= UNIT IX BEHAVIOUR OF PERFECT GAS AND KINETIC THEORY POINTS TO REMEMBER © Pressure exerted by a gas : IIs due to continuous collision of gas molecules against the walls of the container and is given by the relation Me? Pp av = dpc? where cis the rms velocity of gas molecules. tng? o merage KE permotectct ga tc? ~ SkgF tinea oto mas of gas tu dcpnds avon ho orpra to gas © Absolute zero : It is that temperature at which the root mean square velocity of the gas molecules reduces to zero. © Different types of speed of gas molecules (Most probable spood Map = (kat > Batemans Constant (i) Mean speed a Vom mags of one molecule of gas femperature of gas, ’ (iW) Root mean square speed vins = [WeoWse Ve = kg T rr 7 Ym XI Physies 10 myCBSEguide.com= Gv) The number of dagrees of freedom = total number of independent co- ordinates required to describe completely the position and ‘configuration of asysiem. For monatomic gases, [= 3 For diatomic gases, f= 5 For linear triatomic gas molecules, f = 7 For non-linear triatomic gas molecules, ‘According to the law of equipartition of energy, for any dynamical system in thermal equilibrium, the total energy is distributed equally amongst all the degrees of reedom. The average energy associated with each molecule 1 per degree of freedom = J kT. where ky is Boltzmann constant and T Is tomporaturo of the system. Mean free path of gas molecules Is the average distance travelled by 2 molecule between two successive collisions. It is represented by A. 1 vend’n where d = diameter of molecule and n = number of molecules per unit volume of the gas. kel Vexa®p where ky is Boltzmann constant; pis pressure and Tis temperature of the gas. VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (1 MARK) Write two condition when real gases obey the ideal gas equation (PV = nT). n+ number of mole. If the number of molecule in a container is doubled. What willbe the effect ‘on the sms speed of the molecules? Draw the graph between P and 1/V (reciprocal of volume) for a prefect gas at constant temperature. Name the factors on which the degree of freedom of gas depends. ‘Wat is tho volume of a gas at absolute zoro of tomperature? How much volume doss ono mole of a gas occupy at NTP? is XI — Physics myCBSEguide.comee Serie com 7. What is an ideal gas? 8. The absolute temperature of a gas is increased 3 times what is the effect, ‘on the root mean square velacity of the molecules? 8. What is the Kinetic Energy per unit volume of a gas whose pressure is P? 10, Acontainer has equal number of molecules of hycrogen and carbon dioxide. Ifa fine hole is made in the container, then which of the two gases shall leak out rapidly? 11, What is the mean translational Kinetic energy of a perfect gas molecule at temperature T? 12. Why itis not possible to increase the temperature of a gas while keeping its volume and pressure constant. SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (2 MARKS) 1. When an automobile travels for @ long distance the air pressure in the tyros increases. Why? 2. Agas storage tank has a small leak. The pressure in the tank drop more quickly if the gas is hydrogen than if itis oxygen. Why? 3. Why the land has a higher temperature than the ogean during tne day but a lower temperature at night 4. Helium is a mixture of two isotopes having atomic masses 3gimol and 4g! mal. In a sample of helium gas, which atoms move ‘aster on averago? 5. Slate Avogadro's law. Deduce it on the basis of Kinetic theory of gases. 6. Although the velocity of air molecules is neatly 0.5 kms yet the smell of ‘scent spreads at a much slower rate why. 7. The root mean square (rms) speed of oxygen molecule at certain temperature T is \V’ If temperature is doubled and oxygen gas dissociates Into atomic oxygen what Is the speed of atomic oxygen? 