Section 6 Lecture 2:Prandtl-Meyer Expansion
Waves
Anderson,
Chapter 4 pp.167-190
MAE 5420 - Compressible Fluid Flow
What Happens when
M1 = 3.0, p1=1atm, =1.4, T1=288K,
Explicit Solver for
!=
! =0.00001
2
$ # "1 2'$ # +1 2' 2
M 12 " 1 " 3 &1 +
M 1 ) &1 +
M 1 ) tan (* )
2
2
%
(%
(
=8.0
3
$ # "1 2'$ # "1 2 # +1 4 ' 2
M 12 " 1 " 9 &1 +
M 1 ) &1 +
M1 +
M 1 ) tan (* )
2
2
4
%
(%
(
!=
+3
MAE 5420 - Compressible Fluid Flow
=1.0
What Happens when (contd)
! =0.00001
' 4$% + cos "1 ( & ) *
+ 2 # cos
M1 = 3.0, p1=1atm, =1.4, T1=288K,
tan ( ! ) =
M 12 " 1
)(
,+
. - "1 21
3 01 +
M 1 3 tan (4 )
2
/
2
! =19.47
180 "1 # 1 &
o
=
sin %
=
19.47
(
!
M
$ 1'
mach line
MAE 5420 - Compressible Fluid Flow
What Happens when (contd)
M1 = 3.0, p1=1atm, =1.4, T1=288K,
! =0.00001
Compute Normal Component of Free stream mach Number
Mn1 = M 1 sin ! =
p2
2!
2
=
1
+
M
n
1 "1
p
(! + 1)
1
MAE 5420 - Compressible Fluid Flow
1.0000
= 1.0 (NO COMPRESSION!)
Expansion Waves
So if
>0 .. Compression around corner
M1
M2
"
=0 no compression across shock
MAE 5420 - Compressible Fluid Flow
Expansion Waves (concluded)
Then it follows that
<0 .. We get an expansion wave (Prandtl-Meyer)
Flow accelerates around corner
Continuous flow region
sometimes called
expansion fan
Each mach wave is infinitesimally
weak
isentropic flow region
Flow stream lines are curved and
smooth through fan
MAE 5420 - Compressible Fluid Flow
Prandtl-Meyer Expansion Fan: Mathematical
Analysis
Consider flow expansion around an infinitesimal corner
Mach Wave
V
V+dV
From Law of Sines
V
Infinitesimal Expansion Fan Flow Geometry
MAE 5420 - Compressible Fluid Flow
$!
'
sin & " " d# )
%2
(
V + dV
$!
'
sin & + )
%2
(
7
Prandtl-Meyer Expansion Fan: Mathematical
Analysis (contd)
Using the trigonometric identities
"!
%
"!%
"!%
sin $ + ' = sin $ ' cos ( ) + sin ( ) cos $ ' = cos ( )
#2
&
# 2&
# 2&
"!
%
"!%
"!%
sin $ ( ' = sin $ ' cos ( ) ( sin ( ) cos $ ' = cos ( )
#2
&
# 2&
# 2&
And
$!
'
$!
'
$!
'
sin & " " d# ) = sin & " ) cos ( d# ) " cos & " ) sin ( d# ) =
%2
(
%2
(
%2
(
* $!'
$!'cos ( ) cos ( d# ) " , cos & ) cos ( ) + sin ( ) sin & ) / sin ( d# ) =
% 2(.
+ % 2(
cos ( ) cos ( d# ) " sin ( ) sin ( d# )
MAE 5420 - Compressible Fluid Flow
Prandtl-Meyer Expansion Fan: Mathematical
Analysis (contd)
Substitution gives
V
V + dV
=
#
cos ( ) cos ( d! ) " sin ( ) sin ( d! ) cos ( )
cos ( )
dV
1+
=
V
cos ( ) cos ( d! ) " sin ( ) sin ( d! )
Since d is considered to be infinitesimal
cos ( d! ) = 1
MAE 5420 - Compressible Fluid Flow
sin ( d! ) = d!
Prandtl-Meyer Expansion Fan: Mathematical
Analysis (contd)
and the equation reduces to
cos ( )
dV
1
1+
=
=
V
cos ( ) ! sin ( ) ( d" ) 1 ! tan ( ) ( d" )
Exploiting the form of the power series (expanded about x=0)
"
%
1
1
2
= (1 ! x )|x = 0 ! $
(!1)
x
!
