earmwó b*0awm t&[awm or®morÁK'¨ó

Edkiif Hawmfy&d,wåo
d moemhwuúokdv(f &efuke)f ü
1.2.2016 aeYwGif zwfMum;aom
tbd"r®y#d ur[mXmepmwrf;rsm;

pOf rmwdum pmrsuEf Sm

1/ ygarmu©csKyfq&mawmf b'´EÅukrm&(t*¾r[my@dw)
>rufMum;tyfaom tbd"r®a'oem odrSwzf G,&f mrsm;...................... 1
2/ 'kw,
d ygarmu©csKyfq&mawmf b'´EÅaZmwdu(t*¾r[my@dw)
>rufMum;tyfaom Oa,smZeuxm..................................... 10
3/ jrefrmEdkiif HESihf y|mef;a'oemawmf½Gwzf wfylaZmfrI(a'gufwm b'´EÅax&dE´).. 12
4/ tusK;d ay;&mumvuGJjym;aom uHav;rsK;d udkavhvmjcif;(t&Sit
f *¾0Ho)......25
5/ [',0w¬KESihpf yforQ okawoejyKjcif; (yxrausm-f OD;pHoif;vdIi)f ........ 34
6/ jrefrmEkid if HESihf tbd"r®mt&aumufusr;f rsm;\ tcef;u@
t½SiZf #dv(r'kb-d 1)?t½Siyf nmeE´(r'kb-d 4)?t½Si0f &omrd(r'kb-d 5).......47
7/ jrefrmEdkiif Hü tbd"r®moif,lavhvmrI (t½Si0f Zd ÆmeE´)......................53
8/ cE¨mig;yg;ESihf 0dyóem (t½Siyf nmeE´)..................................63
9/ jrefrmwkYd\"avh ema&;qkid &f mxkHwrf;tpOftvmrsm;ukd
tbd"r®m½IaxmifhrSavhvmjcif; (t½Sit f &d,)............................ 69
10/ pwk&m&u©ur®|mef;w&m;av;yg; ac: umuG,af &;w&m;av;yg;
(t&Sitf &d,0Ho)...................................................... 77
11/ yk*Hacwftbd"r®musr;f rsm;ppfwrf; (a'gufwm tmumrdk;ol).............. 88
12/ jrefrmEkid if HESihf tbd"r®medó,usr;f rsm;\ tcef;u@
t½Si"f r®ygv(r'kb-d 2)/ t½Sief E´mpm&(r'kb-d 3)....................... 100
13/ Ak'¨tbd"r®m½Sd umvESihf tmumoudk avhvmjcif;
(OD;at;rif;? ygarmu©? '*kHwuúokdv)f ................................. 111
 -1-

1.2.2016 aeY
tbd"r®y#d ur[mXmepmwrf;zwfyGJ ü
ygarmu©csKyfq&mawmf b'´EÅukrm&(t*¾r[my@dw)
>rufMum;tyfaom
tbd"r®ma'oem odrSwzf G,&f mrsm;

tbd"r®ma'oemawmfü--
,H {w¬ 0k¹krd aEÅm?
ovu©Pm ylZw d m y&dpäEd ém/
0kwåm"dum p "r®m?
tbd"ar®m awe tu©mawm/

{w¬ = þtbd"r®y#d uü/

0k¹krd aEÅm= psmefw&m;ç arwåmw&m;tp½Sdaom rdrdudef;&myk*¾dKvfudk tyg,f
uif;aysmuf BuD;yGm;csr;f omjcif;odkY a&mufapEdkiaf om yGm;rsm;usiho
f kH;
&rnfhw&m;awmfwkdYukd/
b*0wm = jrwfpGmbk&m;onf/
0kwåm = a[mMum;awmfrltyfukeNf yD/
ovu©Pm = ½lyg½kHço'´g½kHtp½Sad om uGJuGJjym;jym; rSwo f m;zG,w f &m;awmfwkdYukd
b*0wm = jrwfpGmbk&m;onf/
0kwåm = a[mMum;awmfrltyfukeNf yD/
ylZdwm = aou©m"r®mç taou©m"r®mç avmukwå&m"r®m tp½Sad om av;jrwf
aumfa&mfylaZmftyfaom w&m;awmfwkdYukd/
b*0wm = jrwfpGmbk&m;onf/
0kwåm = a[mMum;awmfrltyfukeNf yD/
y&dpäEd ém = zaóm a[mwd? a0'em a[mwd tp½Sad om obm0tm;jzifh ydki;f jcm;
owfrSwt f yfaom w&m;awmfwkdYukd/
b*0wm = jrwfpGmbk&m;onf/
0kwåm = a[mMum;awmfrltyfukeNf yD/
t"dum = r[*¾wm"r®m? tyÜrmPm"r®m? tEkwå&m"r®m tp½Sdaom xl;uJ
rGejf rwfaom w&m;awmfwkdYukd/
b*0wm = jrwfpGmbk&m;onf/
0kwåm = a[mMum;awmfrltyfukeNf yD/
 -2-

awe = xdkoBYkd uD;yGm;csr;f omEdkiaf om yGm;rsm;&rnfw

h &m;? uJu G jJG ym;jym; jcm;em;
odatmif rSwo f m;&rnhw f &m;? obm0taetm;jzifh ydki;f jcm;owfrSwf
tyfaomw&m; xl;uJreG jf rwfaom "r®&wemwdu kY kad [mMum;awmfr&l m\
tjzpfaMumifh/
tbd"ar®m = tbd"r®mrnf\ [lí/
b*0wm = jrwfpGmbk&m;onf/
tu©mawm = a[mMum;awmfrltyfNyD/

"r®wad &uç"r®0ad ooa|e tbd"ar®m

cE¨mig;yg;wdku
Y kd okwåeyf gVdawmfwküYd wpfpwd w
f a'otm;jzifo h m a[mMum;awmfryl g
w,f/
tbd"r®ma'oemawmfa&mufwJhtcg okwåeef nf;tm;jzifha0zefenf;ç tbd"r®menf;
tm;jzifah 0zefenf;ç ar;ykaH jzenf;tm;jzifh a0zefenf;[lí t<uif;tuserf ½Sad tmif pdppfa0zefí
a[mMum;awmfryl gw,f/ xdkt Y wlyJ tm,weç"mwfçopömç£ajE´çy#dpo ö rkygÜ 'fçaAm"dyu©,
d
w&m; 37-yg;tp½Sad om w&m;wdkYukd &oifhovdk enf;okH;rsKd ;jzifh pdppfa0zefí a[mMum;
awmfrlxm;ygw,f/ þodkYxl;jcm;aom"r®ç vGeu f Jaom"r®wkdYukd a[mawmfrljcif;aMumifh
tbd"r®vkdYac:ygw,f/

usr;f pmyrmP
q|oH*g,em pmawmfrl usr;f pmtaetm;jzifh-
- ygVdawmf 7-usr;f ? 12-tky?f pmrsuEf Sm 4987
- t|uxm 7-usr;f ? 3-tky?f pmrsuEf Sm 1461
- #Dum 6-usr;f ?3-tky?f pmrsuEf Sm 1458
pkpkaygif; pmrsuEf Sm 7906
½Sdygw,f/
tck ax&0g'Ak'o ¨ moemrSm½Sw
d hJ tbd"r®mckepfusr;f a'oemawmfonf usr;f pmtaeeJU
(12)tkyq f kdayr,fh ay,smvawGukd azmfxkwNf yD; ½GwMf uoifMuvQif tkyaf ygif; (120)xuf
awmifrsm;Edkiyf gw,f/
wcsed uf ocFsmyg&*lynm½Sirf sm;u ]]tbd"r®may,smvawGukd olwk&Yd UJ ocsmF twwf
ynmeJY azmfxkwMf urnf}}vdkY aus;Zl;awmf½Sif wdy#d u"&rif;uGe;f q&mawmfbk&m;BuD;udk
avQmufxm;Muygw,f/ q&mawmfbk&m;BuD;u ]]'Dtwdki;f yJ ½Gwzf wf MunfnKd Muyg}}vdkY
rdeYfMum;awmfrlaMumif; Mum;odbl;ygw,f/
 -3-

tbd"r®y#d uudk tm*krjf yef ajzqdkaom t½Sijf rwfrsm;onf pmrsuEf Smaygif; 4987-
½Sd usr;f pmwdkYukd tm*kr½f Gwq
f kdjy&ygw,f/ a&;ajzpmrsuEf Smaygif; 7906-rsuEf SmwdkYukd
a&;om;ajzqdkMu&ygw,f/

ae&mXmeESihfy&dowf
tbd"f r®ma'oemawmfukd tb,faMumifh bk&m;½Siu f ewfjynfokYd<uNyD; a[mawmfrl
&wmvJ¿
tbd"r®ma'oemawmfonf y&rw¬obm0"r® oufoufukdom a[mawmfrlonfh
a'oemawmfjzpfjcif;aMumifh-
(1)y&rw¬obm0udk odjrifvufcEH kid af om y&dowfü a[mrSom tusKd ;rsm;rnfjzpfygonf/
(2)jzwfawmuf jzwfawmufNyD; a[mvQifvnf; odjrifEkdiaf om"r® r[kwjf cif;aMumifh
wpfqufwnf; wpfcsed w f nf; a[m&onhf a'oemawmfjzpfygonf/
(3)xdkaMumifh wqufwnf;wcsed w f nf; em,lEkdiaf om y&dowfü a[m&rnfha'oemawmf
jzpfygonf/

þt*Fg&yfrsm;ESihf udkun f Djynhpf kHaom w&m;emy&dowfonf vlYjynfXmeü b,fae&mrS

r½SEd kdiaf omaMumifh tbd"r®ma'oemawmfukd bk&m;½Sio f nf ewfjynfü a[mawmfrljcif;jzpfyg
onf/
tcsed t
f wdki;f twm taeeJUMunhv f Qif wm0wðom ewfjynfrmS vlwt kYd a&twGut f m;jzifh
0gwGi;f okH;vvdkY ac:a0:ajymqdkaomfvnf; vlUjynfrSm ESpaf ygif; (100) vaygif; (1200)
&ufaygif; (36500) MumrS wm0wðomewfjynfrmS wpf&ufy½J ydS gw,f/ vljY ynfu &ufaygif;
(90)qdkawmh wm0wðomewfouftaeeJY wGuMf unhv f Qif em&Dykdi;f avmufyJ½Srd Smyg/ jA[®m
rsm;taeeJY puúeYfykdi;f avmuf jzpfygvdrhfrnf/

'kw,
d tcsuu f tbd"r®ma'oemawmf[m omrefÓPftjrifeJUobm0udk rodEkdif
ygbl;? tJ'gaMumifh udk,ef m;rvnf oabmraygufwmudk vSnhyf wfzkH;vTr;f wJhtaeeJU ]]tbd
"r®m[m bk&m;a[mwm r[kwb f l;}}vkYd ajymvdkuaf wmh oifp&mvnf;rvdkbl;ç odp&mvnf;
rvdkawmhbl;? tbd"r®m "r®obm0awGu owå0gwdki;f &JUoEÅmefrSm txift½Sm;½Sad eygw,f/
aeYpOf cPwdki;f cPwdki;f jzpfay:aewJh obm0"r®awGukd obm0"r® (tbd"r®m) tjrifjzifh
jrifwwfMunfw h wfvQif vuf½jdS zpfay:aewJh udavomawG tjzpfenf;NyD; wajz;ajz; ukeo f mG ;
Edkiw
f ,f? ay:aewJYjyóemawG Nidr;f oGm;r,f? qif;&J'ku©awG csKyfNidr;f ukeq f kH;oGm;r,f?
a,m*DawG tm;xkwaf eMuwJh owdy|mefav;yg;[m tbd"r®mobm0awGyJ/ tbd"r®m
wwfvQif owdy|mefav;yg;udk ½IrSwyf Gm;rsm;zdkY vG,o f Gm;ygw,f/ tbd"r®mobm0udkjrifrS
 -4-

0dyóemvrf;aMumif; ay:a&mufr,f/ 0dyóemvrf;aMumif;rSerf S r*fvrf;aMumif;ay:udk

a&mufr,f/ r*fvrf;aMumif;ay:a&mufrS opömodjrif uRww f rf;0if edAmÁ efwkid xf d csr;f omr,f/
tbd"r®mudkrodvQif q&maumif;vnf;r½Sv d Qif edAÁmefeJYvGJvrd hfr,f? tJ'gaMumifh ÓPfynm
xufjrufwJh ewfçjA[®my&dowf½Sw d Jh ewfjynfokdY<ua&mufNyD; tbd"r®mw&m;awmfjrwfukd
a[mawmfrlygw,f/
aemufwpfcsuu f vlom;awGu &ufaygif; (90)wdkiaf tmif aeY^n rem;wrf;
wqufwnf; w&m;emEdkiw f Jhyk*¾Kd vf b,frSm½Srd SmvJ pm;aomufcsed çf udk,v f ufoefY½Si;f a&;
jyKvkycf sed f pm;aomufzkdYtwGuf ½SmazGcsujf yKwf& ponfhtcsed af wGukd EIwv f kduv f Qif wpfaeY
w&m;em,lcsed f b,favmuf&rnfv¿ J tbd"r®ma'oemawmfu emvdkuef m;vdkuef UJ jywfawmif;
jywfawmif; a[m&wJçh em&wJh a'oemr[kwzf ;l ? wqufwnf;a[m wqufwnf; em,l&wJh
a'oemawmfjzpfygw,f/ tJ'gaMumifhvnf;yJ wqufwnf;em,lEkdiw f Jh y&dowf½S&d m wm0
wðomewfjynfukd<uNyD; a[mawmfrljcif;jzpfygw,f/
aemufwpfcsuu f bk&m;½Sit f aeeJU crnf;awmf oka'¨g'erif;BuD;eJY rdaxG;awmfa*gwrD
wdkYukd xdkux f kduw
f efwef "r®aus;Zl;qyfNyD;ygNyD/ r,fawmfrm,ma'0Dukd aus;Zl;qyfzkdUu
½Sad eygao;w,f? r,fawmfu ewfjynfa&mufaeawmh r,fawmfukd "r®eJU aus;Zl;qyfzkdY½Sw d Jh
twGuf ewfjynfo<Ykd uNyD; w&m;a[mawmfrjl cif;jzpfygw,f/ tbd"r®ma'oemawmfukd em,lNyD;
r,fawmfoEÅKodwewfom; aomwmyeft&d,mom0ujzpfomG ;ygw,f? ty,fwcH g; ydwo f mG ;
ygNyD? w&m;awmfu &[EÅmjzpfonftxd tusKd ;½Sad omfvnf; yg&rDÓPfu aomwmyef
avmufyJ½Sv d kdY aomwmyefyJ jzpfoGm;ygw,f/

obm0w&m;
avmuü aeYpOfMum;od awGUjrifae&aom ouf½Sçd oufrJh t&m0w¬Kwdki;f onf trSef
wu,f xif½Sm;½Sad eaom y&rw¬ obm0"r®rsm;r[kwyf g/ tay:,Hj'Aftm;jzifh rSwo f m;
ac:a0:í vG,u f lap&ef todtrSwjf yKxm;onfh ]or®Kwdopöm}rsm;omjzpfygonf/
]vl}[laom ynwftwGif;ü trSefwu,fxif½Sm;½Sdaeaom ½kyf"mwfç emrf"mwf
wdkYonfom y&rw¬obm0w&m; rsm;jzpfygonf? ,if;½kyfemrfwdkYudkom y&rw¬"r®ç
[kac:onf? vlaumifBuD;udk y&rw¬"r®ç[k rac:yg/
xdkYtwl opfyifçawmçawmif tp½Sad om oufrJht&m0w¬Krsm;onf ajrça&çavç
rD;"mwfBuD;av;yg;wdkY\ tpkta0;rQom jzpfonf/ xdk opfyifçawmçawmifwkdYonf y&rw¬
obm0w&m;rsm; r[kwyf g/ ,if;wkYdü trSew f u,f xif½Sm;½Sad eaom ½ky"f mwfwkdYonf
omvQif y&rw¬obm0w&m;rsm;jzpfí ,if;wdkYukd ]y&rw¬"r®}[kac:&onf/
 -5-

"r®onf twåçZD0r[kwf
½ky"f mwfçemrf"mwftm;jzifhESpyf g;aom y&rw¬obm0 w&m;wdkYonf awGUxjd cif;
(=zkoe)? cufrmjcif;(=uu©V)tp½Sad om udk,yf kid o f abmvu©Pm toD;oD;udk aqmifxm;
Muygw,f/ xdktoD;oD;aom udk,yf kdio f abmvu©Pmtm;jzifh ynm½Sw
d kdY rSwo
f m;xm;
Muygw,f/ taMumif;rJh tvdktavsmuf jzpfay:vmMuonfr[kwyf J taMumif;w&m;wdkY\
aqmifxm;rIç axmufyHrIwkdYaMumifhom jzpfay:vmMuygw,f/ xdky&rw¬obm0w&m;
wdokY nf owå0gtaumiftxnfj'Af0w¬K r[kwMf uyg/ toufç vdyjf ymç 0dnmOftp½So d nfjzifh
trsKd ;rsKd ; ac:a0:,lqaeaom twåçZD0vnf; r[kwyf g/ edówå= owå0gvnf; r[kwyf g/
edZÆD0= toufç vdyjf ymç 0dnmOfvnf; r[kwyf g/ xdky&rw¬ obm0wdkY\ twGi;f ü
twåçZD0r½Sdyg/

t½dk;udkt½Guzf kH;
ouf½Sçd oufrJh avmutwGi;f ü trSew f u,f xif½Sm; ½Sad eaom xdk½kyçf emrfobm0
y&rw¬wku Yd kd ykxkZOfowå0gwdko Y nf trsm;tm;jzifh trSet f wdki;f rodrjrifMuygbl;/ tay:,H
ynwfrsm;\ zk;H tkyx f m;jcif;udk cHaeMu&ygw,f/ þodko Y jd rif&ef rvG,u
f al omaMumifv h nf;
bk&m;½Sio f nf okwåeaf 'oemawmfwkdYü y&rw¬obm0w&m;oufoufukd a[mawmfrrlyJ
trsm;odjrif em;vnfvG,o f nfh a0g[m&ynwfrsm;ESihf ,SOw f GJíom a[mawmfrlygonf/
tbd"r®ma'oemawmfonf tay:,Hynwfukdrlwnfí a[mMum;onfh a'oemawmf
r[kwyf g/ wu,ftppftrSet f m;jzifh xif½mS ;½So
d nfh y&rw¬obm0w&m;rsm;udo k m azmfxw k f
í a[mawmfrlonfh ]y&rw¬a'oemawmf}jzpfygonf/ owå0gwdkY\ tvdkp½ku d uf kd rvdkuyf J
oabmw&m;½So d avmuf jynfhjynhpf kHpkH ukepf ifatmif a[mMum;awmfrlonhf ]],xm"r®
a'oem}}awmfjzpfygonf/ xdkaMumifh ½S½d o Sd rQ y&rw¬"r® obm0tm;vkH;udk &Edkio f rQaom
enf;trsKd ;rsKd ;wdkYjzifh odr;f usKH;pkaygif;í a[mawmfrlxm;ygonf/

tbd"r®mtjrifESihf ½kyef mrfw&m;rsm;

tbd"r®m[lonf y&rw¬w&m; wu,ft½Sw d &m; trSet f wdki;f odEkdio
f nhf od&rnhf
w&m;jzpfygonf/ ,aeY tbd"r®mudk oif,lae½kH ½Gwzf wfae½kHrQjzifh auseyfae&rnhw f &m;
r[kwyf g? tbd"r®mobm0udk ÓPfynmjzifh odjrifuRr;f usio f nftxd qufvuf tm;xkwf
&rnfh y&rw¬"r®obm0rsm;jzpfygonf/
tbd"r®m "r®obm0rsm;udk rdrw d kdY\ udk,w
f iG ;f udk,yf tZÑwåçA[d'¨wkYüd jrifatmif
Munhw f wfvQif um,ç a0'emç pdwåç "r®[laom owdy|mefw&m;udk yGm;rsm;NyD;om;
jzpfygonf/ jzpfay:aeorQ awGjY rifMum;odaeonfh tm½kt H ½Icw
H &m;rsm;udk owdy|mefav;yg;
(tbd"r®mtjrif)jzifh ½IjrifaevQif ½kyçf emrf tbd"r®m y&rw¬obm0"r®ukd odjrifvmNyD;
 -6-

a½S;OD;pGm 'd|dtjrifrsm; jyKwfuG,foGm;ygvdrfhrnf? tedpöç'ku©çtewå 0dyóemÓmPf

tjrifoefvmNyD; 0dyóemvrf;aMumif;ay:odkYa&muf½Sv d mygvdrhfrnf/
d jrifuG,af ysmufoGm;onfh a,m*Dyk*K¾d vfukd ]]plVaomwmyef}}[k olawmf
xdkokdY 'd|t
aumif;rsm;u owfrSwaf wmfrlcJhMuygonf/ 'd|t d jrifrsm; aysmufuG,o f Gm;vQif tbd"r®m
obm0udk vufcHusihfokH;aom olawmfpifrsm;jzpfygvdrhfrnf/
rdrw
d koYd nf t&m&mü y&rwftbd"r®mç ½kyef mrfobm0wdku Y kd ynwftjrifjzifh ½IMunhf
odjrifaeMuojzifh aomuç y&da'0ç 'ku©ç a'greóç Oyg,morD;wdkY wNiD;NiD;wxdex f ed f
avmifNrdKufcaH eMu&ygonf/ or®KwdynwftjrifrmS ;udkcgG í tbd"r®mtjrifjzifh trSeo f bm0
"r®wukYd kd odjrifMu&onft h cgwGif xdkaomutp½Sad om rD;t½Sed w f u
kYd kd ÓPfynm wnf;[laom
a&pifa&at;jzifh Nidr;f owfEkdiMf uygvdrhfrnf/
y&rwfÓPftjrif tbd"r®mÓPftjrif 0dyóemÓPftjrifonfomvQif tyl
rD;awmuf cyford ;f wdkYukd Nidr;f aysmufapEdkio
f nfh a&pifa&at;jzpfygonf/

,aeYtbd"r®m
tbd"r®ma'oemawmfu-
1/ bk&m;½Sif wm0wðomewfjynfrSm a[mawmfrlwJha'oemawmfu a&wGuo f wfrSwvf kdY
r&Edkiaf vmufatmif rsm;jym;vSaMumif; t|uxmrsm;ü rdeaYf wmfrx l m;ygonf/ xdkaMumifh
0dw¬m& (tus,)f a'oemawmfjzpfygw,f/
2/ pE´ul;awmrSm aeYoefYtem;,lpOf bk&m;½Siu f t½Sio f m&dykwå&mtm; a[mawmfrlwJh
a'oemawmfu oacFy (tusO;f csKyf) a'oemawmfjzpfygw,f/
3/ t½Sio f m&dykwå&mu uóybk&m;½Sio f moemawmfu vif;EdkYom;jzpfcJhbl;wJh tbd"r®
yg&rD½Sif wynh&f [ef;awmf ig;&mtm; a[mMum;awmfrlwJh a'oemawmfu ]emwd-
oacFyçemwd0w d ¬m& (rusO;f vGe;f rus,v f Ge;f )a'oemawmfjzpfygw,f/
,ckq|oH*g,emwif tbd"r®ma'oemawmfonf wynhf&[ef;awmfig;&mwdkYtm;
t½Sio
f m&dykwå&mrax&f a[mMum;awmfrt l yfaom emwdoacFy emwd0w d m¬ & tbd"r®ma'oem
awmfjrwfjzpfygonf/

xl;jcm;onfh tbd"r®myg&rD½Sirf sm;

1/ t½Siof m&dykwå&mrax&fjrwfonf vlom;xnf;ü bk&m;½Six f Hu a½S;OD;pGm tbd"r®m
a'oemawmfukd em,lcGihf&aom tbd"r®myg&rD½SiBf uD; jzpfygonf/
2/ t½Sio
f m&dykwå&mrax&fjrwf\ wynhf &[ef;ig;&monf tbd"r®ma'oemawmfjrwfukd
'kw,
d em,lcGihf oif,lcGihfç raysmufysuaf tmif aqmifxm;cGihf&Muaom tbd"r®myg&rD
 -7-

½Sirf sm;jzpfMuygonf/

xdktbd"r®ma'oemawmfonf xdk&[ef;ig;&mudk 0dyóemÓPfç r*fÓPfç zdkvÓ f Pf

tqifq h ifjh zifh tmoa0gukecf rf; &[EÅmjzpfapaom "r®&wemyif jzpfygonf/ xdk&[ef;awmf
ig;&monf xdktbd"r®m a'oemawmfukd ½IrSwí f 0dyóem½IawmfrlMujcif;aMumifh oHo&m
0#f'ku©Zmwford ;f í a½TjynfeAd ÁmefokdY a&muf½Sad wmfrlMuygonf/ xdkaMumifh jzpfay:vmonfh
tbd"r®mobm0"r®wdkYudk tbd"r®mÓPftjrifjzifh ½IjrifEdkifMuvQif jyóemtm;vkH;ESifh
'ku©Zmwf odr;f EdkiMf uygvdrhrf nf/
t½Siof m&dykwå&mrax&fjrwf\ wynh&f [ef; ig;&monf uóybk&m;½Sio f moemawmfü
tbd"r®maqmif rax&fjrwfrsm;\ ½Gwzf wfawmfrlMuonhf tbd"r®ma'oemawmftoHukd
tm½kHjyK Mum;emcJhaom tbd"r®myg&rD½Sirf sm;jzpfMuygonf/ tbd"r®mbmPuyk*¾Kd vf
jrwfrsm;uJhokdY ukokdvçf tukokdvçf zóça0'em tp½Sad om tbd"r®m obm0"r®rsm;udk
od½Sed m;vnfMuolrsm; r[kwMf uyg? tbd"r®m[kvnf; rodyg/
tbd"r®ma'oemawmfoHwnf;[laom yg&rDaumif;rIaMumifh t½Sio f m&dykwå&mrax&f
jrwfNyD;vQif vlom;yk*Kd¾ vfrsm;xJü a½S;OD;pGm tbd"r®ma'oemawmfjrwfukd em,lciG çhf oif,cl iG çhf
yGm;rsm;cGihçf 0dyóemÓPfçr*fÓPfçzdkvÓ f Pf edAÁmefcsr;f omudk cHpm;cGiht
f p½Sad om tcGihx
f l;
BuD;udk &½Scd Hpm;oGm;Muygonf/

tbd"r®monf-
1/ a'oemtm;jzifh-
y&rw¬obm0"r®wkdYü uRrf;usiv f rd ®mawmfrlaom bk&m;½Sio
f nf y&rw¬obm0"r®
wdkYukd rsm;aomtm;jzifh a[mawmfrltyfaomaMumifh tmPma'oemç a0g[m&
a'oemç y&rw¬a'oem[laom a'oem okH;rsdK;wdkYwGif ]]y&rw¬a'oem}}
jzpfygonf/
2/ omoemtm;jzifh-
½kyef mrf"r® tpktykrH Qü ]igç ighOpöm} [krw S x
f ifaeMuaom owå0gwdu kY kd þtbd"r®m
yd#uwfü obm0 "r®tm;avsmfpGm qkH;rawmfrltyfaomaMumifh ],xmy&m"
omoemç ,xmEkavmromoemç ,xm"r®omoem[laom omoemawmf ok;H &yf
wGif ]],xm"r®a'oemawmf}}jzpfygonf/
3/ uxmtm;jzifh -
þtbd"r®y#d uü &m*tp½Sad om udavomwdkU\ ajzmifhajzmifhqefYusib f ufjzpfukef
aom ½kyef mrfwkdYukd ydki;f jcm;owfrSwí f a[mawmfrltyfaomaMumifh ]oH0&moH0&
uxmç 'd|0d ed ad 0Xeuxmç emr½lyy&dapä'uxm[laom uxm oHk;rsKd ;wdkYwGif
]]emr½lyy&dapä'uxm}}jzpfygonf/
 -8-

4/ odu©mtm;jzifh-
þtbd"r®y#d uü txl;tm;jzifh t"dynmodu©mudk a[mawmfrltyfaomaMumifh
t"doDvodu©mç t"dpw d åou d ©mç t"dynmodu©mokH;rsKd ;wdkYwGif ]]t"dynmodu©m}}
jzpfygonf/
5/ y[metm;jzifh-
todÓPfynm\ tEko,ESifh qefYusifbufjzpfaomaMumifh ]0Dwduúry[mefç
y&d,k|mey[mefç tEko,y[mef okH;rsKd ;wdkYwGif ]tEko,y[mef} jzpfygonf/
- ynmjzifh udavomwdkYukd t<uif;tuserf ½Sad tmif y,fowfEkdiaf omaMumifh ]w'*F
y[mefç0du©rÇey[mefç orkapä'y[mefokH;rsKd ;wdkYwGif ]orkapä'y[mef} jzpfygonf/
- tbd"r®y#d ujzifh 'kpö&w d oHuad voç wPSmoHuad voç 'd|o d Huad vo okH;rsKd ;
wdkYwGif ]'d|od Huad vo}udk y,fygonf/
- 0de,yd#uü a[mawmfrt l yfaom oDv"r®wu kYd kd jynhpf akH tmifusiahf om &[ef;awmf
onf oDvjynhpf kHrIukd taMumif;jyKí ykç'dçtm[laom 0dZÆmÓPf okH;yg;odkY
a&mufEkdiyf gonf/
- okwåeyf #d uwfü a[mawmfrltyfaom orm"d"r®wkdYukd jynhpf kHatmifusiho f kH;aom
yk*Kd¾ vfonf orm"djynhpf krH u I kd taMumif;jyKí tbdnmOf 6-yg;wdku Y kd &½SEd kid yf gonf/
- tbd"r®y#d uü a[mawmfrltyfaom y&rw¬"r®wkdYukd jynhpf kHatmif usihfokH;aom
yk*Kd¾ vfonf ynmESijhf ynfph rkH uI kd taMumif;jyKí y#dorÇ'd gÓPfav;wefEiS hf jynhpf jkH cif;
odkY a&mufEkdiyf gonf/
- 0de,yd#uü a[mawmfrltyfaom oDv"r®wkdYukd jynfhpkHatmif rjznfhusihfaom
&[ef;onf ]]'kóDv=oDvysupf D;ol}}[laom tjypfjzpfEkdiyf gonf/
- okwåEÅy#d uü a[mawmfrltyfaom orm"d"r®wkdYukd rusihfaom yk*¾Kd vfonf
rdpäm'd|=d t,ltjrif rSm;,Gi;f ol[laom tjypfjzpfEkdiyf gonf/
- tbd"r®y#d uü a[mawmfrt l yfaom ynm"r®wu kYd kd ausmv f eG í
f BuHpnfaomolonf
rBuHpnftyfaomt&mudk BuHpnfaomaMumifh pdwåau©y= pdwyf sHUvGihf ½l;oGyjf cif;
[laom tjypfjzpfEkdiyf gonf/

tJ'Dy&rw¬obm0 ½ky+f emrf"r®wkdYukd trSef twdki;f odjrifvQif zefqif;½Sif

0g'çtvdkvkd jzpfvmonf[al om ]ta[wku'd|}d awG uif;aysmufomG ;ygvdrrfh ,f/
tJ'gaMumifh tbd"r®y#d uudk wwfov
d Qif ]]'d|od Huad vo}}udk y,fEkdio f nf[k
a[mawmfrlygonf/
 -9-

o,H Aka'¨g oarÁma"od? "ar®yd "r®owåad ,m/

ta[m aem wó okwwåH? ta[m aem "r®pEd ÅeH/

a,mAka'¨g = atmifajreufoH aAm"drPf0,f atmifvHpGihpf Gihf vTihw f vlvl tMuif

atmifawmfrl jrwfpGmbk&m;onf/
"ar®yd = a½SUaemufpOfvsuf jzpfwkid ;f ysuo f nfh oufoufraESm oabmw&m;
wdkYukd vnf;aumif;/
"r®owåad ,myd = w&m;wdki;f \ "mwfcHxv d suf owåt d iftm; pGr;f yum;wdkYukd
vnf;aumif;/
o,HAka'¨g = udk,w f kdipf xGif odjrifawmfrlNyD;onfjzpfí/
oarÁma"od = odEkdio f rQ a0ae,sukd >ruf[vSpaf cR odapawmfrlcJhygayNyD/
wó Ak'¨ó = atmifajreufoef aAm"drPf0,f atmifvHpGifhpGifh vTifhwvlvl
xdkatmifawmfrl jrwfpGmbk&m;\/
okwwåH = w&m;&ifESpf om;awmf orD;awmfjzpf&jcif;onf/
ta[m aem = udk,w fh u G uf k,
d w
hf m udk,u
f sKd ;ygojzifh udk,rhf cS kE,
S f aMomf 0rf;ajrmuf
zG,Bf uD;ygwum;/
"r®pEd ÅeH = a½SUaemufpOfvsuf jzpfwkid ;f ysuo f nfh oufoufraESm w&m;oabm
wdkYukd ÓPfjzifhcGJa0 MuHpnfíae&jcif;onf/
ta[maem = udk,o f EÅmefwGi;f ÓPfa&mifvif;vsuf ½Si;f um½Si;f um aMomf ...
0rf;ajrmufzG,Bf uD;ygwum;/

t½Siu
f krm&
(t*¾r[my@dw)
ygarmu©csKyfq&mawmf
Edkiif Hawmfy&d,wåo
d moemhwuúokdvf (&efuke)f
 -10-

1.2.2016 aeY
tbd"r®y#d ur[mXmepmwrf;zwfyGJ ü
'kw,
d ygarmu©csKyfq&mawmf b'´EÅaZmwdu(t*¾r[my@dw)
>rufMum;tyfaom
Oa,smZeuxm

Ekid if aH wmfy&d,wåo
d moemhwuúov kd (f &efuke)f ygarmu©csKyfq&mawmfEiS w
fh uG pmwrf;
&Sirf sm;tygt0if oHCmawmfrsm;? vlyk*¾Kd vfynm&Sirf sm;tm;vkH;ukd pkHpkHnDnD zl;ajrmfcGihf?
awGUqkHcGihf&onht f wGuf 0rf;ajrmufMunfEl;rdygaMumif; OD;pGm ajymMum;yg&ap/
tbd"r®mqkid &f mpmwrf;zwfyGJjzpfojzihf tbd"r®mESihf ywfoufqufET,af omtjrifukd
tenf;i,fwifjyygrnf/
Ak'¨jrwfpGm r[my&deAd ÁmefpHawmfrlcgeD;tcsed rf Sm ]]a,m a0g tmeE´ r,m "ar®m p
0dea,m p a'odawm ynawåm}} ponftm;jzihf aemufqkH;rSmwrf;pum;awmfukd rdeYfMum;
awmfrlcJhygonf/ xkad emufqkH;rSmwrf;pum;awmfrSmygonfh "r®[lonf tbd"r®? okwåEÅ"r®
ESprf sKd ;pvkH;ukd qkvd kjd cif;jzpfonf/
xkEd Sprf sKd ;wGif tbd"r®onf y"metusqkH;? tajccHtusqkH;jzpfonf/ tbd"r®rS
okwåEÅ"r® [laom tnGet Yf an§muf tukid ;f tcuf t½Gupf onf jzmxGuv
f mjcif;jzpfaMumif;
em;vnfoabmayguf&rnfjzpfonf/
yÍöu©E¨m? 'Gg'om,wemed - ponftm;jzihf obm0oufoufuko d m a[mMum;
awmfrltyfaom "r®onf tbd"r®jzpfonf/ xkt
d bd"r®ukd tajccHí avmujzpf&yf? jzpfpOf
rsm;ukd oufaoom"uxkwjf yí w&m;emy&dowfrsm; xifomjrifom&Sv d matmif? em;vnf
oabmaygufvmatmif &Si;f vif;a[mMum;awmfrltyfaom "r®onf okwåEÅ"r® jzpfonf/
okwåEÅy#d u[lí todtrSwjf yKMuonfh 'DCedum,f? oH,kwåeu d m,f? t*Fkwå&
edum,f- paom usr;f rsm;ukd avhvmMunhv f Qif cE¨mig;yg;? tm,weq,fEh pS yf g;? "mwfq,fh
&Spyf g;ponfrsm;ESihf zóç a0'emç onmç apwemç ynmç 0D&, d ç reodum&-paom
emrfoabm tbd"r®obm0ESihu f if;NyD; &Si;f vif;a[mMum;xm;aoma'oem r&So d nfukd
awGU&rnfjzpfonf/ okwåEÅ"r®rsm;wGif w&m;emy&dowf\ p½ku d ?f pdwaf epdwxf m;ESihf uku
d n
f D
atmif rsuaf rSmuftjzpftysu?f rsuaf rSmuf tajctaersm;ukd rD;armif;xk;d jyNyD; tbd"r®
obm0ukd &Si;f &Si;f vif;vif;odatmif a[mMum;xm;jcif;jzpfonfukd awGU&S&d rnfjzpfonf/
tcsKd Uyk*Kd¾ vfrsm;u ]]tbd"r®monf bk&m;a[mr[kw}f }[kqNkd yD; tbd"r®mukd vufrcH
 -11-

vkMd uay/ xkyd k*¾Kd vfrsm;onf tbd"r®mobm0ukd taotcsm em;vnfjcif;r&Sí

d xku
d JhokYd
qkjd cif;jzpfonf/
yÍöuE© m¨ ? 'Gg'om,wemed-paom a'oemonf tbd"r®a'oemjzpfonf/ xkad 'oem
ukd tbd"r®m[lí owfrSwx f m;aom yd#uü a[monfjzpfap? okwåEÅ[lí owfrSwf
xm;aom yd#uü a[monfjzpfap tbd"r®onf tbd"r®yif jzpfonf/ rnfonfhy#d uü
a[monfjzpfap wlnaD omteuft"dygÜ ,foabmobm0ukd azmfaqmifEikd o f nfom jzpfonf/
okwåeüf a[monht f wGuaf Mumifh tbd"r®obm0onf azmufvGJazmufjyef jzpfoGm;jcif;
tvsO;f r&Sad y/ xkYdaMumifh tbd"r®mukd bk&m;&Siu
f k,
d af wmfwkid f a[mMum;awmfrlcJhonf[k
,kHrSm;oHo,uif;pGm rSwo f m;&rnfjzpfonf/
tbd"r®onf obm0t&Sw d &m;jzpfonf/ ouf&oSd wå0grsm;onf xkt
d bd"r®obm0
jzihyf if wnf&aSd eMuygonf/ xko d uf&^Sd oufrJhobm0onf tbd"r®\ om"uyifjzpfonf/
xkt
d &So d bm0\ t&St d wkid ;f jzpfaeonfukd axmuf½jI cif;tm;jzihf tbd"r®monf Ak'a¨ [mMum;
awmfrlcJhonfh a'oemtjzpf vufcH&rnfom jzpfonf/
,ckuJhokYd tbd"r®mqkid &f m pmwrf;zwfyGJrsm;ukd usi;f yjyKvkyjf cif;jzifh tbd"r®mESihf
ywfoufaom todrSm;çtjrifrSm;rsm;ukd aysmufuif;apNyD; todrSeçf tjrifrSerf sm;ukd &apEkid f
ygonf/
tjrifrSe&f Sv
d Qif obm0rusaom? ,kwård wefaom vGJrSm;onhf t,ltqtjyKtrl
rsm;ukv d nf; a&Smif&Sm;Ekid rf nfjzpfonf/ obm0trSew f &m;rsm;ukv d nf; aumif;pGm em;vnf
Ekid rf nfjzpfonf/ obm0trSerf sm;ukd em;vnfo&d Sjd cif;aMumifh rSeu f efonhf vkyaf qmif
csurf sm;ukd jyKvkyEf kid Nf yD; aumif;usKd ;rsm; jzpfxGe;f vmEkid yf gonf/
xku
d JhokYd aumif;usKd ;rsm;ukd jzpfxGe;f apEkid of nfh tbd"r®mqkid &f m pmwrf;zwfjcif;ukd
rMumrMum jyKvkyo f ifhygaMumif; wku d wf Ge;f EI;d aqmfvku
d &f ygonf/

b'´EÅaZmwdu
'kw, d ygarmu©csKyfq&mawmf
Ekid if Hawmfy&d,wåod moemhwuúokv d f (&efuke)f
(30? 12? 2015)
 jrefrmEdkiif HESihf y|mef;a'oemawmf ½Gwzf wfylaZmfrI

a'gufwmb'´EÅax&dE´

ed'gef;
jrefrmEdkiif Honf ucsi?f u,m;? u&if? csi;f paom wdki;f &if;om;vlrsK;d rsm;ESihf
ArmvlrsKd;wdkU rSDwif;aexdkif&m wdkif;jynfjzpfonf/ trsm;pkrSm Ak'¨bmomrsm;jzpfMuí
Ak'¨,Ofaus;rIukdvnf; vdkuef musiho f Hk;Muonf/ jrefrmEdkiif Hü Ak'¨,Ofaus;rIESiht f nD jrefrmh
"avhyaJG wmfrsm;udk jyKvkyuf si;f yavh &SMd uonf/ ESpu
f syd f &Spq
f yl al Zmfy?JG bk&m;taeuZmwify?JG
bk&m;udk;qlylaZmfyGJ? tmp&d,ylaZmfyGJ? oufBuD;ylaZmfyGJ? toHrpJ y|mef;½GwfqdkylaZmfyGJ?
y&dwwf &m;awmf ½Gwzf wfem,lyGJ ponfwkdUjzpfonf/
xdkyrJG sm;teufrS toHrpJ y|mef;½Gwq
f kyd al Zmfyw
JG iG f tBuHK;0ifonhf y|mef;a'oemawmf
½Gwzf wfylaZmfrIukd avhvmwifjyygrnf/ þpmwrf;ü y|mef;a'oemawmf ydkYcsoif,lrIESihf
pyfíum; wifjyrnf r[kwyf g/ ½Gwzf wfylaZmfrIoufoufukdom wifjyrnf jzpfygonf/
,if;odkU wifjy&mü y|mef;rnfykH? y|mef;\trnfynwfrsm;? y|mef;a'oemawmf wefck;d BuD;yHk?
y|mef;a'oemudk jrefrmEdkiif Hü rnfonhaf cwfwGif pwifí ½Gwq f kdylaZmfcJhonf ponfwkdUukd
vufvSr;f rDorQ aphikwifjyygrnf/
odkUjzpfí þpmwrf;onf Ak'b ¨ mom jrefrmh,Ofaus;rIrsm;udk azmfxkw&f ma&mufonhf
tjyif y|mef;ESihpf yfonhf okwrsm;udkvnf; rQa0cHpm;apEdkiu f m "r®m&r®PyDwrd sm;udkvnf;
txdkutf avsmuf ay;pGr;f Edkivf rd hfrnfrSm trSeyf if jzpfygonf/
 -13-

y|mef;a'oemawmf
y|mef;a'oemawmfonf tbd"r®mckepfusrf;teuf aemufqHk;a[mMum;tyfaom
a'oemawmfjzpfonf/ jrwfAk'¨onf ckepf0gajrmufta&mufwGif þa'oemawmf tygt0if
tbd"r®ma'oemawmfudk wm0wðomewfjynfü a[mMum;cJhonf/ r,fawmfjzpfcJhzl;ol
oEÅKódwewfom;tm; "r®jzihf aus;Zl;qyfvkdí ,if;ewfom;ESihf ewfjA[®mwdkUtm; 0gwGi;f
oHk;vywfvHk; r&yfrem; w&pyf a[mMum;cJhaom a'oemawmfjzpfonf/
þa'oemawmfukd yd#uoHk;yHkwGif tbd"r®y#d uüvnf;aumif;? edum,fig;&yfwGif
ck'´uedum,füvnf;aumif; xnho f Gi;f í oH*g,emwifrax&fwkdUu oH*g,emwifawmfrlcJh
Muonf/ ,ckacwf q|rlusr;f pmtkyt f aejzihf ig;tkyf ig;wGJ&SNd yD; pmrsuEf Sm 2638-
rsuEf Sm &So
d nhf a'oemawmf jzpfygonf/
rl&if;trnfrSm y|me(y|mef;)jzpfonf/ y|me-ü y+Xme jzpfí trsK;d rsK;d tpm;pm;
aom+taMumif;w&m;[k ygXfavQmuft"dymÜ ,f&ygonf/ ½ky"f r®? emrf"r®wkUd \ jzpfay:wnf&dS
aeyHktaMumif;w&m;trsK;d rsK;d udk a[mMum;awmfrlaom a'oemawmf[k qdkvkdygonf/
t|uxmq&m &Sirf [mAk'¨aCmou ,if;rl&if;trnf ]]y|me}}udk ]]orEÅ}}yk'f
f ]]orEÅy|me}}1 (orEÅy|mef;)[k tOD;qHk; toHk;jyKcJhygonf/ #Dumq&mrsm;
jznhpf Guí
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xuf0ef;usif bufpHkjynhpf Hkaom a'oemawmf(odkU)usr;f [k t"dyÜm,f &ygonf/
jrwfAk'¨onf þa'oemawmfukd a[mMum;awmfrl&mü tEkavmrenf;? ypöeD,enf;?
tEkavmrypöeD,enf;? ypöeD,mEkavmrenf;[laom enf;av;enf;wdkUjzihf "r®obm0rsm;\
aMumif;usK;d qufpyfykHukd ay:vGiaf tmif us,u f s,jf yefjY yefY a[mMum;awmfrcl yhJ gonf/ y|mef;
uvnf; wduy|mef;? 'kuy|mef;? 'kuwduy|mef;? wdu'kuy|mef;? wduwduy|mef;?
'ku'kuy|mef;2 [k ajcmufrsK;d &S&d m wpfrsK;d wpfrsK;d ü txufyg tEkavmrenf;paom enf;
av;rsK;d jzihf jynhjf ynhpf HkpHk a[mMum;xm;avonf/ xdkYaMumihf tzufzufu jynhpf Hkvsuf
&So
d nf/ odkUjzpfí t|uxmq&mBuD;u ]]orEÅ}}yk'f jznhpf Guí f ]]orEÅy|me}}(orEÅ
y|mef;)[k toHk;tpGJ jyKcJhjcif; jzpfygonf/
tEk#Dumq&m &Si"f r®ygvurl ,if;rlvtrnfukd ]]teEÅe,}}yk'f jznhpf Guí f
3
]]teEÅe,y|me}} [k uifyGe;f wyf trnfay;awmfrljyefygonf/ tqHk;r&S?d twdki;f twm

1/ 0d? |? 3/ 239/ tbd? |? 1/ 12/ tbd? |? 3/ 342/ 344/ oD? #D? 1/ 138/
oD? #D? opf? 1/ 387/ 'D? #D? 2/ 185/ rlv#D? 1/ 18/ rlv#D? 3/ 167/ 247/ tEk#D? 3/ 226/
2/ y|me? 1/ 15/ 3/ tEk? #D? 3/ 224/
 -14-

r&Sad vmufatmif euf½Iid ;f us,0f ef;aom enf;pepfwkdUjzihf a[mMum;awmfrltyfaom a'oem

awmf (odkU) usr;f [k t"dyÜm,f&ygonf/
jrwfAk'¨onf þteEÅe,y|mef;a'oemawmfBuD;udk a[mawmfrl&mü ÓPfpGr;f tm;
xufjrufMuonhf ewfjA[®mrsm;ESihf tH0ifcGiu
f sjzpfatmif-
1/ 0db*F0g&? ocsFm0g&[laom enf;pepfrsm;?
2/ "r®tEkvHk? "r®ypöeu
d f paom enf;pepfrsm;?
3/ y#dpö0g&? o[Zmw0g& paom enf;pepfrsm;jzihf wefqmqifí a[mMum;
awmfrlcJhygonf/ xdkYaMumihf tEk#Dum q&mBuD;u txufygtwdki;f ]]teEÅe,}}yk'f
jznhpf Guíf ]]teEÅe,y|me}}[k trnfrSnhaf c:cJhjcif; jzpfygonf/
t|uxmq&mrsm;ESihf rsuaf rSmufacwf ynm&Sirf sm;url txufyg ESprf sK;d vHk;udk
aygif;pyfí ]]teEÅe,orEÅy|me}}1 [k toHk;jyKMuygonf/ tqHk;tydki;f tjcm;r&Sd euf½Iid ;f
us,0f ef;aom enf;pepfwkdUjzihf bufpHkjynhpf Hkaom y|mef;a'oemawmf(odkU)usr;f [k qdkvkd
ygonf/ odkU&mwGif jrefrmwdkUonf twdkBudKufrsm;jzpf&um; y|me(y|mef;)[kom toHk;tpGJ
jyKonfu rsm;avonf/
y|mef;a'oemESihf r[mork'´&m
þy|mef;a'oemawmfonf enf;pepfaygif;rsm;pGmjzihf wefqmqifa[mMum;xm;aom
a'oemawmfjzpfí tvGev f nf; euf½Iid ;f \/ tvGev f nf; us,0f ef;\/ euf½Iid ;f us,0f ef;yHkukd
cdki;f EdiI ;f jyqdk&ef rvG,u
f al y/ teD;pyfqkH; cefUreS ;f od&EdS kid &f ef r[mork'&´ mESifh cdki;f EdiI ;f jyqdkavh
&Sdygonf/
r[mork'´&monf euf½Idi;f us,0f ef;onf[k qdkapumrl atmufykdi;f wGif ork'´&m
Murf;jyif r[myx0DajrBuD;jzihf tqHk;owfxm;\/ ab;ESpzf ufwGiv f nf; urf;ezl;jzihf
e,ferd w
d f uefUowfxm;\/ xdkYaMumihf teEÅ-twdki;f twmr&S[
d k rqdkomyg/ þy|mef;
a'oemawmfonfum; owå0gwdkU\ÓPfjzihf qHk;cef;wdkif usupf m;í r&Edkiyf g/ oAÁnKw
ÓPf\ t&mom jzpfyg\/
oD[kVd u
f Ref;ae r[m*wd*rd,wdó'wåax&fonf r[maAm"dukd zl;ajrmfuefawmh&ef
twGuf oD[kdVu f Ref;rS tdE´,
d Edkiif HokdU oabFmpD;í <ucJhonf/ ,if;rax&fonf oabFm
ay:rS ork'´&mBuD;udk arQmfMunhNf yD;-
]]þork'´&mBuD;u tvGeu f s,v f Sygwum;? urf;rjrif vrf;rjrifygwum;? vdIi;f
wHykd; t[keaf Mumifh wvdyv
f yd w
f ufvmonhf a&jyifBuD;udkom jrifae&ygwum;}}
1/ 0d? |? 3/ 238-9/ 'D? |? 2/ 183/ O'ge? |? 48/ ty? |? 1/ 92/ Zm? |? 1/ 90/
 -15-