8. Wo vossels of tho samo volume are filed with the samo gas at the same temperature. I the pressure of the gas in these vessels be in the ratio 1: 2 then state (The ratio of the rms speeds of the molecules. XI Physics 1210, = (il) The ratio of the number of molecules. Why gases at high pressure and low temperature show large deviation from ideal gas behaviour. ‘Aas is filed in a cylinder fited with a piston at a detinite temperature and pressure, Why the pressure of the gas decreases when the piston is pulled out. SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (3 MARKS) (On what parameters does the 3, (mean free path) depends, Equal masses of oxygen and helium gases are supplied equal amount of heat. Which gas will undergo @ greater temperature rise and why? ‘Why evaporation causes cooling? Two thermally insulated vessels 1 and 2 are filed, with air at temperatures (Ty, Ty), volume (V,, Vp) at pressure (P,, P,) respectively. If the valve joining the two vessels is opened what Is temperature of the vossol at equilibrium. ‘A parition divides a container having insulated walls into two compartments and Il, The same gas fils the two compartment. What is the ratio of the number of molecules in compartments | and iI? pvt | ap ever Prove that for a perfect gas having n degree of freedom “, 2 fe 4,2 oon ‘whore ©, and G, have their usual meaning “The ratio of specific heat capacity at constant pressure to the specific heat ‘capacity at constant volume of a diatomic gas decreases with increase in tomporature. Explain, 153 MI = Physics myCBSEguide.comee Serie com 8. Isothermal curves for a given mass of gas are shown at two aitforont temperatures T, andT, state whether T, > T, or T, > Ty, justify your answer. T t, Pt Vv 8. Thos vessels of equal capacity have gases at the same tomporaturo and pressure. The firsi vessel contains neon (monatomic) the second coniains ‘chlorine (dlatomie) and the third contains uranium hexafluoride (polyatomic). Do the vessels contain equal number of respective molecules? Is the root ‘moan equaro speed of molecules the game in tho three cases? If not in which case is Vjq, the largest? 10. State Grahm's law of ciffusion. How do you ablain this from Kinetic Theory of gasos. LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (5 MARKS) 1. Prove thal tha pressure exerted by a gas is given by 42 P = Spe where p Is density and ¢ is root mean square velocity. 2. What are the fundamental postulates of the Kinetic theory of gases? 1 3. GWvon that P - 3.pe7 where Ps the pressure, p isthe density and cis the mms. Velocity of gas molecules. Deduce Boyle's law and Charles law of gases from it 4. What do you understand by mean speed, root mean square speed and ‘most probable speed of a gas. The velocities of ten particles in mis are 0, 2,3, 4, 4, 4, 5, 5, 6, 9 calculate () Average speed (i) rms. speed XI Physics 1st= ‘What is law of equipartiion of onorgy? Find the value of y = CJC, for diatomic and monatomic gas. Where symbol have usual meaning. NUMERICALS ‘An air bubble of volume 1.0 om rises from the bottom of a lake 40 m doop at a temperature of 12°C. To what volume does it grow when it reaches. the surface which is at a temperature of 35°C? ‘An electric bulb of volume 250 crr® was realed off during manufacture at a pressure of 10 mm of Hg at 27°C. Find the number of air molecules in the bubb— (R= 8.31 J mole! K Ne = 6.02 x 10% mole) (density of mercury p = 13.6 x 10° kg m4) ‘An ideal gas has a specific heat at constant pressure (C, = 5 2). The {gas is kopt in a closod vassol of volume 0.0089 mr at a tomporaturo of 800 k and a pressure