle Wave Iongth" spant- and bocaves the espectiveTflaclionsaacel one ‘holies. For ciaoetorgtl impedances that praciesl choke giveves the TWH of wrotery joint, as tows front te ofuion "Tivit exeeds 0:9 overs Handwah which i 89 to 10% of the operating Foqvency. “The electrical sttongth of a consis choke-type rotary joint is come what lower shat that of tee ine boesnsn the matin seine ‘ald atrongth in the-iddle of the choke gove sf the inner conductar ‘roster On the maximam elective Lilt strengti nthe surface Ge Snel costae th aa waver a Choketype lary jountsfebneated im creas waveguide cen be ana Sno way: Hower, share oy oe sotto re ‘kon with, abi's Za, inte equation far the TWH may beret equal 2.5, Tranitons, Mode Traneducers In microwave systems it 18 ofton necesary to change fom one form af waveguide o another or from's waveguide toa consial line {nck "This Job Is done by’ wonatons. iso known ae adapter, Winer i des to change fom ono mode in oe guide to anothor ‘ote in soother made rsadaces atest (Ch 2. lrowave Sytem Componente o ‘when designing transitions and mode trensdvoers, the primacy ‘width ane’ ample electric strength ‘Congdon several form of trenstions. N'TE., mote is fannchod tn a vectangelar waveguide ftom a TEM ceanil Ifne by a sossintoswanepusse ronson, adapter os enlace, fe Ete Fg, Ball, Gus -veveuide aun: «probe ype 6 casita hic nearest pee deena ME . Jolt he electric Hines of fore, B, in tho waveguide shorted oa wich define the Focation of the'probe. Por a greater match Dende Se jewemcroue aimed Pea Sedu ataean ares aacee 4uh an ndctoestcing diaphragm (ori) tts dng, tbe dhe SA ede fsbo 8. Aasi bate SEPA ofa ea yan igh el age SEEDY tts Soe op otaegs Deco ig $2 her eon al fr Se SPI ag ite ecrerenert i Mggeg mah at sa al ae hated by"a"Sonc teas + EAL TES poatantgceaie: Short Spec Peat Eat woone igo te : Se Pr cna EET ts aie Sreictwtpuce: Ck TR ate's af tortor tan te Noa) rete Tan yaa , Seve Rl ante coi vn i tm east Sa “ngke pou-onder Ty mode can bc launched fi a ereular aaoeeut- de ea alas eer scion pode cheer Sg iN ig PS tk ca a aor gga monte = oi yen o Fe oes mate re In geil waveguide, the TE ods ean te catd hous sectuplas Serapii iapagh sete ta Uae all She nent ices of mrectanglar waveqtide ve ssangn te ton pe fle wih xs oe ste neon ig. fa te cedar Inihesame pln both directions feth the jusetion- Hae coupting BiG Sindee cur waveguide (gS 140) TE odes o ig. 2.16, Teesnacene of sestaguar so colar waepuee ‘xsited on the right and eft ofthe slot will bein antipan, fi ‘Sequured to teats TEy, mode tous dissction euy. one out of te cirelae rarogenie mit be shorted. Yor the juneton shown sn Fig. 2:t4a thy stones fntweat ihe mle ofthe alot and the host ‘nuit be close toe quarter of the guude wavelengls, wail va the Junction sbowninGig Idea twee Melee Coane ofthe ‘guide ‘Consider the wanoer vn winch sL would be possible te taunels aa pst america eo "Ty {he Sroagdiment of Fag. 2. ley seclangatar gust oined tot cot ‘slau by wy of nsree age For bts exten of foe nj auodo tha cictlae gue fe shorted ot one side witnina ball of UethAlg, gaide wavelengus trom the coupling slots In order Co sop Fs peciows Tey mode wich tikes clad by thy athe no, th shri section nhac gc fa ah i's that the Ty, mode could give nae to ronan waves with 8 ‘gle variation foun the peratoter This tog acts on tie Ty, Joo a5 shor. Located within a quarter of the TE, guide wavs gino the slot centee, the sing can elfectively suppress the TEy,2 Fa comane Cre ‘mode in the cizcalar guide. The sanant sing has frsctcally no of [et‘on the TMyy mode in which the eloie finer of fore até tiie ‘and ie in tho plane of the tesonant ting, "Anotier form ofa TM, mode launcher 10 a cicular guide witha bush dagroc.af supprosiin of the spurious TE, sade se show i Hig. 2.45b. the veetangular guide it jrned to the sicainr ope. in the same mannor inthe previons design, with ons elf of te ci ‘ilar guide shored right the junetion, Als, the civalar ie o o Fe, 218. Bethad of Inunching 4 Ti made nia eda ‘meloses a resonant sing which shorts the guide forthe TEs, mol ‘Thus mode, Tenking through the resonant ing 6 aworbed a excites the Ty, consol tesonetar Uneups lonptinal aloe in the wale ofthe ctbutar guide. Ats loop ofthe eit fel im the rconaton, hor ist absorbing ring in which the energy of the TB, modo is AUssipated: he Thy: bod Prods (eaneverat coronte the walls of the qedar garde sn cannot tetsfre ext the Tonsi= {nivel slots sed te aleorbing resonator Tels especially dlficlt ta design 4 Ty, mode louncher in eieutar ide Hae, tha prmaey objective sata ritntnin high party forthe f'e<) mode and to suppress as meh ay prectcable "whole range of ‘he higher and lower modes capable of propagating in a largec-din- evening, A iy ge fr anton ftom 9 Ty fctangular gulfo te 4 Tig: tiresar purge 4 shown sm Fig. 2 [ion tn batalla Spero reclngntartc-cealartafltion, ‘Bn E-plane toe and two Sbsdngresfongituinal twists olen it 9° ‘este divection® make up a stam af two rectangoar peices whch [vo coupled oa thts narrow siden and support elds equal Io ampli ‘lent opposite tm phase. This eystem gradually changes sate tro se Slortal gulaes having & couiod wsl.tAs the aperigs ofthe sto Hal gulls inersea, a eireular gesde with © longrsnal mate pat. hile fonaed Aron th on dent change te el pattern, and the output section iat TH, ciceular guide, Hor hgh pa Hy of the Ty, mode, this form of mode treueducor must be of & Feng 13° iy Some difcaltiesrelatod tothe quality af mateh over a broad band: ih ln‘ in ang trains nom spi consol ad > ‘Goaxtal-tn-strip Tine transducers. These fall ato to broad classes ‘tn one, both lines are arrengol to tha their axes ako ou the some I cm (><) @) OJ © i @ ” 2 that iy costal oraine, fn Ue othe, one Line ia sight angles 4» to the other (Fig. 2.17), To reduce discontiauity at et Suet ofthe outer conductor tate ton fein valet the spacing hte te ci alent ip ise ort tar ground planes of a siveld- jeathe thielnece of the hes‘ground plane of microstip line. ‘he desired qullty of match in Fieve af a n-ne weneer ts oosated by giving taper to the TAS "or sucrootstpy line at shown in Fig. 27. Where the cots Tied Pac right angle to the stip (er merostip) tie (Fig, 2.170), Lip ceauttod guality of motch i obesined by adjoting the daintar SF Ue ouplidg post extending Usough the dielectee eubtrato and also by adjusting the dimensions of she coanil diaphragiy atthe out ‘But dan the catadal gue amd of the open-ircuted stab fbrestad Peep nmerostep) fine section, As often ss not, eoasua-tssetp Lig tnastecers ane ermbene with conta connects ‘Waveguio-to-ctrip line transducer. Thowe. devices aro intended to ence stp (or &anerstip) line from # yy rectangular guide Rp for micbosrp) lias canbe youd ta recangshar gue by 6 Sapa or sapped transformer fabeated in singleidged guile Ghee Dig, Ts denen provides aroavand matchung botween eta. Seike “guldes and stp {auerostep) lines an prevents spacious om Eon Goan the open ent of the Bile 26, Waveguide omen, Bends and Twists Wavoque corners, bee a eins al lao on sige nh Smapae the quality of match and clecgte strength “Whatever the form: of the uctowave guide asstom, corners tend sp nuch onsropgating Suge: soe oes ay oes ‘Sechomaguatic enasgy. fo mimiouse Use serutingroflectons, co ‘ops a aban auppletoatod with varios matching device. For xan pie, a o-deg Bend fabricated In coastal line eat e comined Wi Rjuaytersvave support end supplemented wil ¢ shallow grove failed om abr inne Sondetor (Fz 219m) Wits 3 fudlelous chore of Toston snd damon for grove snd ent for te gui ‘Bove suppor a ood quality of mich ean be maiained over & Ign “iid for corns she quality of matek oan be exiagead hy giving them a miler ot on fe outed te show Fig: 2490 for 4 feng a {o'one-thind of the distance along the dlegonal betwern the inet Bac apenes ofa sharp comer’ lowevar even such modified cot as wll (trode some exces delay which mast bo allowed for in [Healing tho slecinal lengiis of Tosonant sections, hilly Se civ sein Flaine etonglar and celat aoite on als Opi stnsons for nto Sate SRY Cab fa rom lata em slocontreaonce seco Oe Corer ave abrupt by naturel fond to coventats Sic I wot farce wc Yack ipa see scene th eas so syst, Ths deawback oneal exe muimsned in Smet mies elbows ond Senda: tna tworent mer elbow (ig STR ate iso eyed ota tance ag Gen quarter ofthe gue waveloagie, Poe quality of mate ts tpioe ‘ed feonugeseflections wom escheat ae Totuctd ai aaa bectage felletios om te two ents tend to enc one anole bonds cau be represented by tha equivaent eireai diagram for a gg sgn wal Some hanee rats eta eval rth ential» ot hohe men tpi of» hall 27, Relleting Discontinatis in WaveguidesSRSA carmen at ener crn swig Cie) W/O) Gnd ean ‘wavelengeh. ‘The numerical subscripts wontity which gue is coSre Stra tapes ete tae, 2, tl of ni Joint, tts valuo can bo looked up in reference sous. The eect of this shunt capacitance on the performance ofa sapped teearermet cay est by cing he nth fe uapeteen avequle diaphragms. A toasgutde diaphvagm {also called ma agpertres winds ert) sonata two tin mate plates eat Pal ‘et the ctowsorton ofthe guise. Rectangulae waveguides actly ‘ee pretrial igdctv, symmetsal capaci an Fotan ‘iophragms. (ig. 220) Ih an induct diaprogm (Pig. 2.240), the wr the broad facan of tbo elds have sf thetr'path “sompletad Approximately. the moraalized sosceptance of sm inductive Wisp fam, Gy, i given by b, — Ayla eat (a0) where dy = width ofthe diapiragm opening @' = inead imonsion of the guide 5, = aide wavelength A copactioe dioplragm (Pig, 2.218) raduces tho opening batwean tue ted faces of the guide, Th electric field E ts coscensiiad Batween tho diaphragm edges, end tome elctic envrgy ie stored there, “Therefore, a eapaciive.disphragay hiss an egeivelent rout consisting of capacitive msceptanee shunting the gis ak the location al ‘une dlepcege s i a ‘Tienormalteed capucltns eet tance of capacitive dpa fe Gppoxtmatly pga be 4 lg (bg) In costs (de/26) ‘where de = edt of the dap b= "hertew” dimension of the gu A camacltive daphoagin mar sly reduces tae elastic strength of tho gure ny Ares dlophragm (oe oe winder inn tae eth Wig. Bite) pla 4 | =e}e a, 4, phe sore +] = fing in Srssomsnt dngerane ee tect the propaeatonat ine TE Spied aoa one” nei Seca a ee Hitant gua nal et ht Bites ari ig, 2.1, Diag a= as be shown that tho resonant wavelength y thus chosen cas te ovtsined wih moleitade of apiragng erties devote lm & tow ati Ine tefl otc {he guide Those esonant dhaphrngus ifer in tha exiecol Os ta is the @ of aa squivelent msonsat Zesicent © Goat 202 (LICH ith allowance forthe eet of the line matched at both ends an Shuncng tht rosoant cease O° fae pei ends anIndutive pests. An inductive pat (Fig, 2.24), a rou! mal code pbatid na ectangehe guide In the diection af ee- SEEEVints of fora: aad Tenens fr athe broad faces of Si SIREatu ends, Pe equivalent erent oft lnductive fost cone Baise etabunt inductance and twp sree tapactive rnclanes fo - i sccount for the finite thickaess of the post The clement values can be ‘Sond feom eguallone snd plots am Feference books. duetve posts Tena polt the elactite"stength of the guide a ace simple to ake ‘an iis desired