[k oHk;oyf&if; ]]y|mef;ESiho f rk'´&myifv,f rnfonfu euf½Idi;f us,0f ef;oenf;}}[k

EdIi;f ,SOrf o
d nf/ ]]ork'´&myifv,fum; euf½Idi;f us,0f ef;onf}}[k qdkapumrl ecrf;owf
&S\d / y|mef;a'oemawmfBuD;rSmrl ]]enf;aygif; pHkvifvSojzihf qHk;cef;rjrif tvGeyf if
euf½Iid ;f us,0f ef;vSaywum;}}[k pOf;pm;rdojzihf y|mef;a'oemawmfü tvGeMf unfnKd aom
o'¨gw&m; wzGm;zGm; jzpfay:vmcJhonf/ ,if;o'¨gw&m;udk tajccHí 0rf;ajrmufjcif;
aomreó? ESpo f ufjcif; yDw?d ½Tiv
f ef;jcif; ygarmZÆw&m;rsm; qihu
f mqihuf m jzpfay:
vmygonf/ ]],if;w&m;rsm;onf tNrJwnfwHhaeEdkiMf uaom w&m;rsm; r[kwMf u? jzpfNyD;
aemuf ysuo f mG ;aom w&m;rsm;om jzpfacsonf}}[k ,if;obm0w&m;rsm;udk tjzpftysuf
jrif ÓPfouf0ifí 0dyóemwif ½Iqifjcifvkduaf v&m wpfxkdiw f nf;rSmyif &[EÅmjzpf
oGm;onf[k qdkygonf/1

wefckd;BuD;aom y|mef;a'oem
þy|mef;a'oemawmfonf wefckd;BuD;aom a'oemawmfjzpfonf[k Ak'¨bmom
trsm;pku vufcH,HkMunfMuonf/ xdkYaMumihf ,if;a'oemudk ½Gwzf wfylaZmfMuonf/
,if;odkU ½Gwzf wfylaZmfMu&mü aeUpOf 0wfxm;í y|mef; ypö,ka'´o? ypö,eda'´oavmufukd
wEdkiw
f ydkif ½Gwzf wfylaZmfMuonfvnf; &S\ d / y|mef;a'oemawmf tprS ukeo f avmufukd
wpf&ufywfvHk; toJrpJ ½Gwzf wfylaZmfMuaom wpf&ufy|mef;vnf; &S\ d / oHk;&ufy|mef;?
ig;&ufy|mef;? ckepf&ufy|mef; ponfjzihf rdrw d kdU qE´tm;avsmpf Gm toHrpJ ½Gwzf wfylaZmf
Muonfvnf;&S\ d / ,if;odkU ½Gwzf wfylaZmfrIonf jrefrmEdkiif Hü rnfonhaf cwf? rnfonhf
umvu pwifco hJ nfukd þpmwrf;wGif avhvmwifjyvdk&if; jzpfygonf/ ,if;odkU rwifjyrD
y|mef;a'oemawmf wefckd;BuD;&jcif;taMumif;udk OD;pGm wifjyygOD;rnf/
y|mef;a'oemawmfonf-
1/ odraf rGUjrihjf rwfí eufeJus,0f ef;aom w&m;vnf;jzpf\/
2/ wefckd;BuD; ewfjA[®mrsm;yif ½dkaojrwfEkd;onhf w&m;vnf;jzpf\/
3/ Ak'¨omoemawmf wnfwHha&;twGuf a&SUwef;cHwyfBuD;vnf;jzpf\/
þtaMumif;oH;k csuaf Mumihf y|mef;a'oemawmf wefc;kd Bu;D jcif;jzpfonf[k qdyk gonf/2
jrwfAk'¨onf bk&m;tjzpfokdU a&muf&NSd yD; owåowåm[ pHawmfrl&m pwkw¬owåm[
wGif r[maAm"dyif\ taemufajrmufbuf&dS &wemC&3 pHtrd af wmfü aeawmfrpl Of tbd"r®m
ckepfusr;f udk oHk;oyfqifjcifawmfrl\/ "r®o*FPDusr;f rS ,rdkuu f sr;f txd tpOftwdki;f
1/ tbd? |? 1/ 12/ 2/ tajcjyKy|mef;/ 1/
3/ &we+ C& = tbd"r®&wem + oHk;oyf&mtdr/f tbd? |? 1/ 13-4/ Ak'¨,Ofaus;rI jrefrmh"avh
yGJawmfrsm;/ 86-7/
 -16-

oHk;oyfqifjcifawmfrlcJh&m xl;jcm;rI wpfpHkwpf&m jzpfay:rvmcJhay/ aemufqHk;jzpfaom

y|mef;usr;f y|mef;w&m;awmfukd oHk;oyfqifjcifawmfro
l nht
f cgrS udk,af wmfjrwfrS a&mifjcnf
awmfajcmufjzm uGeUf jrL;xGuaf y:awmfrlvmcJhonf/ ,if;odkU uGeUf jrL;xGuaf y:vmjcif;rSm
y|mef;w&m;awmfBuD;ESihf oAÁnKwÓPfawmfwkdU tH0ifcGiu f saomaMumihf jzpfonf/
jrwfAk'¨onf "r®o*FPDpaom a&SUtbd"r®m ajcmufusr;f udk oHk;oyfqifjcifawmf
rlaomtcg oAÁnKwÓPfawmfBuD;ESihpf mvQif "r®o*FPD paom enf;pepfrsm;rSm euf½Idi;f
us,0f ef;onf[k rqdkomyg/ tvG,w f ulyif odomvsu&f o dS nf/ xdakY Mumihf ÓPfawmfBuD;\
pGr;f tm;&So
d avmuf vl;vGeUf jrL;uGeUf cGihf r&&Scd Jhyg/ y|mef;enf;jzihf oHk;oyfqifjcifaomtcgü
um; y|mef;enf;uvnf; tqHk;tydkif;tjcm;r&Sd teEÅjzpfouJhodkU oAÁnKwÓPfawmf
pGr;f yum;uvnf; tqHk;tydki;f tjcm;r&Sd teEÅyif jzpf&um; tm;&yg;& vl;vGeUf jrL;uGeUf Ekdif
cJhonf/ rdkiaf ygif;rsm;pGm &Snvf sm;BuD;rm;Muaom wdr&d yd*Fv paom yifv,faysmif g;BuD;
rsm;onf jrpfacsmif;tif;tdkiw f kdUü pdwBf udKuf rjrL;xl;EdkiMf uay/ tvGeef uf½Iid ;f us,0f ef;onhf
ork'´&mtv,füom pdwBf udKufjrL;xl;usupf m;Edkio f uJhokdU jzpfonf/
þodkU "r®rsm;udk y|mef;enf;jzihf oHk;oyfqifjcifawmfral omtcg oAÁnKwÓPfawmf
BuD; Munfvif½iT yf svmonf/ xdktcg xdkÓPfawmfEiS fh ,SOw f jJG zpfay:vmMuonhf orÜ,kwå"r®
pdwçf apwodurf sm;vnf; Munfvif½Tiyf svmonf/ xdktcg ÓPfawmfBuD;\ wnf&m
[',0w¬Kac: ESvHk;aoG;vnf; Munfvifawmufyvmonf/ xdktcg ESvHk;aoG;ESihf qufpyf
aeonhf jrwfAk'\¨ ½lyum,awmfrS eDv? yDw paom a&mifjcnfawmfajcmufyg;wdkU wzsyzf syf
wvQyfvQyfjzihf uGeUf jrL;xGuaf y:vmjcif;jzpfonf/
þodkUjzihf y|mef;a'oemawmfonf oAÁnKwÓPfawmfBuD; Munfvifawmufyvm
atmif odraf rGUjrihjf rwf euf½Iid ;f us,0f ef;aom a'oemawmfjzpfonht
f wGuf wefckd;BuD;&jcif;
jzpfaMumif; avhvmod&S&d ygonf/
xdkUaemuf y|mef;a'oemawmfBuD; wefckd;BuD;&jcif;\ 'kw, d taMumif;udk qufvuf
avhvmwifjyygrnf/ jrwfAk'¨onf ckepf0gajrmufwGif wm0wðomewfjynfü 0gqdkawmfrlyg
onf/ r,fawmf jzpfcJhzl;ol oEÅKódwewfom;tm; "r®jzihf aus;Zl;qyfvkdaomaMumihf
jzpfygonf/ r[mouú&mZf 109-ckESp?f 0gqdkvjynhaf eU naeydki;f wGif om0w¬jd ynfteD;
u@rÁo&ufjzLyifteD;ü wdww ¬d kdUukd ESrd ef if;awmfrl&ef a&;rD;tpHktpHk wefckd;jym#d[m jyawmf
rlygonf/ xdkYaemufrS wm0wðomewfjynfokdU <uawmfrljcif;jzpfonf/ xdkewfjynf yifv,f
uopfyifteD; y@KurÁvm ausmufzsmBuD;tay:ü oDwif;oHk;awmfrlí r,fawmfjzpfcJhzl;
aom oEÅKódwewfom; trSL;jyKaom wpfaomif;aom pMu0Vmwdkurf S a&muf&Sv d mMu
aom ewfjA[®mrsm;tm; tbd"r®ma'oemudk tus,0f w d ¬m&enf;jzihf 0gwGi;f oHk;vywfvHk;
 -17-

toHrpJ a[mMum;awmfrlonf/ ,if;udk twk,lí ,ckumvü toHrpJ y|mef;yGJrsm;

usi;f yjcif;jzpfonf[k qdkygonf/1 tcsKUd uvnf; tm,k0¹ke0w¬Kvm oHCmawmfrsm; ckepf&uf
ywfvHk; y&dw½f Gwyf Hkukd twk,lí þuJhokdU usi;f yjcif;jzpfaMumif; rdeUf qkdygonf/2
jrwfAk'¨onf vlom;wpfOD;jzpfí pm;csed w f efpm; oGm;csed w
f efoGm; em;csed w
f efem;jcif;
paom vlUobm0rsm;udk aoGznfí jzpfrnfr[kwyf g/ xdkaY Mumihf qGr;f pm;csed af &mufonht f cg
ewfjynfü edr®w d bk&m;&Siu f kd zefqif;um w&m;a[mapcJhNyD; vlUjynf taemwwftkdio f kdU
oufqif;awmfrlcJhonf/ edr®w d bk&m;&Sif w&m;a[maeonfukd wefckd;BuD;ewfjA[®mrsm;om
od&MSd uonf/ wefckd;enf; ewfjA[®mrsm; rod&MSd uyg/ jrwfAk'¨onf xdktkdiüf a&oefUpifjcif;?
'efyl0g;jcif; udpörsm;udk jyKawmfrlNyD; ajrmufuRef;odkU qGr;f cH<uawmfrlygonf/ qGr;f cHNyD;
taemwwftkdio f kdU jyef<uum urf;em;ü qGr;f bkO;f ay;awmfrlonf/ xdkYaemuf aeoefUpif&ef
pE´ul;awmodkU <uawmfrlonf/ xdktcg &Sio f m&dykwå&monf pE´ul;awmodkU <uvmNyD;
jrwfAk'¨tm; 0wfBuD;0wfi,f jyKawmfrlonf/ xdkpOfrSmyif jrwfAk'¨u &Sio f m&dykwå&mtm;
wm0wðomewfjynfü a[mMum;awmfrcl o hJ nhf tbd"r®ma'oemawmfukd tusO;f oacFyenf;jzihf
jyefvnfenf;ay;a[mMum;ygonf/ &Sio f m&dykwå&monf jrwfAk'¨ tusO;f a[mMum;enf;ay;
onhf tbd"r®ma'oemawmfukd enf;aygif; &m? axmif? ode;f wdkUjzihf tus,cf sJUxGif od&Sd
oabmaygufawmfrlonf/ &Sio f m&dykwå&monf vif;EdkUom;jzpfcJhzl;ol wynh&f [ef; 500
wdkUtm; ,if;tbd"r®ma'oemawmfukd rusO;f rus,f tv,ftvwfjzpfaom emwdoacFy
emwd0w d m¬ &enf;jzihf jyefvnfa[mMum;awmfro l nf/ jrwfAk'o ¨ nf &Sio f m&dykwå&mtm; w&m;
a[mawmfrlNyD;aemuf naecsr;f oihaf vsmaf omtcsed w f Gif wm0wðomewfjynfokdU jyefvnf
<uawmfrlonf/ þenf;twdki;f 0gwGi;f oHk;vywfvHk; jyKvkyaf wmfrlcJhonf/3
y|mef;a'oemawmf t0iftyg tbd"r®ma'oemawmf\ tqHk;rSm ewfjA[®maygif;
uka#&Spaf omif; &[EÅmjzpfawmfrMl uonf/ atmufr*f? atmufzkv
d üf wnfMuonhf ewfjA[®m
ta&twGurf Sm ocsFmwyfír&atmif rsm;vSonf[k qdkygonf/4
þpum;pOft& y|mef;a'oemawmft0iftyg tbd"r®ma'oemawmfonf ewfjA[®m
aygif; uka#&Spaf omif;udk b0vGwaf jrmufa&; &apcJhonf/ odkUtwGuf xdkewfjA[®mrsm;
b0'ku©ESihf &ifrqdki&f awmhay/ ewfjA[®maygif; tajrmuftjrm;udkvnf; b0tmrcHcsuf
&&Sad pcJo
h nf/ odkUtwGuf xdkewfjA[®mrsm; 'k*w
¾ ed ,fy,fokUd roufqif;&awmhyg/ xdkaY Mumihf
y|mef;t0iftyg þtbd"r®ma'oemawmfukd ewfjA[®mrsm; ½dkaojrwfEkd; wefzkd;xm;Mujcif;
jzpfonf/ ½dkaojrwfEk;d wefzk;d xm;&avmufatmifvnf; y|mef;t0iftyg tbd"r®ma'oemawmf
u pGr;f tm;BuD;rm; wefckd;xGm;aom w&m;jzpfygonf/
1/ Ak'¨,Ofaus;rI jrefrmh"avhyGJawmfrsm;/ 91/ 2/ oDw*lq&mawmf w&m; CD acG/
3/ tbd? |? 1/ 17/ 4/ a&mifpHk½kyjf yy|mef;/ 15/
 -18-

þa'oemawmfonf ewfjA[®mrsm; ½dkaojrwfEkd; wefzkd;xm;aom w&m;jzpfonhf

tavsmuf ,if;w&m;udk ½Gwzf wfylaZmfolrsm;? emMum;olrsm;udkvnf; ewfjA[®mrsm;u
ulnDapmihaf &SmufMuojzihv f nf;aumif;? wefckd;BuD;ewfjA[®mrsm; w&m;emvmMuaomtcg
tEÅ&m,fjyKrnhf ewfqkd;? ewfrpd ämrsm; tem;ruyfEkdiMf uojzihv f nf;aumif;? "r®mEkówd
bm0em "r®oZÑm,e ukokv d af pwem\ pGr;f tm;aMumihv f nf;aumif; ab;tEÅ&m,fuif;jcif;?
rD;uGi;f jcif;? vmbfvmbaygrsm;jcif;? vdktifqE´jynh0f jcif; paom aumif;usK;d rsm; &&Sad Mumif;
ajymprSwjf yKMuonf/ xdkYaMumihf aeUpOf0wfrysub f J tcsed rf Se?f ae&mrSe?f a'oemrSef ]]rSe}f }
oHk;rSeuf kd ]]pH}}xm;NyD; aeUpOf½Gwqf kdylaZmfolrsm;vnf; &SMd uygonf/
tEÅ&m,fuif;yHk ypöu©om"uwpfckukd xkwaf qmifjyvdkygonf/ vGecf Jhaom ESpf
60-cefUu jzpfygonf/ &efukew f kdi;f ? c&rf;NrdKUe,f&Sd ½Gmwpf½GmwGif OD;½dk; ac: touf
80-t½G,f tbdk;BuD;wpfOD; &Syd gonf/ olonf ypön;f Opöm csr;f om<u,f0\/ v,fuGi;f
xJwGif tdraf qmufae\/ npOf tdycf geD;wGif y|mef; 24-ypön;f udk pnf;cs½Gwq f kdNyD;rS
tdyaf vh&S\
d / wpfnwGif ¤if;tdru f kd "m;jyvmwdku&f m tdru f kd &SmrawGUbJ jzpfaeonf/
aemufwpfBudrf vmwdkuaf omtcgüvnf; tdr0f if;xJwGif ppfwyfcsxm;onfukd "m;jyrsm;
awGUjrifojzihf jyefajy;oGm;&onf/ ,if;jzpf&yfukd um,uH&Siu f kd,wf kdif ajymjyí od&jcif;
jzpfonf[k qdkygonf/1
qufvufí y|mef;a'oemawmf\ omoemwnfwahH &;twGuf a&SUwef;cHwyfjzpfykHukd
jyqdkygOD;rnf/ omoemawmfuG,o f nht
f cg y&d,wåo d moemawmfu OD;pGmuG,af ysmufyg
rnf/ xdkwiG v f nf; tbd"r®y#d u u OD;pGmuG,af ysmufygrnf/ xdkwiG v
f nf; y|mef;usr;f BuD;u
OD;pGmuG,af ysmufvrd hfrnf[k qdkygonf/2 t|uxmq&mBuD; rdeUf qkdcJhaom þtqdktrdeUf \
tajzmihtf "dyÜm,f(OZkuw¬)rSm ]]y&d,wåo d moem wnf&Sad eoa½GU useo f moemawmfonf
ruG,yf Edki?f y&d,wåod moemwGiv f nf; y|mef;w&m;wnfaeoa½GU uset f bd"r®mESihf okwåEÅ?
0de,wdkUvnf; ruG,yf Edki}f }[líjzpfonf/
xdkUaMumihf y|mef;a'oemawmfonf omoemawmf ruG,yf a&;twGuf a&SUwef;rS
aeí BuHhBuHhckcHaeaom cHwyfBuD;ozG,f jzpfonf/ a&SUwef;cHwyf usqHk;oGm;ygvQif aemuf
cHwyfrsm;vnf; z½dkz&Jjzpfum ysupf D;NrJ"r®wm jzpfygonf/ odkUjzpfí omoemawmfoHk;&yf
ruG,af ysmufa&;twGuf y|mef;a'oemawmfonf a&SUqk;H rSaeí aus;Zl;jyKaeonf/ odkUtwGuf
y|mef;a'oemawmf wefckd;BuD;&jcif; jzpfygonf/

1/ Ak'¨,Ofaus;rI jrefrmh"avh yGJawmfrsm;/ 88/ 2/ 'D? |? 3/ 82/

 -19-

jrefrmEdkiif HESihyf |mef;

þodkU wefckd;BuD;vSaom y|mef;a'oemawmfukd jrefrmEdkiif HwGif aeUpOfeHeufwkdi;f
(odkU) nwdki;f 0wfxm;í ½Gwq f kdylaZmfMuonfvnf; &Syd gonf/ rGejf ynfe,f? a&;NrdKUe,f&Sd
tcsKUd aus;½Gmrsm;rSmuJhokdU tdro f pfwuf a*[yÜa0oyGJ usi;f yonht f cgrsK;d ü oihaf vsm&f m
&ufowfrSwNf yD; wpf&ufywfvHk; ½Gwzf wfylaZmfonfvnf; &S\ d / &efukeNf rdKU? urÇmat;bk&m;
ponfwkdUrSmuJhokdU ig;&ufywfvHk; ½Gwzf wfylaZmfonfvnf; &S\ d / &efukef a½Tw*d Hk? yJcl;
a½Tarma"m ponfwkdUrSmuJhokdU ckepf&ufywfvHk; ½Gwzf wfylaZmfonfvnf; &S\ d / ,if;okYd
½Gwzf wfylaZmfMu&mü ½Gwzf wfrnfhae&mudk trsm;tm;jzifh apwD ykxkd; qif;wkawmfa½SUwGif
oyfoyf,yf,yf jyifqifowfrSwí f yef;? opfoD;? qDrD;? tarG;eHYomrsm;jzifh jrwfAk'¨tm;
ylaZmfum ½Gwzf wfavh½SMd uygonf/ txl;tm;jzifh a&tk;d (a&ykvif;? a&ykH;) 24-ck wdkYü
y|mef; 24 ypön;f udk wpfyg;csi;f a&;xdk;um y|mef;tdk;(ykvif;? ykH;)rsm; xm;avh½MSd uygonf/
y|mef;w&m; em,lolrsm; tEÅ&m,fuif; aomufokH;&ef jzpfonf/ a½SUOD;pGm ewfrsm;udk
zdwrf EÅujyKjcif;? a&mifjcnfawmfzGihf *gxmjzifh bk&m;yifhjcif;? q&mawmrsm;xHrS y|mef;
w&m;awmftaMumif; odrw S zf ,
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tajctaeESihf tcsed t f cgay:rlwnfí ,ckumvwGif ½Gwzf wfylaZmfMuygonf/
,if;odkUqkyd gu þy|mef;a'oemawmf ½Gwq f kyd al Zmfro
I nf jrefrmEdkiif w
H iG f b,facwf
avmufu pwifco hJ enf;[k apmaMumzG,jf zpfygonf/ vufvrS ;f rDorQ avhvmwifjyygrnf/
yk*HacwfwGif y|mef;a'oemawmf ½Gwzf wfylaZmfaMumif; pmaytaxmuftxm; rawGU&yg/
y&dww f &m;rsm;udkom ½Gwq f kdylaZmfMuaMumif; usepf pfrif; eef;wnfausmufpm ponfwkdUü
awGU&ygonf/ þü y&dw[ f lonfrnfonho f kwrf sm;jzpfaMumif; wdwyd y razmfjyaomfvnf;
&Siaf waZm'DywdkUacwfoHk; udk;okwx f uf ydkrnfum; r[kwyf g/ used ;f aoonfum; ,if;
y&dwx f JwGif y|mef;ryg0ifjcif;yifjzpfonf/
odkU&mwGif armif;axmifq&mawmf\ omoe0HoyÜ'Dydum1 ü ]]yk*HacwfwGif
y&d,wåo d moemxGe;f um;aMumif;? trsK;d orD;uav;rsm;yif ygVdpmayudk pdwyf g0ifpm;pGm
oif,lMu? EIwfwuftm*Hkaqmifxm;MuaMumif;? wpfOD;ESihfwpfOD; awGUqHkMuonhftcg
pmtaMumif; aytaMumif; ar;jref;aqG;aEG;avh&Sad Mumif;? trsK;d orD; wpfOD;u ar;í
trsK;d orD;wpfOD;u ajzMum;&mü ]]uav;u i,fao;vdkU olUwm0efawG ydaewmeJU 'DESpf
pmaumif;aumif; rusuEf kdiaf Mumif;? y|mef;ukovwdwaf vmufom tm*Hkusuf EIwif Hk
aqmifEkdiaf Mumif;}}rsm; yg&Syd gonf/ þtcsuo
f nf y|mef;½Gwzf wfylaZmfrIukd azmfjyvdk&if;
r[kwfbJ y|mef;usufrSwf aqmifxm;rIudkom wifjyvdk&if;jzpfonf[k ,lqygonf/

1/ omoe0Ho/ 88/
 -20-

xdkYaMumihf ]]yk*HacwfwGif y|mef; a'oemawmf ½Gwzf wfylaZmfaMumif; pmaytaxmuf

txm; rawGU&}}[k txufü wifjycJhjcif; jzpfygonf/
yk*Hacwfenf;wlyif yif;,acwf? tif;0acwf? awmifilacwfwkdUwGiv f nf; y|mef;
a'oemawmf ½Gwzf wfyal ZmfaMumif; cdkiv
f kHaom taxmuftxm; rawGU&yg/ anmif&rf;acwf
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wem;usi;f yaMumif;udk omoe0HoyÜ'Dyu d musr;f 1 ESihf omoemvuFm&pmwrf;2 wdkUü
azmfjyxm;onf/
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Mobmo=ewf+puf+a&mif)rnfaom &[ef;ysKdwpfyg;&Sdonf/ olonf yd#uwfpmay
ruRrf;usiaf omfvnf; aA'ifuRrf;usio f nf/ om;awmf tjrihNf rdKUpm; &Siw f ½kwf ykeu f ef
jcm;em;rIaMumihf rif;BuD;onf av;xyfausmif;ü yke;f atmif;ae&cdkuf jzpfonf/ xdk&[ef;ysKd
vnf; xdkausmif;wdkurf Smyif oDwif;oHk;aecdkuf jzpf\/ rif;BuD;\avQmufxm;csut f &
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f jzihf a½Tpnf;cHk
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ylaZmfyGJobifrSm BuD;us,cf rf;em;pnfum;vSonf qdkygonf/

1/ omoe0Ho/ 132/ 2/ omoemvuFm&/ 180/

 -21-

þazmfjycJhyg taxmuftxm;rsm;t& ouú&mZf 1038(c&pf-1676)ckESpfwGif

jrefrmjynfü y|mef;a'oem ½Gwzf wfylaZmfyGJrsm;&Sad Mumif; od&ojzihf vGecf Jhaom ESpaf ygif;
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&Sad eNyDjzpfaMumif; tuJjzwfEkdirf nf jzpfygonf/
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vnf; yg0ifygonf/ ,if;rSm 'kw, d urÇmppftwGi;f u ysupf D;cJhaMumif; od&S&d ygonf/3
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xdkacwfu y|mef;a'oem ½Gwzf wfylaZmfrItwGuf taxmuftxm;jyKEdkiaf om om"ursm;
jzpfygonf/
q|oH*g,emBudK y|mef;½Gwzf wfylaZmfyGJ
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I wGuf cdik v
f akH om om"uudk q|oH*g,emrSww f rf;rsm;
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0efBuD;csKyfaetdrüf [oFmw OD;jr? omoema&;0efBuD; OD;0if; paom yk*¾Kd vfrsm;yg0ifonhf
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wGif okwf 9-okwo f m yg0ifonfukd awGU&onf/ y&dwt f jzpf owfrSw&f mrSmvnf;
vufawGU tEÅ&m,fuif;aponhf okwrf sm;udk xkwEf kwo f wfrSwí f jzpfygonf/3

1/ y&dw½f Gwzf wfjcif;ESihf y&dwt

f usK;d aus;Zl;/ 31/
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rEÅav;NrdKU eef;wnfpmwrf;/ 158/ 171/
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 -22-

oD&rd *Fvmy&dwaf wmftzGUJ onf q|oH*g,emwifyBJG uD; atmifjrifap&ef yd#uoHk;yHkukd

0efBuD;csKyf aetdrrf Spí jrefrmEdkiif H tESHUtjym; aeUnrpJ ½Gwzf wfylaZmfMuonf/ y|mef;
a'oemawmfukdvnf; ae&mXme toD;oD;wdkUü Mwif;aus e0if;aus 54-em&DywfvHk; ½Gwq f kd
ylaZmfMuonf/
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onf/ xdkyEéuw f ifr*Fvmpwifusi;f yonfrSpí oD&rd *Fvmy&dwaf wmftzGJUonf y|mef;
a'oemawmfBuD;udk 54-em&D aeUa&mnyg ½Gwzf wfyal ZmfMuonf/ omoemawmfBuD; wnfwhH
&efEiS fh q|oH*g,emwifvkyif ef;BuD; NyD;pD;atmifjrif&ef jzpfonf/ yEéuwf ifr*Fvmusi;f yNyD;
aemuf tkwjf rpfcsr*Fvm rusi;f yrDvnf; a&S;enf;wl ½Gwzf wfyal Zmfao;aMumif; od&&dS ygonf/
azmfjyyg taxmuftxm;rsm;t& q|oH*g,emwif tBudKacwfwiG f y|mef;½Gwzf wf
ylaZmfrIrsm; us,u f s,jf yefYjyefY &Sad eNyDjzpfaMumif; od&SEd kdiyf gonf/
rsuaf rSmufacwf y|mef;½Gwzf wfylaZmfyGJ
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trsm;tm;jzihf yGiv fh if;&moDrsm;ü usi;f yavh&MdS uonf/ þy|mef;yGu J ku
d m; 0gwGi;f rSm usi;f y
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&efukeNf rdKU? ajcmufxyfBuD;bk&m;ausmif;wdku\ f y|mef;yGJ jzpfygonf/
rsuaf rSmufacwfwiG u
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aom w&m;rGejf zpfonf/ xdkYaMumihf jrefrmEdkiif HwGif ,if;y|mef;udk ½Gwzf wfylaZmfrIrsm;
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awGU&ojzihf xdkumvrwdkirf DxJuyif y|mef;a'oem ½Gwzf wfylaZmfyGJ&Sad eNyD[k rSw, f loihf
ygonf/ &wemyHkacwf? zqyvacwf? rsuaf rSmufacwfwiG u f m; ½Gwzf wfyal ZmfrrI sm; us,jf yefY
vmonfhoabm &So d nf/ xdkoHk;acwfteuf rsuaf rSmufacwfumvwGiu f m; tus,jf yefYqHk;
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f kdylaZmfvsu&f So
d nhf þaumif;rIvkyif ef;onf toHus,f
 -23-

avmifrIESihf pyfvsO;f í ywf0ef;usif taESmuft,Suf rjzpfatmif aqmif½Guo f ihyf gonf/

odkUrSom ywf0ef;usiEf Sihf o[Zmwjzpfum omr*¾Dokcudk cHpm;&rnf jzpfygonf/ ¤if;jyif
y|mef;a'oemawmf ½Gwzf wfyal Zmf&mü ab;&eftEÅ&m,fuif;jcif;? csr;f omjcif;paom &v'frsm;
avmufom &nf½, G f r½Gwzf wfMubJ ,if;&v'frsm;ESihf jynhpf Hkvsuf olawmfaumif;w&m;udk
BudK;pm;tm;xkwEf kdi&f eftxd &nf½G,½f Gwzf wfoihyf gonf/ odkUr[kwyf gu ]]qifjzLawmf
0ifrnfrSm csnw f pfcifESihf used ;f aus}}1 [louJhokdU jzpfoGm;rnf jzpfygonf/

a'gufwmb'´EÅax&dE´
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Edkiif Hawmfy&d,wåo
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1/ jrefrmpum;yHk/ 71/
 -24-

usr;f ñTe;f oauFwrSwcf suf

y|me? 1 y|meygVd? yxrtkyf

0d? |? 3 0de,yd#u? ygpdwsm'dt|uxm
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tbd? |? 3 tbd"r®y#d u? yÍöyu&Pt|uxm
'D? |? 2 'DCedum,? r[m0*¾t|uxm
'D? |? 3 'DCedum,? ygxdu0*¾t|uxm
O'ge? | O'ge|uxm
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Zm? |? 1 Zmwu|uxm? yxrtkyf
oD? #D? 1 oDvu©E¨0*¾#Dum? yxrtkyf
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tajcjyKy|mef; tajcjyKy|mef;w&m;awmf
omoe0Ho omoe0HoyÜ'Dyu
d m
omoemvuFm& omoemvuFm&pmwrf;
 -25-

tusK;d ay;&mumvuGJjym;aomuHav;rsK;d udkavhvmjcif;

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h 0wdik af tmif
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 -26-

(4) ta[moduH3 = rnfonfhtcsed t

f cgrS vkH;0tusK;d ray;aom
uH [k av;rsK;d jyqdkxm;\/
txufyguHav;rsK;d rwlnDykHukd aZmrsm;jzifh owfrSw\ f / aZmqdkonfrSm ukokdv?f
tukodkvfuH trIudpörsm;udkjyKMu&mü t&Sdeft[kefjzifh jzpfay:vmaom pdwfudkac:\/
ykrH eS t
f m;jzifh aZmonf ckepfBudr&f NdS yD; aZmpdww
f ikd ;f wGif apwemyg0ifNrJjzpfonf/ aZmckepfBudrwf iG f
yXraZmapwemonf 'd|"r®a0'ed,uHrnf\/ owåraZmapwemonf OyyZÆa0'ed,uHrnf\/
tv,faZmig;csuo f nf ty&my&d,a0'ed,uHrnf\/ ta[mod uHum; aZmckepfcsuw f iG f
4
ryg0ifay/

'd|"r®a0'ed,uH
yXraZmapwemonf 'd|"r®a0'ed,uHrnf\[k qdo k nft
h wdik ;f yXraZm apwemonf
tcsi;f cyford ;f tmao0eypön;f udkr&aomaMumifh tm;enf;\/ xdkaY Mumifh wpfckaomb0opf
y#doaE¨opfukd xlaxmifjcif;iSg rwwfEikd af cs/ r&Pumvausmv f eG f ul;ajrmufí 'kw, d b0ü
tusK;d ray;Edkiaf cs/ þb0üyif tusK;d ay;&\/ ,if;odkY tusK;d ay;ykHukd ]]taMumif;tcGihf
oifrh o
S mvQif tusK;d ay;Edik o
f nf? taMumif;tcGirhf oifv
h Qif tusK;d ysuo f Ok ;f av\}}[k y&rw¬
oHcyd #f Dum5 ü jyqdkxm;\/
tusK;d w&m;wdkw Y iG f b0udkjzpfay:apaom y#doaE¨tusK;d ESihf b0udk&NyD;aemuf cHpm;
&aom y0wåt d usK;d [k ESprf sK;d &S\
d / xdkwiG f 'd|"r®a0'ed,uHonf y0wåt d usK;d udkom ay;Edik \ f /
#Dum6ü ]]ukov kd 'f |d "r®a0'ed,uHonf qefu Y sib
f uftukov kd w
f \Ykd vTr;f rd;k ESyd pf ufaESmuf,uS rf I
rcH&ygrS rsuaf rSmufb0ü tusK;d ay;Edkio f nf/ tukokdvt f &mwGiv f nf; ukokdvu f H\
aESmuf,Surf I rcH&ygrS tusK;d ay;Edkio f nf}}[k jyqdk\/
,if;uH\tusK;d ay;yku H kd om"utm;jzifh jyqdk&ygrl jrwfAk'v ¨ ufxuftcgwGif 'd|"r®
a0'ed,uHtusK;d ukd cHpm;&ol ckepfa,muf&\ dS / ¤if;wdrYk mS -ykPpÖ m&if;iSg;? a*gygvrmwmrdz&k m;?
oky,Üd Oygodumr? rv’u d mrdzk&m;? okreyef;onf? {uom#uykPmÖ ; wdkYjzpfMu\/ ,if;odkY
ajcmufa,muf&Syd kHukd rdvEd ´yO§m7ü jyqdkxm;ayonf/
xdkwGif ykPrÖ nfaom pm&if;iSg;onf eda&m"ormywfrSxNyD;jzpfaom t&Sio
f m&d-
ykwå&mrax&ftm; eHeufapmapmü rsuEf Smopfa&ESihf 'efylvSL\/ r,m;jzpfol bm&dwm
onfvnf; rax&ftm;qGr;f vSL'gef;\/ xdkokdYjyKvkyaf om yXraZmapwemaMumifh xGepf mcJ
rsm;onf a&TcJrsm;jzpfNyD; aeYcsi;f yif olaX;&mxl;udk &cJhonf/
 -27-

a*gygvrmwmrnfaom trsK;d orD;onf rdrq d Hyifa&mif;&aomaiG &Sptf ojymjzifh

t&Sirf [mupön;f rax&ftygt0if &[ef;&Spyf g;tm; qGr;f uyfcJh\/ ,if;ukokdvf yXraZm
apwemaMumifh ay;vSLaomaeYüyif p@yaZÆmwrif;\ t*¾ra[oDrzd k&m;tjzpfukd &&Scd o
hJ nf/
okyÜ,
d mOygodumronf *dvme&[ef;wpfyg;tm; rdrad ygifom;udk vSD;íaq;tjzpf
tom;[if;jyKvkyfNyD; vSLcJh\/ ,if;ukodkvfapwemaMumifh ESpf&ufajrmufaomaeYüyif
tom;Ekwufum aumif;aomtom;ta&jzpfay:vmNyD; tema&m*gaysmufuif;\/
qif;&Jolr yef;onforD; rv’u d monf jrwfpGmbk&m;&Sit f m; wpfnOfhvGeNf yD;aom
rka,mrkeYfvkH;udk ay;vSLcJhonfh ukokdvuf HaMumifh xdkaeYüyif yaóe'Daumovrif;BuD;\
rdzk&m;acgifBuD;jzpfcJhonf/
okreyef;onfonf &Spq f yk af om rkav;yef;wdjYk zifh jrwfA'k u
¨ kd ylaZmfaomaMumifh xkad eYüyif
rsm;pGmaom pnf;pdrOf pömwdkYukd &&Scd Jhonf/
{uom#uykPmÖ ;onfvnf; tay:½kyH kqk;d jzifh jrwfAk'u
¨ kd ylaZmfaomaMumifh pnf;pdrf
OpömtNcHt&Hwu
Ykd kd &&Scd o
hJ nf/
'd|"r®a0'ed,uHonf txufazmfjyyg xif&mS ;aomtusK;d rsm; &So d uJoh Ydk rxif&mS ;aom
tusK;d rsm;vnf; &Sad yonf/ aumif;aomtrIukdjyKí ynm&So d lawmfaumif;wdkY csD;rGr;f cH&jcif;?
*kPjf yKcH&jcif;? qkvmbf&jcif;? &mxl;wdk;jcif;ponfwkdYonf ukokdvt f &m rxif&Sm;aom
tusK;d rsm;jzpf\/ raumif;rIukjd yKvkyí
f vltrsm; uJ&h UJ c&H jcif;? rif;jypfrif;'Pfoifjh cif; ponf
wdkYonfvnf; tukokdvt f &mü rxif&Sm;aom tusK;d jzpf\/
,if;uHonf ukokdvjf zpfap? tukokdvjf zpfap? jyKvkyNf yD; ckepf&uftwGi;f tusK;d
ay;aomuHEiS hf ckepf&ufveG Nf yD;aemuf t&G,of ;kH yg;wGif wpfyg;yg;aomt&G,üf tusK;d ay;aom
8
uH[k ESprf sK;d &Sad Mumif; t|uxm ü rdeYfqkdygonf/
ukokdvt
f &mü 'd|"r®a0'ed,uHtusK;d ay;zdkY&ef taMumif;av;csu&f \ Sd / ,if;wdkYrSm-
1/ tvSLcHyk*¾Kd vf tem*grf? &[EÅmwpfrsK;d rsK;d jzpf&jcif;?
2/ w&m;ojzifh &SmazG&&Sx d m;aom vSLzG,yf pön;f jzpfjcif;?
3/ apwemokH;wefxufoefjcif;?
f nf eda&m"ormywfrS xNyD;umpjzpfjcif; wdjYk zpfonf/9 ,if;av;csuf
4/ tvSLcHy*k Kd¾ vo
jynfhpkHygrS tusK;d udkjzpfapEdkio
f nf/
tukokv
d tf &mü om"ujyqdk&ygrl jrwfAk'v
¨ ufxufwiG f eE´vkvifonf OyÜv0Pf
&[EÅmax&DrBuD;tm; tEdkiu
f sihfrw&m;jyKcJhaomuHaMumifh csucf si;f ajrrsKí
d aoqkH;cJh\/
om0w¬jd ynfom; EGm;owform;wpfa,mufonf (tESpif g;q,fywfvkH; EGm;owfcJhonfh
 -28-

tukokdvu f HaMumifh) EGm;vQmudkvSD;jzwfí rD;uifpm;cJh\/ ,if;uHaMumifh pm;aepOfrSmyif

vQmjywfusí aoqkH;cJh\/ eE´bDvl;onfvnf; t&Sio f m&dykwå&m\ OD;acgif;udk ½dkuo
f nfh
tukokdvu d aoqkH;\/10
f HaMumifh csucf si;f yifajrrsKí
cEÅD0g'DZmwf11wGif cEÅD0g'D&aohukd jypfrSm;aom uvmAkrif;onfvnf; ajrrsKí d
aoqkH;cJh\/ xdkYjyif jrwfpGmbk&m;&Siu f kd jypfrSm;onfhtwGuf 'Pfoifhí vwfwavm
aoqk;H &aom okE&´ t D rsK;d orD;? jrwfpmG bk&m;&Siu
f kd rawmfrw&m;pGypf o JG nft
h wGuf csucf si;f
ajrrsKcd &H aom pdÍrÆ metrsK;d orD;? omrm0wDrzd k&m;udk raumif;BuHonft h wGuf rif;'Pfoifí h
aoqkH;&aom rm*@Drzd k&m;ESiht f aygif;ygrsm; ponfwkdYonfvnf; tukokdv'f |d "r®a0'ed,
12
uH\ 'd|"r®tusK;d rsm;jzpf\/ i&Jusjcif;ponfwu Ykd m; qufvufjyqdrk nfh OyyZÆa0'ed,uH\
tusK;d ay;rIrsm;jzpfonf/