0
+
....O
x
(
)
'(
2
1! x
$# (1 ! x ) |x = 0
'&
( )
MAE 5420 - Compressible Fluid Flow
10
Prandtl-Meyer Expansion Fan: Mathematical
Analysis (contd)
Then
" dV 2 %
1
1
" dV
%
= 1+
! 0' + O $
$
2
'
dV
#
&
V
V
#
&
dV %
"
1!
$# 1 !
'
V
V & | dV = 0
V
Since dV is infinitesimal truncate after first order term
1
dV
1
1
"1+
#
"
dV
dV 1 ! tan ( ) ( d$ )
V
1!
1!
V
V
MAE 5420 - Compressible Fluid Flow
11
Prandtl-Meyer Expansion Fan: Mathematical
Analysis (contd)
Solve for d! in terms of dV/V
1
dV
1
1
"1+
#
"
dV
dV 1 ! tan ( ) ( d$ )
V
1!
1!
V
V
dV
1 dV
1 ! tan ( ) ( d$ ) = 1 !
# d$ =
V
tan ( ) V
Since disturbance is infinitesimal (mach wave)
1
sin ( ) =
M
MAE 5420 - Compressible Fluid Flow
12
Prandtl-Meyer Expansion Fan: Mathematical
Analysis (contd)
Performing some algebraic and trigonometric voodoo
2
2
sin
+
cos
)
1
1
(
)
(
2
sin ( ) =
! sin ( ) = 2 =
!
2
M
M
M
2
2
sin
+
cos
)
1
1
(
)
(
2
2
M =
=
1
+
!
=
M
"1
2
2
2
sin ( )
tan ( )
tan ( )
1
= M2 "1
tan ( )
and .
Valid for
Real and ideal gas
1 dV
dV
2
d! =
= M "1
tan ( ) V
V
MAE 5420 - Compressible Fluid Flow
13
Prandtl-Meyer Expansion Fan: Mathematical
Analysis (contd)
For a finite deflection the O.D.E is integrated over the
complete expansion fan
!=
M2
M1
dV
M "1
V
2
Write in terms of mach by
V = M ! c " dV = dM ! c + M ! dc "
dV dM ! c + M ! dc dM dc
=
=
+
V
M !c
M
c
MAE 5420 - Compressible Fluid Flow
14
Prandtl-Meyer Expansion Fan: Mathematical
Analysis (contd)
Substituting in
!=
M2
M1
dV
M "1
=
V
2
M2
M1
$ dM dc '
M " 1&
+ )
% M
c(
2
For a calorically perfect adiabatic gas flow
* ! )1 2# c0 &
# T0 &
c0 = ! RgT0 " % ( = % ( = , 1 +
M /
+
.
2
$c'
$T '
MAE 5420 - Compressible Fluid Flow
And T0 is constant
15
Prandtl-Meyer Expansion Fan: Mathematical
Analysis (contd)
Solving for c, differentiating, and normalizing by c
dc
=
c
1
" 1%
(( ! 1)M ( dM )
$# ! '&
2 "
( !1 2%
M '
$# 1 +
&
2
( !1 2%
"
M '
$# 1 +
&
2
MAE 5420 - Compressible Fluid Flow
(( ! 1)
M ( dM )
=! 2
( !1 2%
"
M '
$# 1 +
&
2
16
Prandtl-Meyer Expansion Fan: Mathematical
Analysis (contd)
Returning to the integral for
!=
M2
M1
dV
M "1
=
V
2
M2
M1
MAE 5420 - Compressible Fluid Flow
%
(
($ " 1)
M ( dM ) *
'
dM
M 2 " 1'
+" 2
*
$ "1 2( *
%
' M
1+
M *
'
&
))
&
2
17
Prandtl-Meyer Expansion Fan: Mathematical
Analysis (contd)
Simplification gives
!=
M2
M1
M2
M1
$
(# " 1) 2 '
M
&
)
dM
2
2
M "1
&1 + "
)=
# "1 2' )
M &
$
1
+
M )
&
%
((
%
2
#
$$
1
+
dM & &%
2
M "1
&
M &
%
" 1 2 ' (# " 1) 2 '
$
dM '
2
M )"
M )
M "1
&
)
(
2
2
M2
M
)= &
)
#
"
1
#
"
1
$
$
2'
2' )
)
*
&
1
+
M
1
+
M
&%
)(
)( (
( M1 % &%
2
2
MAE 5420 - Compressible Fluid Flow
18
Prandtl-Meyer Expansion Fan: Mathematical
Analysis (contd)
Evaluate integral by performing substitution
dM
M !1
M * Ln[M ] + u * , dM = du, M 2 = e2u /
0
) # " !1 2&
M
.