to reduce the value of Use slut eeactano 2, auttniny bf savers inutive pos will usually be ase they, 90 Ha cube erososection of the guide as sown in Tig. 2-206 ey a apacitive post. A capacitive post (Fig, 2.28) i a round conductor itftd'n uledieetion of electric ine of fore, and Jouot at one tet to'a bros foes of the gids, The equivalent iret of a capac ‘ie pect continaa sues sespnene Le‘ceeut shunting the Usa [oa Hine. "the capacitonce of this resonant iret accounts fer the oncpntration of the lective (eld at Ube fees end of the post, and Uerinduetance takes eave of the carents flowing ta the post "at zome longs of te pea, clow to nquarieat tag reat save tut tho admittance of tie sores tesa hremt urns tos Iyerani the: waveguite Ys shocted. Shorter posts show capacities tllttanee. At post longo t encea of the sonatas ee ‘hace ie indetivean AeelleceThsoice capacitive feagnces othe eae rent acco fr he fi tenes af the pos. At ‘Stall poet diameter, thes teociances nee small and may Be negle: ‘hee = Sipe poste a aly ged a tuna rating seo talcolluced unto guide throng theenied hoi sw trond face ofthe ide Beste ney fen calle esac ting rs fforurnately, “eapecitive pout marsediy" iapen the’ elec sleanglt ofthe gander whic te the reason wy they ae Hot Ase inspower guile systems 28, Mismatch in @ Microwave Trausmision System ‘with Many Discontnuities When be sets out to deniga » microwave teansusain system, Us tesigner does not know im advance hier the te valves af ts pare ote tat charactantae'ench discontinuity ar sie exec location ‘Thorlo rut TWA to predicted statically. Nally, eam loment ip'a mrowave trasmmanon system should itgoduce fpotehActualyy "however: any. lemeat (whore & Bj does have a relbction oellicient due 10 imperfection’ ih Sianofacenre” and inaceurney th igninent bu = ov esp Gem) whose magnitude aad phase vary 14 9 eadam manne from spe to spect eater Sm iy tein ar nn ede Sibat "ate ee "(°ty aptly "ala dane thee Aividual or pattial fullecion eoelictents to obtain the avers feeIHection coeficient refered (or twasferel| to the input ofthe = 02 bm Seveot—s0th—whenetm Note that the phaco angle of the sodividual terms are normally sgutbutel random variables inthe tang item sro fo Thorton sob-{ie cia f ee ee eee ea ee she maean values of the rectangular components and py a8 the ht Teflection coaficiet are teo, and th components themselves hoy the Causson ditebetion 00) —ggrae P= FD and loa = genhrap (= 0269 “the the verano ofan of a ous he om ofthe vacineas “Bh oni a ingiaary pris afte idividal cmponete dl Seay. tea . - $3 ane ea) In evaluating tho quality of match for « milroiavo transmis ayn, iat tater sally dhe 'ngaitede ote econ oa HHetent'torwhieh the probability density funetion has & Rayleigh Sistribotion™ 1 () = (oo) axp (p24) ‘shown in the plot of Fig. 2.25. The parameter of the Rayleigh rlbution ie'the most probable value f p= comerpondiag to ihe peas om the distebution caer Aa il be malo tle ah Sain ofthe magni of sn len! ve tat postion te eda ts arly Ch 2, Wome System Komponen o I1-ve know she probability datibstion. we can vsdily compute the probability that the magnitude of tha wetloction cociieiny et tie pat ofthe microwave tennis stom vill besa ick scorinin Prodetennined. masta value’ spree, Os nabeett (9) with eapect to'p between the limits OME pos, wesontas D © ‘witht unltyIuctdent wave, the svetation mates ¥, seduses ty ay TMentity (unt) matre."Then ft iaumediately follows from Eq. 2.7) that all the seattonng couficents sm auch a case ass nusesically ‘sual to the normalized seatored(tflcted) voltage waves, foe ‘ming the ‘uate response matric Vj. Presialy Yor this tessa this fue "was {akon ‘up earliar in the digcusion of the ssaplst lets “Tho seettaring eoslicionte cam directly ‘be found by say one ob ‘spveral experimental procedures. The saaflest st of tet equipment soutd inelade n miccewave genarator, an impesance meta at 10"‘tied line, 8 misrowave power moter, atored matched toads, and ‘movable shorted stu. Connecting these devices In Yarous combi Tons to the Wporejusetion of tars Ht posible o obarve fez Slits aod”reipenae dor several of tek conden uta for the rnpective catering matrix to te com ated. Several types of miraprocemor beset savomatie ant emt- ‘ntomatic systems have been developed whieh can reply mearare ides ad phases of the seatering oeisieats for aay three over wide dam range and over the desire Tn th gonerl case, mearuremont ofthe scattering collicints con siets i applying 8 series of indopondont test excitations and storing ‘he rnpeetive galuma mattis of tuldoat aa eelectad waves memory nit. Tuon the column raatrices are cotabined lao Tecan filer diteiew ae defined by (@-d) snd” Go}. and. the. ates ‘Equation (8.0 6 slvod for the soattocing confttent. Because expe ‘Minontal facards ao always aubjoct to random errors avsiog fom {imperfections ta the test equipment and olher couse, It Yo onc ‘able to mse tplicatemoasarementa, vith te aumbee A of om ‘Bhatt of et excites ercaning th mabes of pro te Sanction ular fst co thatthe goats of solving Bq. @.0) sould ap” Bropriately be aveengud ‘With af sxesnding 1, the excitation matrix Vi 48 a rectangular fg, and a9 conventional gnveo mete sxiea for it. Theraote, ‘Gq. G8) cannot be solved diroetiy inthis case, When If exeands 1 {he relations given by Bg. (6) are an overdafinad st of Unease {ions in the snknowa sostaring coeflctente. [tte tesouable Ue seek a solution for sup by the least squares enethod. It is proved in Liat aigbrn that s'Zolation accurate to withes Use standard de oti given by ab expression similar to Bq. (7 Sav swhoue Vz as the ap-called peeudo-inveres (generalized invert) mat {ik Ia Gus etm, the pooudo-inverse madris haw N columns wat ‘lems ib eas, and'cun bo found by applying, say, the following fauation: Vim Vatvive ‘wero the subcript donotes tho operation of tangposition, and the {etre () dooovse cng the complex conjugate ofall elemoats. Re- Sort to pon-iversion complicate thecompatation of te seating ‘mata only slightly” as. compared with "Eq. (7), However, It aly eahaneas the ecuraoy af the Toslt Deco tho random er ore contained in tho V, and Vy muttices st Af > Ware automatically ‘Srevaged 2.8, The Impedonce and Admittance Mttioes 1 dotormining sho impedanea ead admittance matices, one uses untelasiel aphoath ike deatption ofthe conditions wating ‘multiport ction sn term of total nevnaleod ‘oltage and current Ther yields nmstia dexespion of microwave Thultiport junctions slmost deatical ta that adopted tu the Sesoxy ti lowefrequoncy cucuita ‘The principal distinction cousaty i th {he Usunh voltages and catrens ae roplaced by ‘eit noraaliged ‘quivaleute with tu dimensions of (watt) "To hopin with, lot ye deline the npedance matris Z, Lat the exci tation applied ta an W:pore junction bo eat of 8 normalised su ents ond the responce be a ol of NW norsalied voluegss, tht Is paoafh |, mew =] % ‘The excitation aad responen vectors, oF column matrices, dined above are connected hy # normuiied iaipedance mates 2. In Fix votetion, te set of linear algebrate equations deseibing Ue Z snacinr hee ihe fora ‘ss 7 yew ea) 8, in & detailed notation, ee | = (80) Equation @.8) resmbles very clossly the conventional Ohm's law foe two-torminalcireut an the form ogo the input apedance Z plays the role of the impedance ma Tx, Using Ege. Grba) and funaiug sa opencircult fet mentally Stall ports excopt tho excited one, it us aa sony tation ta dently the phgsicl siguiicance of the elements of the Z mattis. Witt the ‘mth port excited by an ideal exerentrourco of normalized value <9 fod With ait the ether ports oper-citculled, al eemeats tn the ntcolumn of the Z matrix may bo wottan as a om Ta gmat 8 oe Mee 1 should always be remombsred that tho complex normalized vote ffs and the triving normed cutronts i Eq. (0.0) must be Geter ‘ined af the reforence planes of the multiport jmetion. ‘The offdlagonal elements ofthe Z mater eo tha mutual peden- es etveen ports and mon tho junction. The first letter m,n the script of Zing indicates the row of the matix end, at the same time, the Gpefeuita pers whore he ‘easufed as tho normalized open-etveatt 9 ‘nin tho subscipt denote te ‘The diagonal lana of te % mari nth csa where ms a a1 to mn Bq. G0) are euch the safampedanceof te vepeelive par, ‘Sith 1! he othr ports open-ciceuted” Becsuse the nerinalied cur. ents and voltages Revs the sume dimensions of (wnt all semen Sf the impedence mats are dimensioiees ‘Now leas define the normallasd admitance matréz Y, Here, tho segan tote’ the gre f Repor ection mah by 8 Set of HY normalized voltages, and tho respective responses at 1.9 normalized currents. fa matoix notation, the st of linen ages Brate"tquations describing the Y mattis has the forse pec or, im detaled mateix notation, | ie te ie 1H be an ne os we | iy fe LL tive os sort Lin Using te aoe tof geting and sorting mostly al ort tacept the drivoR ono, we obiaia te following expeeaion for Tecisments of the ndmittanes matrix ‘Tho offaiagonal elements of the ¥ matrix are the complex mut al admittenees defined ae the ratio ofthe ontpot normale set! ‘pormaltzed voltage at the sven port The diagonal laments of the ¥ mates ase-etch the st-admuttane of the vespective. post, with all the other pers siertcrculteg, As ‘tn TH inpedtnes sate thn notalne suet and etape ‘Rost be detormined, et the prespetled reforncs planeo. ke wilt hg matte he lesa of te Y mate ae tensile ‘From comparsson of tho Z and ¥ matsices ofthe sane Nport 300 tion it is an easy matter to contigs that thoy oe meal Is gay yor ‘The impedance and admittance matrices ase most often used 19 the Analysis and syntheets of melt-lament daennes in ardes 9 ta ish How the inatvidual raglatne affect one tnathers portocance [Note that far some pemtve molespor junctions sither the tape sancti or the adic mat of both may prove tncee iminate (containing & ‘8.4, Relations Between the Matsices ff Maltiper Sune bay gepmecas mati of mage onstin gives the compl exter characteristt of tht junction, Whssh mais to tee ey su sonveniane in lementealealstion or the expecta Sch ‘Tue adopted All muteteas of one and the ste multipart junction fe selated to one another im en aambigaows way. Thsclof, fe IEnow one matiin ve ean ready dedi the velation ste simplest hnagtiees ono Ls the invereyof te other ‘To sstabsh the connection betwee the soatteing matrix and the ‘mpadence (or admittance) mate tnd geaerlly borwenn any to ‘bitsy miatticas of = multipart juaclon, ons needs to use Eee (G.0) wile cannsets the jnidant and eclechad vate wares Hs onde oe band aad he Soman va ‘ages and cartons, on the other ‘Recalling that Bge, Ge) hele for illinpat lines a's meltport jucsion, they tan be Wee as 0 owing combined mati wen +o or 30) wyem—n Substituting, tho column matrices vi) and v7) from (8.10) into (@.2) which define the scattering mats, we obtain, = m=s8m +9Collecting, the terms which contsin the factor v) on the lefte han se of tho ebove equation, we may writ E99 +59 whee ie» unit mats of order 1, Promultipying the above equa Hoe by the make (2 8)", we obtain Y= E-SE+Hp (On comparing it with Bus. (2.8) which define the impedance my {pe obtan the equation that define