OyyZÆa0'ed,uH
yXrb0\tjcm;rJjh zpfaom 'kw, d b0ü&&Scd pH m;tyfaom tusK;d &So
d nfu h o
H nf OyyZÆ
a0'ed,uHrnf\/ þuHonf aZmckepfBudrw f Gif aemufqkH;owåraZmü&Sad om apwemyif
jzpfonf/ 'ge oDvpaomukokv d rf ?I olt
Y oufowfjcif;paom tukokv d rf rI sm;onf aZmckepf
Budrwf Gif aemufqkH;owåraZmxd qdkuaf &mufygrS txajrmufayonf/
ukov kd ?f tukovkd rf rI sm;udk jyKvyk Mf u&mü a&SUaZmrsm;jzifh txrajrmufao;ay/ a&SUaZm
rsm;onf owåraZmtm;axmufyhH½kHom axmufyHhEkdi\ f / owåraZma&mufrSom qdki&f mtrI
udprö sm; NyD;pD;Edki\f / xdkaY Mumifh ]]trIupd rö sm;NyD;pD;Edkií
f oEé|d mefusus qk;H jzwfcsucf saMumif;
jzpfaom owåraZmapwemonf OyyZÆa0'ed,uHrnf\}}[k #Dum13ü rdeYfqkdxm;ygonf/
xkod wåraZmapwemonf aemufqkH;aZmjzpfí tm;raumif;vSay/ odkYjzpfí 'kw, d b0ü
tusK;d ay;&jcif; jzpfonf/ 'kw, d b0udk ausmv f Geí f wwd,b0 ponfwkdYü tusK;d udk
ray;Edkiaf cs/
tukokvd tf &mwGif teEÅ&, d uHig;yg;ESihf ed,wrdpäm'd|u d wH o
kYd nf aoonf\tjcm;rJh
'kw,
d b0ü {uefi&Jou Ykd sa&mufapaom uHrsm;jzpfonf/ ukov kd tf &mü ormywf &Spyf g;onf
tm;BuD;aom*½kurH sm;jzpfonf/ psmefvuf&jdS zifah oqk;H vQif oufqikd &f mjA[®mjynfoYkd a&mufapEdik f
onf [k t|uxm14ü rdeq Yf kx
d m;onf/
þOyyZÆa0'ed,uHonf 'kw, d b0wGif y#doaE¨tusK;d udkjzpfap? y0wåt d usK;d udk
jzpfap? wpfrsK;d rsK;d udkjzpfap tusK;d ay;aomuHjzpfonf/ xdkuHonf &Hcg 'kw, d b0wGif
y#doaE¨tusK;d udk ray;Edkiyf gaomfvnf; y0wåt d usK;d udk ay;Edkiaf yonf/ om"utm;jzifh
parÜ,sZmwf15ü tavmif;awmf parÜ,se*g;rif;onf a&S;b0u e*g;rif;pnf;pdru f kd awmifw
h í
 -29-

ukokv
d u
f rH sm;udk jyKvkycf \
hJ / 'kw,
d b00,f t[dww f &d pämef e*g;jzpfco
hJ nf/ odykY gaomfvnf;
þü a&S;b0ujyKcJhaom ukokdvu f Hrsm;onf y#doaE¨tusK;d udk ray;acs/ y0wåt d cgü
e*g;rif;pnf;pdru f kd cHpm;&\/ þum; xl;jcm;csujf zpfayonf/
,if;uH\ tusKd;ay;ykHrsm;udk tenf;i,fjyqdk&aomf r|uk@vDowdkYom;onf
aocgeD;umv jrwfpGmbk&m;&Siu f kd MunfnKd onfhpw
d af Mumifh 'kw,
d b0ü wm0wðomewf
jynf0,f ewfpnf;pdruf kd cHpm;&\/ xdkYjyif 0drme0w¬Kü zm;wpfaumifonf jrwfAk'¨\
w&m;awmftoHukd em,laepOf EGm;ausmif;om;wpfa,muf wkwjf zifah xmufru d m aoqk;H cJ\
h /
w&m;oHukd MunfnKd aomapwemaMumifh ewfjynfü zm;ewfom;jzpfcJh&onf/
tukovkd t
f &mü tZmwowfb&k ifonf tzowfaom ydwC k mwuuHaMumifh 'kw,d
b00,f avm[ukrÇiD &Ja&mufc&hJ onf/ xdjkY yif t&Siaf '0'wfonf avm[dwkygÜ 'uuH? oHC
ab'uuHwkYdukd usL;vGeo
f nfhtwGuf 'kw, d b00,f t0Dpid &Jü jzpfMu&\/16 þum;
OyyZÆa0'ed,uH\ tusK;d ay;rIrsm; jzpf\/

ty&my&d,a0'ed,uH
wwd,b0rSpí edAmÁ ef&onfb h 0wdkiaf tmif b0oHo&mwpfavQmuf xdkuo f nftm;
avsmpf Gm tusK;d ay;aomuHonf ty&my&d,a0'ed,uHrnf\/ ,if;uHonf aZmckepfBudrf
teuf tv,faZmig;csuaf pwemrsm;jzpf\/ þapwemonf a&S;a&S;aZmrsm;\ tmao0e
owåjd zifh axmufyu hH n
l rD uI &kd aomaMumifh tvGet f m;aumif;\/ wwd,b0rSpí b0rqk;H rcsi;f
oHo&mtwGi;f ü tcGio hf m&mwGif tusK;d ay;Edkiaf yonf/ #Dum17ü ,if;uHonf wwd,b0ü
y#doaE¨tusK;d ? y0wåt d usK;d ESprf sK;d vkH;udk ay;Edkio
f nf[k rdeYfqkdxm;ygonf/
ty&my&d,a0'ed,uHonf apwemrsm;pGm&Sd&m rnfonfhuHrqkd tBudrfrsm;pGm
tusK;d ay;Edkio
f nf[k rrSw, f loifhay/ ¤if;uHonf rdrt d pGr;f &So
d rQ tusK;d ay;NyD;jzpfcJhvQif
edAÁmefr&cifrSmyif tpGr;f owåu d keqf kH;oGm;wwfygonf/ tusK;d ray;&ao;vQifom edAÁmef
&onfhb0wdkifatmif tusKd;ay;Edkif\/ rwubwåZmwf18wGif qdwfwpfaumifonf
a&S;twdwb f 0 vljzpfpOf qdww f pfaumifukd owfí,ZfylaZmfcJh\/ ,if;tukokv d uf HaMumifh
b0ig;&mywfvkH; olwpfyg;wdkYowfjzwfjcif;udk cHcJh&onf/ aemufqkH;b0 qdwjf zpfpOfwGif
towfc&H rnft h csed üf qif;&J'uk r© v
S wG af jrmufrnfuo
kd í
d 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;om&,fvsuf towfcH
cJ\
h / þum; ty&my&d,a0'ed,uH\ tusK;d ay;rIuek q f ;Hk wwfaMumif; oufaoyif jzpfonf/
xdkjY yif em&'Zmwft|uxm19ü ]]ty&my&d,a0'ed,uHonf tusK;d ray;&ao;vQif
rysupf ;D }}[k qdkaomaMumifh tjyeftm;jzifh ,if;uHonf tusK;d ay;NyD;vQif ysupf ;D aysmufu,
G f
oGm;Edkiof nf[k qdkEkdirf nfjzpfonf/
 -30-

xdu
k o d usK;d ESprf sK;d &S&d mü ]]{um, apwem, uar® tm,l[ad w
H nf y#doaE¨? y0wåt
{umy#doE¨d a[mwd}}20 - wpfckaomapwemuHonf wpfckaom y#doaE¨ tusK;d uko d m
ay;\[k qdkaomaMumifh tv,faZmig;csuw f kdYwGif oifhavsm&f mapwem wpfcsuuf om
wwd,b0rSpí y#doaE¨tusK;d ukd ay;Edkiaf yonf/ <uif;aomapwemrsm;um; y0wåt d usK;d udk
edAÁmefa&mufonftxd tusK;d ay;Edkio
f nf[k rSwo f m;&ygrnf/
tenf;i,f&iS ;f jy&aomf apwem[lonf aZmESi, hf OS af om apwemapwoduyf if jzpf\/
uHukd aZmapwemwpfckwnf;jzifh txajrmufatmif tm;rxkwEf kid ?f 0Dxw d pfckwiG f yg0ifaom
aZmckepfBudrjf zift
h m;xkwyf grS uHwpfct
k xajrmufEikd \
f / xdak Zmrsm;udyk if oabmwlaomtm;jzifh
apwemwpfc[ k k qd&k onf/ þü owåraZmapwem y#doaE¨tusK;d wpfc?k tv,faZmig;csuf
twGuf y#doaE¨tusK;d wpfck[k qdkvk&d if; r[kwaf y/ wpf0x D v
d k;H wGiyf gaom apwemtm;vk;H
aygif;ygrS y#doaE¨tusK;d wpfckom &Edkio f nf[k qdkvkd&if; jzpfonf/
aZmapwemwdkY tusK;d ay;rIESihfpyfí bmom#Dum21ü wpfckaomapwemjzifh uHukd
tm;xkw&f mü ]]xdu k u H kd aZmapwemwpfcw k nf;jzifh xajrmufatmif tm;rxkwEf ikd ?f 0Dxw d pfck
wGif yg0ifaomaZmckepfBudrv f kH;udkyif oabmwlaomtm;jzifh apwemwpfck[k qdkxm;onf/
xdkYaMumifh ]]owåraZmtwGuf y#doaE¨tusK;d ? tv,faZmig;csut f wGuf y#doaE¨ 5-
usK;d }} [laompum;onf vm;vm;rSroif?h wpf0x D yd g aZmapwemtm;vk;H twGurf S y#doaE¨
tusK;d wpfcsuof m&Edik of nf/ odjYk zpfí OyyZÆa0'ed,uH (owåraZm apwem)onf 'kw, d b0ü
y#doaE¨tusK;d ay;cJv
h Qif tv,faZmig;csuu f aemufxyf y#doaE¨usK;d ray;Edki?f y0wåt d usK;d
udkom qdki&f mb0wGif ay;cGih&f aSd wmhonf}}[k &Si;f jyxm;ygonf/
ty&my&d,a0'ed,uH\ om"u0w¬Krsm;um; yd#uwfawmfü xkwjf yírukef Edik af tmif
rsm;jym;ayonf/ ukokdvt f &mwGif aZmwduolaX;? Z#dvolaX;paom om"uwdkYonf
xif&mS ;\/ tukov f &müum; t&Sirf [marm*¾vmef? pu©Kygvrax&f22paom om"uwdo
kd t Yk nf
xif&mS ;vSayonf/
]]ty&my&d,a0'ed,uHrS vGwaf jrmufaom owå0grnfonfr&S}d }[k t|uxm23
qdkaomaMumifh refvnfq&mawmfu ]]&Siv f lrsm;pGm? owå0gum;? ty&my&d,? uHupd öESihf?
uif;Muolx?d rnfr,S&d iS }hf }24 [k rdeq
Yf kx
d m;ygonf/ odkjY zpfygí ,if;uHonf vlwk\
Yd aemufrS
vkud af eaom ]]t&dy}f }ESihf wlvSayonf/
ta[moduH
]]ta[moduH}}[laom ygVdpum;vkH;onf Ak'¨bmom0iftrsm;pkESihf &if;ESD;aom
a0g[m&jzpfonf/ odkYaomf t"dyÜg,fukdrSeu
f efpGm od&Sed m;vnfaomol enf;yg;ayonf/
ta[moduHonf uHw&m;omjzpfNyD; tusK;d w&m; vkH;0 jzpfay:rvmaom uHjzpf\/
 -31-

a&S;qdktyfaom uHokH;yg;wdkYonf tusK;d ay;&rnfhtcsed üf tusK;d ray;cJhaomf ta[moduH

tjzpfokdYa&muf&So
d Gm;ayonf/ w&m;udk,t f m;jzifh apwemoD;jcm;r&Sad y/ txufazmfjycJh
NyD;aom uHrsm;\ apwemrsm;onfyif ta[moduH\ w&m;udk,af pwemrsm;jzpf\/
owå0gwdkYonf vuf&Sb d 0ü wpfckaomuHonf 'd|"r®tusK;d ay;vQif <uif;aom
uHrsm;onf ta[modut H jzpfoYkd a&muf&odS mG ;onf/ OyyZÆa0'ed,uHüvnf; wpfcak omuHu
y#doaE¨tusK;d udk ay;vQif <uif;aomuHrsm; y#doaE¨tusK;d udk ray;Edik af cs/ y0wåt d usK;d udu
k m;
ay;Edkiaf yonf/ y0wåt d usK;d udkray;vQif ta[modujH zpfomG ;\/ t|uxm25ü yÍömeEÅ&, d uH
ig;yg;vk;H udk usL;vGeaf omolonf tpGr;f owåt d xufq;Hk oHCab'uuHuom y#doaE¨tusK;d
udk ay;\/ <uif;aomuHwo kYd nf ta[moduH jzpfomG ;\/ psmeformywf&pS yf g;vk;H udk&xm;&mü
wpfyg;uom y#doaE¨tusK;d udkay;onf/ <uif;aom uHrsm;um; ta[moduHjzpf&onf[k
jyqdkxm;ygonf/
ty&my&d,a0'ed,uHum; awmf½w Hk ef½jHk zifh ta[moduH rjzpfay/ edAmÁ efu&kd í oHo&m
pufjywfrSomvQif ta[moduH jzpfoGm;\/ ]]oHo&mpufvnfaeonf&aSd omf ta[moduH
rjzpfay}}26 þuHEiS phf yfí bmom#Dum27ü ]]þuJo h kYd ta[modujH zpf&aom uHawG tawmf
rsm;pGm&S\
d / ur®yxajrmufaom omrnaZmapwem(pm;&if; aomuf&if; oGm;&if; vm&if;
jzpfaom ukokv d çf tukokv d af pwemawG)tawmfrsm;pGm &S\ d / xdkapwemawGonf y0wåt d usK;d
rQudk ay;Edkiaf xmufyHhEkdio
f nf[k qdk&aomfvnf; oEÅmeftpOfrSm owåt d &m rxifbJ NyD;NyD;
aysmufaysmuf ta[modujH zpfavmufaom aZmawGuom rsm;zG,&f adS vonf}}[k rSwcf sujf yK
xm;ygonf/
om"utm;jzifhum; jrwfAk'¨vufxufwGif r[m"eolaX;om;? t&Sit
f *Fkvrd mv?
oHupd öomraP\wynfh ck;d om;ig;&mwdkYonf xif&Sm;ayonf/28
þodkYvQif owå0gwdkYjyKvkyaf omuH\ ta[moduHjzpfrIonf orÜwåad v;yg;? 0dywåd
av;yg;ESihf oufqkid v f Qu&f adS yonf/ trsm;tm;jzifh orÜwaåd v;yg;ESiBhf uHKvQif tukokv d uf w
H kYd
onf ta[moduHjzpfí 0dywåad v;yg;ESihfBuHKcJhaomf ukokdvu f HwkdY ta[moduHjzpfayrnf/
,if;&Spyf g;wGif ya,m*orÜwåçd ya,m*0dywåEd Spyf g;om t"duusayonf/ ya,m*onf
vlwkdY\ uHç ÓPfç 0D&, d yifjzpfonf/ ÓPfESihf,SOaf om 0D&, d jzifh ukokdvu f HukdjyKygu
ukokv
d uf rH sm; tusK;d ay;cGiohf mNyD; tukokv
d u
f rH mS trsm;tm;jzifh ta[modujH zpfomG ;ayrnf/
tjyeftm;jzifh ya,m*0dywåjd zpfvQif tukokdvu f Hrsm;uom tusK;d ay;NyD; ukokdvu f Hrsm;
ta[moduH jzpfrnfomjzpf\/
tcsKyftm;jzifh txufyguHav;yg;udk 'd|"r®a0'ed,uHonf ypöKyÜeu
f mv? OyyZÆ-
a0'ed,uHonf 'kw, d b0umv? ty&my&d,a0'ed,uHonf wwd,b0rSpí edAÁmef&
 -32-

onfb h 0wdkiaf tmif trSwrf &Sd wpfyg;yg;aomumv? ta[moduo

H nf qdktyfNyD;aomumv
r&Sdjcif;çvGefjcif;[kqdktyfaomumv? þodkY tusKd;ay;umvç tusKd;ray;umvwdkYudk
taMumif;jyKí ,if;uHav;yg;udk ]]yguumv}}uH[k ac:qdkygaMumif; avhvmzwfMum;&if;
ed*k;H csKyftyfygownf;/

t&Sit
f *¾0o
H
enf;jy? tbd"r®y#d ur[mXme
Edkiif aH wmfy&d,wåod moemhwuúokv d f
urÇmat;uke;f ajr? &efuke/f
 -33-

usr;f ñTe;f oauFwrsm;

1/ tH? 2? 363/
2/ tH? 1? 392/
3/ o*F[? 33/ tH? |? 2? 104/
4/ 0do'k ?d¨ 2? 236/ y&rw¬ ' D y eD ? 218/
5/ oHcyd ?f #D? 97/
6/ #Dumausm?f 171/
7/ rdvEd ´? 281/ "r®? |? 1? 309/ oH? |? 1? 129/ r? |? 4? 3-4/
8/ r? |? 4? 3/
9/ "r®? |? 2? 59/
10/ 0d? 1? 43/ 0d? |? 1? 237/ "r®? |? 2? 213/ r? |? 4? 6/
11/ Zm? |? 3? 37/
12/ "r®? |? 2? 297/ 117/ "r®? |? 1? 142/
13/ #Dumausm?f 171/
14/ tH? |? 2? 104/
15/ Zm? |? 4? 457/
16/ "r®? |? 1? 17/ 0drme? 73/ 0drme? |? 201/ 'D? |? 1? 212/ "r®? |? 1? 95/
17/ #Dumausm?f 171/
18/ Zm? |? 1? 183/
19/ Zm? |? 7? 132/
20/ bd? |? 1? 308/
21/ o*F[bm#D? 326/
22/ "r®? |? 2? 436/ 442/ 43/ "r®? |? 1? 13/
23/ tH? |? 2? 105/
24/ rCa'0? 264/
25/ bd? |? 2? 409/
26/ tH? |? 2? 105/
27/ o*F[bm#D? 328/
28/ "r®? |? 2? 81/ r? 2? 301/ r? |? 3? 227/ "r®? |? 1? 425-433/
 -34-

[',0w¬KESihpf yforQ okawoejyKjcif;

yxrausm-f OD;pHoif;vdIif

ed'gef;
odyÜHynm t&Sed tf [kejf yif;pGm wdk;wufvmaom ,aeUacwfwiG f odyÜHynmtm;udk;jzihf
jrwfAk'¨w&m;awmfrsm;udk jyifqifvkdolrsm; &So d uJhokdU odyÜHynm wdk;wufav jrwfAk'¨
w&m;awmfrsm; rSeu f efavqdkonhf cH,lcsu&f So d lrsm;vnf; ay:xGuv f m\/ rnfokdUyif&Sad p
Ak'¨tbd"r®mudk pepfwusavhvmxm;olrsm;url odyÜHynmxuf Ak'¨tbd"r®mynmu ydkí
cufcJeufeJNyD; ydkí tao;pdwu f saMumif; axmufcHvsuf &SMd uavNyD/
[',0w¬Kudk bk&m;ra[m[kqkdum vufrcHolrsm; &Sad e&m ynm&Sirf sm;u tm*r
,kwå?d obm0,kwåd aMumif;usK;d n§í d &Si;f vif;cJhMu&\/ tbd"r®y#d uwpfckvHk;udkyif
bk&m;a[mr[kw[ f k a0zeforl sm; &Scd zhJ ;l \/ t|uxmq&mBuD;udk,w f kid f ajz&Si;f cJí
h ajyvnfrI
1
&cJh\/ tbd"r®y#d u wpfckvHk;udkyif a0zefrI &Scd Jhao;vQif [',0w¬Kavmuf a0zefrIum;
pmrjyKavmufawmhay/ odkU&mwGif ,aeU odyq HÜ &mwdkU\ cE¨aA't& ]]pdwo f nf OD;aESmufrmS
wnfonf}}[lívnf;aumif;? ]]pdwo f nf ESvHk;rSmwnfonf}} [lívnf;aumif; 0d0g'
uGJjym;vmrIaMumihf [',0w¬Ktay: ydkí pdw0f ifpm;vm\/ xdkYaMumihf [',0w¬KESihf
pyforQ okawoejyKrd\/
[',0w¬K
['EÅd wHwH tw¬0H g tew¬0H g yla&EÅd {awemwd [',H=xdkxkad umif;usK;d qdk;usK;d udk
jynhpf HkapEdkio
f nhf ESvHk;wnf;[laom ½kyw f pfrsK;d onf [',rnf\/ ESvHk;om;üwnfaom
½kyo
f bm0 wpfrsK;d udk ac:qdkjcif;jzpf\/ twdtusqkd&vQif ESvHk;tdrt f wGi;f yke;f nufaphcefU
yrmP&Sad om wGi;f i,fav;&S&d m xdkwGi;f i,fav;ü wpfvufzuf\ xuf0ufrQ aoG;rsm;
wnf&SNd yD; xdkaoG;rsm;udk jyefUESHUvsuwf nfaom ½kyo f bm0wpfrsK;d udk ac:qdkjcif;jzpf\/2
"r®m½Hkpm&if;0if okckr½kyo f bm0wpfrsK;d jzpfí yuwdrsupf ?d odyÜHu&d , d mwdkUjzihMf unhí
f
jrifEkdiaf umif;aom t&mrsK;d r[kw/f raem0dnmPf jziho f m odEkdijf rifEkdiaf umif;\/ yuwd
rsupf ?d odyÜH ud&,
d mwdkUjzihMf unhíf jrifEkdio
f nfrSm ½lyg½Hk wpfrsK;d om jzpf\/ o'´g½Hk? *E¨m½Hk?
&om½Hk? azm|AÁm½Hk? "r®m½HkwkdU ryg0ifay/
0oEÅd pdwåapwodum {w¬mwd 0w¬K=pdwaf pwoduw f kdU\ wnfae&mt&yfonf
0w¬Krnf\/ [',ar0 0w¬K [',0w¬K=ESvk;H om;&Sd obm0wpfrsK;d jzpfaom wnfae&m½ky?f

1/ bd? |? 1/ 28/ 2/bd? |? 2/ 228/ 0dok'¨?d 1/ 248/ tbd? 0dbm0deD? 198/

 -35-

pdwaf pwoduw f Ukd wnfae&m ESv;kH om;&Sd &kyw f pfrsK;d udk [',0w¬K[k ac:\/ pdwt f aMumif;udk
"r®o*FPDygVdawmf1 ü pdwåH raem rmeoH [',H y@&H ponfjzihf a[mxm;&m
[',yk'yf g\/ twåaem obm0H [&wDwd [',H=rdr\ d oabmudk aqmifwwfaomaMumihf
pdwo f nf [',rnf\/ xdt k vdk [',ó 0w¬K [',0w¬K[w k ?JG pdw\
f wnf&m ESv;kH om;&Sd
½kyw
f pfrsK;d onf [',0w¬Krnf\/ rsupf t d Munf½kyu f kd yom'pu©K? rsuv f kH;pdkiuf kd oorÇm&
pu©K[k cGJjcm;ouJhokdU ESvHk;tMunf½kyu f kd 0w¬K[', ([',0w¬K)? ESvHk;pdkiu f kd oorÇm&
[',[k cGJjcm;odtyf\/
þodkU [',0w¬K½kyo f abmudk twdtus azmfjyvdku&f aomfvnf; xdkxkyd gVdawmfwkUd ü
]][',0w¬K}}[k wdku½f kduaf [mMum;xm;rI r&S/d "r®o*FPD ½lyu@ygVdawmfonf ½kyEf Sihf
ywfoufvQif tjynfhpHkqHk; a[mxm;aom ygVdawmfjzpf\/ xdkygVdawmfüaomfrS vHk;0
a[mxm;jcif;r&S/d odUk aomf xdx
k ykd gVdawmfrsm;udk oJveG pf jyKí þ0w¬K½yk w
f pfrsK;d &Sx
d u
kd af Mumif;
udk t|uxm #Dum q&mwdkU xyfwlnDrQ ,lqcJhMu\/
tm*r,kwåd
]],H ½lyH edóm, raem"mwkp raem0dnmP"mwkp 0wåEÅ?d wH ½lyH raem"mwk,mp
raem0dnmP"mwk,mp wHorÜ,kwåumeÍö "r®meH edó,ypöa,e ypöa,m}} [laom
ypö,eda'´o y|mef;ygVdawmf2 onf 0w¬K½kyw f pfrsK;d &Sad Mumif; cdkivf Hkaom tm*r,kwåd
taxmuftxm;yif jzpf\/ xdkygVdawmfu ]]tMuif½kyu f kdrSDí raem"mwfESihf raem0dnmP
"mwfwkUd jzpfMuuke\ f / xdkraem"mwf raem0dnmP"mwfEiS t fh wl ,SObf ufapwoduw f kUd tm;
xdk½kyu
f edó,owåjd zihf aus;Zl;jyK\}}[k ñTejf y\/ þñTejf ycsut f & pu©K0dnmPf\rSD&m
pu©K0w¬K? aomwçCmeçZd0Sgçum,0dnmPfwkdU\ rSD&m aomwçCmeçZd0Sgçum,0w¬Krsm;
&So
d uJhokdU xdkUtwl raem"mwf raem0dnmP"mwfwkdU\ rSD&m 0w¬K½kyw f pfrsK;d &So
d nf[k
,lq&ay\/
xdkYjyif xdky|mef;ygVdawmfBuD;üyif ]]0w¬K}}[laom a0g[m&jzihf 0w¬K½kywf pfrsK;d
&Sad Mumif;udk xdkxkdae&mwdkUü a[mxm;onfukdvnf;aumif;? rdvEd ´yO§mygVdawmfü ]][',
0w¬K}}[laom a0g[m&jzihf twdtusa[mxm;onfukdvnf;aumif; awGU&½HkrQru xdkxkd
t|uxm#DumwdkUüvnf; ]]0w¬K}}[laom a0g[m&jzihf awGU&onhftjyif ]][',
0w¬K}}[laom a0g[m&jzihf twdtus rdeUf qkdxm;onfukdyif awGU&\-
- cE¨m 0w¬Kó o[Zmwypöa,e ypöa,m? 0w¬K cE¨meH o[Zmwypöa,e
ypöa,m/ (yO§m0g&? y|mef;ygVdawmf3 )

1/ bd? 1/ 18/ 2/ bd? 8/ 5/

3/ bd? 8/ 140/
 -36-

- wó twd a yare 'k u © d w ó Av0aomaum OyÜ Z Æ d ? [',0w¬ K

OPSra[mod/ (a0óEÅ&0*¾? rdvEd ´yO§mygVdawmf1)
- {w¬ p ½lyEÅd [',0w¬Krwåar0 t"dayÜwH? wO§d emróç emrÍö wó
tnrnH o[Zmwypö,|H z&wd/ (ypö,eda'´o? y|mef;t|uxm2)
- ½lydaem "r®m t½lyDeH "r®meEÅd [',0w¬K pwkEéH cE¨meH/(ypö,eda'´o?
y|mef;t|uxm3)
- ,H ½lyH edóm,mwd 0w¬K½lyH oE¨m, 0kwåH/ (ypö,eda'´o? y|mef;t|uxm4)
- raem"mwk raem0dnmP"mwleH edó,vu©PH [',0w¬K (0dok'¨dr*¾
t|uxm5)
- [',Íö wH 0w¬Kpç [',ó 0g raem0dnmPó 0w¬K [',0w¬K/
(0dok'¨d r*¾r[m#Dum6)
- 0w¬Ko*Fa[ 0w¬Led emr pu©K aomw Cme Zd0Sg um, [',0w¬K apwd
qAÁ"d med b0EÅ/d (yudPu
Ö y&dapä'? tbd"r®w¬o*F[)
- [',0w¬K [',½lyHemr/ (½lyy&dapä'? tbd"r®w¬o*F[)
- *AÇao,suowåmeH ye um, bm0 0w¬K'ouocFgwmed wDPd 'oumed
ygwk b0EÅ/d (½lyy&dapä'? tbd"r®w¬o*F[)
þygVdawmft|uxm#Dumrsm;t& tm*r,kwåt d m;jzihf 0w¬K½kyf wpfrsK;d &Sad Mumif;ESihf
xdk0w¬K½kyrf Sm [',0w¬K½kyjf zpfaMumif; aumufcsucf sEkdiaf y\/
obm0,kwåd
tm*r,kwåt d m;jzihf 0w¬K½kyf wpfrsK;d &Sad Mumif; odtyfouJhokdU obm0,kwåt d m;jzihf
vnf; pdppfMunho f ih\
f / raem"mwf raem0dnmP"mwfwkdUtwGuf rSDp&m 0w¬K½kyw f pfrsK;d
vdktyfonfrSm trSeyf ifjzpf\/ ½ky(f 28)yg;udk pdppfMunhaf omtcg r[mbkw(f 4)yg;rSm
,if;wdkU\ rSD&mrjzpfEkdi/f taMumif;um; r[mbkww f kdUukd Oyg'g½kyrf sm;u rSDNyD;jzpfaom
aMumihw
f nf;/ Oyg'g½ky(f 24)yg;wGivf nf; tedyEæ ½é ky(f 10)yg;wdkUrmS txnfuk, d f xif&mS ;&Sad om
y&rwftppf½kyrf sm; r[kwaf omaMumihf ¤if;wdkUukd pdppfzG,f rvdkawmh/ edyæEéOyg'g½kyf
(14)yg;wdkUukdom pOf;pm;&m\/
xdkeyd æEé½ky(f 14)yg;wGif pu©K aomw Cme Zd0Sg um,[laom yom'½ky(f 5)yg;rSm
pu©K 0dnmPf paom 0dnmP"mwf(5)yg;wdkU\ rSD&mjzpfaomaMumihf ¤if;yom'½ky(f 5)
yg;vnf; rjzpfEkdi/f ½ly o'´ *E¨ &o tm[m& ½ky(f 5)yg;vnf; rjzpfEkdi/f taMumif;rSm
1/ rdvEd ´? 273/ 2/ bd? |? 3/ 365/ 3/ bd? |? 3/ 365/
4/ bd? |? 3/ 367/ 5/ 0dok'¨?d 2/ 77/ 6/ 0dok'¨d? #D? 2/ 88/
 -37-

xdk½ky(f 5)yg;wdkUonf cE¨mudk,rf S tjyifyüvnf; jzpfaeMuaomaMumihw f nf;/ ZD0w d ½kyrf Sm

wuGjzpfbuf ½kyw f &m;rsm;udk apmihaf &Smuf&jcif; udpwö pfrsK;d &SNd yD; jzpfaomaMumihf ¤if;vnf;
rjzpfEkid /f bm0½ky(f 2)yg; r&Sad om eyHk;y@KufwkUd oEÅmefrmS vnf; raem"mwf raem0dnmP"mwf
rsm; jzpfaeaomaMumihf ,if;bm0½kyf (2)yg;udk rrSDaMumif;rSm odomxif&Sm;\/ xdkYaMumihf
xdqk t
kd yfNyD;aom edyEæ ½é yk (f 13)yg;tjyif "mwf ESpyf g;\ rS&D m edyEæ Oé yg'g½kywf pfrsK;d &So
d ihaf Mumif;
odxkdu\ f / xdkeyd æEéOyg'g½kyf wpfrsK;d um; [',0w¬Kyif jzpfawmh\/ þodkUaom obm0
,kwåt d m;jzihvf nf; [',0w¬K½kyf wpfrsK;d &So d ihaf Mumif; aumufcsucf sEkdiaf y\/
qdkco hJ nht
f wdki;f 0w¬K½kyw d ihv
f pfrsK;d &So f Qif "r®o*FP½D yl u@ygVdawmfü tb,haf Mumihf
ra[moenf;¿ tajzum; "r®o*FPD½lyu@ygVdawmfüum; - {uu 'ku wdurSpí
{um'ouwdkiaf tmif ½kyw f kdUukd tkypf kvkduf a0zefykdi;f jcm; a[mMum;awmfrl&mwGif q|
tm&r®P'kua'oem ysuzf G,&f m&Sad omaMumihf wGJzufq|0w¬K'kua'oemudkyg csev f Syf
xm;&í 0w¬K½kyq f kdi&f m a[mMum;awmfrrljcif; jzpfav\/1 us,0f ef;rnfpkd;í tus,cf sJU
rjyawmhNyD/
"mwf(7)rsK;d ESih0f w¬K½ky(f 6)rsK;d
edó, ypö,eda'´o? y|mef;ygVdawmft& pdww f kdU\rSD&m 0w¬K½kyo f nf (6)rsK;d &S&d m
pdw(f 89)rsK;d wdkUu 0w¬K½ky(f 6)rsK;d wdkUü rSDyHkukd uGJuGJjym;jym; od&SEd kdi&f ef "mwf(7)rsK;d ESihf
0w¬K½ky(f 6)rsK;d cGJjcm; wGJpyfí þodkU rSwo f m;tyfyg\-
(1) pu©K0dnmP"mwf(pu©K0dnmPfpw d f 2-rsK;d ) = pu©K0w¬K
(2) aomw0dnmP"mwf(aomw0dnmPfpw d f 2-rsK;d ) = aomw0w¬K
(3) Cme0dnmP"mwf(Cme0dnmPfpw d f 2-rsK;d ) = Cme0w¬K
(4) Zd0Sg0dnmP"mwf (Zd0Sg0dnmPdpw d f 2-rsK;d ) = Zd0Sg0w¬K
(5) um,0dnmP"mwf(um,0dnmPfpw d f 2-rsK;d ) = um,0w¬K
(6) raem"mwf(yÍö'Gg&m0ZÆe;f +orÜ#pd äKd if; pdwf 3-rsK;d )
= [',0w¬K
(7) raem0dnmP"mwf(usepf w d f 76-rsK;d )
"mwf(7)rsK;d [laom pdw(f 89)rsK;d wdkU\ wnf&mudk rsupf ?d em;? ESm? vQm? udk,?f
ESvHk; [lí (6)ae&mtm;jzihf rSwo f m;&m\/ rsupf t d Munf? em;tMunf? ESmacgif;tMunf?
vQmtMunf? udk,t f Munf? ESvHk;tMunftm;jzifh ½kyof bm0w&m;(6)yg;jzpf\/ þwGif
pdw[
f kqkdaomfvnf; ,SOb f ufapwodurf sm; yg0ifonf[lívnf;aumif;? [',0w¬Kü

1/ 0dok'¨?d #D? 2/ 97/ tbd? 0dbm0deD? 198/

 -38-

rSDaompdwu f kd omreftm;jzihf (79)rsK;d jyxm;aomfvnf; ½kyw f &m;r&Sad om t½lybHkrSmom

jzpfavh&oSd nfh t½ly0dyguf(4)rsK;d rygEdkio
f jzihf (75)rsK;d jzpfonf[lívnf;aumif; jznhpf uG f
rSwo f m;&m\/
rSDyHkrSDenf;
0w¬K½kyrf sm;udk pdwrf sm;u rSDonfqkd&mü t&m0w¬KwpfckESiw hf pfck csw
d qf uf txuf
atmuf axmufwnftrSDjyKouJhokdU taumiftxnf j'yfyHk&yd t f m;jzihf rSDjcif;rsK;d r[kw/f
0w¬K½kyrf sm;&Sí d pdwrf sm;jzpfEkdijf cif;udk qdkvkdjcif; jzpf\/ Oyrm q&mrdbwdkU\ trSDukd&í
wynho f m;orD;rsm; BuD;yGm;&onfqkdaom avmuobm0jzpfpOfü wynhrf sm;u q&mudk
zufwG,af ejcif;r[kw/f om;orD;rsm;u rdb&ifcGix f JrSm rSDuyfaejcif;r[kw/f q&mrdbESihf
wynho f m;orD;rsm; wpftrd pf D aexdkiMf uaomfvnf; q&mrdbudk taMumif;jyKí? q&mrdb\
oGeo f ifñeT jf y Oyedó,taxmuf tyHu h k&d í wynho f m;orD;rsm; BuD;yGm;&jcif;udk qdkvkjd cif;
jzpfouJhodkUwnf;/
xif&Sm;atmifqkd&vQif vlom;b0 y#doaE¨wnfpü y#doaE¨pw d uf av;ESiht
f wl
,SOaf zmf,SOzf uf apwodurf sm;? um, bm0 0w¬K'ou½kyrf sm; yg&Sad v&m xdkrS [',
0w¬K½ky\ f trSDukd&í [',0w¬K½ky&f Sad eí y#doaE¨pw d u
f av; jzpfay:&\/ tqufquf
b0ifponfph w d rf sm;vnf; jzpfMu&\/ pdwu f [',0w¬KESvkH;xJ a&mufomG ;NyD; (odkUr[kw)f
ESvk;H xJrmS pdw&f adS eNyD; ESvk;H xJrS pdwu
f xçjzpfjcif;rsK;d r[kw/f ESvk;H xJrS pdwuf xçjzpfonf
[k ,lqvQif oów'd|o d abm oufa&mufoGm;\/ [',0w¬K½kyu f kd taMumif;jyKí?
[',0w¬K½ky\ f taxmuftyHhukd &íom pdwjf zpf&onf[k ,l&m\/ tu,fíom [',
0w¬K½kyrf &Svd Qif y#doaE¨pw d u f av; jzpfcGihrf &av&m/ þoabmudk y|mef;w&m;awmft&
[',0w¬K½kyu f y#doaE¨pw d uf av;tm; edó,owåjd zihf aus;Zl;jyKonf[k qdk&\/
pmawGUjzihf pdppfjcif;
pdwof nf OD;aESmufrSm wnfovm;¿ ESvHk;rSm wnfovm;¿ þ'dG[oHo, 0d0g'
uGJjym;rIukd ½IaxmihEf Spcf krS pdppfrI jyKygtHh/ ½IaxmihEf Spcf krSm pmawGUESihv
f ufawGUjzpf\/
pmawGUoabmt& pdwo f nf OD;aESmufrSm rwnfaMumif;udk aumif;pGm odEkdi\ f / vlUb0
jzpfpOfjzihf ½Iqifjciftyfyg\/ vlom;cE¨m jzpfwnfvmaomtcg OD;aESmuftpdwt f ydki;f
ray:ao;rDuyif pdwjf zpfaeonfukd awGU&\/ vlom;cE¨m pwifonfrS tqifhqihf BuD;xGm;
vmyHkukd jrwfAk'¨u oH,kwyf gVdawmfü þodkU ñTejf yawmfrlcJh\-
yxrH uvvH a[mwd? uvvm a[mwd tAÁK'H/
tAÁK'g Zm,aw ayod? ayod edAÁwåaw Caem/
Cem yomcg Zm,EÅ?d auom avmrm ecgydp1
1/ oH? 1/ 208/ oH? |? 1/ 274//
 -39-

þñTejf ycsut f & y#doaE¨wnfpü vlom;onf uvva&Munfuav;rQom jzpf\/

y#doaE¨pw d ?f apwodu?f ½kyu f vmyf 3-pnf;(½kyaf ygif; 30)jzihf vlUb0 pwifjcif;jzpf\/
xdkrS txnfukd,o f abm&Sad om ½kyu f vmyf 3-pnf;(½kyf 30)udkyif ]]uvva&Munf}}[k
1
ac:qdkjcif; jzpf\/ xdkuvva&Munfuav;\ yrmPudk ,ifi,fwpfaumif wpfcg
aomufavmuf½kHrQ[k qdk\/ wpfenf;tm;jzihf qHyifwpfyifukd qDwiG Ef pS í f q,f,al omtcg
xdkqyH ifuav; xdyzf sm;ü wifuseaf eaom qDaygufuav;rQ[kqk\ d /2 y#doaE¨pw d uf av;\
jzpfay:csed of nf wpfpuúeUf umv\ tpdwaf ygif; uka#wpfoed ;f rS wpfpw d pf m umvrQom
MumaomaMumihf tvGet f pGr;f xufonhf odyu
HÜ &d ,
d mjzihaf omfrv
S nf; ,if;udk zrf;,lMunh½f &I ef
rjzpfEkdiaf cs/
xdkuvva&Munfuav; oaE¨wnfonfrS (7)&ufcefUMumaomtcg tjr§KyfyGuf
uav; jzpfvm\/ wpfzef(7)&ufcefUMumaomtcg eDeDawG;awG; tom;wpfuav;tjzpfokdU
a&muf\/ xdkYaemuf (7)&ufcefUMumvQif rmrmcufcuf wpfcJeuf tom;uav;tjzpf
ajymif;vJvm\/ xdkrSaemuf (7)&ufcefU ta&mufwGif OD;acgif;? ajcESpb
f uf? vufESpb
f uf
[laom cufrig;jzm ay:aygufvmzdkY tzkuav;ig;ck ay:vm\/ cufrig;jzm ay:vmí
(7)&ufcefUMumvQif oaE¨om; uav;onf 5-owåm[ (7-&uf 5-vD)35-&uf touf&Sd
avNyD/
þodkUtm;jzihf 35-&ufMumrS OD;aESmufwnf&m OD;acgif;tpdwt f ydki;f ay:vmjcif;jzpfí
pdwo f nf xdkUxuftcsed af pmNyD; y#doaE¨wnfp OD;aESmufray:rDuyif y#doaE¨pw d ?f b0ifpw
d ?f
um,0dnmPfpw d f ponhf taetm;jzihf jzpfaeaomaMumihf rnfokdUrQ OD;aESmufrSm wnfjcif;
rjzpfEkdi&f m/ tu,fí OD;aESmufrSmwnfonf[k tcdkit f rm,ljim;tHh/ OD;aESmufray:rDuyif
jzpfESihf aeaom y#doaE¨pw d ?f b0ifpwd ?f um,0dnmPfpw d f ponfwkdUonf rSD&mwnf&m
r&S[
d laom t"dyÜm,foabm oufa&mufav&m\/ trSet f m;jzihf pdwrf nfonf rSD&mwnf&m
r&Sbd J jzpfEkdiaf umif;onf r[kw/f
OD;aESmufray:ao;í xdkpw d rf sm; rjzpf[k ,lvQifvnf; oaE¨om;onf rnfokdUrQ
touf rqufEkdiaf v&m/ oaE¨om;uav;rSm vIy&f Sm;vmcsed u f srQ touf0ifvmonf
[k vnf;aumif;? touf0ifcsed u f srS vIy&f Sm;vmonf[kvnf;aumif; tcsKUd yk*K¾d vfrsm; ,lq
ajymqdkaeMuonfrSm tbd"r®moabmudk rod½HkrQru oów'd|o d abm oufa&mufaeyg
aomaMumihf txl;yif qifjciftyfyguke\ f / trSepf ifppf uvva&Munf oaE¨wnfpuyif
½kyZf D0w
d emrfZD0wd yg&Sad eí xdkumvrSmyif oaE¨om;onf touf&aSd eNyD[k rSw, f ltyf\/

1/ tbd? 0dbm0deD? 214/ 2/ bd? |? 2/ 20/

 -40-

OD;aESmufray:rDu jzpfESihaf eaom pdww f kdUwGif y#doaE¨pw d ?f b0ifpw d w

f kdUonf
raem0dnmP"mwfrsm; jzpfMuí um,0dnmPfpw d of nf um,0dnmP"mwfjzpf\/ y#doaE¨
pdwEf iS t
fh wl jzpfay:cJah om ½kyu f vmyf 3-pnf;(½kyf 30)wGif um,0w¬K½ky?f [',0w¬K½kyw f kUd
yg0ifMu\/ y#doaE¨pw d ?f b0ifpw
d w
f kdUu [',0w¬K½kyu f kdrSDMuí um,0dnmPfpw d u f
um,0w¬K½kyu f kd rSDav\/ [',0w¬K½kyo f nf a&SUü jyqdkcJhonht f wdki;f pdw(f 89)rsK;d wGif
(75)rsK;d aom pdww f kd\ rSD&mwnf&m jzpfí pdwt f rsm;qHk; trSDcH&aom 0w¬K½kyjf zpf\/
0w¬K½ky(f 6)rsK;d rSvJí G pdw\ f wnf&m tjcm; t&m0w¬K&So d nf[lí usr;f *efrsm;ü tqdkr&Sad cs/
pdw(f 89)rsK;d wdkUwiG f qdki&f mqdki&f m pdwuf qdki&f mqdki&f m 0w¬K½kyu
f kdom rSDí jzpfaom
aMumihf OD;aESmufukd rSDíjzpfaom pdw[ f lí oD;jcm;pdww f pfrsK;d tvsO;f yif r&Sad cs/ pdw[f k
qdkojzihf qdki&f mapwodut f rsK;d rsK;d vnf; yg0ifaMumif; xyfavmif;í odaptyfyg\/ 0w¬K½kyf
(6)rsK;d wdkU\ wnfae&mudk usr;f *efrsm;ü cE¨mudk,t f pdwtf ydki;f ae&mwdwu d susjzihf owfrw S f
jyqdkxm;NyD;jzpf\/ [',0w¬K½ky\ f wnfae&mudk ESvk;H om;\ tv,f[k usr;f *efvmtwdki;f
a&SUü jyqdkcNhJ yD; jzpf\/ pdwo f nf [',0w¬K½kyaf y: wnfrí DS jzpfojzihf pdwof nf ESvk;H rSmom
wnfaMumif; odtyfyg\/ þodkUaom pmawGUoabmt& pdwo f nf OD;aESmufrSm rwnf
aMumif;? ESvHk;rSmom wnfaMumif; aumif;pGm odEkdiaf y\/
vufawGUjzihf pdppfjcif;
ESvHk;om;üwnfaom [',0w¬K½kyrf S pdwjf zpfyHkukd vufawGUcHpm;csut f &vnf;
odEkdi\f / wpfcgwpf&H xdwv f efUwkevf Iyjf cif;? a'goBuD;jcif;? tvGet f rif; 0rf;omjcif;?
tHhMojcif;wdkU jzpfaomtcg ESvHk;wke&f ifcHkMu&\/ pdwaf omua&mufaomtcg? pdwzf pd D;rI
rsm;aomtcg &ifxJ ylylavmifavmif cHpm;Mu&\/ 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;om jzpfaomtcg?
tm;&auseyfrI&Sad omtcg? pdwpf uf Munfvifaomtcg &ifxJat;jrjcif;udk cHpm;Mu&\/
pdwv f Iy&f Sm;rItay: rlwnfí &ifxJü ylavmifjcif;? at;jrjcif;wdkUukd vufawGUcHpm;Mu&\/
þodkUaom pdwjf zpfpOfESihEf SvHk;wdkU qufpyfrIt& ESvHk;rS pdwjf zpfyHkukd odEkdiyf g\?
xdkxkd Zmwf? edygwf? avmujzpf&yfwkdUü pdwx f cd kduNf yD; ½l;oGyjf cif;? &ifuGJemus
aoyG0J if&jcif;? 0rf;omvHk;qdkUaojcif;wdkUukv d nf; awGUjrifMum;odae&\/ taMumif; trsK;d rsK;d
aMumihf pdwf xdckduNf yD; ESvHk;uGJMu&yHkrsm;udk t|uxmwdkUü ]][',H bdE=´d ESvHk;uGJNyD}}[lí
qdkxm;onfukdvnf; ae&mtawmfrsm;rsm;wGif txift&Sm; awGU&\/ y#mpm&D(ry#m)
taMumif;udk Ak'¨bmom0ifwkdi;f vdkvkd odMu\/ vif a>rudku?f om;i,f pGecf sD? om;BuD;
a&epf? rdbESpyf g;ESihf armifBuD;wdkU avrkew f kdi;f aMumihf tdryf ad oqHk;Mu&onfh csed u f kdu'f ku©
avmu"HviId ;f wdkucf ku
d rf 'I Pfukd r½IrvSc&H aom y#mpm&D(ry#m)onf b0ifEv S k;H n§Kd ;csKH ;yHkus
t½l;rb0odkU a&muf&av\/
 -41-

bk&m;tavmif; awmxGucf ef;wGiv f nf; tavmif;awmfonf zGm;zufawmf(7)yg;0if

qEé? u@uwdkUESiht f wl awmxGuaf wmfrl&m taemfrmjrpfurf;odkUta&muf &[ef;jyKawmf
rlNyD;aemuf qEétrwftm; uydv0wfaejynfawmfokUd jyefz&kYd ef trdeUf ay;oHukd u@ujrif;awmf
Mum;odojzihf rdrtd &Sio
f cifESihf cGJ&rnht f csuaf Mumifh pdwrf oufrom &ifuGJemusum
pkaw&&Smav\/ þonfwkUd rmS pdwcf pH m;rIEiS fh ESvkH;xdcku
d rf w
I kUd tquftpyf&ydS kH xif&mS ;aom
om"ursm;yifjzpf\/ rdrw d kdU udk,af wGUcHpm;rIjzihv
f nf; ½Iqifjciftyfyguke\ f /
bmom#Dum usr;f jyKtausmf q&mawmft&SiZf eumbd0Hou ol\ odyÜHtjrifESihf
Ak'¨tbd"r®m tajzpmtkyüf ]][',0w¬KwdkU OD;aESmufwkdU &Sv d kdUom pdwaf wGjzpf&aMumif;?
OD;aESmufvkdU yHkrSef r,lqaMumif;? uAE¨Kd Nydwåmqdkwm OD;acgif;rygaMumif;? ¤if;rSm OD;acgif;
rygbJ pdwjf zpfaeaMumif;? wpfcgwav 'de;f ceJqkd&if 'DxJu(&ifxJu) todjrefovdkvkd
bmvdkvkd &Sad eaMumif;? 'gaMumihf bke;f BuD;wdkUu([',0w¬Kudk)vufcHxm;wmjzpfaMumif;}}
rdeUf Mum;awmfrx
l m;onfukd avhvmrSwo f m;&\/ þrdeUf Mum;csuu f vnf; ]]pdwo f nf ESvk;H rSm
wnfaMumif;}}aumif;aumif; axmufcHaeyg\/
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oHk;oyfjcif;w&m;awmf a[mMum;&mürl [',0w¬KESihyf wfoufí y|mef;ygVdawmfü 0w¬K
[líom a[mMum;aMumif;? t|uxmq&mu [',xnhí f [',0w¬K[k rdeUf qkdaMumif;?
[',=pdw+f 0w¬K=wnf&m? [',0w¬K=pdw\ f wnf&mjzpfaMumif;? ESvHk;om;udk r&nfñeT ;f
aMumif;? 0rf;enf;0rf;omqdkvQif &ifbwfxí d pdwnf pfvQif awG;awmBuHqvQif acgif;ukwf
avh&adS Mumif;? ,H ½lyH edóm, [k omreftm;jzihf ½ky[ f í
l om a[mMum;aMumif;? OD;aESmufEiS fh
ESvHk;om;Mum;rSm pdwfjzpfonf[k,lvQif tqifajyEdkifaMumif;? pdwfay:onhfae&monf
ESvHk;om;ESihOf D;aESmuf wpfckckjzpfEkdiaf Mumif; ponfjzihf a[mMum;xm;onfukd avhvm
rSwof m;&\/
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0dnmPfpw d ?f Cme0dnmPfpw d ?f Zd0Sg0dnmPfpwd ?f um,0dnmPfpw d w
f kdU\ wnf&mrsm;rSm
pu©K0w¬K? aomw0w¬K? Cme0w¬K? Zd0Sg0w¬K? um,0w¬K[lí oD;jcm;pD&aSd eojzihf pdwo f nf
OD;aESmufESihf ESvHk;om;rSm wnfonf[kqkdvQif jynhpf Hkrnfr[kwb f J rsupf ?d em;? ESm? vQm?
udk,?f ESvHk; [laom 0w¬K½ky(f 6)yg;rSm wnfonf[k qdkrS jynhpf Hkrnfjzpf\/ xdkwGif
[',0w¬K(ESvHk;)rSmwnfaom pdwu f trsm;qHk;jzpf\/
ESvHk;ESihpf yf odrSwzf G,&f m
pdw\ f ESvHk;rSmwnfrIESihyf wfoufí ESvHk;cGJpw
d u
f kojcif;? ESvHk;tpm;xdk;ukojcif;?
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 -42-

olrsm;vnf; &S\ d / xdkokdUaom aq;0g;ukorI cHxm;&olrsK;d wGif pdwo f nf tb,fokdUvQif

ESvHk;rSm wnfrnfenf;[k apm'uwufjcif;jzpf\/ ESvHk;tdrftwGif; ykef;nufaphcefU
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ESvHk;aoG;&Sv
d Qif ESvHk;½ky&f So
d nfom jzpfaomaMumihf rnfonfhenf;jzihrf qdk ESvHk;ukorI
cHxm;&oljzpfapumrl ESvHk;aoG;&Sad eí pdwo f nfESvHk;rSm wnfEkdio
f nfom jzpf\/
jrefrmpum;ü ]]vuf½Hk;&nfESvHk;&nf}}[laom toHk;tEIe;f &S\ d / jrefrmtbd"mefü
pdwEf SvHk;ESihq
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BuD; Anm;'vu ]]uREfkyo f nfum; vuf½Hk;&nf jynh0f ojzihf ppfrIxrf;&ef toih&f Syd g\/
tMum;tjrif A[kokw udk,u f sihw
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fh í S k;H }}[k wGiu
f s,pf mG
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jzpfaMumif;? ESvHk;om;rSm bk&m;&Si\ f w&m;awmfrsm; wnfatmif vky&f rnfjzpfaMumif;
a[mMum;awmfrlvkd&if; jzpf\/
refvnfq&mawmfbk&m;BuD;uvnf; rCa'0ü ]]ynmjynhf0? ESvHk;vSaomf?
udpöBuD;i,f? aqmufozG,v f Qif? usO;f us,x
f iG ;f azmuf? jzwfawmufvkd&m? NyD;Edkipf mG \}}[k
rdeUf qkdxm;\/ þü ynmjynh0f onhf ESvHk;onf vS\[lí t"dyÜm,f&\/ xdkokdUaom
ynmjynh0f onhf ESvHk;&Sad omf udpöBuD;i,ftoG,o f G,f NyD;ajrmuf\[k ñTe;f qdkawmfrlvkd&if;
jzpf\/ þrCa'0tqdkt& ynmonf (0g)ynmOD;pD;aom pdwo f nf ESvHk;rSmwnfonf[k
aumuf,lEdkifay\/ þtcsufrsm;uvnf; pdwfonf ESvHk;rSmwnfaMumif; aumif;pGm
axmufcv H suf &Syd g\/ orx0dyóem bm0emjzihf udk,w f kid f ½Irw
S yf mG ;rsm; Munhjf cif;tm;jzihf
vufawGUxifxif ydkí tjrif&Si;f av&m\/
 -43-

yihuf lyrm odp&m

t|omvdeDt|uxm\ tqdktrdefUu ]]pdwfonf ESvHk;rSmwnfonf}}[laom
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(ESvHk;)ESihf cE¨mudk,wf pfckvHk;wGif tyfwpfzsm;pmrQ uGuv f yfr&Sd qufpyfysHUESHUvsuf &S\ d /
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d ?f vsuo f pd w
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0w¬K)ü wnfaom b0ifpw d u
f xçvmNyD; jrifopd w d u
f kd jzpfay:ap\/ qufvufí pu©K
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d ?f
vsuo f pd w
d ?f xdopd w d f wpfrsK;d rsK;d udk jzpfay:ap\/ qufvufí qdki&f mqdki&f m aomw?
Cme? Zd0Sg? um,'Gg&du0Dxpd w d rf sm; wef;pDjzpfMu\/ xdkYaemuf ESvHk;tMunfü b0ifpw d f
jzpfNrJjzpfae\/
þodkUtm;jzihf b0ifpdwfonf ESvHk;tMunf([',0w¬K)ü wnfNyD; taMumif;
tm;avsmpf Gm rsupf t
d Munf? em;tMunf? vQmtMunf? udk,t
f MunfwkdUrSwpfqihf jrifopd w
d ?f