1
1
+
M
%$
('
2
dM
2
M !1
2u
e
!1
M =
) # " ! 1 2 & ) # " ! 1 2u & du
M (
1+
e (
%$ 1 +
%
'
$
'
2
2
2
MAE 5420 - Compressible Fluid Flow
19
Prandtl-Meyer Expansion Fan: Mathematical
Analysis (contd)
Standard Integral Table Form
e2u ! 1
emx ! 1
) # " ! 1 2u & du * ) 1 + bemx du
e (
%$ 1 +
'
2
From tables (CRC math handbook)
emx ! 1
2
!1
mx
du
=
!
tan
e
m
1 + bemx
"(
MAE 5420 - Compressible Fluid Flow
2 ( b + 1) !1
b
tan
emx ! 1
m
b +1
!1 !
b + 1 bm
20
Prandtl-Meyer Expansion Fan: Mathematical
Analysis (contd)
! " 1 mx
#
2&
m
=
2,b
=
,
e
=
M
'
Substituting $
2
%
(
* " !1
dM
" !1
M !1
+1
,
2
2
!1 ,
2
M = ! tan !1 M 2 ! 1 +
2
2
tan
M
!1
+
) # " !1 2& 2
"
!
1
"
!
1
2
,
+1
1
+
M
%$
('
2
2
,2
2
.,
" + 1 !1 *, " ! 1 2
tan +
M ! 1) / ! tan !1 M 2 ! 1
(
" !1
,- " + 1
,0
MAE 5420 - Compressible Fluid Flow
21
.
,,
/=
,
,0
Prandtl-Meyer Expansion Fan: Mathematical
Analysis (contd)
Collected Equations
!=
+ " + 1 #1 &$ " # 1
. + " + 1 #1 &$ " # 1
.
(&
(&
2
#1
2
2
#1
2
tan %
M 2 # 1 ) # tan
M 2 # 10 # tan %
M 1 # 1 ) # tan
M1 # 1 0
"
#
1
"
+
1
"
#
1
"
+
1
-,
0/ -,
0/
'&
*&
'&
*&
Or more simply
*(
% + 1 #1 &( % # 1 2
! = " (M 2 ) # " (M 1 ) $ " (M ) =
tan '
M # 1) + # tan #1 M 2 # 1
(
% #1
() % + 1
(,
Prandtl-Meyer Function
Implicit function more Newton!
MAE 5420 - Compressible Fluid Flow
22
Prandtl-Meyer Expansion Fan: Mathematical
Analysis (contd)
And we already know the derivative
d
1
M2 "1
[! (M )] =
# "1 2'
dM
M$
M )
&% 1 +
(
2
MAE 5420 - Compressible Fluid Flow
23
Newton Solver Algorithm
! = " (M 2 ) # " (M 1 ) $ " (M 2 ) = ! + " (M 1 )
Expand in Taylors series
$ #" '
! + " (M 1 ) = " (M 2 ) = " (M 2 ( j ) ) + &
M 2 * M 2 ( j ) + O(M 2 ) + ....
)
% #M ( ( j )
Truncate after first order terms and solve for M2(j)
$! + " (M 1 ) # " (M 2 ( j ) ) &
%
'
M 2 ( j +1) =
+ M 2( j )
) (" ,
+*
.(M ( j )
Note: use radians!
MAE 5420 - Compressible Fluid Flow
24
M2 versus M1, !
M1 = 5
M1 = 3
M1 = 1
MAE 5420 - Compressible Fluid Flow
25
Pressure and Temperature Change
Across Expansion Fan
Because each mach wave
is infinitesimal, expansion
is isentropic
- P02 = P01
- T02 = T01
MAE 5420 - Compressible Fluid Flow
" #1 2 '
$
1
+
M1 )
&
p2 P 01
p2
2
=
!
=&
)
p1
p1 P 0 2 & 1 + " # 1 M 2 )
2
%
(
2
" #1 2 '
$
1
+
M1 )
&
T2 T 01 T2
2
=
!