te S nitric 2-€-91 G45) ean From Bg. (@.11) it follows that the impedance matrix dots not sexist alvays "it bocomes iadaterminate wou the deeruinait of thematic to be averted redgees to sao, that 8, whet et ES) =0 Applying the somo reasoning, wa can dedscs an expres ting’ tho admittance mutate ead tho scataring msn Y=E+S"@—8) 62) 1 follows fom Bq. (BZ) that if da E490 the multiport junction in question will have no ¥ mutex. Pas ex spre ean bo teined by iapution dh dat 8 {it Gb = 8) reduce to aero for 9-ott ine form of a peale us ‘Elona tee samemtaion see (eg: $3), Thee einen {hat tho muluipors funsilon tm question hae nlther 82 aoc a ¥ Gaiverdly, the matrix relations @.t1) aed (12) resemble the vwolsizows ‘elations for 4 trauamssioa line, Wiveh Counce the normale ienpedance 2 (othe novaialied adit Tintion coeleene Feat —a bea —pmsi, TUS Eats ae ghee exmon me to te Teiiss a special eae af G11) and- Giz), spplsable tot on-fer, “Tomam up, whem i dasred teeta eile that congerss say two povialiaed msinces of ammulipas jusction, t-wil sufi. "use the sels af equations dating thee mates an tlatens {ee fore detined yO) connecting the ovuaied tneeat aed Seflsed voltage and current waves: For exemple, it san bo shows © 2 Meany Hubert coe oo (ve Inave this as an exorise for the wads that the scattering metelx [Sine Sepreed in tema ofthe impodnce sud adinitianes mates at as follows SH@-He+m=B-NeLY BAR ‘ot unlike the relations applicable to trsmisson lines b= 6— nee =0—H si ote that the maisx factors in Eqs @.11) cough (48) are com- astative, which ean readily be verified wt the aid-at Woatly {sssformatioas. ‘is oppertuniy to chaage the ones of clacton sipliiey computation in the atalysis of mictowave: deecee sce ofthe mullipore malriets onthe post numbering scheme, rie oft multiport junction wll be messing ony af te "umbered ins cortain deinite order. A sage iste nme Fen im lena estat Sco i eel ee ‘ea of te elements wil remain nchanged, ba the position of the ste he ae wi be onan Fo daduce appropriate denigncelatonsor a given N-port junction, ts sat square renumbering marx G Dy toe ellowting Fue: Bate ston nel ow the @ tnt ans a tel Searing the now number of te port whase previous number was th sti as hut af a given row, For sample, port? becomes port 7, ‘one should be wrttien un cil? afte tau tm aad tror should bo ‘walt instead ofall ether elements in that Sime row Ug ome ‘Fela examples, he reader i nvitd to vorfy that th cenumbering ‘pats the cbtsinod is erdvgonal, hc fsane a i sta which 66, =8 ‘where B isthe unit mateis of order. Hf'we dogowe the tacident. ud ullecled_ voltage waves as vip ud Yj a as vp aud Yi). ting, apectively” he ‘ok at Ute na numbering Schemes, hey srl b connected hy tho venue: Hing meee aa follows vo =o) vies Om sulting the v1) and_¥) column aatscs in th set of equations G2 dating tho sctiosng matsan we obtae O89 = S69 Premultplying the above equality by te G-* mate (owing tothe ‘property of orthogonality, Gt = G,), we get “ sEsG09= Pi Mone Ct Hance, the new seattering matetx Sp forthe multiport junction with Hs porte we-mumbered is connected fo tae erginal seatoring mates py Sslation of thw form So=6.86 au “which isa spacial ease ofthe similarity temnaformation known from, Tnathomatier SRonspning’ a belose, we can obtain expresions similar to B (9.10) for the inpodence sad admittance mateies of tho multiport Seton with ite ports remambered Zo = G26 YY, =GN6 Pert ronumbering afore a possiblity to reduce the mateoae of wavious devise ta 8 standard ormat opie for « particular cass ‘ofrmuluiport.junetions apendenee ot the meltiport matrices on a change in the leaton ‘of tefminal planes In some tare need ssans to kaw how tate Srrange the eetses oft maltport junction whan its terniaal feeelben sift st esti. The sep ae he friag magree. When the tarainal planes aea moved away fom the {Junction un quention,curthor lagging pase shtts ae nttedueod te ‘he sonttariag coelicionts bocase the signals have now a longer di stanon to travel Also, the waves safer am stcemntion tm the Ineo {ing Lire, and the scattering eooliience become smaller la meg fade, Av’ rami, any seataring cootlsont, as reckoned from tho bnew vara planes tes the form x (— Himba — abn) 8.5) whore fy and Uy the increas in the length of the mth and nth Incoming. line, sespecuvely, while jm =m —Jom and x = sane propction onal of tho at Une, “A'Shange ete lotion theta] pine le endef chan ot in he slemonte of the nipolance and edatiance matscar, How ver it is tat al easy to deduce the new matress 2 and ¥ from aid ast sis he cso wth seattering atic — tt tebe done hy trestorming the mtioes to ie eatarag tt” Be and ‘Normalised snd non-sormalized matrices of-multgort functions Letts dwell in bet on the relation between the poral ized sud ‘op-noomaltzed ipetanc and sdmiatance matte. Nowaormalized ‘ital ave und n'a ted sete the suas ad apeto ot tnlsroweve devices which the tacoming Lines sustain TEM modes For soch line, the voltage and current oraalfation lations take te form BaP VE and ig hn VE stem dass » particular post [seal Bgs {1:11 For all the input lines of ao N-port Junction the followine nit aoelie ing 'elations hotae PS MS "= w= Be) b= earn ‘whore (Z4}#* is diagonal matrix in which the diagonal elements arp positive umabars V Ze m (mm 1520 vo. Me (Ze) as like ‘wse/a diagonal matrix in whieh the dlagavl sleet are equal fo WY Tee a Edbseisuting for) and #) from the normalization equs- gion tnt Be a on avng histo equtions fr the Wes v 7 maengean, w= iy Hionce, the nor-normalized voltage aud entrent colame mateces te cobmastod by» sguase matte st dhe form B= @gaey ‘ehich may be called the nornarmaied impedance mate, Us eee Sions have the dlaeasons of ons tnd ate Counce Tbe Sens clive dimensonles elements ny of the normalized Z ute by & ‘elation ot he Tor nnd Ban be Co neu Provtading in a sillar wey, we ca derive the no-norat admittance matriz “ " a petvy Fe wren ‘The cements of tho F mates (which have the dimensions of siemens) sre connected to the dimenslouless elements af the novmelited nd,six by a rolation of the form Fan = taal ae a ‘The non-aormolized matrices Z and find application in the theo- sy of dipote and slotted antennas. 3.5, Weal and Real Matrices of Multport Function "The parameter matrices of multiport gunctions may, Dy paspose on spplication’ be clamed into two hivatl groups "gue ine iat ave deed matricr. They servo to specily various ucrowave eneuits aud components proceeding fom what they, are Teese imcrowave thansmtston bystom. The elements of these fhatttees ave fount by postulating the desied behaviour of given raieettorsponent in view of ie ebjetive it to serve, rather than SyrSnulyuine the satergo sreangement of a piysical multiport 6 SPE example, many microwave gonerator (ay, muagnoteons) need a puusclog sian the detrimental eet of the waves reflected foe the Woad ts jab can be done by a wo-port Junction that Sotia WGenamtie mesowave anergy. one diection (rou port {orport £) and Block (es pocsage tho rovers direction. Obviously Ho eatee abie ‘tn Meteor, eet have tha following sattring 4 2 s-iEwie 0) In specifying the above matrix, [tis entirely immaterial 40 know row (leuslator i sonatcted Phyaealiy Ia writing ideal matic 2 dae often sgnores te fequeney dependence ofthe loments and Giehor give the exect location of the terminal ple, "Thy ik the secoul group ae real marion, They present the ro ‘gla taleulations periments ou seal uncrowave cteults esl matciss ave sleaye wetten, having in view particular device ‘Niththe location fs torminal lanes pected ip advance and eth ‘Mwanza fer ie ioguency Bturiour of ty slot mel ns For esau 2 particular specimen ofthe iblatr may have the following real ester sutehe at the design frequent oft or a well desigaed aad properly bull loltor, she magnitudes of [Ms celtering coefficients Py fy and ey close fo tao, ad th ma nitude ofthe scattering cosfiient «1 atte smaller than unity be- sv ary mag ‘nce wnt establish the oporating bandwith af the talstor inating up th tet reat mates ofa melizort uncon, spud deal dayonds on a prior’ knowledge about the Tundameotal ‘ropestins of le devies toni Ate alle is unpartant to know if lietdevice oye tne reciprocity theorem. wisthor safes ie. sal power loses, and whether ir shows any symmetry rlative te Its forth, Without such prior knowledge, 4 complete charcterizttion of Feextera! ohavigar of Apart jusetion would require an the ost goneral case H¥ complex paremoters forming, sy. th siomonts ‘sta aistes. If ie known un advance that te millapoeSoaetion Ia ‘Guution hes the property of reciprocity, oulfers no lero Tosus, Sind bas some symmetry. tue nutiber of independent variables ca fovcut'down appreciably. ‘lor knowledge about the relations between the matetx cool cast of the multipart fuaction im quastion elles am oppertanity to avoid ersorsInvasting up ides! moteees thot nig othervise ‘coud te the vshniog alana phyutal awn ta the anal of fal‘ satticn dar knowlege abu the prope of cespocty. [eodom ftom intemal power foste, and exitanes of tyrmmetry eth be utilzad fer check on tho suis of the computations and on the overly of random eeeoes ta meesorements, ‘36, Reciprocal Multiport June eciprocal multiport suctions are thowe which obey. the recproct ay thse oa to ors wh ay arate cotton eng 1 all ather ports ‘The reipreity theorem key Irom elecitogy= tami ine fh t-te Append ha he fallow covey "ines st ona pov’ of a multigor juntion ges rin tovan elective furroat io another, sbort-ciceulied port, placing the ent source in As oaher por wil give ste rusia coon Su the fist pord 1 Js shartatrouited, ‘o matheniteally iyi = tie 1 oqualiies similar to the above one hold for ports wand , with al ‘he other ports short strulted, afl noaormelised adiitanee Shas shen arangedsymietialy aban the aa diagonel Youn = Famonce, the non-normalimd admittance matrix’ is symmetrical Y-%, ‘The change-over to normalized voltages and currents does not fect the above statement ta aay way, Ad siniar eciprocity Poa tion olds for normelized admittance mnteices ts well Y=¥, ina = tom @.16) ‘And, finaly, because the rules for tnding normalized voltages anf eiimentsgedues any trenemission kines tothe senna wotbease al rod tn the form of am equivalent long ling with «characteristic impedance of eit, te recto alton (18) grove wes ‘allt for multiport Jonetions with wbittery Incoming transmission Hes Bhutan nition or the menos of smart lion‘ the ammciry 9) te normallaed anita mete “he impale mais and the seaieg ts of a eclpecl smulliportjoucton ne lkewisa symmetical: unk and s=s, ‘The Zematsc must be aynometrical for rciprocel snlisport juncti- toe ar the ravers of the symmetrical agmittance mattis. The sym Sotey of the seattenng mate for reclgrocal multiport unetions is proved, using the conversion Telation, Bq. (2.13) S=@-WEFW=G-WE+Y, =E-V. C+ OF = e+ NI E~ Ms, Hore, we have we the ule forthe transposition of the product of two tant, = BA, ie symmetry diaplayed by the mateices of 2 reciprocal multi ‘port junction substantially reduces the numberof paramtore requ uc ehroclrge ft apn oma dept oe fer ‘poe: jameson i wil suffice to have as few 2 om ler vactablasethey ar the laments tying on ono ada of tho ‘lagonal of the mateiz,ineloding the main diagonal ae vel. Itty kugwn trom alsctrodynamies that posive deview ove thelr coperty of telpreniy a ths Tact that they do bot eon Say aa Fotropie slectomagnatic media, sush ns biased fortes ota plas. (Ch Meomave Mulipor ctont so ‘Thorfor, inorder vo ascertain the propesty of resiprocty. thers is no ed in most ease, to undertake @apecia stay it sn be sit Delated'a pron, that iy prior to detailed calculations mesmo Ioate‘on Sha sient in qutstion. 