1/bd? |? 1/ 318/
 -44-

Mum;odpw d ?f eHopd w
d ?f vsuo f pd w
d ?f xdopd w
d w
f kdUukd jzpfay:ap\/ þodkUvQif b0ifpw
d Ef Sihf
BuHord I raem0dnmPfpw d w
f kUd onf ESvk;H tMunf([',0w¬K)ü wnfNyD; tqufrjywf wpf&pyf
jzpfysuaf eMuav\/
[',0w¬K½ky\ f tjcm;0w¬K½kyrf sm;ESihf qufpyfjzpfyHkukd t|omvdeDt|uxm1ü
þodkU rdeUf qkdxm;ao;\ ]]{auuH tm&r®PH 'DGok 'DGok 'Gga&ok tmygxrm*päw?d
½lyg&r®PH [d pu©Kyom'H Ca¥wGm wcFPan0 raem'Gga& tmygxrm*päw?d b0*Fpveó
ypöa,m a[mwDwd taw¬m}}/ tm½Hk wpfckwpfckonf 'Gg& ESpcf kESpcf kü xif\/ pu©Kyom'
(pu©K0w¬K? pu©K'Gg&)ü ½lyg½Hk xdckduaf omtcg pu©K'Gg&tjyif raem'Gg&([',0w¬KrSm
wnfaomb0if)üvnf; wpfNydKifeuf xifvsu&f S\ d / iSuw f pfaumifonf opfyifzsm;ü
em;aomtcg opfyifzsm;ü xdcdkufrdonfESihf wpfNydKifeuf atmufajrjyifrSm iSuf&dyf
xifouJo h kUd wnf;/ xdkuo
hJ kUd b0ifpw
d üf wpfNydKifeuf "mwfcku
d f xifvmjcif;aMumihf b0ifvyI f
jcif; jzpf&\/ þtqdktrdeUf t& tjcm;0w¬K½kyrf sm;udk rSí D jzpfMu&aom pdwrf sm;onfyifvQif
[',0w¬K½kyfESihf qufpyfjzpfMu&aMumif; odEdkif\/ xdkUaMumihf ]]pdwfonf ESvHk;rSm
wnfonf}}[laom ,lqcsuo f nf ydkíyif cdkirf mvsuf &S\d /
jcHKiHkoHk;oyfcsuf
[',0w¬KESiyfh wfoufí y|mef;ygVdawmfü ]]0w¬K}}[k a[mawmfr\ l / pu©m,weH?
aomwm,weH ponfjzihf pu©K0w¬K? aomw0w¬K ponfh 0w¬K½ky(f 5)yg;udk wdwu d sus
a[mawmfrlNyD; use0f w¬K½ky(f 1)yg;udk ]],H ½lyH? wH ½lyH}}[k omreftm;jzihf a[mawmfrl\/
t|uxm #Dumrsm;ü ]],H½lyH=tMuif½ky}f }qdkonfukd [',0w¬K½ky[ f k wdwu d sus zGihjf y
xm;\/ [',0w¬K½ky\ f oabm? [',0w¬K½ky\ f wnfae&mwdkUukdvnf; wdwu d sus
zGiqfh ko
d wfrwS jf yxm;\/ ,if;wdkUukd tajccHí þpmwrf;&Siu f 0w¬K½kywf pfrsK;d &So
d ihaf Mumif;?
,if;rSm [',0w¬K½kyjf zpfaMumif; tm*r,kwå?d obm0,kwåt d m;jzihf &Si;f jyxm;\/
qufvufí pdwo f nf OD;aESmufrmS wnfjcif;rjzpfEkid b
f J ESvkH;rSmom wnfEkid af Mumif;
pmawGU? vufawGUtm;jzihf &Si;f jyxm;\/ jrefrmrIe,fy,fü ]]vuf½Hk;&nf ESvHk;&nf}}
]]pdwfESvHk;}} [laom toHk;tEIef;rsm;? ]]ESvHk;om;0,f bk&m;wnf}}? ]]ynmjynhf0
ESvHk;vSaomf}} [laom rdeUf qkda[majymcsurf sm;u ]]pdwo f nf ESvHk;rSmwnfonf}}[laom
,lqcsuftwGuf axmufcHvsuf&SdaMumif; rD;armif;xdk;jyxm;\/ tjcm;0w¬K½kyfrsm;ü
wnfaom pdwfrsm;onfyifvQif [',0w¬K½kyfESihf qufpyfaeojzihf pdwf\ ESvHk;rSm
wnfaMumif; ,lqcsuo f nf ydkíyif cdkirf maMumif; yihu
f lOyrmjzihf xif&Sm;pGm &Si;f jyxm;\/

1/ bd? |? 1/ 114/
 -45-

"r®a&;&mjyóem wpf&yf&yfukd ajz&Si;f &mwGif tav;jyKz,

G &f m OD;pm;ay;tpOftvmudk
odtyfyg\/ yd#uwfusr;f *efrsm;1ü r[mya'o(4)yg; [lí þodkU vm&S\ d -
(1) okwå = ygVdawmf?
(2) okwåmEkavmr = t|uxm#Dum?
(3) tmp&d,0g' = q&mpOfquf t,ltq?
(4) twåaemrwd = rdru
d kd,yf kdit
f ,ltq?
þ(4)yg;wGif (1)ygVdawmfonf tav;tjrwf tjyKtyfqHk;jzpfí (2)t|uxm
#Dumonf 'kw, d tav;tjrwfjyKtyfaomae&mwGif &Syd g\/ [',0w¬K½kyf &Sod ihf r&So
d ih?f
pdwof nf ESvHk;rSm wnfovm;¿ OD;aESmufrSmwnfovm;¿ þjyóem&yfwkdUESihf pyfvsO;f í
þpmwrf;&Sio f nf ygVdawmf t|uxm #Dum tqdktrdeUf rsm;udk t"du tav;tjrwfjyKum
q&m? q&mhq&mwdkU\ t,ltqrsm;udk OD;xdy½f Guyf efqifvsuf þ]][',0w¬KESiphf yforQ
okawoejyKjcif;}}pmwrf;udk jyKpkxm;jcif; jzpf\/ þpmwrf;u [',0w¬K[laom
½kyw
f pfrsK;d &Sad Mumif;ESihf pdwo
f nf ESvHk;rSmwnfaMumif; tqHk;tjzwfay;yg\/
Ak'¨tbd"r®m 0dyóemynm
Ak'¨jrwfpGm tbd"r®ma'oemawmfukd a[mawmfrl&jcif;\ t"du&nf½G,cf surf Sm
þavmuü yk*¾Kd vfowå0gr&S?d toufZD0twår&S?d y&rw¬"r®om &So d nf[k jyvdkíjzpf\/
Ak'¨jrwfpGm a[mawmfrlwkdi;f aom w&m;a'oemawmfrsm;wGiv f nf; opömav;yg;rSvGwaf om
w&m;[lír&S/d tu,fí opömav;yg;rS vGwv f Qifvnf; Ak'¨jrwfpGm\ a'oemr[kw/f
Ak'¨tbd"r®ma'oemawmft& pdw\ f ESvHk;ü wnfaMumif;udk udk,wf kdi'f |d awGUjrifvkdygu
0dyóemÓPfpu©Kjzihf Munh½f I&efrSwpfyg; tjcm; r&SNd yD/ [',0w¬K½kyu f kd pl;pl;pdkupf kduf
½IrSwfaom a,m*D\ÓPfü [',0w¬K½kyfonf raem"mwf raem0dnmP"mwfwdkUudk
aqmifxm;wwfaom w&m;taejzihf xifjrifvmwwf\/2
yuwdrsupf jd zihf t&m0w¬Kudk Munhí f jrifouJhokdU 0dyóemÓPfrsupf jd zihf ESvHk;udk
Munfhí jrif\/ q&mBuD; OD;a½Tatmifu ESvHk;ü&Sdaom raemtMunfrS ½kyfemrfwdkU\
jzpfysuu f kdjrif&aMumif;? orxpGr;f tifjzihf Munho f lrsm; taejzihrf l ESvHk;ü&Sad om raem
tMunfrS ,aeU jrefrmEdkiif Hü twdwb f 0(11)b0wdkiaf tmif jrifEkdipf Gr;f aom a,m*D
wpfOD;udk udk,w f kdiaf wGUzl;aMumif; ol\ oHCmhaus;Zl;pmtkyüf a&;xm;\/ odyÜHq&mwdkU\
½ky0f w¬KrSeaf jymif;uJhokdU a,m*DwkdU\ orxrSeaf jymif;onf tm;aumif;\/ aerif;\ tvif;
a&mifonf awmufajymifouJo h kUd udavomyg;vTmaom b0ifpw d \
f tvif;a&mifonfvnf;
ydkí awmufajymifvmNyD; jriftyf&m&mudk t&Si;f om; tvif;om; jrif&ayvdrhfwum;/

1/ 'D? 2/ 103/ 'D? |? 2/ 158/ okawoeo½kyjf ytbd"mef/ 437/ 2/ 0dok'¨?d 2/ 77/

 -46-

þenf;þyHktm;jzihf pdwof nf ESvk;H rSm wnfaMumif; Ak'b

¨ momavmuü t&Si;f om;
tvif;om; xif&mS ;NyD;jzpfaeaomaMumihf pdw\f wnf&mESiyfh wfoufí y&d,wfe,fy,frmS a&m
y#dywfe,fy,frSmyg ,cifa&S;a&S;umvu wpfpHkwpf&m jyóemr&Scd Jhygacs/ þudpöESihf
ywfoufí toifpm½IolrSm jyóem&Sad eao;onfqkdygvQif tyÜemorm"dukd &&So d nftxd
oE´|d u
d *kPaf jrmuf aygufa&mifxifxif ½IqifjcifMunhjf cif;tm;jzihf xdkjyóem trSeyf if
uif;aysmufav&m\/
ed*Hk;
d 0f ifpm;zG,af umif;ojzihf [',0w¬KESiphf yforQ okawoejyKjcif; [laom
tvGepf w
þpmwrf;udk jyKpk&jcif;jzpf\/ Ak't ¨ bd"r®mudk pepfwus avhvmxm;olrsm;u odyyHÜ nmxuf
Ak'¨tbd"r®mynmu cufcJeufeJNyD; ydkí tao;pdwu f saMumif; axmufcHxm;NyD; jzpf\/
]]odyyHÜ nm\ csw D ufro I nf Ak'0¨ g'\ atmify&JG rIyifjzpfonf/ odyyHÜ nm\ topfawGU&cdS suf
rsm;onf Ak'0¨ g'tm; taumif;qHk;aom oufaojycsurf sm;om jzpfacsonf}}[k okawoe
ynm&Sif qm[&Dqif*kd;uvnf; rdeUf qkdcJhzl;\/
Ak'¨tbd"r®mynmu a&SuoGm;í odyÜHynmu aemufuvdkuaf ejcif;om jzpfaom
aMumihf odyÜHynmtm;udk;jzihf jrwfAk'¨w&m;awmfrsm;udk jyifqifygu trSm;ESihf &ifqkdi&f zG,f
&Syd gaMumif; reodum&aumif;jzihf owday;pum; ajymMum;&if; þpmwrf;udk ed*Hk;csKyf
tyfygownf;/

OD;pHoif;vdIif
1377-ck jymodkvqef;(5)&uf wGJzufygarmu©
14-1-20165 (Mumoyaw;aeU) tbd"r®y#d ur[mXme
Edkiif Hawmfy&d,wåod moemhwuúokdv(f &efuke)f
 -47-

jrefrmEkid if HESihf tbd"r®mt&aumufusr;f rsm;\ tcef;u@

t½SiZf #dv(r'kb-d 1)
t½Siyf nmeE´(r'kb-d 4)
t½Si0f &omrd(r'kb-d 5)

jrefrmEkid if HokdY tbd"r®y#d ua&muf&jSd cif;

tbd"r®y#d uonf jrefrmEkid if HokdY rnfonfhtcsed u
f pwifa&muf&cSd JhaMumif;udk ckESp?f
ouú&mZftm;jzifh twdtusrajymEkid af cs/ okaYd omfvnf; oxHkjynf? rEl[mrif;(at'D-11&mpk)
vufxufü yd#uwfokH;yHkESihf yd#uwfwwfuRrf;aom &[ef;awmfrsm;&Sad eNyDjzpfaMumif;rSm
&mZ0iftqdktm;jzifh xif&mS ;ayonf/ xkaYd Mumifh oxHkacwfjynfom;wdokY nfvnf; tbd"r®mudk
tenf;ESiht
f rsm; avhvmvdkupf m;cJhonfrSm ,HkrSm;zG,rf &Sad y/
xdkYjyif wwd,oH*g,emtNyD;wGif rZösrd a'o? yg#vdykwjf ynfrS t&Siaf omPESihf
t&SiOf wå&wdo Yk nf ok0PÖbrl o d Ykd omoemjyK <uawmfrcl MhJ uonf/ ok0PÖbrl [ d o l nf oxHek ,f
vnf; yg0ifaMumif; ynm&Sirf sm; ,HkMunf,q l MuNyD; xdktcsed u f vnf; oxHkjynfom;wdko Y nf
tbd"r®mw&m;udk emMum;cGihf &&Scd JhMuvdrhrf nf[k xifjrif,lqMu&ayonf/ rnfokdYyifqkdap
t&Siaf omPESit hf &SiOf wå&wd\Yk omoemtqufonf ok0PÖbrl üd rnfrQMumatmif wnfwchH hJ
aMumif; rSww f rf;tcdik t f rm r&Sad cs/ yd#uwfawmfrsm;onfvnf; xkad cwfu ayxuftu©&mwif
pmtkyrf sm;tjzpfokdY ra&muf&aSd o;cJhay/ xdkYaMumifh aemufykdi;f acwfwGirf S t|uxmESihw f uG
tbd"r®y#d uawmfrsm;onf oD[Vdk u f Re;f rS jrefrmEkid if H oxHjk ynfoYdk a&muf&v
dS mcJjh cif;jzpfaMumif;
xif&Sm;ayonf/
0denf;ESio
hf w
k åeyf #d uwdrYk mS bk&m;a[m[kw^f r[kwf tjiif;yGm;zG,rf &Sad omfvnf; tbd"r®
yd#uwGiu f m; tjiif;yGm;zG,f &Sad eygonf/ tb,fah Mumifq h kad omf tbd"r®y#d uonf okwåef
yd#ua'oemawmfrmS uJo h Ykd ]]{uH or,H b*0g a'a0ok 0d[&wd wm0wðaook qwåurlav
y@KurÁvodvm,H}} ponfjzifh aemufcHe'd gef;ryg&Scd JhaomaMumifhvnf;aumif;? orÜ#pd äKd ef;
oEÅD&P[laom pum;vkH;wkYo d nf [dE´Lusr;f ü yg0ifaeaomaMumifhvnf;aumif; jzpfonf/
aemufceH 'd gef; ryg&Scd &hJ jcif;rSm jrwfAk'o
¨ nf 7-0gajrmufü oEÅKodw trnf&adS om r,fawmf
rdewfom;udk taMumif;jyKum wm0wðomewfjynfokYd <ua&mufNyD;vQif pMu0Vmwdkuf
wpfaomif;rS ewfjA[®mtaygif;tm; tbd"r®ma'oemawmfukd a[mMum;onfh tjzpftysuo f nf
jrwfAk'¨vufxufawmftcgu vlYjynfESihef wfeef; a&Tvrf;aiGvrf;aygufaom acwfjzpf&um;
Ak'¨0ifESihf urÇmh&mZ0ifwkdYwGif rSww f rf;wif&efyif rvdkatmif atmufarhírNyD; csD;usL;oH
 -48-

rpJEikd af om urÇmt h zhH ,

G Bf uD;wpf&yfjzpfcahJ omaMumifh jzpfayonf/ tbd"r®ma'oemawmfonf
pMu0VmteEÅü&Sad om owå0gteEÅ\ ½kyef mrf"r® obm0tm;vH;k jcHKirkH ad tmif azmfjyxm;onfukd
nTejf yEkid pf rG ;f &Sad om ÓPfawmfonf jrwfAk'\ ¨ oAÁnKwÓPfawmfomvQijf zpfaomaMumifyh if
jzpfonf/
tbd"r®y#d uwGif "r®o*FPDç 0dbif;ç "mwkuxmç yk*¾vynwfç uxm0w¬Kç
,rdkuçf y|mef;usr;f tm;jzifh (7)usr;f yg0ifaomfvnf; t&aumufusr;f rsm;rSm rmwdum
t&aumufç "mwkuxmt&aumufç ,rdkut f &aumufç y|mef;t&aumufav;usr;f om
&Syd gonf/

t&aumuf\t"dyÜm,f
t&aumufqkdonfrSm tbd"r®mygVdawmfrsm;\ oabmç o½kyçf t"dyÜg,frsm;udk
vufjzifhaumuf,lí jyouJhokdY rdr&d & uGuu f Guu
f Gi;f uGi;f &Si;f vif;jywfom;pGm oabm
aygufem;vnfap&ef jrefrmjyefbmomjzifh pDpOfa&;om;aom usr;f udk qkv d ykd gonf/ xdkusr;f wdkY
udk rSDjirf;í q&mESihfwynfh ESpOf D;vHk;onf tbd"r®mt&aumufusr;f rsm;udk pmtkyrf udkib f J
ntcsed w f Gif oabmaygufatmif aqG;aEG;ajymjyjcif;jzifh oifMum; ydkYcscJhMuonf/ ,if;odkY
oifMum;ydcYk sjcif;udv k nf; ]]n0g}}[k ac:wGicf MhJ uonf/ xdek nf;wl pmoifom;wdt Yk m; tbd"r®m
ÓPf&ifo h efcidk rf mapvsuf Ak'w
¨ &m;awmf\ teuft"dygÜ ,fwu Ykd kd wduseufepJ mG odjrifem;vnf&ef
taxmuftuljyKcJhavonf/
xktd &aumufusr;f rsm;um; ygVdawmf&Sd oabmtm;vHk; ta&;MuD;onfrsm;udk jcHKiHk
rdatmif jrefrmpum;ajyjzifh n0gqdkpmtjzpf rusO;f rus,f pDpOfxm;jcif;jzpf\/ ,if;okYd
us,0f ef;aom tbd"r®mygVdawmfBuD;rsm;udk tcsed w f kdwkdjzifh vdk&if;tcsKyfoo
d matmif jrefrm
tbd"r®m ac: t&aumufusr;f rsm;udk pDpOfEkid cf Jhjcif;aMumif;vnf; jrwfAk'¨\ tbd"r®mudk
avhvm&mü jrefrmjynfBuD;onf wpfjcm;Ekid if Hrsm;ESihfrwl wpfrlxl;jcm; xif&Sm;cJhjcif;jzpf
avonf/
t&aumufusr;f rsm;rSm jrefrmouú&mZf (900) ausmf (&wemyl& tif;0aejynfawmf
omvGerf if;w&m;BuD;vufxufawmftcg) t&Sirf keEd a´ Cmo(awmifzv D m)q&mawmfbk&m;BuD;
rsm; acwfurS pwifwx D iG cf jhJ cif;jzpfaMumif; ordki;f u jyqdkavonf/ xkaYd emuf wpfacwfNyD;
wpfacwf t&aumufrsm; xGuaf y:vmcJhavonf/ 4if;wdkYrSm-
1/ awmifzDvmrl
2/ eef;ausmif;rl
3/ awmifbDvl;rl
 -49-

4/ xef;wyifrl
5/ Am;u&mrl
6/ anmifuefrl
7/ oJtif;rl- ponfjzifh q&mtqlqw l k\ Yd rltrsKd ;rsKd ;wdkY xGuaf y:cJMh uonf/ xdkwiG f
rmwdumt&aumufrSm Am;u&mrlç "mwkuxmt&aumufrSm oJtif;rlç ,rku d Ef Sihf y|mef;
t&aumufrSm xef;wyifrlwkdYukdom ,cktcgü toHk;jyKvsu&f MSd uayonf/
þrmwdumt&aumufum; Am;u&mrl[kqdk&aomfvnf; pifppf yXrAm;u&m
q&mawmf a&;om;onfum; r[kwaf y/ q&mawmf\wynfh urf;eD(ueD)NrdKUaus; y½d;k wH&k mG Zmwd1
(xdpk Ofu av;0grQom &Sad o;aom)t&Si0f &awaZm (1149-ckEpS )f a&;om;aomt&aumufom
jzpfayonf/ "mwkuxmt&aumufvnf; oJtif;rlqkd&apumrl rlvoJtif; omoemydkif
a&;aomusr;f pm r[kw/f oJtif;omoemydkiq f &mawmf\ wynfh t&SiZf rÁK'Dy"Z (1205-
ckEpS )f a&;aom usr;f pmjzpfonf/ xk*d P²Ed pS u
f sr;f udkrl yXrarmif;axmifomoemydkiq f &mawmf
a&;aomrlEiS hf cifBuD;aysmaf &;aomrltm;jzifh ESprf &l adS Mumif; yd#uordik ;f ESihf t|omvde*D P²w d t
Ykd &
od&&dS ayonf/

rmwdumt&aumufESih"f mwkuxmt&aumuftaMumif;
rmwdum[lonf tbd"r®mckepfusr;f wGif tpqHk;aom "r®o*FPDusr;f \ tusO;f csKyf
Oya'orQom jzpf\/ ,if;rmwdumudk y'bmZeDtzGihfESihf t|omvdeDt|uxm &Si;f vif;
csurf sm;udk rlwnfí teufjyefum t&aumufvmMuonfrmS ESpaf ygif; (300)xuf renf;ay/
jrefrmouú&mZf (1000)0ef;usif tif;0acwfrpS í rmwdum t&aumufusr;f ESihf "mwkuxm
t&aumufrsm; ay:vmcJhMu\/
rmwdumt&aumufusr;f udk a&;om;onfhq&mawmfrsm;rSm-
t&Sirf keEd ´aCmo? awmifbDvmq&mawmf? (940-1013)
t&Sit f *¾"r®? eef;ausmif;q&mawmf? (985-cefY)
t&Sit f eEÅ"Z? awmifbDvl;q&mawmf? (1034-cefY)
t&Si"f r®mbdeE´? yxrAm;u&mq&mawmf? (1144-cefY)
t&Sief E´ar"m? xef;wyifq&mawmf? (1138-cefY) wdkYjzpfonf/
"mwkuxmt&aumufusr;f udk a&;om;onfhq&mawmfrsm;rSm-
t&Sirf keEd ´aCmo? awmifbDvmq&mawmf? (940-1013)
t&Sit f *¾"r®? eef;ausmif;q&mawmf? (985-cefY)

1/ xdkxdkrlwdkYü jym;½dk;oHk;[k &Sdaomfvnf; Am;u&mq&mawmfar;wef;ac: ½Hkwifpmwrf;ü r½dk;wHk[k &Sdonf/

 -50-

t&Sit f eEÅ"Z? awmifbDvl;q&mawmf? (1034-cefY)

t&Sief E´ar"m? xef;wyifq&mawmf? (1138-cefY)
t&SiZf rÁK'Dy"Z? (1200)
t&SiZf m*&? rdk;xdq&mawmf-wdkYjzpfonf/

,rku
d çf y|mef;t&aumuf
,ckacwf pmoifom;udkif ,rdkuçf y|mef;t&aumufum; xef;wyifomoemydkif
q&mawmf t&Sief E´ar"m pD&ifawmfrlaom ,rku d çf y|mef; t&aumufESihf *P²çd tEk*P²d
trsKd ;rsKd ;wdkYukd &efukeNf rdKU? jynfvrf;? rlvy|mef;q&mawmf OD;em&'jyifqifawmfrlí tbd"Z
r[m&|*k½k aus;Zl;&Sirf pd;k &drq f &mawmfBuD;u xyfroH wk o
f if wnf;jzwf tqH;k owfawmfral om
]]rl}}jzpfonf/

awmifbDvmq&mawmf\ tbd"d r®mt&aumufusr;f rsm;

jrefrmEkid if H omoemhordki;f ü q&mtpOftquf ajymqdkrw
S o
f m;cJah om usr;f wwfyk*Kd¾ vf
tausmaf v;yg;&S\ d / xdkyk*K¾d vftausmwf kdYrSm-
1/ o'´eDwq d &mawmf &Sit f *¾0Ho
2/ rPdrOÆLq&mawmf &Sit f &d,0Ho
3/ q&mawmf0&mbdoHCemx
4/ awmifbDvmq&mawmf &Sirf keEd ´aCmo wdkYjzpfMuonf/

awmifbDvmq&mawmf rkeEd ´aCmoonf-

1/ rmwdumt&aumufusr;f ?
2/ "mwkuxmt&aumufusr;f ?
3/ ,rdkut f &aumufusr;f ?
4/ y|mef;t&aumufusr;f [lí tbd"r®mt&aumufusr;f av;apmifukd a&;om;jyKpk
cJo
h nf/ xdaYk Mumifh tjcm;aom ax&0g'Ekid if rH sm;ü r&Sad om þtbd"r®m t&aumufenf;rsm;udk
tptqHk; wDxiG jf yKpkcJhonfh awmifbDvmq&mawmfukd tbd"r®mpmay\ a&SUaqmifyk*K¾d vfMuD;
wpfyg;tjzpfjzifh txl;rSww f rf;wifxku
d af yonf/
 -51-

,rdkut f &aumufusr;f udk a&;om;aomq&mawmfrsm;rSm-

t&Sirf keEd a´ Cmo?
t&Sit
f *¾"r®?
t&Sit f eEÅ"Z?
t&Sief E´ar"m?
t&SiZf rÁK'Dy"Z?
t&SiZf m*&?
t&Sitf &dEr´ -wdjkY zpfonf/

y|mef;t&aumufusr;f udk a&;om;aomq&mawmfrsm;rSm-

t&Sirf keEd a´ Cmo?
t&Sit f *¾"r®?
t&Sit f eEÅ"Z?
t&SiÓ f P? (awmifwGi;f q&mawmf)?
t&Sief E´ar"m?
OD;'Dy?
t&SiZf rÁK'Dy"Z?
t&SiZf m*&-wdkjY zpfonf/

tusKd ;aus;Zl;
tif;0acwfwiG f ay:xGucf Jhaom tbd"r®mt&aumufusr;f rsm;\ tusKd ;aus;Zl;um;
tbd"r®ma'oemawmfBuD;\ xGe;f um;zdk&Y ef vGepf mG taxmuftuljyKcJo h nf/ xko d Ykd t&aumuf
usr;f rsm;\ tusKd ;aus;Zl;rsm;yHu
k kd tbd"Zr[m&|*k½k rpd;k &drq
f &mawmf bk&m;BuD;u atmufyg
twdki;f rdeYq
f kdawmfrlcJhavonf/
]]jynfaxmifpjk refrmEkid if t
H wGi;f ü t&aumufusr;f rsm; xifxif&mS ;&Sm;&Sad e aomaMumifh
omvQif tbd"r®momoemawmfBuD;rSm rwdrrf jrKyf ruG,rf aysmufbJ ,aeYwkdiaf tmifyif
wdk;yGm;wnfwHhaeavNyD/ rmwdumt&aumufusr;f ç "mwkuxm t&aumufusr;f ç ,rdkuf
t&aumufusr;f ç y|mef;t&aumufusr;f rsm; r&SMd uaom tjcm;ax&0g' oD[Vkd çf ,dk;',m;
Ekid if Hrsm;ü tbd"r®momoemawmfBuD;onf wnfwHhoifhoavmuf rwnfwHhEkid ?f xGe;f um;
oifhoavmuf rxGe;f um;Ekid &f Sad eMu&onf/ þtcsurf Sm pifppftm;jzifh tbd"r®momoem
awmfBuD;twGuf 0rf;enf;p&mtcsuyf if jzpfonf/ txl;tm;jzifh tbd"r®mudk BudK;pm;í
 -52-

oif,yl kcYd sMu&ef wdkuw

f eG ;f vdkygonf/ y&d,wåo d moem uG,af ysmuf&mü a&S;OD;pGm tbd"r®m
omoemawmfBuD; uG,af ysmufrnf jzpfonf/ xkaYd Mumifh tbd"r®mudk avhvmMuonfh uvsmP
ykxkZOf olawmfaumif;wdkYonfvnf; rdrw d kdYÓPftm; &So
d rQ BudK;pm;MuNyD;vQif trsm;olig
em;vnfEkid af vmufonfh tbd"r®mt&aumufusr;f rsm;udk a&;om;jzefYjzL;Muygu tbd"r®m
omoemawmfBuD;onf Mum&Snpf mG wnfwEhH ikd af yrnf/ tbd"r®momoem wnfwyhH gvQiv f nf;
Ak'¨&Siaf wmfjrwfbk&m;\ omoemwnfwHhonfyif jzpfawmhonf}} [k aus;Zl;&Sif q&mawmf
BuD;u rMumcP wynfhrsm;tm; rdeYfMum;owday;EI;d aqmfcJhygonf/
þodkYtm;jzifh jrefrmEkid if HESiht
f bd"r®mt&aumufusr;f rsm;\ tcef;u@ukd od&&Sd NyD;
t&aumufusr;f rsm;udk a&;om;awmfrMl uonfh tif;0acwf tbd"r®mt&aumufusr;f jyK q&m
awmfBuD;rsm;rSm omoemawmfü vGepf Gmaus;Zl;rsm;aom yk*¾Kd vfBuD;rsm;tjzpf rSww f rf;wif
xdkuyf gayawmhonf/

t½SiZf #dv(r'kb-d 1)
t½Siyf nmeE´(r'kb-d 4)
t½Si0f &omrd(r'kb-d 5)
 -53-

jrefrmEdkiif Hü tbd"r®moif,lavhvmrI

t½Sif0dZÆmeE´

,aeYacwf ax&0g'tbd"r®m avhvmvdkupf m;olrsm;rSm jrefrmEdkiif EH iS hf wpfenf;wpfzkHtm;jzifh

qufpyfaeolrsm;om jzpfMuonf/ jynfyEdkiif rH sm;ü tbd"r®moifMum;ydckY sorl sm;rSm jrefrmEdkiif H
om;rsm; (odkY) jrefrmEdkiif Hü y&d,wåpd mayoifMum;cJholrsm;om jzpfMuonf/ xdkYaMumifh
ax&0g' ig;Edkiif H½o Sd nfhteuf jrefrmEdkiif Honf tbd"r®mxGe;f um;&m wpfckwnf;aomEdkiif H
wpfEkdiif Htjzpf wnf½Sad eayonf/ tbd"r®ma'oemawmfjrwf wdk;wufxGe;f um;&eftwGuf
omoemh0efxrf;rsm;omru vl0wfaMumifrsm;yg acwftqufquf rdrw d kYd us&mtcef;u@u
BudK;yrf;tm;xkwcf JhMuonf/

tbd"r®y#d u aemufcHordki;f
bk&m;½Sio
f nf 7-0gajrmuf0gudk wm0wðomü uyfqakd wmfro l nf/ r,fawmfred wfom;
trSL;jyKaom ewfjA[®mtaygif;wdkt Y m; tbd"r®mw&m;awmfukd r&yfrem; 0gwGi;f oHk;vywfvkH;
a[mMum;awmfrlygonf/ aeYpOfqGr;f cHcsed af &mufvQif edr®w d &kyyf Gg;wpfqlukd rdr\
d udk,pf m;
w&m;qufvufa[mMum;&ef t"d|mefjyKawmfrNl yD;aemuf ajrmufuRe;f odkY qGr;f cH<uawmfro l nf/
xdkYaemif taemwwftkdi\ f qdyuf rf;ü qGr;f bkO;f ay;awmfrlNyD; pE´ul;awmü aeYoefYpifawmfrl
ygonf/ xdktcg t½Sio f m&dykwå&monf bk&m;½Six f H<ua&mufNyD; 0wfBuD;0wfi,fjyKawmf
rl\/ jrwfpGmbk&m;u ]]cspo f m; om&dykwå&m- þrQaomw&m;udk iga[mMum;cJhNyD}} [k
tbd"r®mw&m;udk enf;&½Hk tusO;f csKyf nTeMf um;awmfrlonf/
t½Siof m&dykwå&monf bk&m;½Six f rH S enf;&awmfrv
l Qif enf;aygif;t&mtaxmifwjkYd zifh
jzefcY sí
D bk&m;½Siaf [mawmfrt
l yfaom tbd"r®ma'oemtus,u f kd odjrifawmfr\
l / tbd"r®m
a'oemawmfukd rusO;f rus,t f v,ftvwfjzpfaomenf;jzifh rdr\ d wynfhig;&mwkYdtm;
wpfzefa[mMum;awmfrlonf/ þodkYjzifh wm0wðomewfjynfü tbd"r®ma'oemawmfukd
jrwfpmG bk&m;a[mMum;í NyD;qHk;jcif;odkY a&mufaomtcg vljY ynfüvnf; tbd"r®mw&m;awmfukd
t½Sio f m&dykwå&ma[mMum;í NyD;qHk;jcif;odkY a&muf½Syd gonf/
bk&m;½Sify&dedAÁmefpHvGefawmfrlNyD; oHk;vESifhav;&ufajrmufü tZmwowfrif;udk
trSDjyKí &[EÅmig;&mwkYdonf jrwfpGmbk&m;\w&m;awmfrsm;udk o*Fg,emwifcJhMuonf/
þo*Fg,emü "r®ESihf0ed ,[lí ESpyf kdi;f cGJ&m "r®ü tbd"r®y#d u yg0ifayonf/
 -54-

omoemESpf(100)odkYa&mufaomtcg 0ZÆDwdkif; umvmaomurif;udk trSDjyKí

t½Sifr[m,oax&f trI;jyKaom &[EÅm(700)wkdY xyfrHí o*Fg,emwifcJhMuonf/
þo*Fg,emrSm 0denf;Oya'oESifhywfoufí jzpfay:vmjcif;jzpfonf/ yxrtBudrf
o*Fg,emwifxm;onfrh t
l wdki;f vufcx
H m;í tbd"r®y#d uESihf ywfoufí xl;jcm;rSK r½Sad y/
omoemESpf 235-ckEpS w f iG o
f &D "d r®maomurif;MuD;udk trSjD yKí t½Sirf [marm*¾vyd w
k å
wdóax&f trSL;jyKaom &[EÅm wpfaxmifwkYd wwd,o*Fg,emwifcJhMuonf/ þyGJü
t½Sifr[marm*¾vdykwåwdóax&fonf bk&m;½SiftusOf;tm;jzifhxm;cJhaom rmwdum
acgif;pOfukd tus,zf Gihfqkdvsuf uxm0w¬Kusr;f udk a[mMum;awmfrlcJhonf/
wwd,o*Fg,emwifNyD;aemuf omoemESpf 236-ckESpw f iG f t½Sirf [dE´onf oD[kdVf
uRef;odkY omoemjyK<uawmfrlonf/ xdktcsed rf Spwifí oD[kdVu f Ref;ü tbd"r®mESihfwuG
yd#uwfoHk;yHkukd oifMum;tm;xkwMf uonf/ oifMum;ydkYcsyHkpepfrSm tm*Hkaqmif pepfom
jzpfonf/
omoemESpf 450-ESpfü t½Sifr[m"r®&u©dwtrSL;jyKaom &[EÅmig;&mwkdYonf
oD[kdVu
f Ref; rmwkvZeyk'f tmavmuvkP
d *f lü yd#uwfpmrsm;udk ayxuftu©&m wifawmf
rlMuonf/ tjcm;yd#uwfrsm;enf;wl tbd"r®m 7-usr;f onfvnf; ayxuftu©&mtjzpfokdY
a&muf½SdcJhonf/
omoemESpf ig;&mausmfavmufrSpí oD[dkVfuRef;ü tbd"r®mavhvmvkdufpm;rI
wdk;wufvmNyD; tbd"r®musr;f jyKyk*¾Kd vfausmrf sm; wpfyg;NyD;wpfyg; ay:xGe;f vmcJhonf/
1/ tbd"r®mt|uxmrsm;usr;f jyK t½Sirf [mAk'¨aCmo?
2/ tbd"r®mvufoef;t|uxm t½SiAf k'¨w¬?
3/ tbd"r® rlv#Dumusr;f jyK t½Sit
f meE´m ?
4/ tbd"r® tEk#Dum t½Si"f r®ygv?
5/ t½Sit
f Ek½k'¨g tbd"r®w¬o*F[usr;f jyK?
6/ tbd"r®w¬0b d m0eDac: #Dumausmuf sr;f jyK t½Sio
f kr*Fvomrd
paomusr;f jyKq&mrsm;onf xif½Sm;vSonf/

tbd"r®y#d u jrefrmjynfokdYa&muf½Syd Hk
1926-ckESpf arSmZf marmifcifb\ bk&m;ysuaf wmifuke;f rS a½Taycsyt
f csy(f 20)wdkYwiG f
tbd"r®ma'oemtcsKd U awGU½x Sd m;csut
f & tbd"r®y#d uonf yk*Hacwfrwdkirf Duyif a&muf½Sd
rnf[k cefYrSe;f &aomfvnf; ax&0g'rSww f rf;rsm;t& wwd,o*Fg,emwifyGJtNyD; t½Sif
 -55-

aomPESihf t½SiOf wå&wdkY ok0PÖbrl o

d moemjyK<ucsaD wmfrv
l monfrS tpjyKí jrefrmjynfokYd
pwifa&muf½Svd monf [k ,lqMu&rnfjzpfonf/ xdkrSwpfqifh omoemESpf 1601-ckESpf
wGif taemf&xmrif;onf yd#uwfawmfrsm;udk oxHkjynfrS yifhaqmifapcJhonf/ yk*H½Sd
&[ef;½Siv
f lwkYdonf tbd"r®y#d utyg0if yd#uwfpmayrsm;udk avhhvmoifMum;cJhMuonf/

yk*Hacwf tbd"r®mavhvmrI
e&ywdpnforl if;vufxuf aumZmouú&mZf 543-ckEpS w f iG f t½Siq
f y'rax&fonf
oD[kdVrf S pmoiftNyD; yk*HjynfokdY<uvm&m t½Sio f D0vd? t½Siw f mrvdE´? t½Sit f meE´m?
t½Si&f m[kvm trnf&aom oD[kdV&f [ef;awmf(4)yg;ygvdkuyf gvmMuonf/ xdk&[ef;awmf
rsm;ESit
hf wl tbd"r®mqdki&f m oD[kVd jf zpf ygVdbmomusr;f rsm;vnf; a&muf½v dS mrnfjzpfonf/
ouú&mZf 596-ckESpfwGif eef;wufaom uspGmrif;onf wdkif;a&;jynfa&;udk
*½krpdkufbJ om;awmftdrfa½SUrif;om;ESifhom vTJxm;NyD;vQif &[ef;oHCmawmfwdkYtm;
wpfaeYvQif pm0g 7-0gydkYcsonf/ eef;wGi;f armif;rwdkYtm;vnf; pmydkYcsonf/ eef;wGi;f ol?
eef;wGi;f om;rsm; oN*ØK[favhvm&mwGif taxmuftul&ap&ef y&rw¬AEd ´Kusr;f udk a&;om;cJh
onf/ y&rw¬AEd ´Kusr;f onf jrefrmjynf\ tOD;tqkH;aom tbd"r®mqkid &f m usr;f wpfapmif
jzpfonf/
yk*aH cwfonf ygVdy#d upmay a&mufcgpjzpfí xdpk may\tjccHjzpfaom o'´gusr;f rsm;
udk txl;tm;pdkux f m;onf/ o'´ewD pd onfh xif;½Sm;ausmMf um;aom o'´gusr;f rsm; ay:xGe;f
cJhonf/ odkYaomf yk*HacwfwGif tbd"r®mqdki&f musr;f *efwkdYukd rsm;pGma&;om;jyKpkcJhjcif;
r½Sad omfvnf; tbd"r®mpmayudkrl xufoefwuf<uaom vHkYv0D&, d jzifh oifMum;tm;xkwf
aeNyDjzpfaMumif;udk atmufazmfjyyg jzpf&yfu oufaocHvsu½f So d nf/
trsKd ;orD;rsm; tcsi;f csi;f awGUqHk&mü ]]b,frQavmufaom usr;f *efukdtm;xkwíf
b,frQavmufaom usr;f *efukd ESKwfwiG f aqmifxm;Edkiyf goenf;}} ponfjzifh wpfa,mufEiS hf
wpfa,muf aqG;aEG;ar;jref;Muuke\ f /
wpf&Ha&mtcg wpfa,mufaomtrsKd ;orD;udk ar;jref;&mwGif EdkYpkdYuav;i,f½Sad om
trsKd ;orD;u jyefíajzMum;onfrSm--
]]ighrSm uav;EdkYpdkYí uav;aESmuf,Sufojzifh rsm;pGmESKwf0,fraqmifEdkifyg/
y|mef;usr;f üvm½Sad om ukovwdurf Q yrmP½Sad om usr;f *efukdom ESKwfwGif &atmif
aqmifEkdiyf gonf}} [kajymMum;\/ (omoeA[kókwyÜumoeD -66)
 -56-

yif;,acwf ESihf tbd"r®mavhvmrI

yif;,acwfwGif tbd"r®mavhvmrItajctaerSm txl;wdk;wufvmonf/ ouú&mZf
712-721 -ckESpw f Gif eef;pHaomqifjzLav;pD;½Sio
f D[olrif;vufxuf jrpfi,fawmifbuf
yvdyt
f a½SUNrdKUopfNrdKUae t½SiOf mPudwåo
d nf t|omvdeDa,mZemygXfESihf oar®m[0daem'eD
a,mZemygXfwkdYukd a&;om;pD&ifcJhonf/ 4if;q&mawmfESihfacwfNydKif omoemhordki;f wGif
xif½mS ;onfh pwk&*FAvtrwfBuD;\ ql;wGi;f ypfq&mawmftm; ar;avQmufonfh tar;ykpäm
&wkwGi-f -
]]r&Poef? aZmig;wefvQif? vGefíckepf? tjzpfoabm? rapmavaumif;?
apmavaumif;wnf;}} [lí r&PmoEéaZmonf ig;Budrx f ufvGeí f ckepfBudraf pmaumif;
rapmaumif; ESihf ]]bk&m;jrwfreG ?f edAÁmef,leD;? ajrBuD;rdk;jyif? aumif;uifESHYo?d pkwad wmfpw
d ?f
twdwEf SiEf Si?f oHk;yg;wGiüf ? b,fvQiftm½Hk? jyKwHkbed nf;}} [lí jrwfpGmbk&m;\ pkwpd w d f
awmfonf rnfonft h m½Hkukd tm½HkjyKaMumif;..[laom tbd"r®mykpäm jyóemrsm; yg0ifvm&m
yif;,acwf tbd"r®mavhvmrItajctaeudk tuJjzwfEkdirf nf jzpfonf/

tif;0acwfü tbd"r®mavhvmrI
tif;0acwfonf yk*aH cwfü wpf[kex f k;d wdk;wufvmaom ygVdo'´gtjyif jrefrmpmay
onfvnf; ysKd UvuFm? &wk? {csi;f ponfrsm;jzifh a0a0qmqmjzpfvmcJoh nf/ jrefrmpmqdk½iS rf sm;
trsm;tjym; ay:xGe;f &macwfvnf;jzpfonf/ xdkacwf oif½kd;jyKonfhusr;f rsm;teuf-
1/ tbd"r®ygVdawmf (7)usr;f
2/ tbd"r®t|uxm (7)usr;f
3/ tbd"r®rlv#Dum
4/ tbd"r®tEk#Dum
5/ tbd"r®w¬o*F[ygXf
6/ oN*ØK[f#Duma[mif;ygXf
7/ oN*ØK[f#DumopfygXf
8/ emr½lyy&dapä'#DumopfygXf
9/ y&rw¬0ed pd ä,#DumopfygXf
10/ arm[0dapä'eDygXf paom tbd"r®mqdki&f musr;f trnfrsm; yg½So d nf/
xdkYtjyif uxm0w¬Kedó,? t|omvdeDeó d ,wdkYukdvnf; 4if;pm&if;wGif awGU½S&d
ojzifh cufcJaom tbd"r®musr;f tcsKd U\ jrefrmjyefeó
d ,rsm;yif xdkacwfwGif xGe;f um;
vmaeNyDjzpfaMumif; od½S&d onf/
 -57-

ouú&mZf (804-830) eef;pHonfh xlyg½Hk'g,um e&ywdrif;BuD;vufxufü

usr;f wwftausmf ½Sitf &d,0Hoonf
1/ t|omvdeDt|uxm \ tzGihf rPd'Dy#Dum ESihf
2/ #Dumausmf \ tzGihf rPdom&rOÆLom#DumygXfwkdYukd a&;om;cJhonf/
xdkYjyif 3/ tEk#Dumedó,udkvnf; jyKpkcJhaMumif; yd#uwfordki;f wGijf yqkx
d m;onf/
wpfzeftaemufbufveG rf if; (967-990) vufxufwiG f tif;0NrdKUrS ½Siw
f ad vmu*½k
onf-
1/ "mwkuxm#Dum0PÖemygXf
2/ ,ru0PÖem#DumygXf
3/ y|me0PÖem#DumygXf wdkYukdjyKpkcJhonf/
xdkYjyif omvGerf if; (991-1010) vufxufü awmifbDvmq&mawmf
½Sirf keEd ´aCmonf-
1/ rmwdumt&aumufusr;f
2/ "mwkuxmt&aumufusr;f
3/ ,rdkut f &aumufusr;f
4/ y|mef;t&aumufusr;f wdkYukda&;om;pD&ifcJhonf/ xdkYjyif
1/ t|omvdeDyPmr*gxmrsm;\ tzGihfjzpfaom 0Dowd0PÖemygXf ESihf
2/ oN*ØK[feó d ,usr;f wdkYukdvnf;a&;om;cJhonf/
tif;0acwfonf pmwwfayrGef t½Siaf umif;rsm; ay:xGe;f onfah cwfjzpf&m tbd"r®m
ydki;f qkid &f m usr;f *efrsm; a&;om;jyKpkcJhonf/ ygVdbmomjzpf usr;f *efrsm;omru jrefrm
pum;ajy a&maom edó,usr;f rsm;? jrefrmpum;ajyoufoufusr;f rsm;? t&aumufusr;f rsm;
rsm;pGm ay:xGucf Jhonf/
eef;ausmif;q&mawmf ½Sit
f *¾"r®mvuFm& ? awmifbDvl;q&mawmf ½SifteEÅ"Z?
ae&if;q&mawmf ½Sift&d,mvuFm&? yXrausmfatmifpHxm;q&mawmf ½SifÓP0&?
ykAÁm½Hkq&mawmf ½Siof m&'óD? 'u©Pd m0efq&mawmf ½Sit f &d,mvuFm& paom q&mawmf
rsm;onf xdkacwf tbd"r®mqdki&f musr;f rsm;udk a&;om;cJhonfh q&mawmfrsm;jzpfMuonf/
tif;0acwfü e,kev
f udk pmawmfjyefyv
JG yXrjyefv [kac:qdkMuNyD; pmawmfjyefyrJG sm;
usi;f yMuonf/ o'´g 8-usr;f ? okwf 3-usr;f ? tbd"r®moN*ØK[fusr;f rsm;udk jyefqk&d aMumif;
rSww
f rf;t& (tif;0omoem0if? 212/) od½S&d onf/
xdkYjyif tbd"r®mt&aumufusr;f rsm;ay:xGe;f vmjcif;onf jrefrmEdkiif Hü tbd"r®m
a'oemawmfBuD; xGe;f um;zd&kY ef vGepf mG taxmuftuljyKonft
h csuyf ifjzpfonf/ xdktcsuEf iS hf
 -58-

ywfoufí tbd"Zr[m&|*k½k rpdk;&drq

f &mawmfBuD;u-
]]jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkiif HtwGi;f ü t&aumufusr;f rsm; xifxif½Sm;½Sm; ½Sad eaom
aMumifo h mvQif tbd"r®momoemawmfBuD;rSm rwdrrf jrKyfruG,rf aysmufbJ ,aeYwkid af tmifyif
wdk;yGm;wnfwHhaeavNyD/ rmwdumt&aumufusr;f ? "mwkuxmt&aumufusr;f ? ,rdkuf
t&aumufusr;f ? y|mef;t&aumufusr;f rsm; oD[kVd ?f ,dk;',m;Edkiif rH sm;ü tbd"r®m omoem
awmfBuD;onf wnfwo hH ifo
h avmuf rwnfwEhH kid f xGe;f awmufoifo
h avmuf rxGe;f awmuf
Edkib
f J½Sad eMu&onf}} [k rSwcf sujf yKawmfrlcJhonf/