of 1.6 x 10° Nmv?. An amount of 2.49 x 108 J of heat feneray Is supplied to the gas. Calculate the tinal temperature and pressure of the gas (R= 83 JK mot ‘An oxygen cylinder of volume 0 litre has an initial gauge pressure of 15 almosphare and a temperature of 27°C. After soma oxygen is withdrawn from the cylinder, the gauge pressure drops to 11 atmosphere and its temperature drop to 17°C. Estimate the mass of oxygen taken out of the cylinder (R= 831 J mort) (molecular mass of ©, = 32) At vihat temperature the rms speed of oxygen atom equal to rim.s. speed of heliums gas ator at 10°C Atomic mass of helium = 4 Atomic mass of oxygen 32 The donsity of Carbon dioxide gas at 0°C and at a prossuro of 1.0 x 10° newton’m? is 1.98 kgi. Find the root mean square velocity of its molecules at 0°C and 30°C. Prossure is kopt constant. 155 = Physics myCBSEguide.comBe ry caste com 7. 0.014 kg of nitrogen is enclosed in a vessol at a temperature of 27°C, How much heat has to be transferred to the gas to double the rms speed of its molecules. ANSWERS (1 MARK) 1. (i) Low pressure (i) High temperature 2. No effect t P 8 Ww 4. Atomicity and tomporature 5.0 6. 224 litre 7. Gas in which intermolecular forces are absent 8. increases (times 9. 3PI2 10. Hydrogen (rms speed is greater) 3 44. SRT 1M \ 12 P=gyKT — Ta(Pyy P and V are constant then T is also constant ANSWERS (2 MARKS) 1. Work is done against friction. This work done is converted into heat. XI Physics 15610, ee Serie com ato of difusion of a gas is invorsoly proportional to the square root of the density. So hydrogen leaked out more rapidly. Specific Heat of water is more than land (earth). Therefore for given heat change in temp. of land is more than ocean (water). ‘The air molecules travel along a zigzag path due to frequent collision as 4 result their displacement perunit time is very small p_ imnet Pane? ; cavT 30 ‘ Pan a3 ‘When temp is low and pressure is high the intermolecular forces become appreciable thus the volume occupied by the molecular is not negligibly ‘small as composed to volume of gas. ‘When piston is pulled out the volume of the gas increases, Now number ‘of molecules colliding against the wall of container per unit area decreases. Hence pressure decreases. ANSWERS (3 MARKS) 1 () clametor of molecule (i) 4 = W)iaT (Wa 1 1 RW «e (vlaem During evaporation fast moving molecules escape a Iquid surface so the average kinetic energy of the molecules left behind is decreased thus the temperature of the liquid is lowered. number of mole = Constant 1ST XI = Physicsee Serie com Hy tip = PV) Pos _ P(Ws + Vo) AT, ~ RT, aT TT (PM + PV) from Boyles law P(V, + V,) = PWV, + PV, >T.

on =F 1.6 «10% » 0088 n+ number of mole of gas = “Sa <4 Heat has been supplied at constant volume AQ, = nG, AT When ©, = Gp ~ 249 108 = 4 35.89(7- 200) ar <1 200 > T’ = 800 KT” > final temperature If” be the final pressure then PV = RT” _ ART _ 4 8.3% 800 ® Vv 0083 = 4x Bx 108 = 3.2 x 108 Nim? 19 x 308 ee Serie com = 53«10-m® I — Physiosee /, = 80 litre = 30 x 109 om? = 3 x 102 mP 15 x 1.013 x 10° Nim? 100 K Pv, wae Fre = 188 PM, 82 RT, Pz = 11x 1.018 x 108 Nim? 3x 102m? = 183-139 = 44 Mans of gas taken out of cylinder = 4.4 x 92 g 140.8 9 0.140 ko ant]? 5 wr] Let rms speed of oxygen is (Vrms), and of helium is (Vers), is equal at temperature T, and T, respectwvely. (Vrms), _ [Mat (vars), \MGT2 are [5a 265 | 7, — 2263 _ st04k 7 6. pate? X= Physles 160ee a6 vme = fv) - 2 vine = = — seo 138 vans =F (Wes) _ ES FE | ‘Tvims) 273 fara ~ 1989 (Vrms),5 = 989 x 1,059 = 410 mis Number of mole in 0.014 kg of Nitrogen ooi410° 4 sa 10 | J mole = 32-5 cal/mole k 2 1, = 41, = 3 x 300 = 900 K 1 AQ =n, aT = 5% 5 x 900 =2250 cal Tot = Physics