87. Non-Dissipative MaltiportFunotons ‘Tho term non-dieupative (or loti) refer to multigort jantions roa fom intrual loess of electromagnetic energy. Siicly sper ing, absolutly non-diesipatéve microwave davses tre notrasistet “ny Gevice disipates (sy, converts to hoat) some of the micas tengy 1 receives. Tm mact case, however. every efor tr tiade to ‘minis Interal losses as auch a practicable, ands lesclss or homdissipative device ian effect the laiting sane of low lous a fits Th ow level of lessor shoul be understoes ae boing vontalicg iy “small ae compared with the total power applisd tos. given Neyort junction. Neglecting internal lacs we ca simplify ony esi folations, and such an approach i therefore very edu it Both tho enalysis and synthesis af sncrowsve fevices "To bagin with, lot ug Toraulate the proparty of son-disipativity of multiport junction interme te itpedancemetsies, The powee Spplied over each incoming line it Pinms=Be linia] (init + Hal) ‘Aiding togotber the power applied to sll the ports ofthe junction ad ningun notations wet ebtals Pam 3 Pana$ 3 Gini bitin L(arntiven) G17 depot Sa) 16 a tenepord column saatsix, Fo" mei Using te ation afte impedance mates, Sin Bq. G17), recalling the rle forthe tenepoition of 2s (AB), = Bias ‘sd requiring that Pj, — 0 (which must be so 6 loseoss multiport Sneion), we asa te Pam} (ee + (ti) =-fae-p anno Jom per must be aa os, rps ft spl fr af escation, te applica to's noi-diaipaitve aultiee joseton Facet Che iad al nea 0ua=-@ . where 0 18 a 2019 mats of onder WN. ‘'similae condition fora multiport vo be nonissipative may be derived also for the admittance. mati Y4yrmo y--1 Example 32. A on-dissipative two-port junction, Whoo writen x eayth, the condition for two-part joneiow io be noa-dlsipativs ‘kes the form [ie bie) f crcbien crete] reise tectien || —rebisy Srech itn, Hence, ‘Thus, the smpedanes ca-disipative swo-pott junction outsias only four independent vatinhiee ead meay be focal ne fl- lowe 0 ra), jf tue zeneixm[_0 S} ef As is saan, the tmpedanos mals of a non-disnpetive two-poet soaction (or, more geuoally ofan -port junction) as 0 swayne ‘eteleal fee par aad sytineteveal imaginary pat. "The samo bls {ee the adaidtaace manne of « non-dieipative tro-Port Junction Tis in addition to Suing sow-enpative, nalipere junction veipeocal, then dun to thy aymmetty of te Zend W mateees the Following ideatiies'must tae place Rao and Gao ‘where 0 is « x10 mateix of onder 4 Therefor, the impodance and [miltanco mateies of a rociprocal ead nowdispative multiport wax and yop (Gh 3. Mise tpn eons 1 se hs mn gl ri eg ei fe Deel mt reapa elae me ie Pas ii ASP ete eae HALES Ss shes ESS a MS eo ureiaeee See ee ce SEPP if mp Penn = Pow Pen = 18h 1 Le IP [Adding totes te power a all the ports ofan port junction aad SESE Sandee oben Pax 3 Pinn= Si lbint! tral 0809 0799 aig, Be. 2a) which dafines the searing mates aad rogicing iat Py, 0 (which mast be tho case im a nancdisspative amultiport seu w got Pia = (vive — WtSIS¥0 (tie —s781v9 = 0 where Kis a identity (unit) matrix of oti N. Tho lft-hand side Ultie above equation must to equal ca zero wth aay dstlbution of {neidaat voltage waves, This will happen if he sceleetag mete of ninow-dismpative multipart junction stiles th codten of nia ree ss-e In the special cass of = oneport, the condition of wnitaity reluees Ieist Unitary matriceeshow « nusaber of specific propetes. The norm of yeh cola in a unitary mates Qhat she square toot ofthe sum Gt the equates of the magnitudes of te column elements) is ual, the columns oro mutually onogonal” ({ 8" St") for rein iran the datermnant of eunitaey mates fas @ maga fade of ity aod macy be written 22 dat 8 = exp Ue) ay us ara to few exampl “Example $3. A monvdimipative two-port junction. Wie write a'Tongths the condition fora second-order sealering mates to bo10 Pa ison Cre unitary reduces to tho folowing equalities — - + Ligl 4 +e <0 oak te irae bye xprins fr the lw of enarvae on of energy when a non-disrpative.twerport junction is driven via ct Pte port 3, wth te apponite pocttrsinatad is aaa fond. The tad Line establishing fuer relation botwoen the np ‘ides and phases of the scattering coetficente iz lo obvious. Flom Wving the three equalities siltaneoualy fe follows that any now Siaspative two-port junetion must satay the following constants Vu = Bas 1 Ua l= tint On + ee oe Fone ie ogsethaat of he Guth atin cates, iy or a notdisipative Gwo-port soncton Gesipeoral oF pox seelnrocall. the magnitudes ofthe Granansson coeiieionts ix both Siwctios and the agnitades of the reflection coefilents st cog ‘eg and the pings ofall Ue seatteringoeti= sisponent. varies. ‘Te couseaints defined above should be taken into eccount when writing an teal scattering matrix for a aon-danputive tworport hmetion. Asstming that the four indopeadent variables nv Von | = e08 + a Ome and n= wp arsivo at the canonical form of the scattering matte for a note Aaapative tworport netion: correo (in) sia voxp Ue) s-[Siriaum —actoniteem—n] 69 If, 9 addition to being non-dissipative, » two-port junction i r- lprcel 1s requred thet @y = my then the nuatber af dependene ‘iinbles of a recto (het i, Doth reclprecal and non tatpeioe toport junction i reduced to three eg tw? “ 0 gy 2n oer 84 An ideal cizoalator at a non-dislpative theee-pore joaetion mated otal the ports. Supposy tre, ae sown ing S36, the non-dissipative three-part junetlon har atts ports adfestadlo reactive matching elements, Wiich may be stovelle diccontaultg So. af the Tatarinow typ. We inguin if 8 possible to Lene these mat- thing elements so that the porte of the dhre-port julien sam bo ‘patched all st" the. stme” time. Ia) other’ words, Wei UW possible to tealize tho seriterig matniv of ihe compened Unoe port Tauetion Che ne which includes be etching sles) inthe Totton’ for * ia be oS in, fg 0 here the desired. matched gondition is indicated by zeros on the Sain. diagonal fo answer Wis question, wo use the condition for the wattering ‘matrix o be unitary and Woite the concommfinnt equalfiea fe ts Satan eouliients li P+ lahat | lial fant al Balt dn=0 iin 0 } ey itsinao[email protected]) may be teeated so aso of nonlinear equal snp Seattoving coeticeats Ths set may have two a0 0 in Lig =a UD bg 0. tag P= sa =O. la = testy = Os Vig ad “The shave sclutons correspond to the ideal scattering mateices of Umichednos-danipelivetore-post junctions 00 pti) stalerueo 9 0, fou = tsp = 0, Vag |= Habe 0 exp tigg © : 0 wpm 0 be stafo 0 expen expe) 00 rs ehtay ecnsante hwugh gy dat ft Win propery of fhe eataing tite nl afd lly dopecent Se the locaton of the terol plaate on te tree-port funelton, 12 lioes tom Bq. (60), hs sleronnve power appie! to Say oc ptm ison enn oft oe i nce ‘Guedes in power tetris om port tte port to por in ess, ‘ESuee er ar th th ay sg Sing dea sentving mation dain ta (090) ave celled thre port Zirdatons. Thete graphical syrabol to shown in Pig. 8. 3b. Cireulators Sts widely cued te soperate See tmp and output Signals of pram ‘HE ampiilces sed "lao he oucputs of «team oa the Fp oe veonter‘opeting ato a common antenna, lcowave {lato ar nonsodprcaldeview and ther construction segues ‘kgs "a's petcople mate (ordinary Deed Fert) oe SNGnibeanis of Examle 3.4, we may formulas the following ‘eta Any ores, notice gserper feto ca ‘netoncd fon ed crultr by eppreprate font th resets ‘alting elements at sir porte Sven Sesgns of euler 3 irgaty ot Gr) would ale show Cat ths sot of tloion a i the cst of lpr eis wis seating ates hat is, when 3, = in = by a fe = ‘Flbterlveon bessted aa lemma rer aoe tr ‘at felon anno be matched tl oft porte athe soe it ith Fina of estge matching leet ‘emple 85. An ‘idea directional eoupler inthe form of «rac tvclourport junction matc-terminled at ail af itepora Las Set: ne hae irouite with Symmotical ‘uve (thes is reciprocal and non-disipative) our-port junction havo Iejustable ouctive matching dovies at sta pore ng chow in Fig, Sid" We sex out to sou What form of sentoning mattis the restau ompoite four-port junction wil have, asstaing tat ‘pete “junction hee Fig. 4 To matebing a alts fur port soon ‘match can be obtained by suitably tuning the matching elements. In Maw of the property of roapeeity, te seatening mates wily a tee's perfor match has boon sacutid take up the following form 0 fad sal 8 fede nin Og Lin in in 0 | Since this isa unitary mateie, the following equations ms Wa f+ ah tal a+ Hal oer aan Wail? Beal? gl ean oz az 4 igin 0 20 On the strngth of @.21, at lest ene slement tn cach column of te scattering mate le uod-aer. Equations (0.23) ad (3) ia the Sealtaring coofiionts #3, andy have an only teivial solution | duno i 2 io00 tL Microwave Cheat the duterminant of this eet of equations, {snon-tto. Ion thotherhand, the determinant jy zero, a multi= tude of non-taro aolutions exit for Uhe satieing coefficients dn, ond of szatering coallicients must be 2a ctnet"ia view of Eq. Gla) Bu — hai <0 62 In such s case, the solutions of Eqs. (8.22) and (8.29) oof (2.22) end {8.3 sespoctive on a2 Fano, fon the condition that the dote y= ie — Saath By = shea ~ Saabs te nonano. Note tat, subject to Eq. @.22) though (3.24), the determing 4 riggs Symay ee 0 2070 only if Bq. (8.27) or St ord, 0.55 ar lla ated. the sare GoStats athe ors aerencie omer ons gta outcome the fact Uti searing nee hoa ive one ofthe dive Tome [oo iy at 00 in ig ju in 0 0 0 he By 0 fo so iw ols polis | (ie) aan Hr ani hb pe st a ee an a ee pte ees Gr bea ekaec ML a o ig, 23 Duero a mleomve tomlin yen, Hock ‘upton ‘Tho off-diagonal bode Fit Sh ctirne asic of aden coupler costly ihe wave ‘wasmission couticients trom one pair of parts to the ether, eat ‘aay therefor be calad a Pansmiston (ar Pansfer) bine The trans ‘mission block must he unitary. whlch ls cary ey stesrtaa by ePplytng te cndien of ely Jo te earings 62 (mo) [o')-[0 2] toe tas gt of te snap ek apes in ih Sasol ee ee a St tig pore of Wiectional coupler ooo Eq. (G10), 8 posible fo radwee the tcansmesion block fo one of to forms vo[it me] whoa Hence, -vigee only one indopendortvaviable fs oft 0 << a2 ‘iretional couplers are widely sed Bulla bloc foe sted smierowave tnsmsion sytem A valuable property of dre: Soual couple the. fact “thet all “oli pore ae cniched Seong” tla in" acure. ‘Seorshsone Gee Example 4) Procerding fom Example 3:8. 