uke;f abmifacwf tbd"r®mavhvmrI

tif;0acwf awmifbDvmyk*K¾d vftausmf ½Sirf keEd ´aCmo ponfha½S;q&mawmfBuD;rsm;
wDxGicf Jhaom t&aumufenf;udk rSDjirf;jyKí tbd"r®mn0g oifMum;ydkYcsrIonf uke;f abmif
acwfwiG f xif½Sm;odompGm wGiu f s,af cwfpm;vmcJhonf/ xef;wyifq&mawmf ½Sief E´ar"m?
yXrAm;u&mq&mawmf ½Si"f r®mbdeE´ ponfh xdkacwfynm½Siw f kdYuvnf; a½S;uxufykdí
aumif;rGejf ynfph kaH tmif rGr;f rHokwof ifvsuf t&aumufusr;f opfrsm;udk pD&ifa&;om;Muonf/
Am;u&mq&mawmfonf ,aeYpmoifom;rsm; vufukdit f m;xm;aeonfh tbd"r®
o*F[t|uxmedos (Am;u&mrl) udkjyKpkcJhonf/ xdkYjyif tbd"r®musrf;rsm;tygt0if
usr;f aygif; (30) ausmjf yKcJhaMumif; rSww
f rf;rsm;t&od&onf/
xdkYtjyif ,aeYacwf yXrjyefpmar;yGJü jyXmef;xm;onfh wdurmwdumt&aumuf?
'kurmwdumt&aumuf? okwåEÅu d rmwdumt&aumufwkdYrSm Am;u&m;q&mawmf ydkYcsonfh
twdki;f wynfjh zpfol t½Si0f &awaZmu rSww
f rf;wif a&;rSwxf m;onfh usr;f pmrsm;jzpfonf/
tcsKyftm;jzifh uke;f abmifacwfü tbd"r®ygVdawmf ckepfusr;f ESihfwuG tbd"r®m
t|uxm? #Dumrsm;? jrefrmjyefeo d srsm; trsm;qHk;ay:xGucf o
hJ nf/ yd#uwfordki;f pmwrf;t&
tbd"r®w¬o*F[ (ac:) oN*ØK[fedos wpfrsdK;wnf;yif (22) rl½SdaMumif;od½Sd&onf/
tvm;wlyif t|omvdeD? rlv#Dum? #Dumausmf ponfh edosrsm;onfvnf; tenf;qHk;
(3-4) apmifpD ½SMd uonfcsn;f omjzpfonf/ txl;tm;jzifh tcufcJteufeJqHk;jzpfaom
y|mef;enf; ESihf ½ky0f x
D ?d emrf0x
D wd k\
Yd oabmt"dygÜ ,fukd aemufacwfpmoifom;wdkY tvG,f
wul odjrifem;vnfEkid Mf ujcif;rSm uke;f abmifacwf usr;f *efrsm;\ aus;Zl;aMumifyh if jzpfonf/
tif;0acwfü tpjyKcJhaom yxrjyefpmjyefyGJonf rif;wke;f rif;vufxufü ESppf Of
e,kev
f qef; (8) &ufrS 0gqdkvqef; (8) &ufaeYtxd pmawmfjyefyGJBuD; usi;f y&mü
tbd"r®musr;f pmrsm;vnf; xnfhoGi;f jyefqkdap\/ jyXmef;usr;f pmrsm;udk atmufygtwkid ;f
 -59-

jyXmef;xm;onfukd awGU&onf/
yXri,fwef;ü o'´g½Spaf pmifygXfteuf? ½ky?f oN*ØK[fukd;ydki;f ? qef;? tvuFm?
tbd"mefygXfteuf? rmwdum? "mwkuxm? ,rdkuf 5-usr;f ygXfteuft&aumufrsm;/
yXrvwfwef;ü o'´g½Spaf pmifygXfteuf? ½ky?f qef;ygXfteuf? tvuFmygXfteuf?
tbd"mefygXfteuf? oN*ØK[fukd;ydki;f ygXfteuf? rmwdumygXfteuft&aumuf? "mwkuxm
ygXfteuft&aumf? ,rdkuq f ,fusr;f ygXfteuft&aumufrsm;/
yXrBuD;wef;ü o'´g½Spaf pmifygXfteuf? ½ky?f qef;ygXfteuf? tvuFmygXfteuf?
tbd"mefygXfteuf? oN*ØK[fukd;ydki;f ygXfteuf? rmwdumygXfteuft&aumuf? "mwkuxm
ygXfteuft&aumuf? ,rdkuq f ,fusr;f ygXfteuft&aumufrsm; ESihf y|mef;ukovwdw/f
yXrausmw f ef;ü o'´g½Spaf pmifygXfteuf? ½ky?f qef;ygXfteuf? tvuFmygXfteuf?
tbd"mefygXfteuf? oN*ØK[fukd;ydki;f ygXfteuf? rmwdumygXfteuft&aumuf? "mwkuxm
ygXfteuft&aumuf? ,rdkuq f ,fusr;f ygXfteuft&aumufrsm;? y|mef;ukovwduf ESihf
tbd"r®w¬0bd m0deD#Dumausm/f (ref;omoem0if/ yxrwGJ/ 115/)

udkvkdeDacwf tbd"r®mavhvmrI
t*Fvyd v
f ufatmufa&mufaomtcgü tcsKd UEpS rf sm; rusi;f yjzpfco
hJ nfrv
S í
JG yxrjyef
pmjyefyGJukd qufvufusi;f ycJhonf/ a½S;jrefrmrif;rsm;vufü usi;f ycJhonfh pmjyefyGJukd
pmar;yGJtjzpfokdY ajymif;vJcJhonf/ pmar;yGJukdvnf; ,cifuuJhokdY wpfae&mwnf; rusi;f y
awmhbJ jrefrmjynftESHYtjym;ü wpfcsed w f nf; usi;f ycJhonf/ouú&mZf 1299-ckESpw f Gif
yxrjyefaumfrwDwpfckzGJYpnf;cJhonf/ pmar;yGJü pmcswef;twef; wpfckxyfwkd;cJhonf/
1260-ckEpS w f iG f rEÅav;NrdKU y&d,wåo
d moe[dwtoif;? 1265-ckEpS w
f iG f &efukeNf rdKU
apwd,*FPy&d,wå"d r®mEk*¾[toif;paom toifBuD;ay:xGe;f vmcJhonf/ xkt d oif;BuD;
rsm;uvnf; pmar;yGJrsm; usi;f yum tbd"r®y#d utygt0if y&d,wåo d moem wdk;wufa&;
twGuf pGr;f pGr;f wrH jyKvkyt f m;xkwcf JhMuonf/
udkvked aD cwfüvnf; tbd"r®mqkid &f m usr;f rsm;qufvufay:xGuv f mouJo h kYd tbd"r®m
oif,al vhvmrIrmS vnf; &yfwefo Y mG ;jcif;um; r½Sad y/ xdkacwftcsed t f cgu awmifNrdKU tbd"r®m
n0genf;onf xif½mS ;ausmMf um;onf/ tbd"r®mn0genf;udk pwiftok;H jyKcJo h nfh q&mawmf
udk tr&yl&omoem0ifü ]]"mwkuxm wkwv f rS ;f csKd ;wdku
Y kd a&;om;awmfrcl ahJ om &wem
yl&tif;0NrdKU wkwv f rS ;f q&mawmfbk&m;BuD; t½Sipf E´rmvmonf awmifNrdKU tbd"r®mn0genf;
 -60-

rsm;udk vufreG rf qG pwifonfh yk*Kd¾ vftjzpf rSww

f rf;wifcMhJ uuke\
f }} (tr&yl& omoem0if/
266) [k azmfjyxm;onf/
r*Fvmwdkuf n0gpmcstausmf yxrausmft½Siftm'dpö(yxrausmfOD;tkH;)onf
rmwdum? "mwkuxm? ,rdku?f y|mef; tbd"r®mn0grsm;udk ykcYd sNyD; tbd"r®mwHceG f usr;f BuD;udk
a&;om;cJo
h nf/ xdt kY jyif wljzpfol t½Si"f r®omrduvnf; y|meom&rÍÆ&D n0gwHceG uf sr;f BuD;
udk twGJ(2)wGJjzifh a&;om;cJhonf/
tr&yl&(awmifNrdKU) n0gpmoifwu kd rf sm;½Sd MuufwykYd if n0g½Gwof rH sm;udk Mum;zefrsm;
em;&nf0ojzifh ]]ypöa,m... ypöa,m}}...[lí jrnfMuaMumif;jzifv h nf;aumif;? ]]atmuft;D
tD; tmrEÅm}}[lí wGeMf uaMumif;jzifhvnf;aumif; ajym½dk;pOfyif ay:xGucf Jhavonf/
(tr&yl&omoem0if/ 268)
xdkYjyif y&rw¬'DyeDac: oN*ØKvfr[m#Dumopftygt0if usr;f aygif;(100)&mausmf
a&;om;jyKpkcJhonfh v,fwDq&mawmfBuD;uJhodkYaom tbd"r®mudk tvGeftm;oefonfh
q&mawmfBuD;rsm; ay:xGe;f cJhonf/
q&mawmfjyKpkcJhaom usr;f *efwkdYrSm tbd"r®y#d uüyg0ifaom y&rw¬oabmw&m;
rsm;udk vlNyde;f rsm; em;vnfatmif ½Si;f ½Si;f vif;vif; a&;om;xm;aom tbd"r®moabmobm0
qdki&f m usr;f *efrsm;om rsm;avonf/ q&mawmfonf tbd"r®mudk tvGet f m;oefawmfro
l nfh
tavsmuf t*Fvyd af cwfwiG f jynfwiG ;f jynfyrS ar;avQmufMuaom tbd"r®mESiyhf wfoufonfh
ykpätrsKd ;rsK;d wdkYukd enf;toG,o
f G,jf zifh ½Si;f vif;ajzqdkawmfrlonf/
v,fwDq&mawmfonf vuFmoHaygufyk'faygif; 655-yk'fwdkYjzifh wefqmqifí
trsKd ;om; trsKd ;orD;wdkY tbd"r®w¬oN*ØK[fwwfajruf&ef or®mqE´jzifh y&rw¬oHcyd u f sr;f
udkvnf; jyKpD&ifawmfrlcJhonf/ jrefrmEdkiif HtESHY a&muf½Sad wmfrl&m NrdKU½GmwdkYü oHcyd t f oif;
rsm; zGpYJ nf;NyD; oHcyd pf mar;yGrJ sm;udk NrdKifNrdKifqkid q
f ikd f usi;f ycJo
h nf/ trsKd ;om;? trsKd ;orD;i,f
wdkY\ tMum;üvnf; y&rw¬oHcyd pf mar;yGJrSm vGepf Gmxif½Sm;vSonf/

vGwv
f yfa&;&NyD;onfhaemufykdi;f tbd"r®mavhvmrI
1946-ckESpw f Gif tbd"r®mjyefYyGm;a&;toif;BuD;ay:aygufvmcJhonf/ 4if;toif;
BuD;onf tbd"r®mpmawmfjyefyGJrsm; usi;f yay;cJhonf/ &[ef;awmfrsm;tqifh? oDv½Sirf sm;
tqifEh iS v
hf yl k*Kd¾ vfrsm;tqif[h í
l tqif(h 3)qifh owfrw S af y;xm;onf/ ,if;toif;BuD;onf
tbd"r®mtcgawmfaeYukdyg usi;f yay;Ekid cf Jhonf/
 -61-

tbd"r®mjyefYyGm;a&;toif;BuD; wdk;wufvmrIukd atmufygtwdki;f od&ygonf/

]]yxr 25-ESpf aiG&wkumvtwGi;f ü toif;cGJaygif; 69 oif;?
'kw,d 25-ESpf a½T&wkuvmtwGi;f ü toif;cGJaygif; 200 oif;?
wwd, 25-ESpf pde&f wkoufwrf;eD;uyfvmNyDjzpfaom 1376-ckESppf m&if;t&
toif;cGJaygif; 3267-oif;txd zGJYpnf;Edkicf JhNyD;jzpfonf/(tbd?jyefYpmapmif?trSw-f 4/3/)
c&pfEpS f 1951-ckEpS w
f iG f tbd"r®mta&;awmfyakH y:aygufvm&m jrefrmEdkiif H t&yf&yf½dS
yd#uwfusr;f *efwwfajrmufMuukeaf om q&mawmfBuD;rsm;onf udk&ifpuúEd \ ´ tajctjrpfr½Sd
ykwcf wfa&;om;csurf sm;udk ygVdawmf? t|uxm? #Dum ponfrsm;udk udk;um;í 0depd ä,
pmwrf;rsm; a&;om;NyD; acszsucf JhMuonf/ tbd"r®Ak'¨bmodw0depd ä,pmwrf; 12-apmifcefY
xGuaf y:vmNyD; Edkiif HawmfMo0g'gp&d,q&mawmfBuD; 9-yg;rSvnf; þ0depd ä,pmwrf;rsm;
onf tvGeaf umif;rGef oifhavsmí f urÇmt&yf&yfokdYyif ykHESyd jf zefYcs&d efoifhavsmaf Mumif;
rdeMYf um;awmfral omaMumifh ]]tbd"r®mta&;awmfyk}H }[laom trnfjzifh 0depd ä,pmwrf;rsm;udk
pmtkyt f jzpf xkwaf 0cJhonf/
xdkYtjyif 1314(1952) ckESpfrSpí jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEkdifiHAk'¨omoemjyKtzGJUu
ESppf Ofusi;f ycJhaom tbd"r®mpmar;yGJESihf 1955-ckESpwf Gif pwifusi;f ycJhaom #Dumausmf
jrefrmjyefpmar;yGJrsm;onfum; vlyk*K¾d vfwkdY\ tbd"r®mavhvmvku d pf m;rIukd xif½Sm;odompGm
wdk;wufapcJhayonf/ (tbd"r®mordki;f csKyf? apm/)

rsuaf rSmufacwf tbd"r®mavhvmrI

,aeYrsuaf rSmufacwfü tbd"r®mjyefyY mG ;a&;toif;BuD;tjyif 0dik ?f trf?bD?at Ak'b
¨ mom
uvsmP,k0toif;? r*FvmAsL[mtoif;? "r®AsL[mtoif;ponfh toif;rsm;onf
tbd"r®mESiyhf wfoufí oifwef;rsm; pDpOfykcYd soifMum;ay;aeonfukd awGU&onf/ xdkoifwef;
rsm;udk trsm;tm;jzifh vlyk*¾dKvfrsm; wufa&mufMuonf/ rsm;rMumrDESpfrsm;twGif;ü
tbd"r®mudk jrefrmbmomjzifhomru t*Fvdyfbmomjzifhyg avhvmEdkifap&ef tbd"r®
wuúokv d t
f xdyif zGivhf pS o
f ifMum;ay;rIrsm; ½Sv
d mcJo
h nf/ 4if;oifwef;rsm;tjyif wpfo;D yk*v
¾
oifwef;rsm;vnf; zGihfvSpo f ifMum;ay;vsuyf if½So d nf/

tcsKyftm;jzifh acwftquf jrefrmwdkYonf tbd"r®mqdki&f m usr;f *efaygif;rsm;pGmudk

jyKpkcJh&m rSwfwrf;rsm;t& ygVdbmoma&;(42)usrf;? edó,ESifhjrefrmjyef(88)usrf;?
taxGaxG(174)usr;f pkpkaygif; jrefrmjynfjzpf tbd"r®mqdki&f musr;f rsm; (333)usr;f ½Sad Mumif;
od&onf/ ,if;BudKyrf;tm;xkwx f m;rIrsm;u jrefrmEdkiif H\ tbd"r®mavhvmrI ordki;f pOfukd
 -62-

cdkifrmapygonf/ xdkYtjyif omoemh0efxrf;rsm;twGuf tbd"r®mudk roifrae&

pmar;yGJjyXmef;usrf;pmtjzpf jyXmef;ay;xm;ouJhodkY vl0wfaMumifrsm;twGufvnf;
tbd"r®mudk avhvmEdkio f nfh tcGihfta&;rsm;zefwD;ay;xm;vsuyf if½S&d m jrefrmEdkiif H\
tbd"r®mavhvmrIonf qufvuf½Sio f efaeOD;rnfomjzpfygonf/

t½Sif0dZÆmeE´
e,a'ou? tbd"r®y#d ur[mXme
Edkiif Hawmfy&d,wåo
d moemhwuúokdvf
urÇmat;uke;f ajr? &efukeNf rdKU/

rSDjirf;usr;f rsm;
1/ t|omvdeDt|uxm
2/ tbd"r®w¬o*F[ygVd
3/ tbd"r®mordki;f csKyf
4/ tif;0omoem0if
5/ tr&yl&omoem0if
6/ omoemvuFm&pmwrf;
7/ v,fwDq&mawmfbk&m;BuD;b0jzpfpOf
8/ tbd"r®mjyefYyGm;a&;pmapmif? trSwpf Of-4/(2014-ckESp?f Zlvkdiv
f )
9/ omoeA[kókwyÜumoeD
10/ tbd"r®mta&;awmfykH
11/ yd#uwfordki;f
12/ yif;,omoem0if
 -63-

cE¨mig;yg;ESih0f yd óem

t½Siyf nmeE´

cE¨o'´gonf taygif;tpkuakd [m\/ ½lyu©Em¨ -[kqv kd Qif ½ky(f 11)rsK;d ukd aygif;pkxm;
jcif;jzpf\/ a0'emu©Em¨ -[kqv kd Qif a0'em(11)rsK;d ukd aygif;pkxm;jcif;jzpf\/ usecf E¨mok;H yg;
onfvnf; xkt Yd wlyifjzpf\/ xk(d 11)rsK;d ukd Ak'j¨ rwfpmG u tewåvu©Pokwüf - ]]twDwm
em*w ypöKyÜEéH tZÑwåH 0g A[d'H¨0g MoVm&duH 0g okckrH 0g [DeH 0g yPDwH 0g ,H 'la&
oEÅad u 0g}}[k a[mawmfrl\/
t"dyÜg,fum;= ½lyu©E¨m-[kqkv d Qif twdw½f ky?f tem*wf½ky?f ypöKyÜe½f ky?f twGi;f ½ky?f
tjyif½ky?f Murf;wrf;aom½ky?f El;nHhaom½ky?f ,kwn f Hhaom½ky?f jrifhjrwfaom½ky?f a0;aom½ky?f
eD;aom½ky[ f í
l (11)rsKd ;ukad ygif;xm;onf/ a0'emu©Em¨ [kqv kd Qif twdwaf 0'empaomtm;jzifh
a0'em(11)rsKd ;ukd aygif;xm;onf/ usecf E¨mwk\ Yd tus,o f nfvnf; xkt Yd wlyifjzpfonf[í l
jzpfonf/
vlwpfa,muffukd jrifvkduf&aomtcg tqif;½lyg½kHESifh rsufpdtMunf½kyfonf
½lyu©Em¨ ? jrifopd w d of nf 0dnmPu©Em¨ ? tqif;\t&omukcd pH m;aom a0'emapwoduo f nf
a0'emu©E¨m? tqif;½lyg½kHukd rSwo f m;aom onmapwoduo f nf onmu©Em¨ ? Munfjh zpfatmif
wkud w
f eG ;f EI;d aqmfaom apwemapwoduo f nf ocFg&u©E¨m? þokYcd E¨mig;yg; wpfNydKifwnf;
jzpfí aysmufysuo f Gm;\/ jrJjrefckdicf efYwnfwHhaerI r½Sad y/ þodkY cE¨mig;yg; jzpfysuf
oGm;onfukd ÓPfjzifo h í
d tqif;½lyg½ku H jkd rifwikd ;f cE¨mig;yg; tedp-ö [k ½Irw
S f yGm;rsm;&onf/
toHwpfckukd Mum;vku
d &f aomtcg toH½kyEf iS hf em;tMunf½kyo f nf ½lyu©Em¨ ? Mum;od
pdwo f nf 0dnmPu©E¨m? toH\t&omukcd Hpm;aom a0'emapwoduo f nf a0'emu©E¨m?
toHukrd Swo f m;aom onmapwoduo f nf onmu©E¨m? em;axmifjzpfatmif wku d w
f Ge;f
EI;d aqmfaom apwemapwoduo f nf ocFg&u©E¨m? þokYdcE¨mig;yg; jzpfysuo f Gm;onfukd
ÓPfjzifhoí d toHukMd um;vku d w f kid ;f cE¨mig;yg;tedpö[k ½IyGm;&onf/
teHYwpfckckukd erf;½Ivku
d af omtcg teHY½kyEf Sihf ESmacgif;tMunf½kyof nf ½lyu©E¨m?
eHopd w
d of nf 0dnmPu©E¨m? teHY\t&omukcd Hpm;aom a0'emapwoduo f nf a0'emu©E¨m?
teHYukrd Swo
f m;aom onmapwoduo f nf onmu©E¨m? erf;½Ijzpfatmif wku d wf Ge;f EI;d aqmf
aom apwemapwoduo f nf ocFg&u©Em¨ ? þcE¨mig;yg; jzpfysuo f mG ;onfukd ÓPfjzifo h í
d
teHYwpfckckukd erf;½Iwkid ;f cE¨mig;yg;tedpö-[k ½IyGm;&rnf/
 -64-

t&omwpfckckukd pm;vku
d af omtcg t&om½kyEf iS hf vQmtMunf½kyw
f o
Ykd nf ½lyu©Em¨ ?
pm;odpw d o
f nf 0dnmPu©Em¨ ? &om½k\ H t&omukcd pH m;aom a0'emapwoduo f nf a0'em
u©E¨m? t&omukrd Swo f m;aomonmapwoduo f nf onmu©E¨m? pm;jzpfatmif wku d w
f Ge;f
EI;d aqmfaom apwemapwoduo f nf ocFg&u©E¨m? þcE¨mig;yg; jzpfysuo f Gm;onfukd
ÓPfjzifh odí cE¨mig;yg;tedpö-[k ½IyGm;&onf/
tawGUtxdazm|AÁm½kEH iS hf uk,
d t f Munf½kyw f Ykd awGUxad omtcg azm|AÁm½k½H kyEf iS hf uk,
d f
tMunf½kywf kYdonf ½lyu©E¨m? xdopd w d o f nf 0dnmPu©E¨m? tawGUtxd\ t&omukd cHpm;
aom a0'emapwoduo f nf a0'emu©E¨m? tawGUtxdukrd Swo f m;aom onmapwoduf
onf onmu©E¨m? awGUxjd zpfatmif wku d w
f Ge;f EI;d aqmfaom apwemapwoduo f nf ocFg
&u©E¨m? þcE¨mig;yg; jzpfysuo f Gm;ykHukd ÓPfjzifhoí d cE¨mig;yg;tedpö-[k ½IyGm;&ygonf/
"r®m½kEH iS rhf aem'Gg&wkYd wku
d q
f okH nft
h cg [',0w¬K½kyo f nf ½lyu©Em¨ ? awG;odpw d o f nf
0dnmPu©E¨m? tawG;tm½kH\ t&omukcd Hpm;aom a0'emapwoduo f nf a0'emu©E¨m?
tawG;tm½ku H dk rSwo f m;aom onmapwoduo f nf onmu©Em¨ ? awG;pdwjf zpfatmif wku d w f eG ;f
EI;d aqmfaom apwemapwoduo f nf ocFg&u©Em¨ ? þokcYd E¨mig;yg; jzpfysuo f mG ;yku
H kd ÓPfjzifh
odí awG;pdwjf zpfay:wkid ;f cE¨mig;yg;tedpö-[k ½IyGm;&onf/ cE¨mig;yg;onf y#doaE¨cP
rSpí pkww d ikd af tmif tjrJwrf;jzpfysuaf e\/ þuk, d af umifBuD;ukd cE¨mig;yg;[k rSwx f ifNyD;
uk, d af umifBuD;\ ysupf ;D rIuMkd unfí h tedp?ö 'ku?© tewåwnf;[laom vu©Pma&; ok;H yg;ukd
½IrSwyf Gm;rsm;aejcif;onf rSeu f efaom ½IrSwyf Gm;rsm;jcif; r[kwaf y/
½lyu©E¨monf a&jr§KyfESihfwl\/ a&jr§KyfBuD;onf twkH;tvkH;tcJ[kvnf; xifrSw&f
onf/ tESpo f m&ESijhf ynfph kaH om tckid tf rmtxnf0w¬KBuD;[kvnf; xifrw S &f onf/ xifrw S f
onft
h wkid ;f vufjzifu h ikd Mf unfah omtcg tESptf om;tckid t
f rm rawGU&ay/ xktYd wl ½lyu©Em¨
onfvnf; tay:,HOwkZ½kyBf uD;ukMd unfhvQif twkH;tvkH;tcJBuD;[k xifrSwpf &m &S\ d /
y&rwfÓPfjzifh acszsuMf unfhvku d af omtcg ½lyu©E¨monf twkH;tvkH; tcJ t&nf
tzwf trIet f rTm; bmrQr&S/d oabmw&m;oufoufrQom &S\ d /
þae&mwGif ynwf½kyEf iS hf y&rwf½kyu f kd &Si;f jycsiyf gonf/ twåabmcE¨muk, d Bf uD;ukd
ynwf½ky[ f kac:\/ y&rwf½kyw f &m;\ jzpfrIysurf Iukd rjrifEkid af tmif ynwf½kyBf uD;u
zk;H uG,f xm;\/ ynwf½kyt f wåabm cE¨muk, d Bf uD;ukyd if ½lyu©Em¨ [k tE¨ykxkZOfyk*K¾ v
d rf sm;u
xifrmS ; aeMu\/ Ak'j¨ rwfpmG u ½lyu©Em¨ tedp[ ö k a[mawmfral omtcg tE¨ykxkZOfyk*K¾ v d rf sm;
t,l tqvGrJ mS ;aeMu\/ rnfuo hJ Ykd vGrJ mS ;aeoenf; ½lyu©Em¨ tedpq ö o
kd nfrmS wpfb0wGif
wpfcg ao&onfukd ajymjcif;jzpf\/ owå0grsm;y#doaE¨aeNyD;vQif aemufqkH;wGif
aoMu&\/ þuJhokYd ao&onfukd tedpö[k Ak'¨jrwfpmG a[mawmfrljcif; jzpfonf[kvJGrSm;pGm
 -65-

,lqavawmh\/ vufzspfwpfwGuftcsdef tawmwGif;rSm y&rwf½kyfw&m;rsm; uka#

ig;axmifru jzpfNyD;í ysuo
f Gm;onfh cPdur&Puk&d nf&G,í f a[mawmfrljcif;jzpf\/
tb,fah Mumifh or®Kwd r&Pukd tedp[
ö k vGrJ mS ;pGm,lqoenf;¿ ynwf½kyEf iS hf y&rwf½kyu
f kd
ÓPftjrifwGif ruGJjym;aomaMumifhjzpf\/
udavomy,fa&; r*fzkv d &f a&; 0dyóemtvkyq f ko
d nfrSm ÓPfynmt&mom jzpf
\/ xkYad Mumifh Ak'¨jrwfpGmu ]]avmabm a'gaom arma[m auma"m Oyema[m bdu©a0
ae0uma,e y[mwaAÁm aem0gpm, ynm, 'doGm y[mwaAÁm}} (tH? 3/ 288/)
&[ef;wkYd avmb? a'go? arm[ponfwkYdukd um,uHjzifh ry,fEkid ?f 0pDuHjzifh ry,fEkid ?f
raemuH jzpfaom 0dyóemynmjzifhom y,fEkid \ f [k a[mawmfrl\/ cE¨meH edAÁwåd Zmwd-
cE¨mig;yg; jzpfay:vmonfukd Zmwd[kac:onf/ cE¨meH y&dygaum Z&m-cE¨ig;yg; &ifha&mf
onfukd Z&m[k ac:onf/ cE¨meH aba'g r&PH- cE¨mig;yg; csKyfaysmufysupf D;onfukd
r&Paoonf[k Ak'¨jrwfpGm a[mawmfrlyg\/ þb0wGif cE¨mig;yg;csKyfysuNf yD; jyefí
rjzpfawmhonfukd aoonf [k qko d nfukrd l vlwkid ;f vufcHMu\/ vufcHonf [kqkv d Qif
vlwpfa,mufaoNyD qkyd gpkYd cE¨mig;yg;csKyfoGm;aomfvnf; OwkZ½kyf tavmif;aumifBuD;
useaf e\/ cE¨mig;yg; csKyfoGm;onfukd aoonf/ cE¨meH aba'g r&PH-[k Ak'¨jrwfpGm
a[mawmfrlaomaMumifh rcsKyfysub f J useaf eonfh OwkZ½kyf tavmif;aumifonf cE¨m
ig;yg;xJwiG f ryg0ifaom ynwf½kyw f &m;qkod nfrSm ay:vGix f if&Sm;aeayNyD/ þokYd r,lbJ
cE¨mig;yg;xJwiG f OwkZ½kyyf g0ifonf[kqckd ahJ omf vlwpfa,muf aoonft h cg cE¨mig;yg;vk;H
rcsKyfbJ emrfcE¨mav;yg;om csKyfNyD; ½lyu©Em¨ rcsKyfbJ useaf eonf[k ,l&rvkd jzpfaeawmh\/
þokYd,lcJhaomf cE¨meH aba'g r&PH-[laom ygVdawmfESihf qefYusiaf yvdrhfrnf/
OwkZ½kyo
f nf wDAGDzefom;jyifESihfwl\/ y&rwf½kyo f nf zefom;jyifrSm ay:vmonfh
vlt&dypf onfh t&dyrf sm;ESihfwl\/ zefom;jyifrSmay:vmonfh t&dyrf sm;ukd vufjzifhukid í f
r&ay/ bmhaMumifhenf;[lrl- t&dyrf sm;onf taumiftxnftaejzifh &Sad eonfr[kwaf om
aMumifhjzpf\/ vufjzifhukid Mf unfhvQif zefom;jyifuko
d mukid rf ad yvdrhrf nf/ xkYt
d wl OwkZ½kyf
aumifBuD;ay:ü y&rwf½kyw f &m;rsm;onf wpfzswzf swjf zpfNyD; ysuaf e\/ y&rwfw&m;rsm;
onf taumiftxnftwk;H tcJ t&nftzwfj'yfoP²mefr[kwb f J oabmw&m;rQom jzpf\/
{upä&u©aP aum#dowo[ó ocFsm OyÜZÆw d Gm ed½kZÑwd/ (bd? |? 2? 31/) vufzspf
wpfwGucf Pumvü uka#wpfoed ;f jzpfysuaf eaom y&rwfcE¨mukd &nf&G,í f cE¨mig;yg;
tedpö-[k a[mawmfrljcif; jzpfayonf/
a0'emonf tusO;f tm;jzifh okH;rsKd ;&S\
d / rdrBd udKufESpo
f ufaom t&omukd cHpm;&
onfhtcg okca0'emjzpf\/ rBudKufESpof ufaom t&omukd cHpm;&onfhtcg 'ku©a0'em
 -66-

jzpf\/ BudKufESpo
f ufonfvnf;r[kw?f rBudKufESpo f ufonfvnf;r[kwaf om t&omukd
cHpm;&onft h cg Oayu©ma0'emjzpf\/ tE¨ykxkZOfyk*K¾ v
d o
f nf ig? ol? rde;f r? a,musmf ;yk*K¾ v
d f
owå0gu t&omukcd Hpm;onf[k xifjrif\/ igu? olu? yk*¾Kv d ?f owå0gu t&omukd
cHpm;onfr[kw/f t&omukd a0'emu©E¨mu cHpm;onf/
a0'emu©E¨monf a&yGuEf Sihfwl\/ a&uef\a&rsuEf Smjyifay:okYd rk;d aygufrsm; us
a&mufonfhtcg a&aygufuav;rsm; yGux f vm\/ rk;d a&wpfaygufusvku d w
f kid ;f a&yGuf
wpfyGujf zpfNyD; ysuo
f Gm;\/ a&yGuu f av;\ jzpfcsed yf sucf sed u
f mv yrmPonf tvGew f kd
awmif;vSonf/ tvGeaf umif;rGeo f nfh [if;rsKd ;pkHESihf xrif;pm;aeaom vlwpfa,mufonf
xrif;\t&omukd xrif;pm;írNyD;rcsi;f cHpm;aeonf/ xrif;pm;csed f wpfem&DMumvQif
wpfem&DMumatmif t&omukd cHpm;aeonf[k xifjrif,lq\/ 0dyóemÓPfrsupf jd zifh
Munfhvku
d af omtcg aumif;aomt&omjzpfap? raumif;aom t&omjzpfap wpfem&D
rqkx
d m;bd? wpfpuúeUf MumatmifcHpm;í r&ygacs/ tb,fhaMumifhenf; wpfpuúeYftwGi;f rSm
a0'emu©Em¨ aygif; uka#wpfoed ;f jzpfNyD; ysuíf oGm;aomaMumifh jzpf\/ tjzpftysuf jrefveG ;f
tm;BuD;íjzpfonf/ ysuo f nfukd rodojzifh tcsed t f MumBuD; cHpm;&onf[k xifrSwNf yD;
a0'em ukd pGJrufaerdMuawmh\/
0dyóemÓPfjzifh ½IMunfv h u
kd af omtcg tqufrjywfjzpfysuaf eonfh tedpo ö abm
ukd odjrifav\/ odjrifonfESihfwpfNydKifeuf avmbudavom w'*FcsKyfNidr;f oGm;\/
emusiuf ku
d cf Jonfh 'ku©a0'emwpfckckukd cHpm;ae&onfhtcgwGiv f nf; a0'em\ rNrJonfh
tedpöoabmukd ÓPfjzifhjrifatmif Munfh½Ivku d rf nfqkv
d Qif rESpo
f ufonfh a'goudavom
onf csujf cif;csKyfNidr;f oGm;\/
aywpf&mcefY&Snv f sm;onfh tke;f qHBudK;BuD;ukd wef;xm;onfqkyd gpkYd/ 0dyóemÓPf
rsupf jd zifh rMunfhbJ yuwdrsupf jd zifh Munfhonfhtcg wtHwMo tke;f qHBudK; t&SnBf uD;[k
xif&\/ ÓPfrsupf jd zifh qifjcifMunfhvku d af omtcg tke;f qHzwfonf tke;f oD; cGHrSjzpf\/
tke;f oD;cGHonf tvGeq f kH;&Snvf SrS vufwpfxGmomomrQ&S\ d / þokYqd kv
d Qif tke;f qH BudK;BuD;
aywpf&m&Sn\ f qko
d nfrmS wpfxmG omom&So d nfh tke;f qHzwfrsm; wpfckpqD ufNyD; uspx f m;í
aywpf&m&Sno f nf[k ÓPftjrifrSm &Si;f oGm;onf/ aywpf&m&Sno f nf[k ,lqxm;onfh
t,ltqrSm;? txifrSm; aysmufoGm;av\/
wDAGDZmwfvrf;wpfck NyD;atmifMunfhonfhtcg wpfem&DMumonfqkv d Qif Zmwfvrf;\
t&omukd wpfem&DMum cHpm;ae&onf[k xifNyD;Zmwfvrf;ukd pGJrufaerdawmh\/ 0dyóem
ÓPfjzifh qifjcifvku
d af omtcg wpfem&Drqkx d m;bd Zmwfvrf;\ t&omukd wpfpuúeYf
MumatmifcpH m;í r&Ekid yf gacs/ tjzpftysuo
f nf vsijf refveG ;f tm;BuD;íom wpfqufwnf;
xifae\/ Zmwfvrf;\ t&omukd cHpm;aoma0'emu©E¨mqko d nfrSmvnf; tedpö rNrJaom
 -67-

oabm[k tjrifreS &f vku

d o
f nfEiS hf wpfNydKifeuf 0dyóem½Irw
S yf mG ;rsm;NyD;om; jzpfomG ;awmh\/
rSwfom;wwfaom oabm&Sdaom onmapwodufukd onmu©E¨m[kac:\/
onmu©Em¨ onf wHvQyfEiS w hf \
l / wHvQyfqo kd nfrmS rk;d acgifa&&Sm; a'orsm;ü tyl&edS af Mumifh
a&ckd;a&aiGUrsm;aygif;rdNyD; a&jyifoP²mefjzpfaeonfukd ac:\/ wHvQyfukdta0;rS
arQmfMunfhvku d of nfhtcg a&awGpD;qif;aeouJhokYd xif&\/ todÓPfr&So d nfh a&qm
aeaom orifwpfaumifonf ta0;rSvSr;f í jrif&onfhwHvQyfukd a&xifrSwNf yD; wHvQyf
&S&d mokUd tajy;oGm;av\/ teD;em;a&mufonfhtcg b,fa&rSrawGU&bJ wHvQyfonf aysmuf
uG,o f Gm;avNyD/ aemufwpfcg taa0;ukv d Sr;f arQmfMunfhjyefaomf tjcm; wpfae&mrSm&So d nfh
wHvQyfukyd if a&jyifoP²mefxifjyefyg\/ orifonf aeylBuJBuJBuD;xJ wHvQyfxaeonfh
aemufwpfae&mokYd qufvufí ajy;jyef\/ teD;tem;a&mufonfhtcg bmrQrawGY&ay/
þokdYajy;vsufyif aemufqkH;wGif orifonftarmqkdYNyD; aoyGJ0if&&Smonf/ xkdYtwl
onmu©E¨monf tE¨ykxkZOfukd ig? ol? rde;f r? a,musmf ;? yk*¾Kd vfowå0gr&dSygbJ &So d nf[k
rSwcf kid ;f ygonf/ tE¨ykxkZOfonf onmu©E¨mu vSnhfpm;onfhtwkid ;f t[kw&f So d nf[k
xifrw S Nf yD; ig? ol? rde;f r? a,musmf ;? yk*Kd¾ vfowå0gaemufoYkd aumufaumufygatmifv f u kd í
f
trSwrf Sm;vsuyf if aemufqkH;wGif aoyGJ0ifí tyg,fbkHokYd qif;Mu&onf/
xkYdaMumifh,ckb0rSmjzifh onmu©E¨m\ tvdrt f nmukrd cHawmhbJ yk*¾Kd vfowå0g[k
onmu©Em¨ u rSwcf ikd ;f vQif wHvQyfuakd &xifonfh a&TorifuohJ Ykd trSwrf rSm;awmhbJ y&rw¬
opömt& ig? ol? rde;f r? a,musmf ;? yk*¾Kd vfowå0gr&Sd ? wu,ft&Sw d &m;um; ½kyEf SihfemrfrQ
trSe&f So
d nf[k jywfjywfom;om; od&ygrnf/
ukokdvfaumif;rIjyKNyD; aumif;&mok*wdokdYa&mufatmif? raumif;rI'kp½kdufjyKNyD;
raumif;onfh 'k*¾wo d kYda&mufatmif wku d w
f Ge;f EI;d aqmfaom apwemapwoduu f kd ocFg
&u©Em¨ [k ac:\/ ocFg&u©Em¨ onf iSuaf ysmwk;H ESiw hf \
l / iSuaf ysmwk;H onf tESprf ½So
d uJokYd
ocFg&u©E¨mu jyKjyifay;vku d af om b0cE¨monfvnf; tESprf ½Sad y/ tESprf ½Sad om cE¨m
uk,
d uf kd txifBuD;Mu\/ igonfolrsm;xuf use;f rmonf/ olrsm;xuf a&m*guif;onf/
olrsm;xuf touf&Sno f nfqkNd yD; txifa&mufaewwfMu\/ tE¨ykxkZOfb0 trsK;d rsK;d
jzpfatmif zefwD;NyD;vQif uk, d zf efwD;í&&Sv
d monfh tESprf &Sad omb0ukd tESp&f So d nfxifNyD;
b0ifjrifhaeMu\/
tm½ku H Bkd uHpnfwwf? odwwfaompdwu f kd 0dnmPu©Em¨ [k ac:\/ 0dnmPu©Em¨ onf
rsuv
f SnhEf Sihw
f l\/ rsuv f Snhqf &monf vltrsm;ukd vdrn f mNyD;jyouJhokYd 0dnmPu©E¨monf
vnf; tE¨ykxkZOfyk*¾Kv d rf sm;ukd tNrJvrd n
f mjyygonf/
vlwpfa,mufukd jrifvku
d o
f nfhtcg 0dnmPu©E¨mu vl[líodav? a,musmf ;[lí
 -68-

odav? rde;f [líodavqkNd yD;vdrv f u

kd yf gonf/ y&rwfÓPftjrifr&So d nfh tE¨ykxkZOfrsm;onf
0dnmPu©Em¨ u vdrv f u
kd o
f nft
h wkid ;f vly?J a,musmf ;yJ? rde;f ryJ-[k ,kMH unfvu kd Mf uonf/
ig? ol? rde;f r? a,musmf ;qkad omynwfukd trSDjyKNyD; ESpo f ufrIavmb? rESpo f ufrIa'go?
trSet f wdki;f rodrI arm[jzpfonf/ y&rwfÓPf tjrif&So d nfhyk*¾Kd vfrSmrl vlwpfa,mufukd
jrifvku d v
f Qif vlukjd rifonfr[kwf tqif;½lyg½kH ½kyu f kjd rifonf[kvnf; trSet f wkid ;f od\/
uset f m½kHrsm;ESihfawGUqkH&müvnf; enf;wlwnf;/ ,if;okYd cE¨mig;yg;onf wpfNydKifwnf;
jzpfNyD;vQif ysuo f mG ;onf [kvnf; trSet f wkid ;f od\/ xdakY Mumifh cE¨mig;yg;ü ynwftjrifukd
ausmv f GeNf yD; y&rwftjrifqkduaf tmif BudK;pm;tm;xkw½f IrSwo f ifhMuonf/ odkYrSom b0
tmrcHcsuf &½SMd urnfrSm {uefjzpfygonf/
]],H yówd e wH 'd|H? ,H 'd|H wH eyówd/
tyóH AZÑaw rlaV§m? AZÑrmaem e rkpöw/d (bd? |? 2/ 207/)

t&Siyf nmeE´ (e,a'ou)

t*¾r[m*E¦0gpuy@dw
tbd"r®y#d ur[m|me
Ekid if Hawmfy&d,wåod moemhwuúokv d (f &efuke)f
zke;f - 09-73033170 / 09-254075935
&ufpGJ-2016-ckESp?f azazmf0g&D(1)&uf
 -69-

jrefrmwkYd\"avh ema&;qkid &f mxkHwrf;tpOftvmrsm;ukd

tbd"r®m½IaxmifhrSavhvmjcif;

t½Sift&d,

jrefrmrI"avhxkH;pHrsm;wGif ema&;ESihf oma&;[laom tokH;tEIe;f rsm;ukd awGU&rnf

jzpfonf/ ema&;[laoma0g[m&ukd emrIupd öç aorIupd öwkYEd Siq hf ufE,T &f mü okH;EIe;f ygonf/
aojcif;udpöukd em;cHomatmif zvS,í f okH;jcif;jzpfonf[k rSw, f l&ygrnf/ oma&;[laom
a0g[m&ukdum; tvSLtwef;udpöç r*Fvmaqmifudpöponftm;jzihf 0rf;ajrmufzG,f&m
t&mXmersm;ü okH;EIe;f ygonf/
ema&;qkid &f mpum;tokH;tEIe;f rsm;wGif aoqkH;onf? tedpöa&mufonf? pkawonf?
ewf&GmpHonf? ysHvGeaf wmfrlonf? y&deAd ÁmefjyKawmfrlonf ponfjzihf a0g[m&trsm;tjym;ukd
ae&mXme tvku d f okH;EIe;f xm;onfukv d nf; awGU&rnfjzpfygonf/ jrefrmwkYd\ ema&;ESihf
oufqidk &f m pum;&yfrsm; wGif tbd"r®mvm a0g[m&rsm;ukd ok;H pGx
J m;onfudk awGU&rnht
f jyif
tbd"r®mt,ltqrsm;ukv d nf; awGU&rnfjzpfygonf/
ema&;[kt"dygÜ ,f&aom aojcif;udpw ö iG f ½k;d ½k;d ao? tpdr;f aom[laom a0g[m&rsm;
ukv
d nf; awGU&rnfjzpfonf/ ½k;d ½k;d ao[laoma0g[m&ukd obm0twkid ;f jzpf½k;d jzpfpOf
twkid ;f aojcif;rsKd ;ukd qkv
d kNd yD; tpdr;f ao[laom a0g[m&uku d m; wpfpkHw&mya,m*aMumifh
(Oyrm - a&epfíaoqkH;jcif;? ,mOf&xm; wku d íf aojcif;? ,mOf&xm;arSmufí aojcif;
ponfrsm; yg0ifonf/) aojcif;rsKd ;ukd qkv d ykd gonf/ ,if;aojcif;w&m;ESiphf yfí tbd"r®mwGif
av;rsKd ;jyxm;ygonf/
1/ tm,ku©,r&P - toufwrf;ukeí f aojcif;?
2/ ur®u©,r&P - uHukeí f aojcif;?
3/ Ob,u©,r&P - toufç uHESpyf g;ukeí f aojcif;?
4/ Oyapä'uur®Kem r&P - OyapäuuHaMumifh aojcif; - [k aojcif;av;rsKd ;ukd
awGU&rnf jzpfygonf/ tbd"r®mvm azmfjyygaojcif;av;rsKd ;ukd jrefrmht,ltq aojcif;
ESprf sKd ;tm;jzihf a&SUokH;yg;ukd ½k;d ½k;d ao? aemufqkH;wpfyg;ukd tpdr;f ao[k rSw,
f lEkid yf gonf/
vlaoukd tokb[kac:í vlaotavmif;ukd tokbaumif? romaumif[lí
ac:a0: Muonf/ tbd"r®mvm a0g[m&jzpfonf/ rwifw h ,f^ rom,m[k t"dygÜ ,f&onf/
 -70-

tokb½I w&m;em<ua&mufyg&ef[k zdwrf EÅujyKMuonfvnf; &So d nf/ ]]romwpfacgufç

ausmif;q,facguf}} [kvnf; trTe;f wifMuonf/ romwpfacgufvu kd yf jYkd cif;onf ausmif;okYd
q,facguf oGm;onfEiS fh nDrQonf[k ,lqMuonf/ romukd tacguftcgcg ykaYd qmifaomf
vnf; yGm;rsm;oiho
f nfh r&PmEkówdur®|mef;? tokbur®|mef;rsm;ukd yGm;rsm;jcif;r&Syd gu
ausmif;okYdwpfacguf a&mufoavmufawmif ukokdv&f Ekid zf G,&f mr&Syd g/
ema&;tcrf;tem;ESihpf yfí-
1/ tavmif;aumifukd a&csKd ;ay;jcif;?
2/ ajcrESpaf csmif;? vufrESpaf csmif;ukd BudK;jzihyf l;í csnaf ESmifjcif;?
3/ tavmif;aumif\ ygpyfwGif aiGwpfrwfxnhaf y;&jcif;?
4/ tavmif;ukd tavmif;pifay:wifxm;NyD; tavmif;pifatmufajcwGif
za,mif;wkid f wpfwikd x
f eG ;f xm;NyD; ajra&tk;d wpfv;kH ukvd nf; xm;ay;&jcif;? tavmif;ab;wGif
tpm;taomuf wpfyef;uefukd xm;ay;&NyD; tavmif;aumif tdrw f Gi&f Sad eorQ xrif;
yef;uefukd aeYpOfvJay;&jcif;?
5/ tavmif;ukd tacgif;wGi;f okYd oGi;f NyD;aemuf tdr&f o dS rQ i,f&, G o
f t
l m;vk;H ukd
tyfcsnpf onf jzihf t&yfuw kd ikd ;f wm jzwfawmufNyD; BudK;ukv
d ;kH í tavmif;ay:wifxm;&jcif;?
6/ vdyjf ymcGJjcif;?
7/ vdyjf ymac:jcif;?
8/ o&P*kHwifjcif;
9/ tavmif;ukad jrjr§Kyf&mü romykYo d lrsm;u cJvkH;rsm;jzihf ypfaygufxnh&f jcif;?
10/ oydwo f Gwjf cif;?
11/ &ufvnfqrG ;f oGwjf cif; ponftm;jzihf t&yfa'otm;avsmpf mG enf;rsKd ;tzkHzkH
"avhpkHatmif jyKvkyaf vh&So d nfukd awGU&rnfjzpfygonf/
tavmif;aumifukd a&csKd ;ay;jcif;? tavmif;aumifukd ajcrBudK;ç vufrBudK;wkYdjzihf
csnfaESmifay;jcif;wkdYü xl;xl;jcm;jcm; t,ltqukd rawGU&acs/ vlwpfOD;wpfa,muf
aovGejf cif;okYd ra&mufrD rrmruse;f tcsed w f Gif a&csKd ;oefYpif&jcif; r&Scd Jhay/ teHYtoufrsm;
raocifuwnf;u qk;d qk;d &Gm;&Gm; jzpfvsu&f So d nf/ aoaomtcg raumif;onhf teHY
toufrsm; oufom&m&ap&ef a&csKd ;oefYpifay;&jcif;jzpfrnf[k ,lqEkid yf gonf/ aovGef
NyD;aemuf tavmif;aumiftajctaeonf 0ga,m"mwfwkdYcsKyfNidrf;cJhNyD;jzpfaomaMumifh
uk, d af e[efrysuf xde;f xm;Ekid pf Gr;f r&Sad wmhacs/ ajcrç vufrwkYw d Gif BudK;jzihcf snaf ESmifjcif;
rjyKygu ajcum;,m;? vufum;,m;taetxm;okYad &mufNyD; tjrifraumif;Ekid af omaMumifh
ajcrç vufrwkYdukyd l;uyfNyD; BudK;jzifhcsnaf ESmifay;xm;&jcif;jzpfygonf/
 -71-

tavmif;aumif\ yg;pyfwiG f aiGwpfrwfxnhaf y;&jcif;ukd ul;wkcYd xnhaf y;&onf[k

qkyd gonf/ oGm;ESpcf ktMum;wGif aiGjzpfap? a&T'*Fg;jzpfap n§yx f nhaf y;&jcif;jzpfygonf/
[kb d ufb0ukd ul;ajrmufzkYdtwGuf tzk;d tcay;&jcif;[k od&onf/ xkt d zk;d tc wpfrwf
rygygu [kb d ufb0okYd ajzmifhajzmihjf zL;jzL; rul;ajrmufEkid [ f k ,lqajymqkMd uygonf/
,cktcgwGiu f m; ,if;t,ltqukd jiif;y,fNyD; ul;wkcYd xnhaf y;jcif;tavhtxukd tcsKd Uae&m
rsm;wGif vkyaf qmifjcif; r&SMd uawmhyg/ þt,ltqESiphf yfvsO;f í tcsKd Uaom jrefrmhynm&Sif
rsm;u tdE´, d paom tjcm;aomt&yfa'orS qif;oufvmonf[k qkMd uygonf/ vlwpf
a,mufaovGeaf omtcg use&f pforl sm;u acgif&rf;yef;ukd cl;í vlaoaumif\ em;aygufwiG f
wyfqifNyD; vlaoaumift0wfpwGiv f nf; aiGprsm;ukd csw
d q
f GJum 0dnmOfwpfckckukd yl;uyf
apvsuf tavmif;aumifukd ocsKØ if;okYd ykYdaqmifapvTwyf gonf/ ocsKØ if;okYd a&mufvmaom
tavmif;aumifukd ocsKØ if;apmifhu wm;qD;í ygvmaomaiGpukd jzKwf,lum tavmif;
aumifukd ajrjr§KyfoN*ØK[fay;ygonf/ xkdYaMumifh vlaoaumif\ oGm;ESpfvTmtMum;
aiGpwpfrwf n§yx f nhaf y;jcif;onf trsm;xifjrif,lqajymqkad eMuouJhokYd [kb d ufb0okYd
ajzmifah jzmifh jzL;jzL; ul;ajrmufEikd af tmif xnhaf y;&aom ul;wkcYd r[kwb f J ocsKØ if;apmift
h wGuf
ajrjr§Kyfc xnhaf y;&jcif;jzpfonf[k rSw, f l&rnfjzpfygonf/
tavmif;ukd tavmif;pifay:wifxm;NyD; tavmif;pifatmufajcwGif za,mif;wkid f
wpfwkid x
f Ge;f xm;NyD; ajra&tk;d wpfvkH;ukv d nf; xm;ay;&jcif;? tavmif;ab;wGif tpm;
taomuf wpfyef;uefukd xm;ay;&NyD; tavmif;aumif tdrw f Gi&f Sad eorQ xrif;yef;uefukd
aeYpOf vJay;&jcif;wkYdü aovGeo f nhyf k*¾Kd vftm; BuD;&ifholjzpfvQif ylaZmfonhf taetm;jzihf
vnf;aumif;? i,f&G,o f ljzpfvQif csD;ajr§mufonht f aetm;jzihv f nf;aumif; jyKvkyaf y;&jcif;
jzpfonf[k rSw, f lEkid yf gonf/
tavmif;ukd tacgif;wGi;f oGi;f NyD;aemuf tdr&f So d rQ i,f&G,o f ltm;vkH;ukd tyfcsnf
ponfjzihf t&yfuw kd ikd ;f wm jzwfawmufNyD; BudK;ukv d k;H í tavmif;ay:wifxm;&jcif;?vdyjf ym
cGjJ cif;wkrYd mS um; vGrJ mS ;aomt,ltqwpf&yfomjzpfygonf/ &ufom;ç vom;ç ESpo f m;t&G,f
uav;i,frsm; use&f pfygu vdyjf ymcGaJ y;&aMumif;? tcsKd Ut&yfa'owGif wpfcsed af omtcgu
uav;i,fwkYd\ t0wfpm;ukd csed cf Giw f pfzufwGix f m;? csed cf Giw
f pfzufuku d m; Avmxm;í
uav;i,fukd aoolESihftwl ac:,lrnfqkdygu csdefcGifAvmzufwGif csdefcGifvQmxGuf
vmaMumif;? xkdtcgwGif usef&pfaomvlrsm;xJu wwfodem;vnfonhf vlBuD;wpfOD;
wpfa,mufu [de;f a[mufNcdr;f ajcmufívnf;aumif;? acsmah rmhívnf;aumif; uav;i,fukd
jyefawmif;,l&aMumif;? uav;i,ft0wftpm;xnhfxm;onhf zufwGif csdefcGifvQm
xGuv f mygu uav;i,f\t0wfpm;ukd tvsit f jref Ekwo f rd ,
f vl u
kd &f aMumif; ajymqkMd uyg
 -72-

onf/ þtjcif;t&mukd vdyjf ymcGJonf[k qkMd uygonf/

tbd"r®mt,ltqwGiu f m; toufaumif? vdyjf ymaumif? 0dnmOfaumif[laom
a0g[m&ukrd Q cGihfrjyKbJ jiif;y,fxm;ygonf/
þae&mwGif tbd"r®y#d u? uxm0w¬KygVd? yk*¾vuxm? opöu d |obm*gEka,m*
- vm ou0g'Dyk*¾Kd vfESihf y&0g'Dyk*¾Kd vfwkYd\ yk*¾Kd vfç owå0gç twåZD0 &S^d r&SEd Sihpf yfí
tar;^tajzjyKvkyMf uykHukd jyqkzd kYd vkt
d yfrnfxifygonf/
y&rw¬opömtm;jzihf yk*¾Kd vfç owå0gç twåZD0[lí r&Sad cs/ pdwçf apwoduçf
½kyçf edAÁmefwkYdom xif&Sm;&Sad cs\/ t,lrSm;&So
d lwkYdu yk*¾Kd vfç owå0gç twåZD0&S\
d [k
,lqajymqkdMuonf/
y&0g'Dyk*¾Kd vfu - eEk tw¬d aumpd uma, um,mEkyóD 0d[&wd¿ uk, d üf
uk,
d uf ½kd rI wS af eaom wpfpkw
H pfa,mufaomyk*Kd¾ vf&o
dS nf r[kwaf vm- [laom tar;pum;
&yfrsm;jzihv f nf;aumif;?
0kwåH b*0wm ]] {uyk*¾avm bdu©a0 avmau OyÜZÆrmaem OyÜZÆwd A[kZe
[dwm, A[kZeokcg, avmumEkurÜm, tw¬m, [dwm, okcg, a'0rEkómeH}}
&[ef;wkYd avmuü wpfOD;wpfa,mufaomyk*¾Kd vf ay:xGe;f vwfaomf vltrsm;\ tpD;yGm;
csr;f omtvkYid Sg avmuukd oem;apmifha&SmufcsD;ajr§muf&eftvkYid Sg ewfvlwkY\
d pD;yGm;csr;f om
tvkiYd gS jzpfay:\- [laom jrwfAk'p¨ um; axmufqjcif;jzihv f nf;aumif; yk*Kd¾ vfç owå0gç
twåZD0[lí&Sad Mumif; tckid t
f rmajymqkad eonf/
xktd cg ou0g'Dyk*¾Kd vfu ]]oknawm avmuH ta0u©ók? armC&mZ o'g
oawm/ twåmEk'|d ð OD[pö? {0H rpöKwa&m od,m/ {0H avmuH ta0u©EÅH? rpöK&mZm e
yówd}} - armC&mZvkvif? tcgcyfodrf; owd&Sdonfjzpfí avmuukd twårS
uif;qdwfonfhtaejzifh ½IrSwfyg? þuJhokdY ½IrSwfygrl twåokdYtpOfvkdufonhft,lukd
y,fEkwfí aorif;ukd vGefajrmufausmfvTm;Ekdif\/þuJhokdY ½IrSwfolukd aorif;onf
rjrifEkid af wmhacs}} [lívnf;aumif;?
0kwåH b*0wm ]] oaAÁ "r®m tewåm }} tvkH;pkHaom"r®wkYdonf twår[kwu f ke?f
twåZD0r[kwu f ke?f wpfpkHwpfckaomw&m;ürQ twåç yk*¾vr&Su
d ke}f } [lívnf;aumif;?
- udEéK oawåmwd yapöo?d rm& 'd|*d wH Ek aw/
ok'¨ocFg&ykaÍÆm,H? e,d" owåKyvAÇw/d
 -73-

