9/16/2008

Ci i Analysis
Circuit A l i 1
Chapter # 2
Resistive Circuits

Mazhar Javed
Faculty of Elecrtonics Engineering
Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering
Sciences and Technologies, Topi, Pakistan
Lecture # 9

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Example 2.9 PROBLEM SOLVING TIP: KVL IS USEFUL

TO DETERMINE A VOLTAGE - FIND A LOOP
INCLUDING THE UNKNOWN VOLTAGE
THE LOOP DOES NOT HAVE TO BE PHYSICAL

+
Vbe
−
− VS + VR + VR + VR = 0
1 2 3

VR = 12V
2
EXAMPLE : VR1 , VR3 ARE KNOWN
DETERMINE THE VOLTAGE Vbe
VR = 18V
1
VR + Vbe + VR − 30[V ] = 0
1 3
VR3 = 20V
We can have
W h policy:
li decrease
d in
i Energy
E
level is +ive and an increase in voltage
level is –ive
But nothing stops us from reversing the
LOOP abcdefa policy (Rule is conservation of energy)

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BACKGROUND: WHEN DISCUSSING KCL WE SAW Example 2.10

THAT NOT ALL POSSIBLE KCL EQUATIONS
ARE INDEPENDENT. WE SHALL SEE THAT THE
SAME SITUATION ARISES WHEN USING KVL

THE THIRD EQUATION IS THE SUM OF THE

OTHER TWO!!
3

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Example 2.11: Example 2.12: DEPENDENT SOURCES ARE

HANDLED WITH THE SAME EASE

GIVEN THE CHOICE USE THE SIMPLEST LOOP

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Home Work: E2.6, E2.7,

P2.17, 2.20, 2.22

E 2.7

Vbd = _______
11V
MUST FIND VR FIRST 1

− 12 + VR1 + 1 + 10VR1 = 0 ⇒ VR1 = 1V

DEPENDENT SOURCES ARE NOT REALLY

DIFFICULT TO ANALYZE
REMINDER: IN A RESISTOR THE VOLTAGE AND
CURRENT DIRECTIONS MUST SATISFY THE
PASSIVE SIGN CONVENTION

+
V
− − V +
5

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2.3 SINGLE LOOP CIRCUITS VOLTAGE DIVISION: THE SIMPLEST CASE

BACKGROUND: USING, OHM’S LAW, KVL AND KCL

WE CAN WRITE ENOUGH EQUATIONS TO ANALYZE Negative
ANY LINEAR CIRCUIT. WE NOW START THE STUDY answer of the
OF SYSTEMATIC, AND EFFICIENT, WAYS OF actual
USING THE FUNDAMENTAL CIRCUIT LAWS KVL ON current means
THIS the actual
b c WRITE 5 KCL
a 2 3 LOOP direction of
EQS OR the current
DETERMINE THE
6 branches is anti-
1 ONLY CURRENT
6 nodes 4 clockwise
1 loop FLOWING

f 6 e 5 d
ALL ELEMENTS IN SERIES
ONLY ONE CURRENT

THE PLAN
• BEGIN WITH THE SIMPLEST ONE LOOP CIRCUIT
• EXTEND RESULTS TO MULTIPLE SOURCE
• AND MULTIPLE RESISTORS CIRCUITS

IMPORTANT VOLTAGE 6
DIVIDER EQUATIONS

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SUMMARY OF BASIC VOLTAGE DIVIDER Example 2.14A “PRACTICAL” POWER

Source voltage is divided between the APPLICATION
resistors R1 and R2 in direct proportion to
their resistance

R1
v R1 = v (t )
R1 + R2

EXAMPLE 2.13 : VS = 9 V , R1 = 90kΩ, R2 = 30kΩ

VOLUME
CONTROL?

HOW CAN ONE REDUCE THE LOSSES?

R1 = 15kΩ ⇒ High voltage, low current 7

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THE CONCEPT OF SERIES RESISTANCE THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ELECTRIC

CONNECTION AND PHYSICAL LAYOUT
THIS CONCEPT WILL OFTEN BE USED TO SIMPLFY
THE ANALYSIS OF CIRCUITS. WE INTRODUCE IT SOMETIMES, FOR PRACTICAL CONSTRUCTION
HERE WITH A VERY SIMPLE VOLTAGE DIVIDER REASONS, COMPONENTS THAT ARE ELECTRICALLY
CONNECTED MAY BE PHYSICALLY QUITE APART

i R1 i
vS +
-
vS +
-
R1 + R2
R2
vS
i=
R1 + R2

AS FAR AS THE CURRENT IS CONCERNED BOTH

CIRCUITS ARE EQUIVALENT. THE ONE ON THE
RIGHT HAS ONLY ONE RESISTOR
SERIES COMBINATION OF RESISTORS

R1 R2 R1 + R2
≡

IN ALL CASES THE RESISTORS ARE

CONNECTED IN SERIES 8

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CONNECTOR SIDE

ILLUSTRATING THE DIFFERENCE

BETWEEN PHYSICAL LAYOUT AND
ELECTRICAL CONNECTIONS

PHYSICAL NODE

PHYSICAL NODE

SECTION OF 14.4 KB VOICE/DATA MODEM

Reverse Engineering
www.chipworks.com

CORRESPONDING POINTS

COMPONENT SIDE 9

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FIRST GENERALIZATION: MULTIPLE SOURCES

+ v2 −
+ v R1 − Voltage sources in series can be
+ - algebraically added to form an
+ − equivalent source.
R1 -
v1 +
-
+ v3
− +
We select the reference direction to
−
i(t) + move along the path.
R2 v Voltage drops are subtracted from rises
-

v5
+ R2

−
+
+ -

KVL − v4 +
vR1 + v2 − v3 + vR 2 + v4 + v5 − v1 = 0 R1
Collect all sources on one side
(v1 − v2 + v3 − v4 − v5 ) = vR1 + vR 2
veq +
R2
(v ) = v
-

eq R1 + vR 2

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SECOND GENERALIZATION: MULTIPLE RESISTORS Example 2.15

FIND I ,Vbd , P (30k )

+ - + -

APPLY KVL
TO THIS LOOP APPLY KVL
TO THIS LOOP

- + LOOP FOR Vbd

Vbd − 12 − 20 [ k Ω] I = 0 (KVL) ⇒ Vbd = 10V

POWER ON 30k Ω RESISTOR
P = I 2 R = (−10 −4 A) 2 (30 *103 Ω) = 30mW

v R = Ri i ⇒
i

VOLTAGE DIVISION FOR MULTIPLE RESISTORS 11

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