0 it's poet S552 Sala ab lowing Smart eared Yori fuga ‘tla co be conered a ee retinal coger ite ml ing atr fthe form defied (8.29) by appropriately tuning te Teateive matching dacs pots 88, Symmetseal Multiport Sunetions ‘A symmosenl multiport i hat for whi a change in he a bring sohome for tho porte will nt affect ite parameter matrices ‘here moy Dea geometrical (phystaD apmmeiry at an elacrical tmary. A purely sleceicl symmetry (which {snot consequence of @ Dhyaeal symmetry) can be secured through a proper cholce of ‘Rent vaste for the lip json Sn ghantign sod cgnot fntbllshed priori In contact, « puyeteatepmmatry can bo ctl Eke ih'dvdnce Gnfore au lacie ealeation Wo cndeys and Ie stays brine wilh {tam eectical syenncty. Ia te cage of e Dat ical symmetzy, any spatil tansiormation, fecncaliy knwn 83'2 Formally, the symmetry of a multiport junction may be described sy’ square shmgetry operator matte @ cle ther are ports. Syma spring 2) = s6u 2.30) 1 implies hat an arbitrary inident-wave column matrix may be Syameticaly tanslormed in nach 8 "Way, * ny6oy ‘tha che respective zfletou-wave coum mari will bo teausformed Inexactly the same way. va Gv eget sme, the ware ann alnhunged only a aya {Wlel port although sometimes’ thie will be accompanied by shaogo inthe orgie! conventional retin of voltage st some pots Becaise of thig and simon to the renumbering mater: introced Ine. 8.4, each row and exe column ofthe G matin should conta s honacr lament which, owe eb or "Hy matrieust be orthogonal whch ta Biles tet it must sity the condition GGnE Example 36, A symmetseal Y-june tion of eoastal waveguiles Tt the ter= ‘tial plonsrefocted at aqal dita fs fom yonoton poms (Fig. 28) Yanetlon will have bot atotational py symmetry and a reflection symmotry. Let Hil "itt consider the volaonal sane: ff, Olvioully, rotating through 120" clockwise about point wilt fie the seme of the juzetion to inarchange posiiger: wich rl chang i he tig cn a fio pote comes pot 3, part 2 iwcomes port J and port J becomes Pon ‘Therefore the Gy matrix ts ientiesl wo. tie eapective tnumbeie ‘mates set up by tho rules set fort ia Sees Sc 10 g-|oor 100 Another symmetry operator mattis can be waitten ou rotating the “Yims shout point a shrough 125" counter-clocowise, whlch sie’ Vanceivslont to a change in the a Sheme a5 follows: port 1 ‘Paeomes port 4, port? becomes port Z, aud port § becomes port 2. ae oot ou-[238] ate {Let us now considera reflection operation onthe Y-junstion Ase. fisction with fecpoct tothe plane of symmatty P, pasting thrvogh port! eavous the mo of lhe funtion to tatarchang® Positions, wife he junction Is Taft inact, Put the porte aw now sumbered dle rently! por Z remains par Z, port 2 becomes port 3. and port $e ‘Somer port 2. The resulta 2ymmetry operator matte wakes the fem 100 g-loor O10. Proceeding in a similar way. but alfecting reflections with respect {a ho planes of symmotty passing through port 2 and port 3y Wo ‘hain Uwe more syamelty gpersior matrices: ot a-loro 100. 010 -]100 oot Se ee cre ‘coch form of symmetry), say, G, and G3. Tho rematning matrices Sher oa, eran opctar tio liga ein (ate cit to i" en peo, fmt an Ss gins eu coe tnseaie Hoey apes (Bee ee hobs, Mee open en Mon pce, eee a ares Soca B As fis Invers (in our case, @"1 — G, by visiue of the orthogonality of rye mulaly independent foes which, i muitally independent symmetzy operator matrices whi wien multiliog togetaer, yield all the clase syummctty opoesos ihatsis of grbup are called the geeratrs ofthe grou To singe Intly sprcty ihe symmetry properties of « mulligort junston, ie spills heen the geottors of aap. For a eymaeiial ution, the geneaiors ofthe g20up 13h be the maiees Gy and Uy. ‘Naw We. consdet the ean where a need vase taso nopativeslements i's aya ‘otry spstatar mete “Peanipie 27. “Aseres Tunction of two- site ramsasion lines (Pig. 3) tha ter Jprnal planes at ports 2 ani 2 ase lose to Iie equal distance from plane Py passing ey gua Tnterchange the postions im inter [esion), the’ voltage at port 9 wil undeige phar, rover xo revere the postive lection of voltage at port 3, the condi: tons in the thve'port junction aud ite daserptok will sae ae apeed. This tpeane tae port 4 is symmetrical to Ves, bat only Ifthe opposite direction of voltage is taken. Thersfory the symeity gear asf re fj ees esge ihe ne ring schome: port 1 becomes post 2, port 2 iecomes pert fa port d Incomes port 8 whiek gms pea OL 0 10 0 oom4 ry Operator mateix thet a series P-junetion Bhs ho only erm ‘Thee of symmetry operator matrices in the analysis of various auctowavo. devices 1p basodon the fact that tiny. Somos wae Battmetor astsces. fn other words, the following idcntiies at GS=S6, o2=26, GY=¥G ea To prove the property defined by (31) for the eatoring matin, Batt sides of (50) shou be premltpted by toe Get mete Tas slant efeiy wil exe fr ny dstsbution of the excitation ‘preceeding’ from ihe definition of the seataningsmateix io Gia}, we may write ose s. ha lds othe aden a 91), Th sang eatin {20030} ctu opted smi may rtp oe "if the symmetry opsratgr matrices are known of specified in ad- vate tin no a) blew tn Benner wae ‘Moe, hereby eel te wane SF arena veitis® that Ee Taample 380A ‘Sty, now-dssipatiity i the clea! aulpar” fo Ta Fw fsinmery Hoa sow tee le 3.8, Mie te End an Eeplane te (arm 2) each ‘ade in Trtangularwavogut op rating in the TR mods. Ifthe dioectve wed to fl the Wavega {3 isotropic, the device will have one plane of symmetry which cats img {and 2 and ta symsmonry operator abd seatioring matress SHI Have the form ° ° 1 ° i witing the symmetry operator matrix, itis taken into sezouat thal ports 8 und fare siutally eyametical and ports 7 ead 2 are ach Symmetseal to Stell Alo, ster Tooling into port 2, ths four ort te ie analogous fo a vic T-junction of transmission tines ESE ete of By wing i ascot ow ofthe uustsis (a Bvample 3.7 (00 take the product ofthe matrices on th sight” ond left-hand a oi oy Go Sa eating ents te roduste pg (the product ofthe pth cow in tie ultipicand by the Bit coluat in thé ulin, we obtam th following isons bee ‘Teoh the seating ‘oulieents for agi fe fam —te (ped a3 junta Geka fuming Gd 929) jamin (peed, g=3) “The est Une a (32) mot portant of al pt ests "Puy follows roy the veiprosty aod alles Suneticy Of 4 games that pote? and Dooly heen oa aa SCs omen Ahat!napete (ha Sass fa aa Ske ‘Slmona), hen exited 9 fore f-aad tiatee oe feunledfJonetins su sls condratie annus af tat fetfen te prs: Proper match nt pre! tual busines ee {hlag seo gcd ne lant of Seance ae Tae Sse ny Bente nl ‘where ond na fie] Jn te towne of lass, the above cate mats mast bo ulte- "9, ht fad i lloway eae = MP T= mR=0 endPremultiplying the second of the above equalities by the matrix Sh eling info aecout ‘Che Gest equality we-ebtara nao that ss, be = hae = 1 follows how that ports and 4 are likewise mutually decoupled Sd matched. "This vast i of general character ead muy bo ste- fede thaorom! 1) ¢ reactive fourportYometion is match ond the game tne desoupled at one pat of ports, i nl of ney be me ‘had and decoupled atthe etc pase 0f ports. Im other words, sock four.port ie = drectonal coupler, "Wh proper choice of Tocritons foe the tormiaal plane, the scattering lintels for sunbed snagie te tar Une for s-[t3"] vel ‘petoon ay” pir af oatgeieg trantniston Liner euch that al ona ie fal arenecnt crus ek Ihpieid tas dented abows atm double P junction” ow Tete oe \ corpse inne thins | “4. The Decomposition Principle in the Analysis ot Sderoware Baltport Samet ‘The most veruila technique used to caeulato the eloetrial formance ef ttesownve. devices is the decampontion, prinepl. ‘With it acompler device is decomposed into a number df simpler {irouits amonable io an tndapendent analysis end deaable tn terms ‘Sf spac parameter matiices We stall cil auch alzplerciruits the base elements. Ifthe base slesieats have been sniysed and the “alot of ho quontsies defining the parameter metre of Slement have een dotecmined by a prowioorsalewation, Dp or low frequency circle a set of basic slaments"which include n vetstor (a paver absorber), « oxpacitor (anv slecte energy storage device), and’ an inductor (a sangoete Shorgy storage device) At mcrowava fequencice,slectromageetis nev? can be stored nd absorbed by any elemoat of te entre ime taken up Dy tho complex microwave device, aad i e not 3 ai Cony dey he aa laa ue teediional approach, the decomposition of acsomave net works ‘consists in tame each elected base ouvalent ma Bis siclaton of te made ‘Reulle oye presented ea approximate equations and teference tables ‘shleh sea the lement Valuer adopted tm the equrenlent caries 1 tke physical dimensions of tho bose element involved, wave gts, End the paremoter of the fervodilectvee weed. Among he tentaga of tab proach te vent, lowe talogy wil he gris’ an comoio micovare cet caa and bo. al ot thi achievable through s reasonable deslization of equivalent cr= ‘hits ‘On Ube demerit side ofthe traditional approach ee te fos of Scouraey due to te use of simplified equivalent circuits, and cerean Sifcuitice m avaigating the magastads of eorar tate Slcuiaions, ‘Those diendvantages aze readily ciccomventot with a fruel se: gare approach ore war tet of aah Cea ith thie approwsh, « eompoalto microwave etwart te decompecs Into'a numer of base clanente ithe form of geometiicel coign ‘lone permitting the parameter matrices to Shalytcally or numerically, solving Maxwells ‘Specified boundary conditions Subsequently, the parsmeter ars Gr the composite microwave networc = evaaeal by tha sha tom ‘hain levine a rowed I tho ional approsc based on fqutvelont cueults Tn principle, the elecleodyzamte approdsl pel lll elculetions to be cutied otto apy dagnee of secure but {helyas itl in loe tango, nd saci computational program can ‘epmpase a nutrower class of touts, ‘See np Tandemontal ilfecnear azist botwoen the teadtionsl snd the leckodyaaméc approaches, the subsequent exposition of iiesowave eeull analysis by dotonpesttion will rely'ot the tndl- Houal approach involving eqaivatent creat forthe base slements‘eo eels of itty wil be used, aa (iter tll clomtata of "gion eaale eta ostverk yill’be presented ne equivalent cseuits made up of Seansussione Ting setlone and Lei sloaeats 1G) An enti microwave transmission spate wil be reduced to a ‘combination of siaplo multiport jusetiosr and analyzed, wing iul> ‘Spor combining. algorithms 42, Analyse of Coscaded Two. and One-Port Junctions iby Ule of Cascading Maticer Many microwave two- and one-Post junctions are cascaded coonse- th acadad oanetion. ibe Guipt of 3 padig ar SAG aa ain he eas Mis. 4 Cade coneetion of ewoports steed concn can madly be spite we dati {ideal twovports end he ating composite junction tn terms of ‘wa ace know an sacading (or traformatin} mates, Hn secing up avcoreading rats the exeraton appiled 0 the sprezort sn gontion te chosen to be'a pai of elects qaanttce de? Esta he condition atone pore (es fale, this i the Sena port ithe espn fib Supt = taneaponding aio ie gaan dts th condita’ heath ot 8 aly i've take the clasialeosading metres, which wo will all the A smatrn®, the eustation and fap of tworpor aw sonnet By Slalom ot the foe EI-ESL 2) »-[3) ey at alee BA {Wien iis etnson, the caeadng mati of any nomi of case ce ee ted ae cee cht Sits mgd yer ane Bhar opstytany eine ‘lata ‘The euradiag matrices of casculed fwo-ports social bo ie plied mn the some eedar es tho Individual Twerpors ar easeadad, times, pefrence is given to what ia known athe we trans jocnttian mater T Stil a raft] in