- ,xm [d t*ForÇm&m? a[mwd oa'´g ]&axm}£wd/

{0H caE¨ok oaEÅok? a[mwd ]oawåm}wd or®Kwd/
- 'ku©ar0 [d oarÇmwd? 'ku©H wd|wd a0wd p/
emnMw 'ku©m oarÇmwd? emnH 'ku©m ed½kZÑwDw/d
rm&fewf? owå0g[k,kMH unfxm;aom oift
h ,lrmS rdpämt,lomjzpf\/ þuk,
d cf E¨m
onf owå0grzuf oufoufaom ocFg&tpktykHrQomjzpfí ynmÓPfjzihf qifjcifaomf
þuk,d cf E¨mü owå0gukd r&Ekid /f
&xm;t*FgtaqmuftODaMumifh &xm;[lí ajymqko
d uJo
h Ykd cE¨mwk&Yd u
dS keí
f owå0g[k
ynwfrI jzpfay:vm&\/
qif;&J'ku©onfom cHpm;í qif;&J'ku©om jzpfwnfvm\? csKyfaysmufvm\/
qif;&J'ku©ukd MuOfz,fxm;NyD; tjcm;aom owå0g jzpfvmonfr[kw?f csKyfaysmufonf
r[kw/f - [lívnf;aumif;?
,o®m acg tmeE´ oknH tawåe 0g twåead ,e 0g? wo®m ]]okanm avmaum}}wd
0kpw
ö -d tmeE´m? twårv S nf;aumif;? twåe,d rSvnf;aumif; qdwo
f kO;f onfjzpfaomaMumifh
avmuukd qdwo f kO;f onf[k ajymqkt d yf\ - [lívnf;aumif;?
wMw aoed, ,Gm,H ow¬m 'da| ap0 "ar® twåmeH opöawm axwawm e
ynmaywd? tbdorÜ&m,Íö twåmeH opöawm axwawm e ynmaywd? t,H 0kpöwd
aoed, ow¬m or®morÁKa'¨g/ - aoed,? tMuifq&monf ,ckb0üvnf; twåukd
trSeft[kwftm;jzihf rynwf? aemifwrvGefb0üvnf; twåukd trSeft[kwftm;jzihf
rynwf/ aoed,? þq&mukd jrwfpGmbk&m;[lí qktd yf\ - [lívnf;aumif;?
]]jrwfAk'¨onf axmywftk;d ? qDtkd;? ysm;&nftk;d ? wifvJtk;d ? EkYd&nftk;d ? a&tk;d ?
aomufa&cGuf? a&Munfawmuf? a&zvm;? edpöbwfqGrf;? tNrJvSLaom ,m*k[lí
d / NrJNrHckid cf Hhaom? xif&Sm;&Sad om? azmufjyefjcif;r&Sad om wpfpkHwpfckaom
okH;EIe;f ajymqk\
,m*krnfonf r&Sd}} [lívnf;aumif; jrwfAk'¨\pum;? 0Zd&mbdu©KeD\pum;wkdYukd
axmufqí ou0g'Dyk*Kd¾ vfonf y&0g'Dyk*Kd¾ vf\ yk*Kd¾ vfç owå0gç twåZ0D &Sad Mumif;tqku d kd
acszsuaf wmfrlcJhygonf/
owå0gwkYd\ cE¨muk,
d ?f 0g? wpfavmuvkH;ukd tpk;d &vsuf rysurf pD; tNrJwnf
aeaom trmcH tESpo
f m&oabmw&m;ukd twå[k omoemywdw¬w d kYdu MuHq ajymqkMd u
ygonf/ jAm[®PwkdYt,lü þtwåukdyif tmw®ef[laom a0g[m&jzihfokH;pGJonfukd
 -74-

awGU&onf/ þtwåukyd if tpGJjyKvsuf ]] toufaumif? vdyjf ymaumif? 0dnmOfaumif?

yk*¾Kd vfç owå0gç igç olwpfyg;ç a,musmf ;ç rde;f r? um&u -jyKvkyzf efqif;wwfol?
a0'u- cHpm;wwfol? omrD - zefqif;&SiBf uD;? ed0goD- cE¨mtdraf [mif; topfajymif;
aomfvnf; tNrJrjywf wnfaewwfo?l o,H0oD- rdrt d vku d s pDrcH efcY EJG ikd o
f l [laomt,lrsm;
rSw, f lxm;Muygonf/ ,ckacwftcgwGiv f nf; Ak'¨bmom0iftrsm;pkonf toufaumif?
vdyjf ymaumif? 0dnmOfaumif[lonf rnfonht f &m[k wdwyd y rajymqkEd kid Mf uaomfvnf;
½kyfemrfcE¨mtay:ü twå[k pGJvrf;vsuf&Sdonfukd ]] vdyfjymcGJonf? vdyfjymEkwf,l
oGm;Ekid o f nf}} ponfjzihf ajymqkv d kyu
f kid af ejcif;ukd axmufqí awGUjrifMum;odEkid yf gonf/
xkad Mumifh twåukd toufaumif? vdyjf ymaumif? 0dnmOfaumif[k ,lqajymqkMd uvsuf
vlwpfa,muf aovGeaf omtcg ]] toufxGuo f Gm;NyD}}[kvnf;aumif;? uav;i,frsm;
txdww f vefY ikad <u;aom tcg ]] vdyjf ymvGio hf nf}}[k vnf;aumif;? aool\ vdyjf ymonf
use&f pfol\ vdyjf ymukd vma&muf ac:,laeonf? xkad Mumifh ]]vdyjf ymcsi;f cGJ&rnf}}[k
vnf;aumif; ajymprSww f Giaf eMujcif; jzpfygonf/
o&P*kwH ifjcif;ESipfh yfí a&S;a&S;aomyk*Kd¾ vfrsm; rnfonh&f nf&,
G cf sujf zihf vkyaf qmif
cJhonf rod&aomfvnf; ,ckaESmif;ykid ;f acwfwGiu f m; aooltwGuf &nfpl;NyD; vkyaf qmif
aeonf^aoolukd o&P*kw H ifay;aeonfukd awGU&rnfjzpfygonf/ ]]olcY rsm - t&yfwpfyg;
rSm aowmjzpfvkYd o&P*kHawmif rwifay;vku d &f bl;[,f}} ponfjzihf okH;EIe;f ajymqkd
Muonfukd Mum;zl;Murnfjzpfygonf/
o&P*kyH sujf cif;onf &wemok;H yg;rSwpfyg;aom omoemywdww d¬ t
Ykd ay: uk;d uG,f
&mtjzpf owfrSwí f rdru d k,
d u
f kd tyfESHjcif;aMumifh ysujf cif;? aovGeí f ysujf cif;[k ESprf sKd ;
&Syd gonf/ (r? |? 1/ 139/) xkad Mumifh ykxkZOfvlom;wpfOD; wpfa,mufaovGeo f nfESihf
wNydKifeuf o&P*kHysuo f nf[k ,lqEkid yf gonf/ aoolukd o&P*kHwifay;aomfvnf;
aooltwGuf rnfonfht&mrQ tusKd ; rxifEkid af cs/ okYdaomfvnf; Ak'¨bmomjrefrmvlrsKd ;
rsm;onf o&P*kyH surf nfukd tvGeaf MumufMuyg onf/ o&P*kyH suo f nfEiS fh r*fzvkd &f zk&Yd ef
tcGiv hf nf; ysu,f iG ;f awmhonfom/ xkad Mumifh Ak'b ¨ mom jrefrmvlrsKd ;rsm;onf rdru d , kd w
f ikd f
vnf; o&P*kHrysucf siMf uouJhokYd rdrEd Sihq f ufET,o f lwkYdtm;vnf; o&P*kH rysuaf pcsif
Muay/ aojcif;w&m;ukd rvGeq f efEkid í
f aorif;aemufokYd vku d yf goGm;aom olwkYdtzkYd
o&P*kHysu, f Gi;f NyD;jzpfaomfvnf; use&f pfolrsm;u rdrw d kYd\arwåmukd azmfjyonfhtaejzihf
aoolukd &nfpl;í o&P*kHwifay;Mujcif;jzpfonf[k ,lqEkid yf gonf/ aAm"drif;om;\
r,fawmfonf olY0rf;wGi;f oaE¨om;ukd &nfpl;í o&P*kHcH,lay;cJhygonf/ ("r®? |? 2/
86/) r,fawmfu o&P*kH ,lay;aomfvnf; om;jzpfot l zkYd o&P*k&H p&mtaMumif;r&Syd g/
 -75-

okYdaomf rdcif\ arwåmukd azmfnTe;f &mawmh a&mufcJhygonf/ xked nf;wlpGm Ak'¨bmom

jrefrmtrsm;pk aooltwGuf o&P*kHwifay;jcif;onfvnf; aooltwGuf r&Ekid rf nf
aocsmaomfvnf; rdrw d kYd\ arwåmukd azmfnTe;f &ma&mufrnfh o&P*kHwifay;jcif;trI jyKrl
aeMurnfomjzpfonf/ o&P*kHoDvukd tajccHNyD; 'gerIponfjyKvkyí f trQwrf; ay;a0
aomaMumifh aovGeo f l om"kac:cGih&f cJhygu aumif;usKd ;w&m;vnf ykrd kjd zpfxGe;f Ekid yf gonf/
oydwo f Gwjf cif;? &ufvnfqGr;f oGwjf cif;wkYdrSm aovGeNf yD;aemuf wrvGeb f 0okYd
a&mufoGm; olonf tu,fí t,lvGJí qif;&JcsKd UwJhonfh Nydwåmb0okYd a&mufoGm;vQif
uRwfvw G Ef ikd af p&ef &nfreS ;f NyD; vkyaf qmifMujcif;jzpfygonf/ jrwfAk'u ¨ ZmPkaomPdykPmÖ ;
(tH? 1/ 166/)tm; vrf;nTerf I jyKcJhonht f wkid ;f jyKvkyMf ujcif;jzpfygonf/ Ak'¨bmomjrefrm
vlrsKd ;wkYd aooluk&d nfrSe;f onfh ukokv d yf GJjyKvky&f mü a&maxG;aeaom t,ltqwpf&yf
&Syd gonf/ ,if;rSm aovGeo f lonf ckepf&ufvnfrS tdrt f yg;rS xGucf Gmonf/ aovGeNf yD;
aemufESihf [kb d ufb0pyfMum; Mum;cHb0wpfcktjzpfESihf aexkid &f ao;onf/ þokYd,lqí
ckepf&ufvnf qGr;f oGwyf GJ rjyKvkyrf D ajcmuf&ufaeYavmufwGif okomefokYdoGm;í cJjzpfap?
opfukid ;f jzpfap wpfckckukd ,laqmifum aoolukd jr§KyfESH&m ajrykHüaomfvnf;aumif;?
oGwo f Gi;f &m *lüaomfvnf;aumif; ykwcf wfí ]]reufzef? þrnfaomtcsed w f Gif oifhtm;
&nfpl;í qGrf;auR;yGJ jyKvkyfygrnf? oifESihftaygif;tygrsm; qGrf;oGwfw&m;em,lí
om"kac:Ekid &f ef <ua&mufyg? okomefapmifeh wfrif;BuD;uvnf; þrnfaomyk*Kd¾ vfEiS hf taygif;
tygwkt Yd m; aexGuaf e0ifac:oGm;cGijhf yKyg}} [k aool\ 0dnmOfukd oGm;a&muf ac:,l&onf/
ac:,lNyD;aemuf aool\tdrw f Gif qGr;f auR;yGJjyKvkyrf nfhtcrf;tem;ae&mü wpfae&mpm
ay;&onf/ oauFwtjzpftok;H jyKcJo h nfh cJjzpfap? opfuikd ;f jzpfap ¤if;ae&mwGif xm;&onf/
xkad e&mwGif xrif;yef;uef? aomufa&cGuw f kYu
d kd tpm;taomufrsm; xnhpf Guí f xm;ay;&
onf/ þonfwkYrd Sm tEÅ&mb0'd|t d ,lrS qif;oufvmaom t,lrsm; jzpfonf/ a&S;b0ç
aemufb0wkYd\tMum;umv? pkwyd #doaE¨wkYd\ tMum;umvü b0wpfck&Sad o;\ [k
,lqaomt,ljzpfonf/ ykAÁaovd, *kP d ;f om;wkYdESihf or®w d ,
d *kP
d ;f om;wkYd ,laom t,l
jzpfonf/
ykAaÁ ovd,*kP
d ;f om;ESifh or®w d ,
d *kP
d ;f om;wko
Yd nf tEÅ&my&deAd mÁ ,D[al om okwyf k'f
ukd vGrJ mS ;pGm BuHqí tEÅ&mb0&S\ d [k ,lqMujcif;jzpfonf/ ,if;tEÅ&mb0ü owå0gonf
'dAÁpu©Kr&bJ 'dAÁpu©K&ouhJokYdvnf;aumif;? wefck;d r&Sb d J wefck;d &So
d uJhokYdvnf;aumif;
rdbESpyf g;wkY\ d aygif;qkHrjd cif;? trd\ Owkvmjcif;[laom tcgtcGihu f kd iHhvifhum ckepf&uf
(okdYr[kwf) ckepf&ufxuftvGef Mum;cHb0üwnfaeonf[k ,lqjcif;jzpfonf/ i&J?
tonowf? t½lyb0okYu d yfa&mufolwkYt d m;rl tEÅ&mb0r&S[ d kvnf; ¤if;wkY, d lqMuonf/
 -76-

(tbd? u/ 2269-272/) ou0g'Dyk*¾Kd vfu ,if;wkYd\t,l0g'ukd acszsucf Jhygonf/

ypömoEér&Pó wó 0Dxdpdwåm0omaeç b0*Fu©a, 0g p0e0aoe
ypöKyÜEéb0y&da,momeblwH pkwpd w
d åH OyÜZÆw
d Gm ed½kZÑwd/
wo®ð ed½k'¨g0omae wómeEÅ&ar0 wxm*[dwH tm&r®PH tm&AÇ o0w¬KuHç
t0w¬Kuar0 0g ,xm&[H t0dZÆmEko,y&du©ad wåe wPSmEko,rlvaue ocFga&e
Zed,rmeH orÜ,kawå[d y&d*¾,SrmeH o[Zmwmer"d|mebma0e ykAÁ*FrblwH b0EÅ&
y#doE¨me0aoe y#doE¨o d cFgwH rmeoH OyÜZÆrmear0 ywd|mwd b0EÅa&/ (o*F[/ 90-
91/)
pkawzkY&d efeD;uyfaeaom owå0gtzkYd xkrd &PmoEé0Dx\ d tqkH;üjzpfap? xk0d Dxad emif
b0ifusNyD;üjzpfap pkawonf\tpGr;f jzihf ypöKyÜeb f 0tqk;H jzpfaom pkwpd wd of nf jzpfNyD;vQif
csKyfaysmuf&\/ pkwpd w d cf sKyfvQif xkpd kwpd w
d \
f tjcm;rJhüüomvQif y#doaE¨pw d jf zpfonf/
pkwpd wd Ef iS fh y#doaE¨pw
d tf Mum; tEÅ&b00g'Dyk*Kd¾ vfrsm;,lqxm;onhf ,m,Db0rsKd ;[lonf
r&S[d k rkcsued ;f ao rSw, f l&rnfomjzpfygonf/ y#doaE¨pw d of nf b0a[mif;rSm Oyg'fí
XDtckud u f srS b0opfokYdajymif;a&TUvmonf? ]]avmufvef;ozG,f 0dnmOfwG,}f } qk½d k;d ü
avmufvef;owå0gonf tNrD;ykid ;f jzihf ae&mwpfcküwnfNyD; OD;acgif;ykid ;f jzihf tjcm;wpfae&mukd
&SmazGí rawGUorQ tNrD;ykid ;f wpfae&mukd rvTwrf lbJ awGUonfhtcgrS OD;acgif;ykid ;f jzihf
xkad e&mukad xmufum tNrD;ykid ;f yg ajymif;a&TUonf[laom t,lrSm;rsm;ukv d nf; txufwGif
azmfjyxm;onhf tbd"r®ma'oemu y,fjrpfxm;NyD;jzpfygonf/
tcsKyftm;jzihf jrefrmhw"Ykd avhema&;xk;H wrf;pOfvmt,ltqrsm;wGif tbd"r®m a0g[m&
rsm;ukd okH;EIe;f xm;onfukd awGU&rnfhtjyif tbd"r®mqkid &f m t,ltqrsm;vnf; vTr;f rk;d
yg0ifaeaMumif;? tbd"r®mt,ltqrsm;ESifh cRwaf csmaf eonfrsm;vnf; yg0ifaMumif; wifjy&if;
]]jrefrmwkY\
d "avh ema&;qkid &f mxkHwrf;tpOftvmrsm;ukd tbd"r®m½IaxmifhrS avhvmjcif;}}
pmwrf;ukd þwGif ed*kH;csKyftyfygonf/

t&Sitf &d, (enf;jy)

tbd"r®y#d ur[mXme
e? y? o (&efuke)f
 -77-

pwk&m&u©ur®|mef;w&m;av;yg; ac: umuG,af &;w&m;av;yg;

t&Sit
f &d,0Ho

ed'gef;
þurÇmavmutwGi;f ü avmuvlom;wdko Y nf tylr;D rsm; avmifNrdKufjcif;ukd puúeYf
rvyf cHae&ojzifh twd'ku©a&mufaeMu&onf/ þü tylrD;[lonf avmbpaom
uk,d wf Gi;f &ef udavomrsm;ESihf tqif;toHpaom tjyif&ef umr*kPw f kdYjzpfMuonf/
tqif;toHpaom ig;jzmtm½Hk umr*kPw f kdYonf tjyifbufü vdkcsipf &mtjzpfjzifh jywwf
jcif;aMumifh tjyif&ef[k qk&d \/ þtylr;D &efwYkd tavmifc&H aomaMumifh vlwo kYd nf wpfae&m
wnf;ü NidrNf idrrf aeEdkiMf ubJ xufatmufpkeq f efum oGm;vmvIy&f Sm;aeMu&onf/
xdkavmifNrdKufaeaom tylrD;udk Nidr;f at;apEdkio
f nfrSm- orx0dyóemtrnfjzifh
tbd"r®ma'oemawmfü jrwfAk'¨ a[mawmfrx l m;aom w&m;awmfrsm;yifjzpfMu\/ xdktylr;D udk
Nidr;f at;apEdkiaf om orx0dyóemw&m;wdkYwGif Ak'¨gEkówdç r&PmEkówdç tokb
bm0emç arwåmbm0em [laom w&m;av;rsKd ;vnf; tygt0ifjzpf\/ pwk&m&u© ur®|mef;
w&m;av;yg; [kvnf; ac:Muonf/ þpmwrf;ü xkpd wk&m&u©ur®|mef;w&m; av;yg;wdjkY zifh
twGi;f rD;&efrsm; x<urvmatmif? tjyif&efrsm; rdrpd w d xf J 0ifa&mufaESmuf,Suf rvm
Edkiaf tmif apmifha&Smuf umuG,f wm;jrpfEkdiyf Hkukd vdk&if;wdkusO;f jzifh wifjyoGm;ygrnf/
odkYjzpfí þpmwrf;udk avhvm zwf½IrSwfom;í pl;pl;pdkufpkduf trSefwu,f
usihfBuHyGm;rsm; MuaomolwkdYonf udk,w f Gi;f &ef udavomtylrD;ESihf tjyif&ef umr*kPf
tylrD;wdkYukd t<uif;rJYr[kwaf pumrl w'*Fç 0du©rÇey[mef taetm;jzifh trSew f u,f
Nidr;f at;apEdkivf rd Yfrnf/ t,kwt
f m;jzifh vdkuef musihfBuHzkdY&ef vrf;p&oGm;Edkiaf yvdrYfrnf[k
,HkMunfygonf/

pwk&m&u©ur®|mef;
Ak'¨tbd"r®mü ½IrSwyf Gm;rsm;&m ur®|mef;onf orxbm0emur®|mef;ç 0dyóem
bm0em ur®|mef;[k tusO;f tm;jzifh 2-rsKd ;&S\
d / xdkwiG f udavomwdkEY iS hf 0dwuf ponfwku
Yd kd
Nidrof ufapwwfí orm"djyXmef;aom bm0emtvkyo f nf orxbm0em ur®|mef;rnf\/
&kyef mrfcE¨mwdkYukd tedpöç 'ku©ç tewå [k trsKd ;rsKd ; ½Iwwfonfjzpfí ynmjyXmef;aom
bm0emtvkyo f nf 0dyóembm0em ur®|mef;rnf\/
 -78-

xkw d iG f orxbm0emur®|mef;onf av;q,f&\ dS / xdkav;q,fww kYd iG -f Ak'g¨ Ekówd

bm0emç r&PmEkówdbm0emç tokbbm0emç arwåmbm0em [laom þw&m;
av;yg;wkoYd nf pdwu f kd raumif;aom tm&HkoYkd roGm;Edkiaf tmif apmifah &SmufumuG,w f m;jrpf
1
wwfaomaMumifh pwk&m&u© bm0emur®|mef; rnfygonf/ twGi;f &efuad vomrsm;ESihf
tjyif&efrsm;udk umuG,&f eftvdkYiSg þur®|mef;av;yg;udk yGm;rsm;oifh\/

Ak'¨gEkówdbm0emur®|mef;
xdkpwk&m&u©ur®|mef;w&m; av;yg;wkdYwGif Ak'¨gEkówdbm0emur®|mef;onf
bk&m;&Si\f *kPaf wmfrsm;ukd rdrpd w
d x
f JwGif xifjrifvmatmif tm½HkjyKí tzefzef atmufarh
jcif;wnf;/2 xdkAk'¨gEkówdbm0emur®|mef;udk yGm;rsm;vdkaomolonf jrwfpGmbk&m;\
taMumif;aumif;yHkç tusKd ;aumif;yHkESihf owå0gwdkYtm; aus;Zl;rsm;yHkukd OD;pGm tm½HkjyKí
yGm;rsm;&rnf/
jrwfpmG bk&m; taMumif;aumif;yHkrmS - jrwfpmG bk&m;onf av;oacsEF iS u hf rÇmwpfoed ;f
yg&rDawmfwkdYukd jznfhusihfawmfrl&mtcgü rsm;pGmaom pnf;pdrw f kYdtjyif t*FgBuD;i,fESihf
toufukdygpGeYfí jznfhusihfawmfrljcif;? aqGawmfrsKd ;awmfwkdY\ tusKd ;pD;yGm;ESihf owå0gwdkY\
tusKd ;pD;yGm;udk usihfawmfrljcif; ponfwkdYyifjzpf ygonf/
tusKd ;aumif;yHkrmS - taMumif;aumif;onft h m;avsmpf mG bk&m;jzpfrnfb
h 0ü wkow d m
ewfjynf0,f ewfjA[®mwdkYu vlYjynfü y#doaE¨aezdkY&ef awmif;yefjcif;? csr;f ajrUpGm y#doaE¨
ae&jcif;? csr;f ajrUpGm zGm;jrifawmfrl&jcif;? 16-ESpt
f &G,w
f Gif xD;eef;pH&jcif;ESihf 35-ESpf
t&G,wf Gif or®morÁK'¨bk&m;tjzpfokdY a&muf&Sad wmfrljcif;yif jzpfygonf/
owå0gwdkYtm; aus;Zl;rsm;yHkrSm- bk&m;jzpfawmfrlNyD;aemuf rem;rae w&m;awmfukd
a[mjyawmfrljcif;? tyg,fav;yg;wdkY &SMd uonf[k od&jcif;? tyg,fa&mufaMumif; 'kp½dkuf
w&m;wdkYukd od&jcif;? xk'd kp½dkuw f kdYukd a&SmifMuOfvQif tyg,f'ku©rS vGwaf jrmuf&jcif;?
ewfçjA[®mESihf edAmÁ efwkYd &SMd uao;\ [ko&d jcif;? vlewfeAd mÁ efa&mufaMumif; okp½ku d w f &m;wdu kY kd
od&jcif;ESihf odojzifh xkw d &m;wdukY kd usiBhf uHtm;xkwaf om olwrkYd mS - vlçewfçedAmÁ efcsr;f omukd
&Mujcif;yifjzpfygonf/ þodkY&Mujcif;onf rdbvnf; ray;Edkif q&mvnf; ray;Edkiaf om
aus;Zl;rsm;yHkjzpfyg\/

Ak'¨gEkówdbm0emur®|mef;yGm;rsm;yHk
þqdktyfcNYJ yD;aom jrwfpmG bk&m;\ taMumif;aumif;yHk ponfwku
Yd kd tm½HkjyKNyD;aemuf
 -79-

Ak'¨g Ekówdbm0emur®|mef;udk yGm;rsm;&rnf/ xdkokdYyGm;rsm;&mü MunfnKd zG,af umif;aom

qif;wkawmf wpfqul kd tm½Hk,&l \/ xkaYd emuf bk&m;&Si\
f ½kyyf kaH wmfrS bk&m;&Si\
f *kPaf wmfokYd
tm½Hkajymif;í t&[H tp b*0g tqHk;&Sad om bk&m;*kPaf wmfwkdYukd tzefzef yGm;rsm;&rnf/
þodkY bk&m;*kPaf wmfukd;yg;udk tpOftwdki;f qifjcifyGm;rsm;NyD;aomf rdrt
d ESpo
f uf
qHk;aom *kPaf wmfwpfyg;yg;udk a&G;cs,í f tzefzeftxyfxyfESvHk;oGi;f qifjcif&\/ rdr\ d
pdwo f nf xdkokdY ESvHk;oGi;f qifjcifí orm"dwufvmaomtcg Ak'¨\½kyyf Hkawmf uG,af ysmuf
oGm;NyD; bk&m;&Si\ f *kPaf wmfüom wnfaeayvdrYfrnf/
xko
d kdYjzpfvQif a,m*Donf ol\bm0emudk bk&m;*kPaf wmfüom Nidro f ufpGm
pl;pdkux
f m;&rnf/ xkt d cg bm0em½IyGm;aomolonf rMumjrifhrD Ak'¨gEkówdbm0emü
Oypm&orm"dokdY a&mufrnf/ þAk'¨gEkówdbm0emonf Oypmpsmeform"duko d m jzpfapEdkif
onf/ tyÜempsmefukdum; rjzpfapEdkiaf y/3

Ak'¨gEkówdbm0emur®|mef;tusKd ;
odkY&mwGif Ak'¨gEkówdbm0emur®|mef;udk yGm;rsm;tm;xkwaf omolonf rsm;pGmaom
tusKd ;w&m;wkYdukd &&SEd kdiaf vonf/ ¤if;wdkYrSm-
1/ jrwfpGmbk&m;ü ,HkMunfav;jrwfonfh o'¨gw&m;wdk;yGm;vmjcif;?
2/ atmufarY trSw&f rIowdaumif;rGev f mjcif;?
3/ ÓPfynmBuD;jrifhvmjcif;?
4/ ESpof uf0rf;ajrmufrI yDwrd sm;pGmjzpfjcif;?
5/ csr;f csr;f omom ae&jcif;?
6/ jrwfpGmbk&m; a&SUarSmufüaexkid &f ouJYokdY cHpm;&í raumif;rIrsm;udk a&SmifMuOf
Edkifjcif;?
7/ jrwfpGmbk&m;*kPaf wmfrsm;ESihf xHkrTr;f xm;ol\ cE¨mudk,o f nf "gwfawmfrsm;
ude;f 0yfonfh *E¨uk#w d ku
d u
f JYokdY &Scd kd;ylaZmf&efxku
d w
f efvmjcif;?
8/ xdkAk'¨gEkówd Oypm&psmeform"düwnfí 0dyóemyGm;vQif r*fzkdv&f Edkijf cif;ESihf
r*fzf kdvrf &vQif ok*wdb0om vm;&m&Sjd cif;- ponfwkdYjzpfygonf/4
xkt
d usKd ;tmedoif&&So d Gm;aomyk*¾Kd vfwkdYwGif r[muyÜed rif;wdkYonf jrwfpGmbk&m;\
*kPaf wmfukd qifjcifvsuf jrwfpGmbk&m;xH jrpfoHk;wefukd jrif;pD;NyD;ul;oGm;&m *kPaf wmf
wefckd;aMumifh jrif;cGGg&mudk a&yifrxdyJ wpfbufurf;ukd ul;oGm;EdkiMf uonf/5
xkaYd Mumifh wefck;d tmEkabmfBuD;aom Ak'g¨ Ekówdbm0emur®|mef;udk tzefzeftm;xkwf
Mu&m\/
 -80-

r&PmEkówdbm0emur®|mef;
r&PmEkówdbm0em[lo l nf aojcif;udk rdrpd w
d x
f w
J iG x
f ifjrifvmatmif tm½HkjyKí
tzefwvJvJ atmufarYtrSw&f jcif;yifjzpf\/6

r&PmEkówdbm0emur®|mef;yGm;rsm;yHk
xkrd &PmEkówdbm0emudk yGm;rsm;vdkaom yk*¾Kd vfonf-
1/ &[EÅmyk*¾dKvfwdkY\ tNyD;owfcsKyfNidrf;jcif; [kqdktyfaom aojcif;rsdK;udk
ratmufarY&/ xkad ojcif;rsKd ;onf tvGeef nf;yg;aom aojcif;rsKd ;jzpf\/
2/ ½kyef mrfocFg&wd\
kY jzpfwnfysu[ f kqktd yfaom cPduaojcif;rsKd ;ukd ratmufarY&?
xdkaojcif;rsKd ;onf ay:vGix f if&Sm;jcif;r&Sad om aojcif;f rsKd ;jzpf\/
3/ vlwkYdac:½dk;ac:pOfjzpfaom opfyifaoonf oHaoonf ponfwkdYü touf
r&Sad om t&m0w¬Krsm;\ ysupf D;rI[kqkdtyfaom aojcif;rsKd ;ukd ratmufarY&/ xkad ojcif;rsKd ;
onf xdwfvefYp&m oHa0*&p&mtaMumif;r[kwfay/ atmufarY&rnfrSm- wpfb0
wpfBudro f m aoaom touf\ jywfpJjcif;udkom atmufarY&onf/
xkad ojcif;onf -
1/ toufwrf;ukeí f aojcif;
2/ uHukeí f aojcif;
3/ toufwrf;ESihfuH ESpyf g;pHkukeí f aojcif;f ESihf
4/ Mum;jzwfí aowwfaom Oyapä'uuHjzifhaojcif;-[k av;rsKd ;&S\ d /7
xkdav;rsdK;udk oifhavsmfaom ESvHk;oGif;rIrsdK;jzpfatmif atmufarYqifjcif&rnf/
oifhavsmaf om ESvkH;oGi;f rIrsKd ; rjzpfvQif-
1/ cspcf ifol\ aojcif;ukd tm½HkjyKvQif om;aoaomrdcifuJYokdY jzpfwwfonf/
2/ rke;f ol\ aojcif;ukd tm½HkjyKvQif &efolaoouJYokdY 0rf;ajrmufrw d wfonf/
3/ rcsprf rke;f aomol\ aojcif;ukd tm½HkjyKvQif vlaoaumifukd aeYpOf udkiw f G,f
jr§KyfESH&aomfvnf; rnfonfh xljcm;jcif;rQr&Sad om okb&mZm(ocsKØ if;üaeí vlaoaumif
jr§KyfEo
HS N*ØK[fo)l ponf wdku Y o
YJ kYd oHa0*ÓPf(arG;zGm;ç tdkç emç aoç tyg,f'kup© onfwkrYd S
aMumuf&GHUxw d vf efYrI) rjzpfwwfay/
xkYdaMumifh xdkxkdae&mü jrifzl;aomolaoudk Munfh½Iqifjcifí owdoHa0*ÓPf
ESihfwuG atmufarY&onf/
 -81-

atmufarYyHkrSm-
1/ t'¨K0H ar ZD0w d H = ig\touf&Sijf cif;onf rNrJ/
2/ "k0H ar r&PH = ig\aojcif;w&m;onf NrJ\/
3/ t0óH r,m r&dwAÁar0 = igonf {uefrkcsaoxdkuo f nfom/
4/ r&Py&da,momeH ar ZD0dwH = ig\touf&Sifjcif;onf aojcif;vQif
d [líjzpfygonf/8
tqHk;tydki;f tjcm; &S\

r&PmEkówdbm0emur®|mef;tusdK;
þodkY ponfjzifh tzefzefatmufarYvQif ÓPfxufolrSm eD0&Pw&m;uGmvsuf
r&Pm Ekówdtm½HkNrJojzifh t*Fgig;yg;&Sad om Oypm&psmefukd &av\/ þr&PmEkówd
bm0emonf Oypm&psmefrQudkom jzpfapEdkio f nf/9 Oypm&psmefukd tajccHí 0dyóem
ÓPfjzifh r*fzkdvu
f kd wufvSr;f Edkio
f nf/
r&PmEkówdbm0emur®|mef;ukd ½IyGm;aomol &Edkiaf omtusKd ;w&m;rsm;rSm-
1/ arYavsmhrIuif;jcif;
2/ tvHk;pHkaom b0*wdwkdYü rarGUavsmjf cif;trSwo f nmudk&jcif;
3/ toufESihfypön;f OpömwdkY\ uyfNidwG,w f mjcif; eduEÅw
d PSmudk y,fpGeYfEkdijf cif;
4/ raumif;rIukd pufqkyjf cif;
5/ rsm;pGmodkrSD; odr;f qnf;jcif;udk a&Smif&Sm;jcif;
6/ r&PmEkówdymG ;rsm;jcif;aMumifh rwnfNrJjcif;tedpo ö nm ay:vGixf if&mS ;vmjcif;
7/ tedpöonm ay:vGix f if&Sm;vmojzifh 'ku©onmç tewåonmwdkYvnf;
xif&Sm;vmjcif;
8/ aumif;aomedrw d x f ifí aMumuf&GHUjcif; r&Sbd Jao&jcif;
9/ rsufarSmufb0wGif aojcif;uif;aom edAÁmefukd &Edkijf cif;ESihf
10/ edAÁmefr&vQif ok*wdb0om vm;a&muf&m&Sjd cif;- wdkYjzpfonf/10
þü r&PmEkówdbm0emudk yGm;rsm;jcif;aMumifh tusKd ;&&So d mG ;aom om"uwpfck
udk xkwjf yygrnf/ O&*Zmwfü bk&m;avmif;ykPmÖ ;onf rdom;pk0if 6-OD;ESit hf wl ntdy, f m
r0ifcif r&PH ar b0dówd = igao&OD;rnf [laom r&PmEkówdur®|mef;udk
npOf yGm;rsm;\/ xdktusKd ;aMumifh om;a,musmf ;uG,v f eG af omtcg rnfow l pfO;D wpfa,muf
rQ idka<u;ylaqG;jcif; r&S/d odMum;rif;onf bk&m;avmif;ykPmÖ ;wdkY\ oDvwefckd; r&Pm
Ekówd tusKd ;aMumifh vljY ynfqif;í ykPmÖ ;wd\
kY aexkid &f mtdru
f kd &wem7-yg;jzifh jynfah p\/
bk&m;avmif;ykPmÖ ;rdom;pkwkdYonf uG,v f Geaf omtcg ewfjynfokdY a&muf&SMd uonf/11
 -82-

r&PmEkówdbm0emtusKd ;wnf;/ xkYdaMumifh aojcif;w&m;udk aMumuf&GHUxw d v

f efYMu
aomolwkdYonf r&PmEkówdukd arYavsmhjcif;r&Sb
d J ½IrSwyf Gm;rsm;tm;xkwMf u&m\/

tokbbm0emur®|mef;
tokbbm0emur®|mef;[lonf aoolç&Sio f l? rde;f rça,musmf ; owå0gtrsm;\
cE¨muk,d ?f wpfenf;tm;jzifh qHyif arG;n§i;f paom 32-aum|moESihf tokb 10-
f k ÓPfjzifh½Ií yGm;rsm;qifjcifrIyifjzpfygonf/12 þur®|mef;
yg;wdkYukd rwifhw,f&HG&SmzG,[
onf umr*kPu f kd wyfrufonfh &m*bDv;l ukd csKd ;ESrd &f ef taumif;qHk;aom ur®|mef;jzpfonf/
tokbbm0emur®|mef;yGm;yHk
þtokbbm0emukd yGm;rsm;vdkaomyk*¾Kd vfonf ouf&St d okb 32-aum|moukd
tm&HkjyK íjzpfap? oufrt YJ okbjzpfaom tokb 10-yg;wGif wpfyg;yg;udk tm½HkjyKíjzpfap
yGm;rsm;&\/ouf&t Sd okb 32-aum|moukd qifjcifyGm;rsm;&mü ig;yg;aomtjcif;t&mjzifh
Munfh½I qifjcif&m\/ qifjcifyHkrSm-
1/
þig\ cE¨mudk,üf þqHyifwkdYonf eufaomtm;jzifhvnf;aumif;?
2/
avQmfrQifoP²meftm;jzifhvnf;aumif;?
3/
n§Da[mifaom teHYtm;jzifhvnf;aumif;?
4/
ovdyf onf;ajc av [laom rSD&mtaMumif;tm;jzifhvnf;aumif;?
5/
OD;acgif;cGH[laom wnf&mt&yftm;jzifhvnf;aumif; rwifhw,fuke?f pufqkyf
&GH&SmzG,f aumif;uke\f [líjzpfygonf/
useaf rG;n§i;f ponfwükYd vnf; þenf;twdki;f yif½&I \/ þodv
kY Qif 32-aum|mowdu
kY kd
toD;oD; wpfckpDwpfckpD Munfh½Iqifjcif&m\/
ouf&St
d okbbm0emur®|mef;tusdK;
þuJYokdY Munfh½Iqifjcifjcif;aMumifh &&dSaom tusKd ;rsm;rSm-
1/ w&m;tm;xkw&f mXme? bm0emwdüYk raysmaf rGUjcif;ESihf umr*kPüf aysmaf rGUrw
I u
Ykd kd
ESrd ef if;Edik jf cif;
2/ ab;BuD; ab;i,fukd oD;cHEkd ijf cif;
3/ tat;tyl rSujf cif ,if a>ruif; ponfwkdY\ udkucf Jjcif;tawGUtxdwkdYukd
onf;cHEkdijf cif;?
4/ pum;qdk;wdkYukd oD;cHEkdijf cif;
5/ qHyifponfwkdY\ tndK t0g teD tjzL [laomtqif;xl;udk
rSDí psmef 4-yg;udk &Edkifjcif;
 -83-