=&
)
T1
T1 T 0 2 & 1 + " # 1 M 2 )
2
%
(
2
"
" #1
26
Numerical Example
M1=1.5, p1=81.4 kPa, T1=255.6K,
!=1.4, ! =20
M1
20
M2
Compute M2, p2, P02, T2, T02
MAE 5420 - Compressible Fluid Flow
27
Numerical Example (contd)
M1=1.5
Corner entrance mach angle
" 1 %
1 = sin $
'=
# M1 &
!1
1 $ 180
#
= 41.81
asin ! " &
1.5 %
(&
" + 1 #1 $& " # 1
2
! (M 1 ) =
tan %
M 1 # 1) ) # tan #1 M 12 # 1
(
" #1
&' " + 1
&*
0.5%
$ $ 1.4 ! 1
0.5
2
2
%
atan & "
( 1.5 ! 1 ) # ' ! atan ( ( 1.5 ! 1 ) )
" 1.4 + 1
#
=0.207785 radians
Prandtl-Meyer Function
$ 1.4 + 1 %
"
#
1.4 ! 1
0.5
MAE 5420 - Compressible Fluid Flow
28
Numerical Example (contd)
Compute
!(M2)
! (M 2 ) = " + ! (M 1 )
= 20 ! + 0.207785
180
=0.5569
Use Iterative Solver to Compute M2
M 2 ( j +1)
$! + " (M 1 ) # " (M 2 ( j ) ) &
'+M
=%
2( j )
) (" ,
+*
.
(M - ( j )
MAE 5420 - Compressible Fluid Flow
M2=2.2067
29
Numerical Example (contd)
Pressure
Because each mach wave
is infinitesimal, expansion
is isentropic
! "1 2 &
#
% 1 + 2 M1 (
p2 = p1 %
! "1 2 (
%1 +
M2 (
$
'
2
- P02 = P01
- T02 = T01
!
! "1
'
1.4 ! 1 2 ' &"
&
#
1.4
!
1
1
+
1.5
$
%
2
$
%
81.4 =27.655 kPa
$
%
1.4 ! 1
$1 +
2.20672 %
"
#
2
1.4
MAE 5420 - Compressible Fluid Flow
30
Numerical Example (contd)
Temperature
Because each mach wave
is infinitesimal, expansion
is isentropic
- P02 = P01
- T02 = T01
! "1 2 &
#
% 1 + 2 M1 ( =
T2 = T1 %
! "1 2 (
%1 +
M2 (
$
'
2
1.4 ! 1 2 '
&
1.5 %
$ 1+
2
$
% 255.6 =187.76K
$
%
1.4
!
1
2
$1 +
2.2067 %
"
#
2
MAE 5420 - Compressible Fluid Flow
31
Numerical Example (contd)
Exit Mach Angle
" 1 %
2 = sin $
' !( =
# M2 &
!1
1 $ 180
#
asin !
&
' 20
"
2.2067 %
MAE 5420 - Compressible Fluid Flow
= 6.947
32
Numerical Example (concluded)
M1
20
! M 1 = 1.5
%
# p = 81.4kPa #
# 1
#
"
&
o
#T1 = 255.56 K #
# 1 = 41.81o #
$
'
MAE 5420 - Compressible Fluid Flow
M2
! M 2 = 2.2067 %
# p = 27.655kPa #
# 2
#
"
&
o
#T2 = 187.76 K #
# 2 = 6.947 o
#
$
'
33
Maximum Turning Angle
" #1 2 '
$
1
+
M1 )
&
p2 P 01
p2
2
=
!
=&
)
p1
p1 P 0 2 & 1 + " # 1 M 2 )
2
%
(
2
% + 1 &1 ') %
$ (#) =
tan (
% &1
)* %
. % +1 1 4
5 max = 0
& 13 &
/ % &1 2 2
"
" #1
p2 ! 0 " M 2 ! #
+)
. % +1 1 4
&1
2
& 13
, & tan # & 1 = 0
/ % &1 2 2
)+)
% + 1 &1 ') % & 1
2
tan (
M 1 & 1 , & tan &1 M 12 & 1
% &1
)* % + 1
)-
&1 2
# &1
+1
MAE 5420 - Compressible Fluid Flow
34
Maximum Turning Angle (contd)
Plotting as a ! max function of Mach number
{T2, p2} = 0
MAE 5420 - Compressible Fluid Flow
35
Maximum Turning Angle (concluded)
In Reality Viscous Effects
Dominate and Flow Separates
around steep corner before
pressure expands to vacuum
Separated
Flow Region
MAE 5420 - Compressible Fluid Flow
36
Section 6: Home Work
M1=4, p1=0.01 atm, T1=217K,
! =1.25, !1=15, !2=15
Compute After each corner
- Entry and exit Mach wave angles or shock angles
- Mach number,
- static & total pressure
- temperature
M1
15
M2
M3
15
MAE 5420 - Compressible Fluid Flow
37