a ig ac dow it tae toy alana vata oe abt Baate ‘wn tlw ee (2) a the nt Zh A mate sg GRE as he eae te SURG (eb MTSE Pa a, tmipe 2, opmeteciod "incu bt doy pe U7 i ta Inline he aad Se feat alster ‘ratio (or norialiaed cugrent gain), wit ihe ouput Dott 2, shortirouted ‘Saowing tho covfitonts of the A mats, it isan easy matter to niga the \cecade the lnk sgh of wa a Tadod fm dvi ‘ws normstaed impedance equal to f= dv—ay ‘The input impedance of cascaded one-post like that i, according tot given by an parsed laments of the wats 8 Ate Ane 2 ferataalion sa shart. oven openiteal, i takes simpler fmm * a toe 5, ° 4a Fee = é for 3, tending to infinity ‘The reflection conficiont of a cascaded on-port junction can be found by tho sual equation bin = Gon — WMEag — 1D on gubetituting for dip from ether (4.2) or (4.2. ‘conversion betweet ‘Whe "A atria and ‘the seattering. mats of worport Junction. To" iottve equations for conversion froin theastading matrix tothe scattering matrix S, the column vetors renee eng th enon nd the tron in Ci) be expos Interns of the cident and rel Baa ona tne (om collecting te Ike terms, wo get by bina li seca bu tum Gada t GHA “Then using Bg (93) whch dfies th satenngcoefcons, and cotbini Hs et) paewice we tan te allowing emerson ay lstlcel ateading tates are phen in Fig! 2. Note Mat cach fleeotuy torpor yapetien com be specify gy any ose Sten quantity ogi: Seth ta su hw de lenin! Sacaig masee acest up forthe sean two Fort juntos. for port umston Pik ntorm trenamuon-ine ton of engi ts ing cueelents ¢ and dof tis wo-portjunetion dtie the volt istution whom tho fine @apescceited andthe cament hntion hea te Tine is shrtaitatnd Tharsfr, thoy a theses $d i ho ine ire fom ins sgual toes Rae eeog coulsets 5 and ¢ fo «lst sruatision line section ae foond (Oh 4 Composite Micowave Musa nos a Sd tan flocs pl = yin Bd tan Boos simp foot, {3 ac Mie 62, Bleeatry rupee te-ponte 2 Joey line scion (2 0) the erabing often ar found ‘shan elementary two-pertunetion inthe fore of uttjint between ‘ep ironmison tines ing a ceeeiona palace teand so Pig 4.20, the total omaeralae vlog snd comnts see Selle bea es Meet, ete and : a heh “Th “spa india ht the cent aa he jin a neh re, Converting tke voltages and eueonte on the above equalities Ee tose normalized value ‘by rrost to Eg (LAB), we abtain of ‘uations Babe alee and _ fm Ai Galea from which oe radily sst up the classical cascading (er ABCD) aris for the junclo han leueniary torport junction in the fora of « lumped serie ampedance 2 sntarpoced. between two identical teencmission lines (Rg So, ee’ ptrmatind voltage wt port 1 i a flow fom a Taw, eal to ‘Alzg, — —is, Thee two equalities dung tho rspostive cascdiog Goslileats, ta sn the clomests of tue A matrix. * "Fora two-port junction to the for of Yamped shunt edmtance 4 placed seross & wsiform tranamision Line (Fig. 4.22), the flle- ‘ping equaltias are tue Bae ond 7 i, = ‘These two equalities define the coeticents of tho A. mattis of the ‘action, Note tbat the ementary ‘wo-port junctions shown ta Fig. 62, feton line secon Aa real Fong apiited tn he inevitable propagation delay tal compoatte of «nova ‘an endly bo soeountod for by cascading transmission line eeions ‘tirhe iagat and outpuc of wach clones Conditions of reactivity Tos a tworport junction. As follows from eq i) defining conversion Bebrece the cases and scalierng rmateles, the reciprocity condition sy, = eq leads to the following 12 4. Composite MizowaveMullpert retort wa uy faim ewan ‘Ridlns natrie must be equal 12 unity. Also, from Use assumption of sree tpteae ete alent ase cionts 6 and ¢ must be pure (maginaries. This property can readily saan me a oan rr ak ‘hel leer Scat Sieber da osad Fes eral twee pos, i on of er nono abt Brat 44 8 and @ are coal numbers, for the symmetry and antimetry of two-port junstions, following eguaiten should and ‘Using te conversion equation (4.5), iti a easy matter to estabich tat Symmetry nists gen the conditions for the eascadlag coaft- clomts are attied, that i and anand “The inverse of « symmetrical two-poet jnetion is whats called an antinetie to:port function, The tomy antimerie™eeers to f0- Slpeccal'two-post yunclions for which the input reflection cocll: iba ave equal unngnitwde ead opposito In phaco et any fe ‘rueney and‘As follows from the conversion equations (4.5) the coud Llmetey. se triten interme of fhe cascading oats re following’ equalities: é dant Among the two-part junctions shown ia Fi vo tranumizion fines is antintrc and all th Srecports shown in the somo figure are symmetrical. ‘Feample Ate A singl-step transformer (Pg 1) As Gallons from sng principle of decamporiion, the casa tates ofthis tans, ond 4.2, tho bute joint of ‘other leaeatasy ig. 6. Impudenn uae in mierowave tasemison2ytem former can bo obtained on of the let ned jmp nthe hacer sedate fy heeding ot the righthand Jump inthe cheacieritc inpedence, This ses a [eletentt Heal a [iccsoagang tufesinenge | 68 Applying tho conversion equations to the scattering matrix ta G.5}"ve obtain the input vellection eoeticent of the teeadarmer ltplying the A ily bo verted that the traelormes provides & perfect match, y=, in the following cst: tae ae ase This tw an ondinary quarter ‘ways tonsfrmer, Note that Hig antinetiey that is. B= 2 (G) eC Abs end any Vues of fits ash This sa ordina zy halt-wave transformer, Tt symmetrial becsuse 3 — de Gh lang BEE sy ha = foe Ths the vil ace of « unk org tran lee tog lan ch thet k= Ah, and eapanding ths Wigenoesiv Fane oes i it} nda a Taylor ais inthe wcinlyof the sominal waveengte dg; we cam deduce simple approximats equstions with which to ‘imate the frequency Behaviour of th tahelormer with the ves musmatsh: ‘Quoter-vave transformer Hall-wave transform Bib tamsase Temi, sata we Bi Be Bana) Wen(—avy) stn BEA 4, cn Blme=s2KAW/R) ain lm x (QR), 608 Blae— 1 eet (VE-V ENE heard B)R ‘The linearisation of tigonometsc functions used in deriving the shove equations in the ctw of taal aasouat efé-tano wil ike: seat beSenesiot i unl ofthe dics containing eon 48, Decomposition of Symmetrical Four-Ports (the Bven and Odd Bwetaton Method) With this approach, analyae of four-porta having a plane of sym- austty seeds to that of ample tworports which afe ‘halve af the ovigiaal Tone port. “Lettie pepe ofSymimeury P, ofa reiproca fourport pat betoeon ports 7 andS, on the aac fsad, and porte 2 and + on tae other Sak tition Za Amomrnstion: (Pig, 44a), Owing to symmetry ané reciprocity, only six slemente {nthe seatbecing:mateie of the fourport ave independent: they ae faa = Sag at yg — Sor Conelder the operation of the fourport in ‘Sto extlintion ‘Mledas"oven and ol “, With vom extetion Chat is eoal and i phase) applied to ports end ? tn the form of incidant waves iy = 1/2 and vig = U2. 0 Dowee ‘will bo teansorred actos tho pithe of symmiely, an theplane will contain lop (an antinode) ofa tangontial electri fick Bi node af tangential magnetic field ex, which fs tho sane, an Speatgucuit condition wil Jesuit. iu way, he plone of symuncry hist Towe-pore into wo iolatod partial evenexcitel Cwerport, ich of whic hne a seattering mate, Se, of lis own (Pig. LAD) St Wish aad extztion (thet equal but in satephase) applied ports and 2 in the form of cident waves ij, = Band ify = 102, [ol power wll be transtered across the plone of symmetey, ond the Risks wi contain a hode of # tangential elearicfld and aop af Eigngantial magnetic field or, which isthe some a shork-ctreut SiS wil veut, Ta away dre plaae of syummetcy cate the four- Sort ino two decoupled partial ods-excited Qworpors, ouch heving a Feline mate, Ss) Ot ute own ig 4) ‘Te seatiering iatries of the even: aad odd-axited »-[f4}. = [E5) Le it acl: smay be daermined idapeoenty of ech ater sy, tems of the reese cocadg sate the piel r-poe ca each Rervisualized. os 0 cascade of elementary olemonts. "ro toperpostien of even and odd excitation applied to ports 7 sol dof our por loaves the aeltation npplieg to aaly oke port 7 Sym teh oat and havi te =O ‘therefore, ou combining the response of tho partial tvo-ports to ‘Teovanl odd ecttalon ot ports £ and 2, iio pouile to determine {e"ellowing Toor independent scattvtag coofleients of the four jue EG) jan E085 wy ine paehy hunt ea In onder to find the scattoring conficients fy andy ofthe fous: pot el sffce to apply even and odd excHlation to ports # and 4. This will loed to the dosred relations james) al: 0) jue brio aturliyy if he forgot has oe more plane of ayn (ol vin pe dows compote ottonal syed) Bey es) hi Setottialiy yrola ond ‘The even an ol excitation method disco with aay even sume of ports (3). wflehole sidewall’ directional coupler. ‘This fg 2 reactive fourport formed by two poral rectangular TEje Ss) abl gt Peale sot el tn comer a8 ‘waveguides. The common sie-wall (which 1 9 plane of symmetry ole of length {'Pig. Sok Lets Tota te terminal planar sn ll We aems the sae disizace 4 rom the edene of the soupling hole and decompore the netion hy apnlving een Shdlodd excitation to ports 7 tod 2. "The simplest cage” i thal of edd (or antiphase) exotation. 1 occurs if we plenally stop the coupling hole by an ides! sect ‘Wall (Fig) 4.50), ‘The Feoultant partial odd-oxelted two-part are Steins of # uniform relaugular waveruide of length T= 2h, for‘which the scattering parametars are bis teao and Sep Hie whore nny + 21 fs the phase delay sulferd by the dominant THyy mods {a the re angular waveguide over a distance fF 24, ai Ay m tll — aa P™ ‘the savolengtt in a, guide of width apitl everexelted to-portsresaltf we snentelly stop the coup. ting hols Sy ti ideal magnets wall- The middle portion of length 7 in soch a two-part ean only sustain the lownet TE mode, Wilk the aero ob 2 al componue iia howe win this portion in Pig. de. Actaafy, this hell ofthe field pattern, for le Ti, mode ina rootanglar metal wevepuide of doula width Be and with w ulde wavelength eval vo Ag = allt — tylda® ‘The scattering parameters of an eveHescited two-port can be fovind by solving Maxwells aguations subject to he plicable be airy eominy te wlio 2h spproxiatey well note ‘ted by a rgoeousslectodyanmie analyst sy be deco thet Fefletign atthe joints betwomn an ord.uaryTectangelar wevegde Snd'a hypothetieat ou haviag the same croseseeton but with single idoal magnets sidowal are negligibly small and that jy. = 0 tnd # as oxp (~)o). Tho phase delay in an oven-ecllad two pot, Etro, in tee of od ocatins Sy au eke Neate, which appones Bocauee the guide wavelength is tod ‘ver the Wistanco dw to the Rouadady coadition He > © wre tte 9 = 2nd (tn — 4155) On substituting the seattring parameters of the partial two: porte thus obttined in Eqs. (a8) wo obtein ihe seetiering mutex of he ‘rigid Tou pore, 4 Compost isomer cto 199 vere con(Se/) sia 0b ey ease] ‘The fact that the four-port question has two putes of match terminated and decouple ports isan indicnion that whe we hace Foi 8, 5 dietona coupler If we choom the length ofthe couping Role 1.40 be stich that the phase difeeace heeweeu the traneaseee Mi. 4, Slaglesole sidewall dndenleeapler foatticionts for the ev testa ck lsetional ou and odd configurations ie Sy = !2, the ill aide the power entering aay of is pore ie erty