6/ udk,\ f qif;&Jjcif;wdkYukd oD;cHEkdijf cif;ESihf

7/ todÓPfukd xdk;xGi;f í odEkdijf cif;-wdkYjzpfayonf/13
xkaYd Mumifh ynm&Sw
d okYd nf &m*bDv;l udk csKd ;EdrS Ef kid o
f nfh rsm;pGmaom tusKd ;ESijhf ynfph kaH om
þ 32-aum|mour®|mef;udk Budrzf efrsm;pGm ½IrSwyf Gm;rsm;oifhMuayonf/
oufrJYtokbbm0emyGm;rsm;yHkESihftusKd ;
xkYdjyif touf0n d mOfr&Sad om tokb 10-yg;wdkYwGif zl;zl;a&mifvsuf pufqkyf
zG,jf zpfaom taumifykyt f okbonf &m*p½dku&f o dS El iS o f /14 xkaYd Mumifh &m*p½dku&f dS
hf ifah vsm\
olonf rdr&d m*p½dkuEf Sihf oifhavsmaf om O'¨Krmwu (zl;zl;a&mifaeaom vlaoaumif)
tokbukd ]]y#duv l y#duv l = &GpH &m &GpH &m}} [k tzefzefymG ;rsm;&onf/ yGm;rsm;zefrsm;vQif
rdrMd unfh½Iaeaom rlvtokb tm½Hkaysmufí rwifhw,faom O*¾[ edrw d x f ifvm\/
,if;xifvmaomtm½Hkukyd if tm½HkjyKí qufvufyGm;rsm;vQif qlNzKd;aom a,musmf ;BuD;
tdyaf eouJYokdY xif&Sm;pGm y#dbm*edrw d x
f ifvm\/ xdkokYdxifvQif umrpäE´paom eD0&P
w&m;ig;yg;uGmí psmeft*Fgig;yg; xif&Sm;jzpfvm\/15
þodkY xif&Sm;jzpfvmvQif orxpsmefESihfwlaom Oypm&psmefonf xdkcPü jzpfNyD;
aemuf yxrpsmefu&kd \/16 tokb 10-rsKd ;wGif wpfrsKd ;rsKd ;ü yxrpsmef&½SNd yD;aom yk*Kd¾ vfonf
tokbonm udk&&SNd yDjzpfí avmbukd aumif;pGm zdESyd x f m;EdkiNf yD/ xkYdaMumifh xdkolonf
umr*kPw f kdYü wyfrufrIuif;vsuf &[EÅmyk*¾Kd vfwkdYuJYokdY wnfNidro f Gm;rnf/
þü tokbbm0emyGm;rsm;jcif;aMumifh tusdK;&&SdoGm;aom om"uwpfckudk
xkwfjyygrnf/ apwd,awmifü oDwif;oHk;aom wdórax&fonf &,foHudkMum;í
Munfh&mü oGm;½dk;udkom jrifawGUav\/ xdktcgü rax&fonf t|duonmudk,lí psmefESihf
wuGaom r*fzkdvw f &m;udk &&Scd JYavonf/17 tokbbm0em yGm;rsm;jcif;\ tusKd ;wnf;/
odkYjzpfí a,m*DwkdYonf &Sio f l\uk, d üf jzpfap? aool\udk,üf jzpfap tokbbm0emukd
yGm;rsm;oifhayonf/

arwåmbm0emur®|mef;
arwåmbm0emur®|mef;[lonf pGJvrf;wyfrufrIwPSmoabm rygbJ tusKd ;pD;yGm;
vdkvm;rIjzifh use;f rmygap csr;f omygap[k arwåmyGm;rsm;jcif;yif jzpfygonf/
tjypftusdK;qifjcifyHk
odkjY zpfí arwåmyGm;vdkaomolonf oDvudkpifMu,fapí qdwNf idr&f mt&yfokYd uyfum
a'go\ tjypfESihfoD;cHjcif;\ tusKd ;udk OD;pGmqifjcifESvHk;oGi;f xm;&rnf/ qifjcifyHkrSm-
 -84-

a'goonf tusKd ;taMumif; udkrod tqdk;taumif;udkrod tusKd ;udkz,fí tjypfuk, d l\/

cEÅo
D nf tusKd ;taMumif;udk Munf\
h ? tqdk;taumif;udk od\/ tjypfukzd ,fí tusKd ;uk,
d \
l
[líjzpfygonf/
a&S;OD;pGmarwåmrydkY&aomyk*¾dKvfrsm;
xdkYjyif a&S;OD;pGmarwåmrydkY&aom yk*K¾d vfrsm;rSm rcsprf ESpo
f uftyfaomyk*K¾d vf? tvGef
cspcf iftyfaomyk*Kd¾ vf? cspo f nfvnf;r[kwf rke;f onfvnf;r[kwaf om tv,fvwfjzpfaom
yk*¾Kd vfESihf rdr\
d &efoljzpfaom a0&Dyk*¾Kd vfwkdYjzpf\/ þyk*¾Kd vfwkdYü a&S;OD;pGm arwåmryGm;&?
vdirf wlaom yk*¾dKvfü oD;oefYarwåmyGm;vQif &m*jzpfwwf\/ xdkYaMumifh vdirf wlaom
yk*¾Kd vfü oD;oefYykdi;f jcm;í arwåmryGm;&? aoaomyk*¾Kd vfü arwåmydkYoyGm;rsm;vQif tyÜempsmef
rjzpfaomaMumifh aoaomyk*¾Kd vfüvnf; arwåmrydkYo& ryGm;rsm;&yg/
arwåmbm0emyGm;rsm;yHk
arwåmyGm;&mü a&S;OD;pGmudk,cf si;f pmw&m;xm;Edki&f ef rdru
d k,
d u
f pí atmufygtwdki;f
arwåmyGm;&onf/
1/ igonf ab;&efuif;ygap
2/ pdwq
f if;&J uif;ygap
3/ udk,q f if;&J uif;ygap
4/ use;f rmpGmjzifh rdr\
d cE¨m0efuk&d Guaf qmifEkdiyf gap/
þodkU rdru d kd,u
f kd arwåmyGm;aomfvnf; arwåmpsmefukdum; r&&dSEkdiyf g/
xdkYjyif arwåmbm0em½Iolonf rdrEd Sihfvid w f laom q&m odkYr[kwf OyZösm,fq&m
odkYr[kwf cspcf ifjrwfEkd;aomolukd arwåmyGm;&rnf/ xdkyk*¾Kd vfwkdY\ &ufa&mrI? MunfnKd zG,f
udk,uf sihf oDvç orm"dç ynm &Srd w I u
kYd kd tm½HkjyKí atmufygtwdki;f atmufarYqifjcif&rnf/
þolawmfaumif;onf
1/ ab;&ef uif;ygap
2/ pdwq
f if;&J uif;ygap
3/ udk,q f if;&J uif;ygap
4/ use;f rmpGmjzifh rdr\
d cE¨m0efukd &Guaf qmifEkdiyf gap/
bm0emyGm;olonf arwåmyGm;enf; av;csuu f kd oHk;çav;Budrf yGm;rsm;NyD;aemuf
ESpo
f uf&m arwåmyGm;enf;wpfrsKd ;rsKd ;ukd Budrzf efrsm;pGm yGm;rsm;&rnf/ xdkYaemuf rdbç
nDtpfukçd armifESrç aqGrsKd ;ESihf rdwaf qGtygt0if rdrcd spjf rwfEkd;onfh touf&Siq f J vdiw
f l
yk*¾dKvfwkdYü wpfOD;NyD;vQifwpfOD; tm½Hk,lí arwåmyGm;enf; av;rsKd ;vHk;jzifh yGm;rsm;&rnf/
yd,*½kbm0eD, yk*¾dKvfjzpfaom av;pm;cspcf iftyfaomyk*¾Kd vfESihf twdyÜ, d yk*¾dKvfjzpfaom
 -85-

tvGef cspjf rwfEk;d tyfonfh yk*¾dKvfESprf sKd ;vHk;ü arwåmcsi;f nDrQatmif cspjf rwfEkd;onfh yk*¾dKvf
t&müwnfatmif yGm;rsm;&rnf/
xdkaY emuf touf&iS q f J vdiwf l rZöswå ac: rcsprf rke;f tv,ftvwfyk*K¾d vfEiS hf a0&D
ac:&efol yk*¾Kd vfwkdYü tpOftwdki;f arwåmyGm;&rnf/
1/ twå = rdrd
2/ yd, = cspcf ifav;pm;olESihf tvGecf spjf rwfEkd;ol
3/ rZöswå = rcsprf rke;f tv,ftvwfyk*¾Kd vfEf Sihf
4/ a0&D = &efolyk*¾Kd vf [laom þyk*¾Kd vfav;rsKd ;wdkYukd arwåmtnDtrQ yGm;rsm;
vmEdkiaf omtcg- þyk*¾Kd vfwkdYü oDrmoarÇ' ac: tydki;f tjcm;udk NzdKcGJzsuq f D;Edkiaf om
arwåmpsmefukd Budrzf ef rsm;pGm 0ifpm;&rnf/ twå ac: rdru d kd tm&Hk,lum arwåmbm0emudk
yGm;rsm;aomfvnf; arwåmpsmef udkum;r&Edki/f odkYaomf þt&mü yk*¾dKvftydki;f tjcm;udk
NzdKcGJEkdiaf &;twGuo f m arwåmbm0emudk yGm;rsm;jcif;jzpf\/ vdiw f lyk*¾Kd vfjzpfaom yd,ç
rZöswåç a0&D yk*¾Kd vfwkdYukd arwåmyGm;&müum; wwd,psmefokdY a&mufonfhwkid af tmif xyfum
xyfum yGm;rsm;&rnf/ twåç yd,ç rZöswåç a0&D yk*¾dKvfwkdYü arwåmcsi;f nDrQoGm;cJYaomf-
oDrmoarÇ' ac:yk*d¾Kvftydkif;tjcm;udk NzdKcGJzsufqD; EdkifNyD;jzpf\/ xdktcg xdkyk*d¾Kvf
tm;vHk;wdkt Y ay:ü yk*Kd¾ vftrsKd ;rsKd ;udk cGjJ cm;jcif; rjyKawmhbJ arwåm nDrQpGm xm;&SEd kid Nf yDjzpf\/
þyk*¾dKvfav;rsKd ;wdkYukd arwåmyGm;&mü psmefa&mufonftxd ½IyGm;Edkiaf omyk*¾dKvf\
oEÅmefü omvQif oDrmoarÇ'udk &&SEd kdi\ f / oDrmoarÇ'&&SNd yD;aom ol\oEÅmefüomvQif
528-oG,af om arwåmwkYdukd jynf0pGm yGm;rsm;Edkirf nfjzpfonf/18
arwåmbm0emtusdK;
þqdkcJYNyD;aomenf;jzifh psmefw&m;ponf &avmufatmif ryGm;rsm;Edkifapumrl
olwpfyg; tay:ü tusKd ;vdkvm;í arwåmpdwEf Sihfaexdkiaf omolonf-
csrf;ompGmtdyfpuf&jcif;
csr;f ompGm tdy&f mrS Edk;x&jcif; ponfh tusKd ;w&m; 11-rsKd ;udk &&SEd kdiyf gonf/19
þü arwåmbm0emyGm;jcif;aMumifh tusKd ;&&So
d Gm;aom om"uwpfckukd xkwjf y
ygrnf/
omrm0wDrzd k&m;onf jrwfpGmbk&m;tm;ukkd;uG,af e\/ xdkokdYukd;uG,af eonfukd
remvdkr½Iprd aYf om rm*@Dzk&m;u omrm0wDrzd k&m;udk taumufBuH\/xdkot
kYd aumufMuHonf
ukd rodaom Oawerif;u omrm0wDrzd k&m;udk av;jzifhypfowf&ef BudK;pmcJY\/ omrm0wD
rdzk&m;onf rif;BuD;tm; arwåmydkYaeojzifh Oawerif;\av;rS jr§m;rxGwfEdkifcJYay/20
arwåmbm0emyGm;rsm;jcif;\ tusKd ;wnf;/xdkYaMumifh a'goudk y,f&Sm;í r*fzkdvef Ad Ámef
 -86-

&nfrSe;f aomyk*¾Kd vfonf tusKd ;tmedoif BuD;rm;aom arwåmbm0emudk Budrzf efrsm;pGm

yGm;rsm;&m\/
tcsKyftm;jzifh qk&d aomf ynm&So d nf bk&m;*kPaf wmfukd;yg; yGm;rsm;jcif;jzifh &wem
oHk;yg;ESihf uH-uH\tusKd ;udk ,HkMunfrIo'¨gw&m;udk xufoefapEdki\ f / ,HkMunfrI o'¨g
xufoefvQif r,HkMunfrI vQift&if;cH&adS om arSmufrmS ;rI 'd|u d kd umuG,Ef kid \
f / aojcif;ukd
tzefzefatmufarYjcif;jzifh axmifvTm;armufrmrIrmeudk y,fazsmufumuG,fEdkif\/
rwifrh w,f &GpH zG,[
f k ½Ijcif;jzifh cifrifpkHrufEpS of ufwwfaom &m*ukd y,fazsmufumuG,f
Edki\
f / tusKd ;vdkvm;rI arwåmjzifh zsuq f D;jypfrSm;rIa'goudk y,fazsmufumuG,Ef kdi\ f /
þw&m;av;yg;onf wPSmç rmeç 'd|d ac:e,fcsUJ orm;rsm;ESiw hf uG tzsuo f rm;a'gowd\ kY
&efpG,uf kd umuG,Ef kdi\f - [kqkdvkdygonf/ xkYdaMumifh pdwu f kd raumif;aomtm½HkokdY
ra&mufatmif apmifha&SmufumuG,af y;Edkiaf om pwk&m&u© ac: udk,af pmifhumuG,af &;
w&m;av;yg;ukd psmefw&m;rS r*fzkdvw f &m;&onfhwkdiaf tmif udk,Ef SihftoufriJYuGub f J
tpOftNrJ ESvHk;oGi;f ½IrSwyf Gm;rsm;oifhMuayonf/

t&Sit
f &d,0Ho (uxdu)
tbd"r®yd#ur[mXme
EdkifiHawmfy&d,wådomoemhwuúodkvf(&efukef)
 -87-

usrf;udk;pm&if;
1/ bd? |? 2/ 46/ 0d? |? 4/ 73/ om&w¬? 2/ 116/ 0d? o*F[/ 222/
2/ ax&? |? 2/ 61/ tH? |? 1/ 366/ bd? |? 2/ 189/
3/ 'D? #D? 2/ 214/
4/ 'D? #D? 2/ 214/
5/ tH? |? 1/ 246/ "r®? |? 1/ 351/
6/ ty? |? 1/ 161/
7/ o*F[? 89/
8/ "r®? |? 2/ 111/
9/ 'D? #D? 2/ 214/
10/ pwk&m&u©usr;f ? 113-4/ 'D? |? 2/ 53/ oH? |? 2/ 44-45/
11/ Zm? 1/ 122-3/ Zm? |? 3/ 150-155/
12/ oH? |? 3/ 291/ oH? |? 3/ 300/ 'D? #D? 3/ 275/
13/ tH? #D? 1/ 81/ 0dok'¨?d 1/ 259/ 0dok'¨?d 2/ 214/ y#dorÇ'd g? 5/
14/ 'D? |? 3/ 237/
15/ 0dok'¨?d 1/ 122/ 165-9? 183-92? 257/ r? 1? 78/
16/ 'D? |? 3/ 168/ tH? #D? 1/ 81/ oH? |? 3/ 300/ 0dok'¨?d 1/ 259/
17/ 'D? #D? 2/ 316/ r? #D? 1/ 374/
18/ 0dok'¨?d 1/ 287-301/ oH? 1/ 302-303/ r? 1/ 10/ 0dok'¨?d 2/ 234/
'D? 2/ 47/ oH? 1/ 318/ 0dok'¨?d 2/ 221/
19/ tH? 3/ 542/
20/ 0dok'¨d? |? 2/ 9/
 -88-

yk*Hacwftbd"r®musr;f rsm;ppfwrf;

a'gufwmtmumrdk;ol

pmwrf;tusO;f
þpmwrf;onf yk*HacwftwGi;f ay:aygufcJhaom tbd"r®musr;f rsm;ukd ausmufpmtuk;d
taxmufjyKí avhvmxm;ygonf/ yk*aH cwfwiG f Ak'0¨ g'DjrefrmvlrsK;d rsm;onf tbd"r®y#d uukd
rnfokUd aom ykHpHjzifh cGJjcm;avhvmrSww f rf;wifcJhykH? yk*HacwfwGif tbd"r®musr;f jyKolESihf
pmayynm&Siw f kUd onf yd#uwfawmfwkUd ukd rnfrSstxd em;vnfou d Rrf;ESHUpyfatmif jyKpkcJhykH
yk*HacwfwpfavQmufvkH; omoema&;udpörsm;ESihf tbd"r®y#d uukd rnfrQqifjcif pOf;pm;cJhykH
tusK;d taMumif;avsmn f Daom ygVdpmayorkid ;f aMumif;wpfckukd ykHazmf&mwGif ,kwåu d saom
csO;f uyfjyrIjzifh rsm;pGmtaxmuftuljzpfap&ef &nf&, G yf gonf/ ygVdpmayorkid ;f avhvmolrsm;
twGuf taxmuftxm;ckid v f akH om orkid ;f wefz;kd topfwpf&yfjzpfap&ef tm;xkwx f m;ygonf/

ed'gef;
jrefrmEkid if Hax&0g'orkid ;f aMumif;ukd ykHazmf&mwGif yk*Hacwfukd cE¨muk, d t
f v,fykid ;f
yrmxm;í avhvmvQif acgif;ykid ;f ESiahf jcaxmufyikd ;f ukyd g rsm;pGmqufpyfrEd ikd af Mumif; vkpu f
qkzd ;l ygonf/ taxmuftxm;r½Sv d Qif orkid ;f r&S[
d í
l qkjd yef&m ausmufpmrsm;onf orkid ;f ukd
ykaH zmf&mwGif ta&;ygaom taxmuftxm;rsm; jzpfvmygonf/ ausmufpmrsm; uk, d Ef u
dI yf if
(1) rl&if;ausmufpm (2) qifhxk;d ausmufpm (3) pyfxk;d ausmufpm [lí&S&d m taxmuf
txm;ukd ukid w f G,&f mwGif rsm;pGmpdppf&aom okawoetvky[ f k qkEd kid yf gonf/ ,cifu
yd#uwfpm&if;ukd azmfjyaom ausmufpmrsm;wGif odC0F &D o f kZAæ vkd af usmufpm (A'krH if; pk½;kH aom
qifhxk;d ausmufpm)ESihf wufET,af usmif;ausmufpm (at'D-1442) uko d m tm;uk;d aeMu
&ygonf/
wufE,G af usmif;ausmufpmrSm rl&if;jzpfaomaMumifh tm;uk;d tm;xm; jyKEkid af omfvnf;?
yk*aH cwfukd uk, d pf m;jyKzkUd &efrmS t[efUtwm; jzpfcahJ yonf/ ygVdpmayoabmt& uk, d pf m;jyK
Ekid af omfvnf; yk*aH cwfuu d pf m;rjyKonfukd owdcsyrf Md uygonf/ okUd &mwGif odC0F &D f
kd m; uk,
okZæAkv d \
f qifhxk;d ausmufpmonf yk*Hacwfuku d k,d pf m;jyKEkid af omfvnf; ckid v
f kHwud saom
rl&if;ausmufpm r[kwo f nfhtwGuf pdwcf svufcs tokH;jyK&ef pEk;d paESmifh &Scd JhMuygonf/
 -89-

,if;tajctae\ tMuyftwnf;wGif odC0F &D o f kZAæ v

kd af usmufpmrl&if;awGU&rdS o I nf ygVdpmay
orkid ;f aMumif;ukd azmfjy&mwGif wdusckid v f kHap½kHomru yk*HacwfwGif yd#uwftqifhtwef;
rnfrQjrifch ahJ Mumif; azmfjy&mwGiv f nf; rsm;pGmaumufcsuf &J&q J EJG ikd o
f nfh tajctaewpf&yfukd
a&mufco hJ nfqv kd Qiv
f nf; rrSm;acs/ ,cifumvu &J&, J q
l &ef r0Ho h nfh yk*yH #d uwfpm&if;ukd
odCF0D&o f kZæAkv
d af usmufpmu oufaojyEkid cf Jhygonf/ þpmwrf;onf odCF0D&o f kZæAkv
d f
ausmufpmrS awGU&S&d onfh tbd"r®y#d uukd avhvmazmfxkw&f ef&nf&G,yf gonf/

ausmufpmrsm;ESihf tbd"r®y#d u
yk*aH cwfausmufpmrsm;wGif yd#uwfvLS aMumif;ukd ae&mtESUt H jym;awGU&&dS aomfvnf;
tbd"r®y#d upm&if;ykHpHukrd l wdwu d sus awGU&S&d aom ausmufpmrsm;rSmrl &Sm;yg;vSygonf/
taxmuftxm;r&Sv d Qif orkid ;f r½Sq
d akd omaMumifh taxmuftxm; ckid rf mrSomvQif wdusaom
orkid ;f ukd ykHazmfEkid vf rd hfrnf[k okH;oyfygonf/ ausmufpmyg taxmuftxm;rsm;rS vGJí
useaf ompmayqkid &f m taxmuftxm;rsm;rSm ckid rf mavmufaom taxmuftxm;rsm;um;
r[kwaf y/ xkt d csuu f jrefrmygVdpmayorkid ;f aMumif;ukd ykHazmf&mwGif tcuftcJjzpfap
cJyh gonf/ xku d uG v f yfukd odC0F &D o f kZAæ v
kd af usmufpmu jznfah y;cJo
h nf[k qkEd ikd Nf yDjzpfygonf/
OD;ukvm;r[m&mZ0ifBuD;ESihf rSeef ef;&mZ0ifBuD;wkUd \ azmfjycsut f & taemf&xm
rif;onf yd#uwfpmayrsm; &&Sad &;twGuf oxkHjynfBuD;ukd wku d cf ku
d af tmifjrifNyD;aemuf
qiftpD; (30)ausmjf zifh yd#uwftpkH (30)ausmf ayrlwkUd ukd yk*HjynfokUd aqmif,lcJhonf/
yk*NH rdKUwiG f taqmufttkH oD;jcm;wnfaqmufí xkyd #d uwfaypmESihf pmaytqlaygif;rsm;pGm
okrd SD;odr;f qnf;um &Sivf ltrsm; y&d,wåv d ku
d pf m;olwkUd tm; Munfh½IavhvmcGihf ay;awmfrl
avonf/1 taemf&xmrif;vufxufuwnf;u yd#uwfwkdufrsm;xGef;um;cJhonfrSm
jiif;zG,rf &Syd g/ yk*HacwfwGif tbd"r®mwwfuRrf;olrsm; ½So d nfqkad om tqku d kd odCF0D&f
okZæAkv d f ausmufpmu axmufcHaeygonf/

yk*Hacwfrwkid rf DoxkH omoem0iftusO;f

omoemawmfEpS f 946 ck oD[Vkd u
f Re;f ? od&yD gvrnfaom r[memrrif; bk&iftjzpfoUkd
a&mufonf/ xkrd if;onf oD[kVd &f mZ0ifwGif 66 qufajrmufrif;jzpfonf/ xkrd [memr
rif;vufxuf? t&Sirf [mAk'¨aCmoonf oD[kVd u f ßGe;f okUd ul;í Ak'¨yg0pe[kqkt
d yfaom
yd#uwfawmfrsm;ukd rm*"bmomjzifh ul;,lonf/ uk&kED́t|uxm? r[mypö&w d t
f |uxm?

1/ OD;vlaz0if;/ jrefrmyd#uwfwku
d rf sm;? pm -12/
 -90-

r[mt|uxmBuD;rsm;uJhokUd tzGihftqkd rus,af pbJ oacFyenf;jzifh a&;om;awmfrlonf/

&Sirf [mAk'¨aCmoonf xkyd gVdawmft|uxmrsm;ukd oD[kVd u f ßGe;f rS jrefrmjynf
ok"r®yl& ok0PÖblrad c: oxkHjynfokYd ,laqmifvmcJhonf[k OD;ukvm;&mZ0if? rSeef ef;
&mZ0ifESihf jrefrm&mZ0if usr;f tapmifapmifwkUd uk;d um;cJhMuygonf/ &Sirf [mAk'¨aCmo
jyóemukd r[mpnfq&mawmfBuD;\ 0dok'r¨d *fusr;f wGiv f nf;aumif;? OD;vlaz0if;\ t&Sif
r[mAk'a¨ Cmo pmwrf;wGiv f nf;aumif;? OD;azarmifwif\pmwrf;wGiv f nf;aumif; &Si;f vif;
xm;NyD;vnf; jzpfygonf/ jrefrmEkid if HokUd yd#uwf a&muf&v Sd monfrSm oD[kVd Ef kid if HESihjf refrm
ul;vl;qufqHrI &Scd Jhjcif;aMumifhyif jzpfonf/ &Sirf [mAk'¨aCmo jyKpkcJhaom t|uxm
vuf&mESihf jrefrmt|uxmvuf&mukd cdsex f k;d EIid ;f ,SOaf vhvmygu tajz&SmEkid yf gonf/
þoxko H moemtaMumif;ukd azmfjy&mwGif ausmufpmrSww f rf; tm;enf;aomaMumifh
&mZ0iftqkt d wkid ;f azmfjyygrnf/ oD[Vkd Ef ikd if üH r[memr pk;d pHaomumvonf oxkjH ynfwiG f
"r®ygvrif; xD;eef;pk;d pHaomumv jzpfygonf/ xk"d r®ygvrif;vufxufwGif oxkHjynf\
omoemykid rf Sm t&Sit f aemr'óD jzpfygonf/ xko d moemykid f t&Sit f aemr'óDonf
t|uxmESihfwuGaom yd#uwfawmfrsm;ukd jrefrmjynf? rGejf ynf? &ckid jf ynf? &Sr;f jynf?
,Ge;f jynf? vif;Zif;jynf ? aomuúwJjynf ponfwkUd ü oDwif;okH;awmfrlMuaom oHCmawmf
rsm;ukd yifhaqmifí oHCmtpnf;ta0BuD; jyKvkyNf yD;vQif yd#uwfawmfrsm; jyefUyGm;atmif
jyKpkawmfrl\/
t&Sirf [mAk'¨aCmouk, d af wmf yd#uwfawmfrsm;ukd r,lvmrD tu©&mjzifh a&;om;
xm;aom yd#uwfawmfrsm; r&daS cs/ ,cktcg jrefrmEkid if aH wmf wpf0rS ;f vk;H ½Sd yd#uwfawmfrsm;
onf &Sirf [mAk'¨aCmo uk,
d af wmfjrwfBuD;omvQif tpvufrGejf zpfayonf/
ayguúm&mr- yk*gr- t&dr'´eyl& ponfjzifh trnftrsK;d rsK;d ac:qkad vh&So
d nfh
yk*HjynfwGif 42 qufajrmuf eef;wufawmfrlaom taemf&xmrif;apm(at'D 1044-1077)
onf oxkHjynfrS <uvmaom &Sit f aemr'óD\ tquftEG,jf zpfaom ½Sit f &[Hukd
trSDjyKí Ak'¨omoemawmfukd &&Sad wmfrlonf/
&Sit
f &[Hrax&fjrwfBuD;u y&d,wåo d moemawmf&Srd Som omoemwnf&SEd kid o f nf
qkad omaMumifh oxkHjynfrS yd#uwftvkH;pkHESihfwuG vlynm&S?d &[ef;ynm½Sw d kUd ukd (at'D
1057)wGif yk*HokUd yifhaqmifcJhavonf/ xkt d csed rf Spí yk*HwiG f yd#uwfawmfrsm; a&muf&cSd Jh
onf[k qkyd gonf/ xkyd #d uwfrsm;rSm odC0F &D o
f kZAæ vkd af usmufpmyg yd#uwftvSLjzpfatmif
wGe;f tm;ay;cJhrnfrSm aocsmvSayonf/
 -91-

yk*Hacwf tbd"r®y#d uykHpH

yk*H tbd"r®y#d uukd avhvm&mwGif yk*HacwfumvwGiyf if ygVdawmf? t|uxm?
#Dum usr;f rsm;txd &Sad eonfukd od&&dS onf/ xku d sr;f rsm;onf yk*aH cwfwiG f t|uxm?#Dum?
j*E´ykdwf (*P²dyk'f) &Sdr&Sd qkdaomtjiif;yGm;rnfh jyóemukd ajyvnfoGm;apygonf/
odCF0D&o f kZæAkv
d af usmufpmwGif tbd"r®mESihyf wfoufaom ygVdawmf (10) usr;f ? t|uxm
(3)usr;f ? #Dum (2)usr;f wkUd ukd trnfESihfwuG azmfjyxm;ygonf/ yd#uwfcGJjcm;rIukd
avhvmygu yd#uwfokHykH;cGJjcm;enf;ESihf edum,fig;&yfcGJjcm;enf; ESprf sK;d &So d nf/ yk*Hacwf
yd#uwfcGJjcm;enf;rSmrl yd#uwfokH;ykHcGJjcm;enf;ukd ykí d tav;uJaMumif; awGU&S&d ygonf/
tb,faMumifhqkad omf odCF0D&o f kZæAkv
d af usmufpmwGif 0denf;yd#upm&if;? okwåEÅy#d u
pm&if;ESihf tbd"r®y#d upm&if; [lí &Si;f vif;pGm azmfjyyg&Syd gonf/ edum,fcGJjcm;enf;rSm
tif;0acwfa&mufaom tcsed w f Girf S ykí
d xGe;f um;vmaom enf;pepf[lí aumufcsucf s
ygonf/ odCF0D&o f kZæAkv
d af usmufpmu yk*Hacwf yd#uwfcGJa0rIykHpHukd uk, d pf m;jyKonf/

odCF0D&o
f kZæAkv
d af usmufpmyg tbd"r®musr;f rsm;
odCF0D&fokZæAkdvfausmufpm1 onf yk*Hukef;trSwf(1583)wGif wnf&Sdygonf/2
þausmufpmukd 10 &uf? pufwifbmv? 1223 wGiaf &;xkx d m;ygonf/ ausmufpm
a&;xk;d rSww f rf;wiforl mS o©io f Cd 0F &D o
f kZÆAf v
kd Ef iS hf tzcifOKefokZÆAf v
kd f wkjYd zpfygonf/ rlvxk;d
ausmufpmwpfcsyjf zpfjyD; rsuEf mS bufEiS ahf usmbuf ESpb f ufwiG f a&;xk;d xm;ygonf/ rsuEf mS
bufwGif (25)aMumif;? ausmbufwGif (28)aMumif; yg&So d nf/ om;jzpfol o©io f C d F0D&f
okZAÆf v
kd uf bke;f awmfBuD;ausmif;wku d w f pfck vSL'gef;jyD; xkad usmif;wku d wf iG yf if Ak'&¨ kyyf mG ;awmf
wpfqlukd 10 &uf pufwifbm 1223 wGif wnfxm;uk;d uG,cf Jhygonf/3 xkad usmif;wku d f
twGuv f nf; v,f,m? O,smOfajrESihf ußGew f kYdukd ,cifumvuwnf;u (12? Zefe0g&Dv?
1220 ESihf 23 Zefe0g&Dv? 1220) uwnf;u vSL'gef;cJhygonf/4 23 Zefe0g&Dv? 1220
tvSLyGJwGif ajrESihu f RefwkUd tjyif bke;f awmfBuD;ausmif;? yd#uwfwku d tf wGuv f nf; yd#uwf
usr;f pmrsm;ukd om;tz ESpOf D;pvkH; vSL'gef;cJhMuygonf/5

1/ oef;xGe;f ?jrefrmhorkid ;f tzGJU0if(wnf;jzwf)/ aESmif;awGUausmufpmrsm;/

&efuke?f jrefrmorkid ;f aumfr&Si?f 2005/
2/ aESmif;awGU? 21/
3/ odCF0Dd&o f kZæAkv
d af usmufpm?rsuEf Sm? aMumif;a& 1-2/
4/ ,if;?rsuEf SmaMumif;a&? 5 rS ausm aMumif;a&- 7 txd/
5/ ,if;?ausm? aMumif;a& 8-28/
 -92-

vSL'gef;onfhtcsed u
f mvrSm yk*Hacwfem;a#mif;rsm;rif; (1211-1231) vufxuf
jzpfygonf/ yd#uwfusrf;pm&if; rsm;pGmyg&Sdonfh a&S;[mif;jrefrmausmufpmrsm;teuf
yxrqkH; awGU&S&d onfh ausmufpm[k qkEd kid yf gonf/ ,cifu at'D 1442 ckESpx f k;d
wufEG,af usmif; ausmufpmuko d m avhvmaecJhMu&mrS ,ckþodCF0D&o f kZÆfAkv
d af usmufpm
ukv
d nf; ,SOw
f aJG vhvmvQif yk*aH cwf ygVdpmayorkid ;f ukyd g ajcqefUEikd rf nf[k arQmv f ifyh gonf/
þausmufpmrl&if;ukd 1996 ckESpu f wl;azmfawGU&S&d 1 ojzifh awGU&Sad om umvrSm
ESpf 20 eD;yg;rQ &SNd yD[k qkEd kid af omfvnf; orkid ;f taxmuftxm; rSww f rf;wku d q
f kid rf IrSm
rNyD;ajrmufao;[k qkEd idk yf gonf/ þausmufpmukd A'krH if; (1781-1819)u atmufwb dk mv
2
1785wGif a&;ul;NyD; qifhxk;d ausmufpm ESprf suEf Sm xm;&Scd Jhygonf/ rl&if;r[kwo f jzifh
þqifhxk;d ausmufpmrsm;ukd owdxm; okH;oifhaMumif; ausmufpm0ef csm;vf'l&kid Zf ,fu
qkzd l;ygonf/3 ,cifrl&if; rawGUrDu taxmuftxm;rSm tm;enf;vSaomfvnf; ,ckrSmrl
pdwcf svufcs tokH;jyKEkid o f nfh taxmuftxm;wpf&yf jzpfvmygonf/
þausmufpmrl&if;ukd awGY&aSd omtcg a'gufwmoef;xGe;f uk, d wf kid f wnf;jzwfaom
4
aESmif;awGUausmufpmrsm;pmtkyw f Gif xnfhoGi;f ykHESyd cf Jhygonf/ oluk, d wf kid v
f nf; A'kHrif;
27 atmufwkb d m 1785 u qifhxk;d xm;cJh&mrS aysmufqkH;cJhaom 10 &uf pufwifbm
1223 &ufpGJyg ausmufpmrl&if;ukd awGU&Sdjcif; trnfjzifh jrefrmbmom5 jzifhomru
t*Fvyd bf mom6 jzifhyg a&;om;vsuf ,cifþausmufpmrl&if;rawGUcifu a&;om;cJhaom
d pf mwrf;7 ukd wku
yk*HpmMunfhwku d q
f kid jf znfhpGu&f ef qkx d m;cJhygonf/ q&mwk;d vSuvnf;
yk*Hacwfy#d uwfwku d rf sm;pmwrf;8 üvnf;aumif;? aESmif;awGUausmufpmrsm;u ajymaom

1/ a'gufwmoef;xGe;f ? A'kHrif; 27 atmufwkb d mv? 1785 u qifhxk;d xm;cJhjyD;rS aysmufqkH;aeaom

10 pufwifbmv 1223 &ufpGJyg ausmufpmrl&if;ukjd yefvnfawGU&Sjd cif; jrefrmhorkid ;f vpfuGurf sm;
(&efuke?f rkHa&G;? 2003)? 19/
2/ ocifoC d 0F &D o
f kZAæ v
kd af usmufpm bk;d awmfbk&m;pk&;kH cJah om ausmufpmrsm;rSu;l aom rEåav;r[mjrwfrked
bk&m;½Sd ausmufpmrsm;? 'kw, d tky/f &efukeaf ½S;a[mif;okawoe½kH;? 1895/ 789-790/
3/ Chas, Duroiselle, Preface to A list of Inscription found in Burma Part I
(Rangoon: Government Printing 1921.)
4/ aESmif;awGU? 21-25/
5/ a'gufwmoef;xGe;f ? jrefrmhorkid ;f vpfuGurf sm;/ 19-37/
6/ Than Tun, “An Original Inscription Dated 10 September 1223 that King Badon Copied on 27
October 1785” Missing Links in Myanmar Chronicles ( Yangon, Monywe, 2003)
7/ a'gufwmoef;xGe;f ? yk*HpmMunfhwku
d /f oef;xGe;f &Spq
f ,fjynfh(&efuke?f uGeo
f m,m? 2003)?63-80/
8/ a'gufwmwk;d vS?yk*Hacwfy#d uwfwkud rf sm; (ausmufpm?rifpm?t0wfpmrsm;)
jrefrmhorkid ;f okawoepmapmif? trSwf 21 (ZGef 2011) 207-229/
 -93-

f rkid ;f pmwrf;1 üvnf;aumif; þodCF0D&o

jznfhpGuo f kZæAkv
d af usmufpmukd rl&if;taxmuf
txm;taejzifh ok;H cJyh gonf/ ausmufpmurÁn;f a&;xk;d olrsm;ESihf orkid ;f a&;olrsm;2 aqmif;yg;
wGif pmwrf;jyKpkol pdejf rifu
h ausmufpmrl&if;ESihf A'krH if;\qifx h ;kd wkUd ukd EIid ;f ,SOf azmfjyxm;
ygonf/
xko d C
d 0F &D o
f kZAæ v
kd af usmufpmwGif zcifcifOKefEiS o
hf m;odC0F &Dd o
f kZAæ v
kd w
f Ukd onf tbd"r®m
(15) usrf;pDvSL'gef;onfukd awGU&Sd&ygonf/ wufET,fausmif;ausmufpmpm&if;wGif
(17)usr;f vSL'gef;xm;onfukd awGY&ygonf/ ,if;(17)usr;f teufrS vufoef; #Dum
a[mif;ESihf vufoef;#DumopfESpu f sr;f ukd EIwí
f use&f aSd om tbd"r®m (15) usr;f pm&if;ukd
azmfjyvkyd gonf/ tbd"r®mESihfywfoufí ygVdawmf (10) usr;f ? t|uxm (3) usr;f ?
#Dum (2) usr;f wkUd ukd awGU&S&d ygonf/

odCF0D&o
f kZæAkv
d af usmufpmyg tbd"r®mygVdawmfrsm;
jrefrmouú&mZf 612 ck (at'D -1250) xk;d "r®olaX;vifr,m;ausmufpmwGif
H s’ r}f }3 [lí awGU&&m yd#uwfawmfEiS yhf wfoufaom tok;H tEIe;f &SNd yD[k
]]yd#uwfus’ rOf D oku
,lqEkid yf gonf/ yd#uwfusr;f OD; okH;usr;f [laom t,ltqukad wGU&m yd#uwfESiho f ufqkid f
aom tOD;tzsm;jzifhaom usrf;okH;usrf;&SdaMumif; awGU&ygonf/ tcsKdUynm&Sifrsm;u
yd#uwfokH;ykHukd &nfnTe;f onf[k rSwcf suaf y;Muygonf/
jrefrmouú&mZf 634 (at'D 1272) xk;d rifrwfpwk&ifu ywdvifr,mausmif;
ausmufpm4 &Sd ]]pwk&*Fywdr[d,Nf yD rsmyk&SmESihf ydwuwfuk0d v f SLwkHaom ußGeif y’n?f
r’,
d if cswif k,?f iz’L? omicswf vm/ iaMomif?rsmtkyd k/H ?iMuD/}} [kyg&S&d m yd#uwfuv
kd LS onfh
ußGe[ f laom pum;ukd axmufqygu yd#uwfukv d SLaom tvSLrSm us,0f ef;aeNyDjzpfaomf
vnf; yd#uwfusr;f trnfESihfwuG twdtus azmfjyonfhausmufpmrSm enf;yg;vSygonf/
þodCF0D&o f kZæAkv d af usmufpmwGif zcif cifOKefESihf om; odCF0Dd&o f kZæAkv
d w
f kUd onf
tbd"r®m (15) usr;f pDvLS 'gef;onfuakd wGU&&dS ygonf/ wufE, T af usmif;ausmufpm pm&if;wGif

1/ a'gufwmwkd;vS? aESmif;awGUausmufpmrsm;uajymaom jznfhpGuforkdif; ajray:ajratmuf

ausmufpmrSww f rf; rsm;uajymaom a&S;a[mif;jrefrmEkid if o H rkid ;f ? (&efuke?f Myanmar Knowledge
Society? 2014 ar? 'kw, d tBudrx f yfrhjznfhpGuyf kHESyd jf cif;) 179-206/
2/ pdejf rifh? ausmufpmurÁn;f a&;xk;d olrsm; ESiho
f rkid ;f a&;olrsm; ? Myanmar Vista okawoer*¾Zif;?
twGJ? (1)? (Zefe0g&D 2007) 30-34/
3/ aESmif;awGU? 41/aMumif;a&-3/
4/ aESmif;awGU? 62/ aMumif;a&-8-9/
 -94-

(17)usrf;vSL'gef;xm;onfukd awGY&ygonf/ ,if;(17)usrf;teufrS vufoef;#Dum

a[mif;ESihf vufoef;#DumopfESpu f sr;f ukd EIwí
f use&f aSd om tbd"r®m (15) usr;f pm&if;ukd
azmfjyvkyd gonf/ tbd"r®mESihfywfoufí ygVdawmf (10) usr;f ? t|uxm (3) usr;f ?
#Dum (2) usr;f wkUd ukad wGU&S&d ygonf/

tbd"r®mygVdawmfrsm;
1/ "r®o*FPDygVdawmf
tbd"r®m (7)usr;f wGif yxrusr;f pmjzpfonfh rmwdumESihfpw
d åKyÜg'u@ paom
u@BuD;av;yg; yg0ifygonf/ t|uxmwGirf l "r®o*F[1[laomtrnfuv kd nf; ok;H aMumif;
owdrl&ygrnf/
2/ 0db*FygVdawmf
tbd"r®m (7)usr;f wGif 'kw,d usr;f pm jzpfonf/ cE¨0b
d if; tp&Sí
d "r®[',0dbif;tqk;H
0dbif; (18)usr;f ukd tus,af 0zef jyqkxd m;ygonf/ jrefrmrIe,fy,fwiG f 0dbif;ygVdawmf[k
ac:Muygonf/2
3/ "mwkuxmygVdawmf
tbd"r®m (7)usr;f wGif wwd,usr;f pmjzpfonf/ cE¨mçtm,weç"mwfçopömw&m;
rsm;ukd yxre,rSpk'´ore,txd e,(14)yg;wkUd jzifh tus,af 0zef jyqkxd m;ygonf/3
4/ yk*¾vynwåyd gVdawmf
tbd"r®m (7)usr;f wGif pwkw¬usr;f pm jzpfonf/ yk*¾Kv d t
f rsK;d rsK;d taMumif;ukd
wdueda'´owkUd jzifh {uurS 'outxd (10) rsK;d ykid ;f jcm; jyqkx
d m;ygonf/ jrefrmrIe,fy,f
4
wGif yk*¾vynwfygVdawmf [k ac:Muygonf/
5/ uxm0w¬KygVdawmf
tbd"r®m (7)usr;f wGif yOörajrmufusr;f pm jzpfonf/ t,l0g'a&;&mrsm;ukd yk*¾v
uxmpaom uxmaygif;rsm;pGmjzifh tar;tajzykHpH jyqkx d m;ygonf/5

1/ OD;?,H? ydrkid ;f ? 56/ armifarmifnTeYf? orkid ;f opf?51/

2/ OD;?,H? ydrkid ;f ? 57/ armifarmifnTeYf? orkid ;f opf?52/
3/ OD;?,H? ydrkid ;f ? 58/ armifarmifnTeYf? orkid ;f opf?53/
4/ OD;?,H? ydrkid ;f ? 59/ armifarmifnTeYf? orkid ;f opf?54/
5/ OD;?,H? ydrkid ;f ? 60/
 -95-

6/ rlv,rkud yf gVdawmf
tbd"r®m (7)usr;f wGif q|rajrmuf usr;f pmjzpfonf/ xk,
d rku
d yf gVdukd (10)usr;f
tjzpf xyfrH cGJjcm;xm;ygonf/ rlv,rku
d yf gVdawmfonf ,if;,rkud f (10)usr;f teufrS
1
yxrusr;f pm jzpfygonf/
7/ £NE´,
d ,rku d yf gVdawmf
tbd"r®m (7)usr;f wGif q|rajrmuf usr;f pmjzpfonf/ xk,d rku
d yf gVdukd (10)usr;f
tjzpf xyfrH cGJjcm;xm;ygonf/ £NE´,
d rku
d yf gVdawmfonf ,if;,rku
d f (10)usr;f teufrS
'orusr;f pm jzpfygonf/2
8/ wduy|mef;ygVdawmf
tbd"r®m (7)usr;f wGif t|rajrmuf usr;f pmjzpfaom y|mef;ygVdawmf "r®tEkavmr
(6) usr;f ? "r®ypöe,
D (6) usr;f ? tEkavmrypöe, D (6) usr;f ? ypöe,
D Ekavmr (6)usr;f [lí
y|mef; (24) usr;f ygVdawmfrS xyfrH cGjJ cm;xm;ygonf/ wduy|mef;ygVdawmfonf "r®tEkavmr
(6) usr;f teufrS yxrusr;f pm jzpfygonf/3
9/ 'kuy|mef;ygVdawmf
'kuy|mef;ygVdawmf y|mef; (24) usr;f ygVdawmfrS xyfrHcGJjcm;jyqkx
d m;aom "r®
tEkavmr (6) usr;f teufrS 'kw, d usr;f pm jzpfygonf/4
10/ 'kuwduy|mef;ygVdawmf
'kuwduy|mef;ygVdawmf y|mef; (24) usr;f ygVdawmfrS xyfrHcGJjcm;jyqkx
d m;aom
"r®tEkavmr (6) usr;f teufrS wwd,usr;f pm jzpfygonf/5

odCF0D&o
f kZæAkv
d af usmufpmyg tbd"r®mt|uxmrsm;
t|uxmrSm 3 usr;f jzpfygonf/ xko d kH;usr;f rSm t|omvdeDt|uxm ? oar®m[
0daem'eDt|uxm? yÍöyBudKPft|uxmwkUd yif jzpfygonf/ xkt d |uxmusr;f okH;usr;f
pm&if;ukd Munfhygu yk*Hacwf tbd"r®mynmtqifhtwef;rSm jrifhvSygonf/ ygVdawmfukd
omru ygVdawmftzGihfjzpfaom t|uxmusr;f pm&if;ukd awGU&onfhtwGuf tbd"r®m
tzGihfjzpfaom tbd"r®mt|uxmpm&if; tpkH&Sad eygonf/ xkt d csutf & yk*Hacwfaq;a&;
Zmwfawmfrsm;? yd#uwfawmfvm aumufEkwcf surf sm;rSm ygVdawmftqko d mru t|uxm
tqkrd sm;ESihyf g &if;ESD;uRrf;0ifcJhaMumif; rjiif;omonfh oufaoyif jzpfayonf/ "r®o*FPD

1/ OD;?,H? ydrkid ;f ? 61/ 2/ OD;?,H? ydrkdif;? 70/ 3/ OD;?,H? ydrkid ;f ? 71/

4/ OD;?,H? ydrkid ;f ? 72/ 5/ OD;?,H? ydrkid ;f ? 73/
 -96-

t|uxmukd t|omvdet D |uxm [kvnf;aumif; od&adS e&onft

h wGuf yk*aH cwf t|uxm
tqifhtwef;rSm yk*Hacwfomoema&;twGuf rsm;pGm taxmuftuljyKcJhayvdrhfrnf/
1/ t|omvdeDt|uxm
&Sirf [mAk'a¨ Cmo zGiq
hf o
dk nf/ "r®o*FPyD gVdawmfudk zGiq
hf o
dk jzifh "r®o*FPt
D |uxm
1
[kvnf; ac:qkyd gonf/
2/ oar®m[0daem'eDt|uxm
&Sirf [mAk'a¨ CmozGiq
hf o
kd nf/ 0dbif;ygVdawmfuzkd iG o
hf jzifh 0dbif;t|uxm [kvnf;
ac:onf/2
3/ yOöyBuKdPt f |uxm
"mwkuxmt|uxmrS y|mef;t|uxmtxd tbd"r®maemuf (5)usr;f vm t|uxm
rsm;ukd pkaygif;vsuf yOöyBuKdPt
f |uxm [kac:Muygonf/ ig;usr;f [k t"dyÜg,f&aom
yÍöyu&Pukd jrefrmrIjyKí yÍöyBuKdPf [k ac:jcif;jzpfygonf/
(1) "mwkuxmt|uxm
d nf/ t|uxmtrnfukd rawGU&ay/3
&Sirf [mAk'¨aCmozGihfqko
(2) yk*¾vynwåt d |uxm
d nf/4
&Sirf [mAk'¨aCmo zGihfqko
(3) uxm0w¬Kt|uxm
d nf/5
&Sirf [mAk'¨aCmozGihfqko
(4) ,rku d t
f |uxm
rlv,rkud rf S £NE´,
d ,rku
d t
f xd t|uxm (10) usr;f cGí
J azmfjyygrnf/ þusr;f
q,fusr;f t|uxm tm;vkH;ukd &Sirf [mAk'¨aCmozGihfqkcd Jhonf/6
(1) rlv,rku d t f |uxm7
(2) cE¨,rku d t f |uxm8

1/ OD;?,H? ydrkid ;f ? 172/ armifarmifnTeYf? orkid ;f opf?142/

2/ OD;?,H? ydrkid ;f ? 173/ armifarmifnTeYf? orkid ;f opf?143/
3/ OD;?,H? ydrkid ;f ? 174/ armifarmifnTeYf? orkid ;f opf?144/
4/ OD;?,H? ydrkid ;f ? 175/ armifarmifnTeYf? orkid ;f opf?145/
5/ OD;?,H? ydrkid ;f ? 176/ armifarmifnTeYf? orkid ;f opf?146/
6/ OD;?,H? ydrkid ;f ? 176/ armifarmifnTeYf? orkid ;f opf?147/
7/ OD;?,H? ydrkid ;f ? 177/
8/ OD;?,H? ydrkid ;f ? 178/
 -97-

(3) tm,we,rku d tf |uxm1

(4) "mwk,rku d t f |uxm2
(5) opö,rkud t f |uxm3
(6) ocFg&,rku d t f |uxm4
(7) tEko,,rku d t f |uxm5
(8) pdwå,rkud t f |uxm6
(9) "r®,rku
d t f |uxm7
(10) £jE´,
d ,rku d t f |uxm8
(5) y|met|uxm
d nf/9
&Sirf [mAk'¨aCmozGihfqko

odCF0D&o
f kZæAkv
d af usmufpmyg tbd"r®m#Dumrsm;
1/ tbd"r®mvufoef;#Dum
2/ tEk#Dum
d nf/ t|omvdeDt|uxmukzd Gihfjyaom #Dum jzpfonf/10
t&Si"f r®ygvzGihfqko
tbd"r®mvufoef;uk#Dum
tbd"r®mvufoef;uk#u D m(2) usr;f ukd om; odC0F &D o
f kZAæ v
kd u
f vSL'gef;xm;ygonf/
xkUd aMumifh tbd"r®mvufoef;uk#Dum usr;f pm&if;ukd tjzpfa&wGu&f mwGif (2) usr;f tjzpf
a&wGuEf kid af yonf/
yk*HacwfwGif tbd"r®mygVdawmfrsm;tjyif t|uxm? #Dum? *P²?d vufoef;#Dum
ponfhusr;f rsm;yif ay:aygufaejyDjzpfayonf/

1/ OD;?,H? ydrkid ;f ? 179/

2/ OD;?,H? ydrkid ;f ? 180/
3/ OD;?,H? ydrkid ;f ? 181/
4/ OD;?,H? ydrkid ;f ? 182/
5/ OD;?,H? ydrkid ;f ? 183/
6/ OD;?,H? ydrkid ;f ? 184/
7/ OD;?,H? ydrkid ;f ? 185/
8/ OD;?,H? ydrkid ;f ? 186/
9/ OD;?,H? ydrkid ;f ? 187/ armifarmifnTeYf? orkid ;f opf?148/
10/ armifarmifnTeYf? orkid ;f opf?237/
 -98-

ed*kH;
10 &uf? pufwifbmv? 1223 ckEpS w f iG f a&;xk;d cJah om odC0F &D o
f kZAæ v
kd f ausmufpm
onf yk*HacwfjrefrmEkid if HygVdpmayorkid ;f twGuf tusK;d rsm;vSayonf/ odCF0D&o f kZæAkvd f
ausmufpmonf tbd"r®y#d u ygVdawmf? t|uxm? #Dum? *@d? vufoef;#DumwkUd yif
ay:aygufaeNyDukd avhvmawGY&S&d ygonf/ t&ifu a'gufwmoefxGe;f wkUd u ausmufpmukd
bmomjyef&mwGif ]]vußP G }} ukb d mom jyef&mwGif ]]vu©P}}rsm; jzpfrvm;[k awG;xifchJ
ayonf/ xkt d csuu f kd jrefrmynm&yfrsm; twGJ (2) OD;oef;xku d af tmif \ odCF0D&o f kZæAkvd f
ausmufpmavhvmcsupf mwrf;wGif ]]vußGP}}ukd vufoPf;/ vufoef;[k zwf½aI zmfxkwf
cJyh gonf/ xkzd wf½cI suu f tbd"r®mvufoef;#Dum ay:aygufaeNyDjzpfaMumif; azmfxkwEf ikd cf hJ
ygonf/ ]]uk}}[laompum;vkH;rSm ta&;rSm;onf[k qk&d mrS ukpmvkH;rsm;onf wufET,f
ausmif;ausmufpmrsm;ESihf odC0F &D o f kZAæ v
kd af usmufpmrsm;wGiyf g tBudrt f ajrmuftjrm; awGU&dS
&onfh trSm;r[kwEf ikd [ f kvnf; axmufjycJyh gonf/ ]]uk}}u tMurf;[k azmfjyxm;ygonf/
tacsmtqifhokUd ra&mufao;aomusr;f [k ,lqcJhygonf/ xkad zmfxkwaf wGU&rSd Ionf jrefrm
ygVdpmayorkid ;f ukd rsm;pGm ckid rf mapcJhonf/
tbd"r®y#d ursm;onf ygVdawmftqifhESihfyif r[kwb f J t|uxm? #Dum? *P²?d
vufoef;#Dumtqifh usr;f rsm;yif ay:aygufaeNyDjzpfonf/ aemufay:aygufvmrnfh usr;f rsm;
twGuf tOD;tpvnf; jzpfayonf/ yk*Hacwf omoema&;taMumif;t&mESihf pyfvsO;f
onft h cg yd#uwftvSLukv d nf;aumif;? yd#uwfpmBunfw h u
kd uf v
kd nf;aumif;? yd#uwfuRef
ukv
d nf;aumif;? yd#uwfv,fuv kd nf;aumif; ausmufpmae&mtESUH tjym;wGif awGU&&dS ygonf/
xktd csuuf yd#uwfESihfywfoufí yk*Hacwfom;wkUd \ omoema&;tjrif jzpf½kHomru
vlrIb0jrifuGi;f vnf; jzpfonf/ xkUd tjyif yd#uwfpmay oifMum;rIrsm;u yk*Heef;wGi;f
vlrItzGJUtpnf;ESihf rsm;pGm rpdr;f vSaMumif; awGU&S&d ayonf/
yk*Hacwfausmufpmrsm;wGif tbd"r®musr;f rsm;pm&if;ukd azmfjyEkid af om ausmufpmrSm
odCF0D&o
f kZæAkv
d af usmufpmuko
d m awGU&S&d ygonf/ okUd &mwGif ]]tbd"r®mw&m;av em\}}
[laompum;vkH; t&dyft>rufomvQif tcsKdUausmufpmrsm;wGif awGU&Sd&ygonf/ cE¨m?
tm,we? "mwk qkad om pum;vkH;rsm;ukd BuKdMum;BuKdMum; awGU&S&d aomfvnf; tbd"r®m
yd#u0if a0g[m&rsm;[k aumufcsucf s&ef 0efav;cJyh gonf/ xku d u
G v
f yfukd odC0F &D o
f kZAæ v
kd f
ausmufpmu wm0efauscJhonf[k qkEd kid yf gonf/

a'gufwmtmumrdk;ol
ta½SUwkid ;f ynmXme
'*kHwuúokdv?f &efukeNf rdKU/
 -99-

usr;f uk;d pm&if;rsm;

Nidr;f armif? OD;? a&S;a[mif;jrefrmausmufpmrsm;? ywGJ? &efuke?f a&S;a[mif;okawoeOD;pD;Xme?
1972/
pdejf rifh? ausmufpmurÁn;f a&;xk;d olrsm;ESiho
f rkid ;f a&;olrsm;? Myanmar Vista okawoer*¾Zif;?
twGJ? (1)? Zefe0g&D 2007 /
aZmfatmifxGw?f jrefrmEkid if Hy#d uwfwku
d pf mMunfhwku
d rf sm;? &efuke?f pmayAdrmef? 2001/
a'gufwmwk;d vS?yk*aH cwfy#d uwfwu
kd rf sm; (ausmufpm?rifpm?t0wfpmrsm;) jrefrmhorkid ;f okawoe
pmapmif? trSwf 21 (ZGef 2011) 207-229/
a'gufwmwk;d vS? aESmif;awGUausmufpmrsm;uajymaom jznfph u G of rkid ;f ajray:ajratmuf ausmufpm
f rf;rsm;uajymaom a&S;a[mif;jrefrmEkid if Horkid ;f ?&efuke?f Myanmar Knowledge Society?
rSww
2014 ar? 'kw, d tBudrx f yfrHjznfhpGuyf kHESyd jf cif;/
v,fwDy@dwq&mOD;vSwif? yd#uwfokH;ykHpmwrf;/ 1939/
vlaz0if;? OD;/ jrefrmyd#uwfwku
d rf sm;?&efuke?f pmayAdrmef?1966/
oef;xGe;f ? jrefrmhorkid ;f tzGJU0if(wnf;jzwf)/ aESmif;awGUausmufpmrsm;/ &efuke?f jrefrmorkid ;f
aumfr&Sif?2005/
oef;xGe;f ?a'gufwm/ jrefrmhorkid f;vpfuGurf sm; (&efuke?f rkHa&G;? 2003)? 19/
oef;xGe;f ?a'gufwm/ yk*HpmMunfhwku
d f /oef;xGe;f &Spq
f ,fjynfh &efuke?f uGeo
f m,m? 2003/
oHAsi?f OD;/ jrefrmEkid if Hynma&;orkid ;f / &efuke?f oajyjzLpmay? 1972/
Chas, Duroiselle, Preface to A list of Inscription found in Burma Part I (Rangoon: Gov-
ernment Printing 1921.)