fe characteristic of all directional couplers wit two eigeaae ‘hat planes of symmony. ‘In practico, i usual to nse a the mide ofa single-ho ral dttectional coupler a tuning sory adjustable fa the te emer fn spce Us it of th wovgate rma coup long ls smproves the gusty for the even-exctad two-port and enables the power diving bv adjusted ‘wit ethnic ting and other olomonts,& singleiale sidewall diroetional coupler hn NGmncand Wine iaraner pean sa ‘44, Divecivity Kinds of Directional Couplers Disetonslcouplors orm a lange cls of mar basic elements te balid Branched mictwave tnsmission (og) sad mictnses easuement systems, Most ditetonal couples haves Sealant0 i ie advantageous to calect the slemeat valvog lane Miaslgse scocited coaveavingy matrices by the oven sad 38d Suchtaion metaod, eoung Bx, (28). Depening om which porte Skt SScunteds any oue of wo Keds of rectivicy they est "getty of eat nd en paso eed pore we {2} Bisectivity of tho second Kind, when pais of decoupled ports sng Pf aad 25, “rgrineples there mmty be a further kindof directivity fa which tne iouplad pains of ports are 2 and 2-4. Dut tis se ts «| Taree ead to th diecvity ofthe fet klnd (with the rotation By She Tour port snd eth itz pore rengmbere). he ooERs the ta kinds of directivity tm more dc Bikes al the isk kinds Acsording to He. (4.8), soisfying simultencotaly he requirement for complete mateh et the ports of frectional coupler, sy — fie = 0, and for docoupliag between thom, yy = 0. i equivalent to satisfying the following equalities: wo plane sya he =m fe = exp Is @ 602 or, i= words, for dleetivity ofthe first eid to take place, the two Peiadh'werports (ous evenceseitd and tho other oddsexsted) moist Butte telminatee sad only fife ia the phac of the fenemtsion coufetents f° and & The difference in pase between these coe tg — oe — ane fe clled tho ferential phan sift for tha moles propagated through Seen decile ovens and oateneted two-part” Bi uci a the Zs kind’ te tmplomented inthe siagloole sidewall arpa aleciopal couples none t what might be cl esa mseeaal couplers belong to what might bo called cox aetchalsSupier because tn wave ta the secondary raneason fitcoion ji properated in tbe samo direction ae the wave 080 He und propagated isthe primary teangmision ine a Se Maa tefUigactionalcouplos ape quecreturedrctonal co Ney, Leet phase sift between the output waves of the ple Jeriectinuion tpplied to aay port i 2% or 0 deg Tilabind diectonal couplet hans second se Attrcay which posse Betwonn the pity of pore od and? tEtations GeO) deflang diceivity of te fst hind sney” Bo r2 cates GF th elas easeading matrices 4 of the petal two SELMER up the fourport. On involing the conversion aqUat- — fxs (45), the condition of match for the portal o-portsta ‘the ta Kes (dy + yao once, recalling that in a relive two-pott the cosliients & and ore rout and the coefficients and ¢ are imaginarie, it follows {hat for aivectviey of the frst nea” "= ‘ots isod Where necessary, the difreniat pase sift can also a express UESGH, Efe ota ema of the metic Avand AS ‘Bicedviy of te second ind, fu ageement wath Ego (8), tho conditions for decoupling, fy = 0, and for completa metab, fy = ‘oe cam be sali simultaneously only Hf f and Seeing Im view ofthe canonical catering matrix fr a rsctive Shecpoet, Getiod by @.t8), ths Toads to in «exp (as) shea tex Ui) iF = eoe «exp rs — gall ‘hres ge independent eal pasate dling he est Yering mates fot a reactive uve por. Ti tbe conditions Jelsoed in (240) are satisfied, tho weal scate- aug inuris fora second'kind directional soup takes the forth 10) 0 infin 0 | 0 Safin) jm ptm cover iu 0 (0 in nun st] EEE |: incbonesenne uy fit = cou texp ieee) Lo inliso 4 Second Alad dirtoooal couples ae rewnctapling destiocal couples or Sirona capi) ease ‘he eoonday tamu ling. tans 2 propgstes tov ‘ropogatog ia tie primary Eason End Girton couplr loo socood plas of Betnean the two pelts of ports 12 and #4, then pf = pf, wichimplies that Sa = Sands my 2 n/2, Thus ifitbas two planesot Spmetry, a sttondtiad dlgctignal coupler inizoduces a pucdraturs ‘hoe shift Tf onthe other hand, ssond plana of syzmmetey i not {here but ie parameters of the partial torports can be ndjted that iy = ge, then socond-kint dicectional coupler reduces to 48 evenodd-excited device for whith yy = in, “Ent ug weprec the conditions for diecivit ofthe second kind in vera gf he na he Asaf th compe et ort. Expanding (410) with i ald of tho equations (8) fo Con. ‘etsion fom the elements af the A mate fo those the 9 matte, swe obtain the following equalities God) tht dy a Hers Gee (en = ey 4 be = dy Since and d era eal while 8 and cae for directivity of the sod eginaries, the condition ind takes 2 very sunplo form, ds ade and be Gain ‘Using the above conditions for directional couplers exprestéd ia teens parameters of the fata woot spout ‘only to got Intght into tha” peretion ste couple. ut ico to derive th fo ibaepie C34 teen soupler ple itetional oo const ih Coupled ‘EMemode tan Smsion Ties (Pas 4.7 Ts i he ‘most compact snd broadband type of ‘irectional coupes.’ One of the = betwvan stp line ve ta thle plane of elt "hvorports fake Uh ing suction, and there charnteretie ta DDelanees 8 dapand on which boundary condition {ify = Oar By =O) (Siss in tho plano of simmetey sections and ti. trnsverso clecteie field patterns of oS dina ean aymmetry, the pico ofthe lect lel patiorn, th capeetanco por ant of in fngi in the aveuvexcitad cao {iy ~ 0) mast be smaller than that in'the odd-eseitad caso (By = 0). Hence the charaotaitie pe: ‘ince of the partial twolpset salisfy ths following iaaguality -Assuag thatthe eso he dictions coupes Nav a normale aracteristic impedance of unity. we may. in ogrocmeat, with fe GS) wry he claicl cscadiog meteces for ie fadidual fo-ports a follow tft oranges [bs Sa] With the above form of individual two-ports we can only iaple: iment directivity of the stcond Ind. provided that ihe aloment oF hotatsices A= sitisy the conditions dstiaed in (12}" Undo soece ‘conditions, the equality 4 — a wil besa 4 cin ch mr tt te soccer ‘ndividuas ewo-ports have the same phase constants, Bt = B= B, the equality bs = 2° willbe sataied ifthe characteristic impe. Ainoes” are ehoven evch that 2st npetaniy th dsectvity odie than dai ‘eng of the slactet ‘ 9 are indepen length i ofthe conmeting Irae nad this plthat tdeal dpvupling betwen and o complete sate of the ports (Gullbe obtained at any froquenes. ‘Te only eequoney- dependent pa ‘eta’ is the power letibation ae the coupler ports. Using (GERVand the le or conversion fom te escading matrix the ‘SSctiting taums'and camying out siaple manipulations subject {othe coaditon ‘that zg, "wo get foe remltcgte aE jae roumbieaeer eT Ma Gave te 4s the coupling factor, ‘he Toba ofthe Coupling seston isan od maltiple of « quae tervavelengih in the line, the transmission coefficient fa) 1s ‘macimum and equal to the para stn (over fi Uf on the eter lord, Thelen of de coupling eoetion Humultipleotabalfvaveloogth, then 4, = 0, endall ofthe powar leery port f wal be eancerod to port F The manner ia wich thetmagaitudeettenssnd ro vary ‘with the electrical length BE of Tceupledline direction coop lag tor Mm t/V 2 ig shown ta Searls the, plo or Pie 4.0. a creat oqo ne ietinal cou. Shee tt" Pipmmtey cot ila (uechature dicesttonal coupler, ‘When designing a dioctioel coupler for whe te transcision ceatisients have bees spettiod (a advaneo sesh that Vin P+ i Pt the length ofthe coupling saction may be chosen a will (ost often, ual to a quarter wavelength in to gud), Theo, using ae. ta), ‘ohn can find the partmelor Af and determing tho chavacterigc im fpelaaces 2 and 22 Using thece impedances os tho point of pat Thre ons can then calaiata the roquired simenaons of stip com {Gusts inthe croc sot ofthe disetionslcompior aud the spacing fetween them. At this stage, roe hag to bo mado either to tolee hace sours the chnsetarstc impedances of coupled tesnsmisi- ry where cn lines, or to computer programe compiled with special reference to ‘he chosen croseaections! geometry of the coupiad lines. It tp most ‘Bfsealt to build dirceoaal couples with» large amount af coup HEME 2 O83) ease the spacing * between the conductors (ne Fi, £fymact be etry salts pong nanactaring pab- fod, Several tshmiguss have bees developed which oir an oppor- Gnily to maintain & lage amount of voupling wits the specified gah ea alpina spacing. On bul he coupling eon fom tens ‘a lone a show a thie typ of coupler proposed by ‘Esngo of the United Siete each coupled line cowie of number (of prelll stip Tinos jvued by jumpers. Au advantage of the Lange naples is thatit te posible, wherever aecesney, to ctose the coupe Tete it iy sates aie wien une to area {ethe outputs of a coupler mows conveniently for aces ‘isrostspdiretionsl couplers pose ane move prolens in their de- sign bossy tho even an pidescelted waves Lave diferent phase ‘Ghouantg, aud "The phase velortier of these weaves cau he fualized’ by applying an additional clelctte layer to the coupled Nie hy luting este compensator the els oft ony 45, Ring-Type Diretioal Couplers “ii gone an nwt micorane trnemon seems ae ton Built te include Tiogtype dieectional couple which possess oth Kinds of directeityeA suare coupler (Pig. 4.410) consists of four quarter-wave trans asi line sections connected im's aauater It fmplemonts gee ‘ity of ia tt kind. The foputlends'of unity characteris tng: “ince are conasctot in parllel atthe commer of the square, ‘A hgbred ring (rates) as oon Trost Fig. 4tlbe dfite fom & square coupler tn that tho Tengih of the tansmasion-line section of es Dagan re an man ua of 8 ew SSS igata Mrs it ee SEE Soeateg Se arm he rin a i thSnn pu de te gePetnand mess Ge ett ame LCi bia tena ee ae Socata ee eat ae SSESU Sets are geet Tseng nc ac ea Witt ; men naan ohn re faa Halt sare coupler (isetivity of the fist hind), Medea = t fumes 0 Bae Ht 4 Compacte Miremave Melon eons war fa = ho, for the hybrid ring (Aeetivity of the second kind) “mete iy however, another method which tos not take into ac- count the propery of syeumettys this isthe decomposition of ag BH . & o ie, 412, Decospastion of aguas diceene coupler gpuplers, With this approach, the ring in question is mentally bro- fens ala plato andthe cet alarel ogtion of seyeral elementary tyo: porte. ‘Example ii. Decompaition of 8 aquare coupler (oe Fig. 4.113) ‘With tho gonerator eoanected to port fy itis fassibie, oa ihe baa of the assumed condition of decoupling fn, ~ 0) to obtats a short. ‘Sree ap port 2A a rectly the se acer to te foray cova in Fig, 4.125, Th shorted quarter-wave stubs thas produced have po suating eitect at ports f and 4 and may be amltiog Ys the sony, Ite circuit (Fig. 4120), the quartarmive ieansfonnee of chery teristic impedance 2, at port 3'wil then be londed aso ¢ partial Sannection sf two conductances, uamaly g,™ 1 (ihe cutgoi ea} gid gu = Uk, which Io the conductance Gt autgoing are dices, {ecvedvi the quartor-vave tsnsformer fq. By Seryiig the talent au, is possi to adjust power divieGh at ports J°and Ff toe, hilar eswase, Len Plein P= lee = 28 ‘Tho characteristic impedance of the quarter eve trensforer & sould be adjustod co aa to satay the cobdition for a matalree port TE Mite = 1 Hes ‘The simplest way to determine the scattering coticient iy, is ‘om the ements of the A matrcx of the quartn-vave teastons“ Emit sad . dno Gee Fig, 42a). Assuming that the normalized curent at the atch Sermintied port 7 is genet ‘we obtain at once By a Bem AE = site “The other non-zero slament in the first column of she seatiering fg tata “which stems from the epacfied power dfvision ratio and the unitary ‘properéy of the scattting mats. "The easumption that fq) = O need aot be verlfiod because povts 1 ant’ ae decoupled in How of the match sludy secured at the ae emt te Bie ao — 26 TI bth rrwocy mean a x eure drt cope iybrid’ ring me “we posts of the coupler (see te theorem in, Example 8.4). Note that he hybeld ring sod many olter types af fing couplers cam be dee composed in similar wey. ‘The condition of decoupling and match obtained by adjustment of cutmotoristie smypedonees cau be secured for sing eguplessoaly at the dasign requeney. they are ve ay ote freqaency. it oslomert lo Siete tho peeformance of erectonal couple ovar the Gndoidch ia temas of the following paramere: the Input TWA, Koh Lia e+ a and the coupling factor (fa QB} By = 20 log Ly whore and 7 hack the i and ls ports respectively. The design ‘oquoncy response of square coupler ands yd ting are shows ig dd which wlsoiMusteates the Tikoly topology of printed lisa boseas "he sms tare bon Bane, ag wate trv proman, MAKET, compil ‘Michontin (or determin MieYtcatiening satvoee at complex slectonte create. The aquars Coupler has feather lnaited bandwidth which isnot over 394 a= ‘Sompared ith 134 for the byl 46, Matehod Theee-Port Power Dividers Power dividers are major baicslemests wed to wplit power among sue oe at aitowa enatanon mate, ee ‘ost powor divider has a main (npot) aru or pot, 7. and tvo out Dut sine (or pots), and F- Asa le, a power divider tr roquteed to ately the match condition atthe mata port, yy = 0, and the coa- ‘lied for power transfor from the tnpat por the gutpet port ‘uch a way that the tcanemtsion cooicents fy ad gy hae specie Fed magnitudes, Power dividaee can also cvve to combine tn am Z ths. gow flows from two calerout sousees connected to ports 2 fine 3p thir and some older appltattons.« paver vider Isto ela th eon Soden or sac ad docouplng batwoen "We lave aloody discussed « simple Tusction (we Pg. 3.2). It clang tthe cst af teactve inerport juretions.o0, acting the dieorem ia Example ch, it canaot beamed at all {86 thn pts atthe ae. Ts one ae’ ma a ‘Coupling Between posts 2 and J fa theee-port power divide, Ie ‘Stcfusty to inert aborbing elements is cele. Tee most co thom design of what is kucwn ag an equtl Dower divider t shows {Fig 14, Tho divider uses parallel Junction of tansiisiow Ires at port J, two. quarter-wave teamslormors with's cheracteristle Impedance sq V7, and an absorber in tho for of @Iumped te otcad agi eq 3 trantormdae Ta" pale ft Syed ng fistor with a normalised casistance equal to = 2. This design cone ere ei ing ei. ath the rl i Ai a I" shown sepnentel ‘The A"mais ofthis section has an he fora A, ANT, [ot LE Are Xe «Live 07] PORTA suchas aoa Brute sens, ia Pacem tet eer ee “ cneeared ere f aS . “ Seton GES Reta tat sneer ‘bfaed power iieder 7" "PE eee to" dhe mangle tee “apm t aSEau rae octets a dig Stee ne {he 'patdoetars att in Pig. £18 tho bpensting bedwelh Se bout 20%, which is somowhet grestr than {tle in th caso of a liye ring Because the fequensy“tependeatriay segmoat botwae perts 2and 3" wopleced by 1 oqueoey andapendes. rnstor ‘Tie Lkaly designs cf unequal power dividers. "are shows ia Pig. 4.18, Tho dlesten rlation® for She semen ofthe ileal seatte Matched sheer powar divides, without ues dite anne pelea PO alee rei ai a fing matrices of power divides at the contre frequency have the form fu hate 0 inane in = id 1 (alse! SP = ealeet Romain for u divider with modified characteristic smpedances ofthe outgo- Ing Tents (ig. 4a), am tema eno ee to salen (om aie R Latehs = tatefor a power divider with matching transformers mj the outgoing leads (Fig, 4.10), ‘One ofthe tecbuiques to deduce the above relations on the basis ofthe evearodd excitation method ts fel forth [2 47, The Scatering Meteix of Cascade Multiport Tunetions In this section, we dial develop equations leading to the scotte- sng matiir oft comaded connection of Evo miltipors oath bev 2 Rationing matrix Know in advauea, Then equations are crucial felsic of ron cme a lan apropos fo Compile compuler programs to find sontering muteieee for any 1 stor acworth conaetively ssinging the individual dase ee ag es orc eae ee Meal satterfag mates af a multiport junction 85° reout af com ce 2 is Lal bl je =e Sat 7. Cade conoaction of tn0 mints Dniog the scettriag matecs of several simplr devicok In hie Way one fa sway ayatesie'»aliprt junction om i See Hf moat crf vn of the cscaded connetin of two mu yor, Spade to «muti af prncal tegts e Sw rte TH Bean align neon Es uray Of pant a Told ne comet Gis Bat malipe ad abr of Spel ot. an the roma pa He seo suport ae 2 ‘tes gs (V0), el ef atmpiy ans lsopa sd for he "Folobtaln te serultant ect ing matix St for & cancnded con nection of soultiports, itis savisebfe number the poris in. cet. Sin definite manner” To bepia with, It ue ember {be Af fees ris of lupe eu of ory abled cand he Pes Porte sal Et sunba be potexgeg an cea {Kewise'Iatlled 6), thon the "fee ports iaballed 9). With ls nuaberiag shen, we can opit orch'of the weteicad St aad St nto four blocks in term of which the teste obtained by combi. —— (Ch 4. Compote Meow ‘ing the multiport wil be expresso. So fot us writ the scattering: ‘naires of the onginal muitiparts ae follows ESS Shh S] eee ‘The St matrix 1 2 square ono of onlee AEP. The Mocks Sau, and Sip are ieigosqusve mateces of order ii al P, roapactive= iy ta The goaral cs, the obdlgonalbosks ar rectingula: the lock Sap fe au 3 a M rowsand P eviwan, ad the. block Spq is a P oc AY motets. SH ss Po mate, aed ite ‘agonal blotke Sf and Shave the disneblon P snd N,kespectie woly. The Block Syy ig a B scW¥ matey aud the block Syp i am WS P mots ‘As Ie toual. oe will, poot groups & and, distinguish incident, waves travelling cowatde the junction sod selected weves recoding tom its Te port group By tbe waves tthe trarmisson le cote Hovtlag'the duluspor cannot be wentifiog a ietdoat or elected ‘Therefore, wo shall use the symbol yf) lor tho column mates of {he voltage waves tovallng towards the flesh multipor ana the ‘vinhol vf). forthe voltage waver travlling towata the send Tultiport” Using tse blocs of sie Stand St scattering matics, the cient od rllected voltage waves can bo counted by reins ct the form WED = Suan) + Suan) MO Smet) + Shxty = Shh + Sam Hy Sv > ne ve delet tho column matrices of the travelling voltage waves, vB,» ‘nd vf) from the above meters equations, she yuataung 86 wee Stine wl tan the sataiog ste of the Cscadad maltpars wy =Skat) vy = Sa0h) +8%NT)fn which the blocks of the St scattering matsix ape dafinod as fol- io Sha Son+Su(E—SHSLo) SHS, | Say San(E— SHShe“*Spy } tay Sy Sy (E— SheSH"'Sa | SiS + SESS Wigs sug Eee (la pn oat he te go EO 20s area tt Plame ent es Be Sy Ee ee at se ihticntl Mais geen Sates LEE OTS Sac letra ser be mh sabe nat ™ abe Se as a pee Nan Gh MS lone ea Seat pen ae slate Badia th ohare ata ae fo star cay nape We att a Reach RE, ts Shae amon ela eto aoe Fe ic aion of mips Bq 10 en ued Sas Sats aon 0, te Betcteage tics oe eter ceed "Coane Tole "hind spinal st Sate the cassading of the fet to ‘ata of "dhe connected ports: [i he equations are eepeialy ‘simple boceuas there ts 0 ‘ood to take iavorss ofthe matrices Io Bee. (24). Tt 9 comets ‘Be sean puliport ge Gt ake ee ter Sia =0, She= Sst S.5HSse Sa SunShp oe 7 ts) tor Sit Siam Son Bey SuS hy Sa 85m SS SpShSey 4150) (Ch 4 Campsie Miowave Mpa! nts we A distinction ofthe above equations thatthe olf-diagonal blocks of tho scattering matrix of the caseatel tuilipors junction, called {he abt or tama Heats may be eeu athe ‘ideal multipare junctions boing sascedad ‘2 'he altering matrix of a mulpor junction with one of its pots terminated Ina oped load. In is nan, In eanveniont to Ase the gonoral equations (14) forthe cascaded connection of mule Uiports fi'whic tie seetaring mates St consist of only oe blocc gLogler one, whichis simply the load reflection eoaficient dy, The Shp = foe the seattoring matcix is Iskewise of oxdor ono (horo p18 the sade of tho lond-terminated pert), The alocs Sap and Syq sre respective ly the pti column and the pth row “Scattering matris for the terminated multiport of course, with the diagonal clement

sed cnscel out at port 1, ands importandy, theso two ports ca ‘adiy be interchanged, Tn the seu of Fie. (202 the quadrature SB ditsctional eowslee ‘may well bo repacod by anyother hybridy sey, ravsaco, Wo leaye E'S tn axereie for tho reader to oot up the seatiariag matrix 8 applicable to svch hybrids Chapter Five ‘Microwave Fillers and Matching Circuits SMe Debnitions ‘A mia ier 8 pssvetwo-oe option which serv to tranemi microwave energy tm ust oo ts To give u specie fied stsnuatlon-vafroquency reaponse (ottequntion sharacteans "Tas sluoauaion charscterttie of microwave filter spec follows. ‘fo beg with, ono dofines tho pegs baad, that Ey th ‘quency range within ‘whieh the lngortion loss or attenuation (We ‘clpracal af Ue magalluie ofthe trenamission coefficient proses i decibels} EB) = —20 oe Isa oes not exceed some specified value, Qutside te pose band (tuat se yt the stop of Stction aad}, tho tection eat, o a ‘ilo, most be ay High az possible. Somodines one alan qualifies fe freguancy behaviour of foe phace of the itsaamissoa bosiiest {esuaiy a te mite of deviation froma lnesity ove he bani ‘Ai titers may be clases nto ther hghepas fer, ‘eandpas filters ad band-sty (or band retetion fers The mes tive plots of attenuation-ve-Mequancy_ aug mlcrovave s¥mbole of {tee ftere are given in igr 1" Toe Ziguiican points ot tho plots te, the upper aud Tower eat) frequent (aaa Known ae the Uy fou loeg Tend ge pt, om (e'0). sth saan te "To midimize attenuation within th pass band are ually made woth restive (osles and reepocs) abrupt, increase in attenuation ouside the pass band is produced by Ppeuy total reflection of the microwave energy trom the Tie "nro are networks which are closely related to microwave fers ia both stractare and principle of design sad lowe an bradbend Imatcang eiruits, They too, ae resclive two-pors ta the sense de Fined love and can saeve ciber to provide th highest atainable ‘TWH over tho spettod frequency bunt orto give a msimum band Fig. St,Atamutiononivguaey secctraties of mcronany Mtn 4, eae ers he ee, pt i, edo and of match at the specifiod TWH level. Some broadband matching ee- Ent are"intondea for wee wil eoqueney.smdepandset rstatice Lo se ie Se le to opi wh ann apne HnnjedauceloudaLathelatarcase, she elements of ¢ matching cucu ay especially difficult to eatculte a Zurn, two-part microwave flies with variously located past ant stg inate sere dy lots fr th more comple re cy ditton lplee microwave syst, ‘Apart tot {in in conan amon eden) aan frond Hing im'fadio rcsivers and radio transit secon