Than Tun, “An Original Inscription Dated 10 September 1223 that King Badon Copied
on 27 October 1785” Missing Links in Myanmar Chronicles ( Yangon, Monywe, 2003)
 -100-

jrefrmEkid if HESihf tbd"r®medó,usr;f rsm;\ tcef;u@

t½Si"f r®ygv(r'kb-d 2)
t½Sief E´mpm&(r'kb-d 3)

jrwfpGmbk&m;&Sifonf 45-0gywfvkH; a[mawmfrlcJhaom yd#uwfawmfrsm;onf

"r®u©E¨mtm;jzifh (84000)? edum,ftm;jzifh ig;&yf? yd#utm;jzifh okH;oG,u f kd a[mawmfrl
cJyh gonf/ xdk yd#uwfawmfrsm;ukd rl&if;twkid ;f rysurf pD;apbJ oHCmawmf tpOftqufwo Ydk nf
xde;f odr;f apmifah &SmufcMhJ uonfrmS ,aeYwikd af tmifyif jzpfygonf/ ,if;yd#uwfawmfrsm;wGif
tbd"r®y#d uawmfonf teufeJqkH;ESihf tcufcJqkH;jzpfonf[k tm;vkH;vufcHcJhMuygonf/

1/ tbd"r®morkid ;f tusO;f
jrwfpGmbk&m;&Sio f nf bk&m;jzpfawmfrlNyD;cgpü a0ae,swkYdtm; w&m;a[mawmf
rrlao;bJ owåowåm[ 49-&ufywfvkH; rdr\ d w&m;awmfrsm;ukd qifjcifí pwkw¬ajrmuf
&wemC&owåm[ (tbd"r®m &wemukd okH;oyf&mXme) ü aAm"dyif\ taemufajrmuf
t&yfwGif tbd"r®ma'oemawmfBuD;ukd oAÁnKwa&TÓPfawmfjzifh okH;oyfawmfrlcJhygonf/
r[mouú&mZf 110-ck 0gqdkvjynfah eY (7-0gajrmuf) ü u@o&ufO,smOfwiG f wdww ¬d t
Ykd m;
a&rD;tpkH wefc;dk t[keu
f dk jyoqk;H rawmfrNl yD;aemuf ESpv
f rS ;f ok;H z0g;jzifh wm0wðomewfjynfoYdk
<uawmfrlí y@KurÁvm jrausmufzsmü xkdifawmfrlum r,fawmfewfom;trI;&dSaom
pMu0Vmwku d w
f pfaomif;rS ewfjA[®mwkt Yd m; tbd"r®m jrwfa'oemukd 0gwGi;f ok;H vywfvk;H
raerem; a[mMum;awmfrlcJhygonf/ xko d kYda[mMum;&mü vlUta&twGut f m;jzifh-
1/ "r®o*FPDusr;f udk 12-&uf
2/ 0dbif;usr;f ukd 12-&uf
3/ "mwkuxmusr;f ukd 6-&uf
4/ yk*¾vynwfusr;f ukd 7-&uf
5/ uxm0w¬Kusr;f ukd 8-&uf
6/ ,rkud u
f sr;f ukd 20-&uf
7/ y|mefusr;f ukd 25-&uf Mumatmif a[mawmfrlcJhygonf/
 -101-

ckid vf kHaomusr;f *ef taxmuftxm; rawGU&aomfvnf; q&mtpOftquf rSwo f m;

cJhonfh ]]"r®oif 0db*F? 'Gg'o &ufp/D ajcmuf&ufMum usr;f "mwkw&f ,fEiS ?hf yk*v
¾ 7-&uf
a[m>rufcJhonf/ uxm0wf 8-&ufnD? 0Domy ,rku d u
f sr;f / yÍö0D y|me&,fvkYd? vokH;vD
r,fawmfru d kd a[monfh&ufwrf;}}[laom uAsm aqmifyk'jf zifh odrSw&f ygonf/
jrwfpmG bk&m;a[mMum;awmfrcl ahJ om tbd"r®a'oemawmfonf "r®uE© m¨ tm;jzifh 42000?
a'oemtpOftm;jzifh uka# av;aomif;ausmf yg0ifygonf/ bk&m;&Siw f o Ykd nf bwåmEkarm'e
umv tcsed w f kad v;twGi;f rSmyif a[mMum;tyfaom w&m;awmfonf 'DCedum,fyrmPrQ
&Snv f sm;vSygonf/ ypämbwåqrG ;f w&m;onfvnf; oH,kwåeu d m,f t*Fkwå&edum,fyrmPrQ
rsm;jym;vSygonf/ xku d JhokdY vQyfwjyufa[mMum;&aom a'oemawmfonfyif þrQavmuf
BuD;us,rf sm;jym;aevsif &ufaygif;uk;d q,f raerem; a[mMum;awmfral om tbd"r®ma'oem
awmfonfum; tb,frQavmuf rsm;jym;Ekid af Mumif; cefrY eS ;f Ekid yf gvdrrhf nf/ rk;d a&rk;d aygufwu Ykd kd
a&wGuEf kid af om {w'*fig;wef &Sit f meefonfyif b0aygif; t&mtaxmifywfvk;H &Gwq f ykd g
aomfvnf; NyD;qkH;atmif &Gwzf wfo&Zösm,fjcif;iSm rpGr;f Ekid af vmufatmif BuD;us,rf sm;jym;
vSygonf/ r[myu&Pt|uxmBuD;ü zGijhf ytyfaom enf;pepftwkid ;f ynm&Siw f kYd a&wGuf
csut f & twdtustm;jzifh av;aomif;av;&m uk;d q,fah v;uka# &Spo f ef; ig;ode;f ok;H aomif;
okH;axmif ESp&f mh av;q,f &Spf (404ç948ç 533ç248) wdw&d Sdonf[k qdkMuygonf/
þta&wGuo f nf ykpämtwGuf oufoufrQom jzpfonf/ tajz0doZÆemtwGuf rygao;ay/
t|uxmzGihfjyonfhtwkid ;f Zmwfç umvç bkHç oEÅmefç cE¨mç orÜ,kww f &m;rsm;jzifh
a0zef&aomf teEÅe,jzpfaMumif; xif&Sm;vSygonf/ þrQBuD;us,af om tbd"r®ma'oem
awmfukd tus,cf sJUí ½ku d Ef Syd &f ygrl ,ckvuf&Sd q|rl pmtkyrf sm;xuf ode;f oef;ru rsm;jym;
ygvdrrhf nf/ þokaYd om a'oemawmfudk vlw\ Ydk em;jzifh em,l&ef rpGr;f Ekid af y/ ewfw\ Ydk em;jzifo h m
em,l&ef oifhavsmv f Sonf/ ,ckq|rljzifh&Sdaeaom tbd"r®m 7-usr;f tkyaf & 12-tkyrf Sm
jrwfpmG bk&m;&Sif t&Sio f m&dykwå&mtm; tusO;f a[mMum;onfukd rax&fjrwfu wynhif g;&m
wkYdtm; rusO;f rus,f a[mMum;tyfaom 0gpemr*¾twkid ;f om a&;om;xm;jcif;jzpfonf/
tbd"r®m[lonfrmS tbdEiS hf "r®udk aygif;xm;jcif;jzpfonf/ tbdo'´gonf omvGejf cif;?
xl;jcm;jrifhjrwfjcif; [laom t"dyÜg,f&ygonf/ okwåew f &m;xuf omvGef xl;jcm;aom
w&m;jzpfonf/ 0de,xufum; omvGerf Ir&dSay/ omvGex f l;jcm;ykHrSm ]],w¬ cE¨m'a,m
edyaÜ 'aoe 0dbwåm? aom tbd"ar®memr}}[k qkt d yfonht f wkid ;f yif okwåeo
f nf cE¨mponfudk
a[mMum;&mü wpfpw d wf pfa'o tm;jzifhom a[mMum;awmfrl\/ tbd"r®müum; 1/
okwåEÅbmZeD,enf;? 2/tbd"r®bmZeD,enf;/ 3/yͧmykpäuenf; ok;H rsKd ;wkjYd zifh t<uif;tuserf &dS
a0zefa[m Mum;awmfrlxm;ygonf/ xkt d bd"r®musr;f rsm;rSm q|rl tkyaf &tm;jzifh ygVdawmf
11-tky?f t|uxm 3-tky?f #Dum-3-tkyf aygif; 17-tkyf &Syd gonf/
 -102-

yg tkyaf & | tkyaf & #Dum tkyaf &

"r®o*FPD 1 t|omvdeD 1 "r®o*FPDrlv#DumESiht
f Ek#Dum 1
0db*F 1 oar®m[0daem'eD 1 0db*Frlv#DumESiht
f Ek#Dum 1
"mwkuxm
¾ ynwåd 1
yk*v
uxm0w¬K 1
yÍöyu&P 1 yÍöyu&Prlv#DumESifhtEk#Dum 1
,ru 3
y|me 5

2/ jrefrmEkid if HESihf edó,orkid ;f tusO;f

edó,a0g[m&
edó,[lonfrSm ygVdrSqif;oufvmaom pum;vkH;jzpfonf/ ed od+t rS edó,
jzpfvmjcif;jzpfonf/ t"dyÜg,frSm ygVdawmf t|uxmponfwkYu
d kd em;rvnfEkid af om ÓPf
EkHYaom pmoifom;wkYd\ rDSckt
d m;xm;&m jzpfygonf/
a&S;tcgu edó,usr;f rsm;ukd todÓPfEaYkH om pmoifom;wk\ Yd rD&S mjzpfaomaMumifh
]]trD}S }[k¤if; edó&nf;[lívnf;aumif; ac:Muao;onf/ eH-[lívnf;ac:Muygao;onf/
xko
d kYad c:qk&d jcif;rSm yk*Hacwfausmufpmrsm;ü teufukd ]]téH}}[k twkcd sHK;a&;Mu&mrS umv
Mumaomf ]t}aysmufí ]eH}jzpfvm[ef&Sdonf/
a&S;acwftcgu ausmufom;? ay&Guw f kdYü a&;om;&ojzifh twdkcsKH;í a&;om;
Muonfu rsm;ygonf/ edó,ukv d nf; ]edós}[kvnf;aumif;? ]edos}[kvnf;aumif;
a&;om;xm;onfukd awG&Y ygonf/ ,aeYacwf tcsKd Upmtkyrf sm;üvnf; xkad cwfta&;tom;ukd
vku
d í
f edos[k a&;onfukd awGY&onf/
edó,trsKd ;tpm;
a&S;tcgu ]eH} [k ac:qdkaom edó,usr;f rsm;rSm ]eHus,}f ]eHusO;f } ]eHaysmuf}
[k okH;rsKd ;&Syd gonf/
eHus,[f lonfrSm- ygVdukd rjr§KyfbJ tpOftwdki;f t&St d &St
d wdki;f jyefqkdxm;aom
edó,jzpfygonf/ eHusO;f [lonfrSm- eHus,u f JhokdY yk't
f m;vkH;udk rjyefqkdbJ todcufaom
yk'w
f u
Ykd o
kd m a&G;xkwí
f jyefqakd om edó,jzpfygonf/ eHaysmuf[o l nfrmS - teufukd azsmufí
 -103-

t&aumufukdom jyaom t&aumufusr;f jzpfygonf/ xdkYjyif t"dyÜg,fçtrSmpm ESihfwuG

o'´genf; tvuFmenf; qef;enf;rsm; tmp&d,0g'ponfwt kYd jyif a0a0qmqm tus,jf yefqkd
xm;aom edó,udk eHus,ef ó d ,[kvnf;aumif;? wdu k sO;f vd&k if; jyefqx kd m;aom edó,udk
eHusO;f edó,[kvnf;aumif;? cufE;kd &m&myk'rf sm;udo k m a&G;xkwí f aysmufusm;jyefqx kd m;aom
edó,udk eHaysmufeó d ,[kvnf;aumif; rluGJtm;jzifh qdkMuygao;onf/ eHus,o f nf
ygVdtajccHtm;enf;olrsm;wGuv f nf;aumif;? eHusO;f onf ygVdtajccH tm;aumif;olwt kYd wGuf
vnf;aumif; &nf&, G í f eHaysmufrSmrl tbd"r®mqdki&f musr;f rsm;udk tokH;jyKaom edó,rsm;
jzpfygonf/ t&aumufukd t"duxm;í azmfjyaomaMumifh eHaysmufeó d ,udk t&aumuf[k
ac:qdkMuonf/ xdkeó d ,wdkYwGif eHus,ef ó d ,onfvnf; 1/cGe;f csi;f edó, (ygVdwpfyk'f
jrefrmwpfy'k jf zifh csUJ xiG rf rI yg a0g[m&w¬uo dk m jyefqadk omenf;?) 2/ cGe;f csUJ eó d , (t|uxm
#DumwküYd zGijhf yonft h wkid ;f xnfph u
G íf jyefqakd omenf;) 3/vuFmedó, (teufjyefq&kd mü
um&Heabcsw d í f jyefqkad omenf;) 4/ pmcseó d , (q&mu wynfu h kd ykcYd saeouJo h Ykd o'´ga&;
t"dygÜ ,fa&; &Si;f vif;csuf usr;f wuf usr;f xGuf trSmxm; pum;n§yw f jYkd zifh jyefqakd omenf;)
[k av;rsKd ;uJGjym;ao;onf/
(,if;wkYdukd tus,af vhvmvkv d Qif jrefrmEkid if Hpma&;q&mtoif;rS xkwaf 0aom
]]vlrY w
d af qGpmtky}f }ESihf OD;wifviG \
f ]]ygVdjrefrmedó,usr;f rsm;orkid ;f }}ü avhvmEkid yf gonf)
ysLedó,
jrefrmEkid if w
H iG f ysLedó, ta&;tom;onf tapmqk;H [k ynm&Siw f Ydk ,lq Muygonf/
ysLvlrsKd ;wko
Yd nf 7-&mpkcefw Y iG f jrefrmEkid if t
H v,fyikd ;f [efvif; oa&acwå&m arSmZf m AdóEk;d
paom t&yfrsm;ü aexkid cf JhMuygonf/ ,if;wkYd aexkid &f m t&yfrsm;rS wl;azmfawGY&Sd&aom
a&Tjym; ponfwüYkd Ak'b ¨ momwGif tvGex f if&mS ;onfh ]] a, "r®m a[wkyb Ü 0g}}-*gxmukd
a&;om;xm;onfukd awG&Y ojzifh ysLvlrsK;d wko Yd nf Ak'b ¨ momjzpfEikd o
f nf[k ynm&Siw f Ykd ,lq
Muygonf/ ysLedó,rsm;onf ygVdrS ysLbmomodkY jyefqx kd m;jcif;r[kwb f J ouúwbmomrS
ysLbmomokYd jyefqkdxm;jcif;jzpfygonf/
ouú#ysLedó,onf bmoma&;taMumif;t&mr[kw?f Ekid if aH &; vlraI &;ESio hf ufqikd f
aom t&mrsm;ukd ouú#rS ysLokYd jyefqx
dk m;jcif;jzpfygonf/ xked ó
d ,a&;yko
H nf avmukwå&m
bmoma&;pmayrS twk,lonf[k ynm&Siw f kYd rSe;f qMuygonf/ xko
d uú# ysLedó,wkYu d kd
axmufí ysLvlrsKd ;wkYdonf edó,ta&;tom;ukd tokH;jyKcJhaMumif; odEkid yf gonf/
rGeef ó
d ,
jrefrmEkid if HwGif ysLedó,rsm;aemuf awGY&S&d aom edó,rSm rGeef ó d ,jzpfygonf/
rGev
f rl sKd ;wkoYd nf ysLvlrsKd ;wku Yd o
hJ yYkd if a&S;usaom vlrsKd ;wpfrsKd ;jzpfygonf/ ,if;wko
Yd nfvnf;
 -104-

ax&0g'Ak'¨bmomukd uk;d uG,Mf uygonf/

rGev f rl sKd ;wko
Yd nf Ak'b
¨ momjzpfonft h m;avsmpf mG yd#uwfpmayrsm;ukd avhusuf oiftí H
xde;f odr;f cJMh uygonf/ taemf&xmrif;BuD; oxkrH S yifah qmifvmcJah om yd#uwf awmfrsm;onf
rGeftu©&mjzifh rSwfwrf;wifxm;aom yd#uwfawmfrsm;jzpfygonf/ rGefvlrsKd;wkdYonf
yd#uwfpmayrsm;ukd oif,al omtcgü ygVdbmomrS rGeb f momokdY {uefjyefq&dk rnfjzpfygonf/
,if;okYdjyefqkjd cif;onfyif edó,jzpfygonf/ jrefrmwkYdonf rGeyf #d uwfpmayrS wpfqifh
jrefrmyd#uwfpmayrsm;okYd jyefqkx d ed ;f odr;f cJhMuygonf/
a&S;a[mif;rGeef ó
d ,taxmuftxm;rSm yk*Ha&Tpnf;cHkbk&m;wGif a&;xk;d xm;aom
rGeaf usmufpmyif jzpfygonf/ ,if;ausmufpmü ygVdbmomrS rGeb f momokYd edó,jyefenf;
jzifh jyefqkx d m;ygonf/ okYdaomf bmoma&;ESihf ywfoufí a&;om;xm;jcif; r[kwaf cs/
Edkiif aH &;ESiyhf wfoufí a&;xm;jcif;jzpfygonf/ rGew
f o
Ykd nf ygVd-rGef edó,rsKd ;ukd rGeb
f mom
jzifh ]BwJm][k ac:ygonf/
jrefrmedó,
ysLESihf rGew
f kYdaemuf jrefrmvlrsKd ;wkYdonfvnf; uk, d hfxD; uk,
d hfeef;jzifh aexkid cf JhMu
ygonf/ taemf&xmrif;BuD;onf oxkHjynfrS yd#uwfawmf tpkH okH;q,fESihf rGe&f [ef;awmf
wku
Yd dk yifah qmifvm&mtcgrS pí ax&0g'Ak'b ¨ momonf jrefrmjynfü xGe;f um;vmcJyh gonf/
jrefrmvlrsKd ;wko
Yd nf rGev f rl sKd ;wkx
Yd rH S Ak'b
¨ momtjyif rGe,
f Ofaus;rIrsm;ukyd g qufccH MhJ uygonf/
jrefrmtu©&mrsm;onf rGeftu©&mrsm;ukd rDSí wDxGifcJhMuonf[k qkdygonf/ xkdYjyif
jrapwDausmufpmü ygVd? jrefrm? rGe?f ysLbmomwkYdjzifh a&;xk;d xm;onfrSm jrefrmwkYd\
edó,pGr;f &nf (bmomjyefpGr;f &nf) ukd jyo&m a&mufygonf/
jrefrmwkYdonf bmoma&;&mwGif rGewf kYdqDrSomru oD[kVd rf Svnf; enf;,lcJhMuyg
onf/ e&ywdpnfolrif;BuD;vufxufü jrefrmEkid if HESihf oD[kVd Ef kid if Honf tjyefjyeftvSev
f Sef
qufqH oGm;vmcJhMuNyD; jrefrm&[ef;awmfrsm;onf oD[dkVfrS pmayusrf;*efrsm;pGmukd
,laqmifcMhJ uygonf/ c&pfEpS f 1223-ckü a&;xk;d xm;aom ausmufpmwpfckü oD[Vkd u f Ref;ü
jzpfonfh r[m0ifç xly0ifEiS hf tem*w0ifusr;f rsm; yg&daS ejcif;aMumifyh if jzpfygonf/ xko d kYd
,laqmifcJhMu&mü oD[kVd ef ó d ,rsm; rvJGraoG yg0ifayvdrhfrnf/ jrefrmedó,rsm;onf
oD[kVd ef ó
d ,ESihf rGeef ó
d ,ponfwkYu
d kd enf;rDSí a&;om;cJhMuonf[kqkEd kid yf gonf/
e&ywdpnfolrif;vufxuf ouú&mZf 445-wGif aygif;avmif;&GmZmwd t&Sirf [m
uóyonf yk*HNrdKUawmifbuf&Sd awm&ausmif;ü ck'´ou d ©mt|uxmedó,a[mif;ukd
a&;om;cJoh nf[k yd#uwfawmforkid ;f ü qdk\/ ,if;tqkt d & ck'o ´ u
d m© t|uxmedó,onf
jrefrmedó,orkid ;f ü a&S;tusqk;H edó,pmay[k qkEd ikd yf gonf/ c&pfEpS f 1261-ckü a&;xk;d
 -105-

aom tapmvwfausmufpmü ]]qe0kwad &m*g-uk;d q,fah jcmufyg;aomtem? Amwðåour®m-

Mur®m32yg;? yÍö0o
D wdb,m-ab;25yg; þrQaom temoHo&mqif;&JrS cyford ;f uif;a0;aom
oAÁñkykoQm;qkukd vdkcsiaf omaMumifh }} ponfjzifh edó,qefqef ta&;tom;rsm;udkvnf;
awGU&ygonf/ yk*Hacwf ab'pdEÅmusr;f jyK t&Sio f '¨r®oD&o
d nf aA'ifNrdK[Zfusr;f edó,udk
vnf;aumif; yk*Hacwfukeüf t&Si*f kP0Hoa&;om;onfh okwf okH;usr;f ygVd t|uxm
edóusr;f rsm;udkvnf;aumif; pD&ifco
hJ nf[k yd#uwfawmfordki;f ESihf omoemvuFm&pmwrf;ü
qdkygonf/ odkYaomf yk*Hacwfü ,ckxufrsm;jym;aom edó,usr;f rsm; &SEd kdiyf gao;onf/
rSwwf rf;wifrcH&aom edó,usr;f rsm;pGmvnf; &Sad eOD;rnfom/
tif;0acwfwGif edó,usr;f rsm;onf ydkrkdaumif;rGeí
f tm;aumif;vmcJhygonf/
xdkacwf jynfpkerf if;vufxufü t&Sirf [mt&d,0Horax&fjyKpkaom tbd"r®mqdki&f m ]r[m
edó,} jzpfonf[k omoemvuFm&pmwrf;ü qdkygonf/ yd#uwfawmfordki;f url tEk#u D m
edó,[k emrnfwpfrsKd ;jzifh qdkygonf/ e&ywdrif;BuD;vufxufü t&Sio f Dv0Honf
aewdåygVdawmfeód ,uk¤d if;? omvGerf if;w&m;vufxufwGif awmifzDvmq&mawmf onf
"mwkuxmygXfeó d ,? y|mef;ygVdawmfeód ,? 0denf;ig;usr;f ygVdawmfeó
d , ponf
wkYdukv
d nf;aumif;? a&TOrifq&mawmfonf 0denf;ig;usr;f ygVdawmf t|uxmedó,
rsm;ukvd nf;aumif; jyKpkcJhMuonfukd axmuf½IvQif tif;0acwfü edó,pmayonf tvGef
tm;aumif;aeNyDjzpfonf/
ukvd ekd aD cwfEiS hf vGwv
f yfa&;acwfoYkd a&muf&mtcgüvnf; edó,pmayonf ykí d yif
tm;aumif;vmcJhonf[k qk&d ygrnf/ edó,usr;f rsm;pGm ay:xGe;f cJhouJhokYd edó,usr;f jyK
tausmf q&mawmfrsm;pGmvnf; ay:xGuv f mcJyh gonf/ v,fwq D &mawmf 0dok'g¨ ½kq
H &m awmf
bmom#Dumq&mawmf paom yk*K¾d vw f oYdk nf tvGex f if&mS ;aom edó,usr;f jyK tausmrf sm;yif
jzpfygonf/ uke;f abmifacwf ukv d kdeDacwfESihf vGwv f yfa&;acwfwkYdwGif ay:xGucf Jhaom
edó,usr;f rsm;rSm 112-usr;f txd rsm;jym;vGe;f ojzifh tus,f ra&;awmhay/ ,if;pm&if;ukd
tus,af vhvmvkv d Qif "r®o*FPDygVdawmfjrefrmjyef (usr;f OD;rSwzf G,Ef Sihftbd"r®morkid ;f
tESpcf sKyfwiG f avhvmEkid yf gonf/

3/ jrefrmEkid if HESihf tbd"r®medó,orkid ;f

jrefrmEkid if Honf ax&0g'Ekid if Hrsm;xJwGif tbd"r®mESihfywfoufí xdyw f ef;Ekid if H
jzpfygonf/ ,aeYxufxd tbd"r®mukd tus,w f 0ifh ykYdcsoif,laeygao;onf/ tbd"r®m
ESiyhf wfoufonfh pmtkyrf sm;pGmukv
d nf; a&;om;aeMuygonf/
jrefrmEkid if o
H Ykd tbd"r®y#d uonf rnfonht
f csed u
f pwifa&muf&cSd o
hJ nf[k rSww
f rf;
 -106-

twdtus r&dSaomfvnf; ok0PÖblrt d &Sif rEl[mrif; (at'D 11)vufxufü yd#uwf

okH;ykHESihf yd#uwfuRrf;usif &[ef;awmf trsm;tjym; &dScJhygonf/ xkYdaMumihf oxkHjynfol
jynfom;wkYdonf tbd"r®y#d uukd avhvmMurnf[k ,lq&ygonf/ wwd,oH*Fg,emwGif
t&Siaf omPESihf t&SiOf wå&wkYd OD;aqmifaom omoemjyKtzGJYonf ok0PÖblro d kYd a&muf&Sd
cJhMuonf/ xkad cwfu yd#uwfawmfrsm;onf ayxuftu©&mokYd ra&muf&Sad o;ay/ okYad omf
oxkHjynfoljynfom;wkYdonf tbd"r®mukd em,lcJh&rnf[k ,lq&ygonf/ jrefrmEkid if HokYd
tbd"r®y#d uonf t|uxmrsm;ESiw hf uG oD[kVd rf S a&muf&Scd Jhygonf/
yk*aH cwf
taemf&xmrif;BuD;onf ouú&mZf 419-wGif oxkjH ynfrS yd#uwfawmf tpkH ok;H q,f
ESiwhf uG rGe&f [ef;awmfrsm;pGmwku Yd kd yk*o
H Ykd yifah qmifvmcJyh gonf/ xkcd sed rf pS í jrefrmjynft0Sr;f
tbd"r®mw&m;awmfrsm; ysHUyGm;vmonf[k ,lq&ygonf/ ouú&mZf 535-wGif e&ywd
pnfolrif;vufxuf oD[kVd yf nmawmfoifjyef qy'rax&fukd taMumif;jyKí jrefrmEkid if HokYd
0ifa&mufvmonf[k ,lq&ygonf/ ,if;rax&fonf oacFy0PÖemac: oN*ØK[#f u D musr;f ESihf
emrpm&'Dyuac: tbd"r®mvufoef;usrf;rsm;ukd jyKpkcJhonf[k yd#uwfawmforkdif;ü
qkxd m;onf/ yk*HacwfwGif xku d sr;f rsm;tjyif tjcm;tbd"r®musr;f rsm;vnf; &dSygao;onf/
,if;rSm ouú&mZf 596-ckwiG f eef;wufaom uspmG rif;\ y&rw¬AEd K´ usr;f jzpfygonf/ y&rw¬
usr;f [kqadk omfvnf; usr;f BuD;r[kw?f y&rw¬oabmw&m;rsm;ukd eef;wGi;f olwYdk tvG,w f ul
em;vnfap&ef pD&ifxm;aom aqmifyk'v f uFmusr;f jzpfygonf/ yk*Hacwfü yd#uwf pwif
a&muf&v Sd mcgpjzpfí ,if;wku Yd kd uRr;f usipf mG avhvmEkid &f ef o'´gusr;f rsm;pGmukd t"duxm;í
a&;om;cJMh uonf/ tbd"r®musr;f rsm;um; enf;yg;vSonf/ odakY omf tbd"r®monf jynfow l Ykd
tMum;ü xGe;f um;jyKaeayonf/ yk*aH cwf ausmufpmwpfcük trwfwpfO;D onf yd#uwfo;Hk yku H dk
wwfajrmufonf[k a&;xk;d xm;onfu oufaoyif jzpfygonf/
yif;,acwf
yif;,acwfwGif oD[olrif; (712-721) vufxufü t&SiÓ f Pudwådrax&fjyKpk
aom t|omvdeDa,mZemygXfESihf oar®m[0daem'eDygXfwkYo
d nf tvGexf if&Sm;onf/
tif;0acwf
tbd"r®myd#uonf tif;0acwfokdY a&muf&mtcgüvnf; t&dSerf jywf qufvuf
xGe;f um;cJyh gonf/ xkad cwfu oif&;kd jyKoifMum;onfh tbd"r®mpm&if;ukd omoemESpf 1986-
ü a&;xk;d aomausmufpmü awGU&ygonf/ ,if;wkYdrSm-
1/ tbd"r®mygVdawmf 7-usr;f
2/ tbd"r®mt|uxmBuD; 3-usr;f
 -107-

3/ tbd"r®mrlv#Dum
4/ tbd"r®mtEk#u D m
5/ tbd"r®wo ¬ *F[ygXf
6/ oN*ØK[f#Duma[mif;ygXf
7/ oN*ØK[f#DumopfygXf
8/ emr½lyy&dapä'#DumopfygXf
9/ y&rw¬0ed pd ä,#DumopfygXf
10/ arm[0dapä'ygXfwkYd jzpfygonf/
xkjYd yif t|omvdeeD ó d ,ESihf uxm0w¬Kedó,wku Yd v
kd nf; ,if;pm&if;ü awGU&ojzifh
xkad cwfü tvGecf ufcJaom tbd"r®musr;f rsm;onfyif xGe;f um;aeNyD[k qk&d ygrnf/ xkYjd yif
ouú&mZf 800-cefw Y iG f tbd"r®mukd usr;f jyKEkid o
f nftxd xGe;f um;vmcJyh gonf/ tif;0acwf
t&Sit f &d,0Hoonf t|omvdet D |uxmtzGi?hf rPd'yD #DumygXf? #Dumausmt f zGihf rmwdum
wdkYukd jyKpkcJhonf[k yd#uwfawmforkid ;f ü qdkygonf/ [Hom0wDqifjzL&Sirf if; (912-944)
vufxufü [Hom0wDjynfü t&Sit f meE´m\ r"k#u D mac: r"kom&w¬'yD eD (rlv#Dum\tzGi)hf
t&Sio f '¨r®mvuFm&\ y|meom&'DyeD#DumESihf t&Sirf [mok0PÖ'Dy\ taz*¾Kom&'DyeD
#Dum(#Dumausm\ f tzGih)f [laom tbd"r®musr;f okH;usr;f ay:xGe;f cJhygonf/ xkrd if;\vuf
xufüyif trnfrod ynm&Siw f pfO;D u oN*ØK[ef ó d ,ukd jyKpck ohJ nf[k yd#uwfawmf orkid ;f ü
qkx
d m;ygonf/
taemufbufomvGerf if;w&m;BuD; (967-990) vufxufwGif tif;0a&TNrdKUawmfü
&Siw f ad vmu*k&konf "mwkuxm#Dum0PÖemygXf? ,ru0PÖem#DumygXfESihf y|me0PÖem
#DumygXfwu Ykd kd jyKpkcyhJ gonf/ ,if;rif;vufxufüyif awmifzv D mq&mawmfonfvnf; rmwd
umt&aumufusr;f ? "mwkuxmt&aumufusr;f ? ,rku d t
f &aumufusr;f ? y|mef;t&aumuf
usr;f ? t|omvdeyD Pmr*gxmrsm;\ tzGijhf zpfaom 0Dowd0PÖemygXfEiS hf oN*ØK[feó d ,wku Yd kd
jyKpkcyhJ gonf/ xkjYd yif t&Sit f *¾"r®mvuFm& (eef;ausmif;q&mawmf)onf rlv#Dumedó,ESihf
tbd"r®mt&aumufrsm;ukv d nf;aumif;? t&Sit f &d,mvuFm& (ae&if;q&mawmf)onf t|
omvdeeD ó d , (a[mif;)? oar®m[0daem'eDeó d ,? oacFy0PÖem#Dumedó,? oN*ØK[fusr;f
½k;d MuD;ESihf #Dumausmef ó d ,wkYdukv d nf;aumif;? yXrausmaf tmifpHxm;q&mawmfonf t|
omvde*D @d (a[mif;) ESihf oN*ØK[f*@dwu Ykd v
kd nf;aumif;? t&Siof m&'óD(ykAmÁ ½kqH &mawmf)
onf "mwkuxma,mZemygXfuv kd nf;aumif;? t&Sit f &d,mvuFm& ('udP © m0efq&mawmf)
onf oN*ØK[feó d ,wkYdukv d nf;aumif; jyKpkcJhMuygonf/
 -108-

uke;f abmifacwf
tif;0acwfü ckid Nf rJpmG tjrpfw,
G cf ahJ om tbd"r®monf uke;f abmifacwfoYdk a&mufaom
tcg ykí d yif xGe;f um;vmcJhygonf/ awmifzDvmq&mawmfpaom a&S;q&mawmfBuD;rsm;
jyKpkcJhaom t&aumufenf;ukd ykdrkdaumif;rGefatmif okwfoifí Am;u&mq&mawmf
xef;wyifq&mawmfponfh usr;f wwftausmw f kYdonf pDpOfa&;om;Mujyefonf/ tbd"r®m
ygVdawmf t|uxm #DumwkYd\ edó,rsm;onfvnf; ykí d xGe;f um;vmcJhonf/ yd#uwf
awmforkid ;f \ tqkt d & ,if;acwfü oN*ØK[feó d ,wpfrsKd ;wnf;ukyd if 22-rl&SdaMumif;
od&ygonf/ xkpd mwrf;wGif ryg0ifaom edó,usr;f jzihf aygif;aomf 30-ausmt f xd &do
S nf[k
qkMd uygonf/ xkjYd yif *@d 0depd ä,paom usr;f rsm;pGmukv d nf; a&;om;jyKpkcMhJ uonf/ xkjYd yif
uke;f abmifacwfü tbd"r®mwk;d wuf jyefyY mG ;ap&ef yÍöroH*g,emwifjcif;ESihf yxrjyefpmar;
yGrJ sm;ukd tav;ay;jcif;[laom tcsuf 2-csuu f kd jyKvkycf MhJ uygonf/ yxrjyefpmar;yJrG sm;\
oif½k;d nTe;f wrf;ü tbd"r®mukd xnfhoGi;f í tbd"r®mjyefYyGm;atmif jr§ihw f ifcJhMuonf/
,aeYacwftbd"r®m
,aeYacwfüvnf; tbd"r®moif&;kd rIwrYkd mS &yfwefo
Y mG ;jcif;r&db
S J ykí
d yif xGe;f um;vm
cJhygonf/ ,aeYacwfü tbd"r®mqkid &f musr;f rsm;ukd jrefrmbmomjzifhom trsm;qkH;a&;om;
Muaomfvnf; v,fwq D &mawmf\ y&rw¬'yD eDpaom ygVdjzifh a&;om;xm;aom usr;f rsm;vnf;
ay:xGe;f cJyh gonf/ uke;f abmifacwfrpS í ,aeYacwfxd tbd"r®medó, rsm;rSm tvGerf sm;ojzifh
¤if ; ed ó ,pm&if ; rsm;uk d a&;om;rnf q k d y gu tvG e f & S n f v sm;oG m ;ay vd r f h r nf /
ta&twGut f m;jzifh ygVdbmomjzifh 43-usr;f ? edó,jrefrmjyef 112-usr;f taxGaxG
178-usr;f pkpkaygif; 333-usr;f &dSojzifh tvGerf sm;jym;vSygonf/ ,if;usr;f rsm; pm&if;ukd
avhvmvdkvsif "r®o*FPDygVdawmfjrefrmjyef usr;f OD;rSwzf G,üf avhvmEkid yf gonf/

4/ jrefrmEkid if HESihf edó,aus;Zl;

jrefrmEkid if Hü tbd"r®medó,rsm;\ aus;Zl;um; tvGeBf uD;rm;vSygonf/ ygVd t|
uxmponfukd edó,rjyefqkcd Jhaomf jrefrmvlrsK;d wkYdonf tbd"r®moabmw&m;rsm;ukd
em;vnf&ef tvGecf ufcJrnfrSm aocsmvSygonf/ eHaysmufeó d ,ac: t&aumufusr;f rsm;
\ tusKd ;aus;Zll;aMumifh jrefrmEkid if H\ tbd"r®momoemawmfonf tjcm;ax&0g'Ekid if Hrsm;
xuf omvGeaf eygonf/ eHaysmufeó d , (t&aumuf) usr;f rsm;onf jrefrmEkid if Hüom&dS
aom usr;f rsm;jzpfygonf/ tjcm;ax&0g'Ekid if rH sm;ü rawG&Y &Sd ay/ t&aumufusr;f rsm;onf
tbd"r®m\ tESpo f m&jzpfygonf/ ,if;usr;f rsm;\ aus;Zl;BuD;yku H kd rpk;d &drq
f &mawmf OD;ol&d
,mbd0o
H u ]]jrefrmEkid if üH eHaysmufeó d , (t&aumuf) usr;f rsm; xif&mS ;&daS eaomaMumifh
 -109-

om tbd"r®momoemawmfBuD;rSm rwdrrf jrKyf ruG,rf aysmufbJ ,aeYwkdiaf tmifyif wk;d yGm;

wnfwHhaeavNyD? tjcm;ax&0g'Ekid if Hrsm;ü t&aumufusr;f rsm; r&dSaomaMumifh tbd"r®m
omoemawmfBuD;onf wnfwo hH ifo
h avmuf rwnfwEhH ikd /f xGe;f awmufoifo
h avmuf rxGe;f
awmufEikd bf J &daS eMu&onf}}ponfjzifh rdeMYf um;csurf mS tbd"r®mt&aumufrsm;\ wefz;kd ukd
ykí
d ay:vGiaf pcJyh gonf/ xkjYd yif edó,usr;f rsm;\ aus;Zl;aMumifh jrefrmpum;vk;H a0g[m&rsm;
wk;d yGm;vm&ygonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh pdwf apwoduf &kyf edAÁmef ponfwkYdjzpfMuygonf/
xkYdjyif ukokv d f tukokv d wf kdY\ oabmw&m; tusKd ;w&m;? ,if;tusKd ;w&m;wkYd
aMumifh a&muf&SdEkid af om bkHXme ponfwkYdukv d nf; od&SdcJh&ygonf/ þpMu0VmBuD;xJü
vlb
Y o Hk mru tjcm;aom ewfbHk jA[®mb h Hk ponfwv Ydk nf; &daS o;\[k od&ygonf/ ,if;bkw H \
Y dk
oufwrf; ok*wd 'k*w ¾ d trsKd ;tpm;rsm;ukv d nf; odc&hJ ygonf/ xkjYd yif bmomjcm;wkYd ,kMH unf
xm;aom owå0grsm;ukd zefqif;&Siu f zefqif;vku d of nf[laom t,lukd &Si;f vif;ap&ef
owå0gwkY\ d y#doaE¨aeykH pdwEf Sihf ½kyw f &m;wkYd pwifjzpfay:vmykH ponfwkYu d kvd nf; odcJh&
ygonf/ tbd"r®mw&m;awmfonf owå0gwk\ Yd oEÅmefü tjrpfw, G af eaom twåukd t"du
y,fazsmufay;aom aq;aumif;wpfvufjzpfygonf/ xkYdjyif avmuDavmukwBf uD;yGm;a&;
twGuf usio hf ;kH vku
d ef m&rnfh aAm"dyud, © w&m; 37-yg;ukv d nf; tukov kd tf vkyjf zifh BuD;yGm;
jcif;? vSLwef;aeygvsuf qif;&Jjcif;wkYd\ taMumif;rsm;ukd uHav;rsKd ;ukd avhvm&ojzifh
trSeu f kd odc&hJ ygonf/ xkjYd yif yg&rDukokv d jf zpfatmifrnfuo hJ Ykd pdwx f m;&rnfuv kd nf;aumif;?
ukokv d f vky&f mü 0w¬Kjcif;wlygaomfvnf; tusK;d ay;ykH rwljcif;ukv d nf;aumif;? avmuü
igç twår&Sçd yk*K¾d vf owå0gr&S?d ½kyef mrfom&d\ S [k y&rw¬opöm trSew f &m;ukv d nf; od&ygonf/
xkod o Ykd &d ojzifh vlwrYkd mS emr½lyy&dapä'ÓPfEiS hf emr½lyypö,y&d*[ ¾ ÓPf ponfwu Ykd v
kd nf;
&&dSEkid yf gonf/ emrf½kyrf uJGbJESihf 0dyóemw&m;ukd aygufajrmufatmif tm;rxkwEf kid af y/
þodkjY zifh ra&rwGuEf ikd af om tusK;d w&m;rsm;ukd &&do S nfrmS tbd"r®mukd uRrf;usiyf ikd Ef ikd pf mG
avhvmEkid af omaMumifhom jzpfygonf/ xko d kYdavhvmolrsm;\ rDSckt d m;xm;&mrSm tbd"r®m
edó,usr;f rsm;yif jzpfygawmhonf/

t&Si"f r®ygv r'kb-d 2

t&Sief E´mpm& r'kb-d 3
Ekid if Hawmfy&d,wdåomoemhwuúokv d f (&efuke)f
 -110-

usr;f uk;d pm&if;rsm;

1/ Ak'¨omoemtzJGU? "r®o*FPDygVdawmfjrefrmjyef? 1968/
2/ xef;wyifq&mawmft&Sief E´ar"m? y|mef;t&aumuf? 1985/
3/ t&Si£f E´umbd0Ho? jrif;NcHrmwdum/
4/ jrefrmEkid if HAk'¨omoemtzGGJU? (&efuke)f ? tbd"r®morkid ;f tESpcf sKyf/ 1965/
5/ r[moD&ad Z,so?l yd#uwfo;kH ykpH mwrf;ac: yd#uwfawmforkid ;f ? 2000-ckEpS ?f w-tBudrf
6/ OD;nGeYfarmif? uke;f abmifacwfjrefrmedó,rsm;pmpkpm&if;?1975/
7/ t&SiZf 0e (pvif;)? jrefrmEkid if HESihf tbd"r®y#d u? 2015-ckESpf
 Ak'¨tbd"r®m½Sd umvESifhtmumoukd avhvmjcif;

OD;at;rif;(ygarmu©? '*kHwuúov
dk f)

1/ y&rw¬oabmw&m;(4)yg;
Ak'¨ tbd"r®mwGify&rw¬w&m;udk(4)yg; jyqdkxm;ygonf/
1/ pdwå
2/ apwodu
3/ ½ly
4/ edAÁme wdkUjzpfMuygonf/ ,if;av;yg;wdkUwGif pdwå? apwodu? ½lywdkUonf
jzpfjcif;? ysufjcif; oabmw&m;abmiftwGif;üom &Sdonf/ ocFw"r®y&rw¬
w&m;jzpfonf/ edAÁmrSmrlum; rjzpf?rysufawmhaom tocFw"r®y&rw¬w&m;
jzpfygonf/ xdkUaMumifh ocFw"r®e,fy,fwGif&Sdaom tcsdef? ae&m oabmw&m;ESihf
tocFw"r®e,fwGif&Sad om tcsdef? ae&m oabmw&m;(2)ckonfvnf; wlnDEdkif rnf
r[kwfyg/

2/ umv ESifh tmumo owfrSwfcsuf

umvESift
h mumo (Time and Space)udk Ak'¨tbd"r®moabmt&m azmfjycsuf
wGif umv? tmumoyk'fESpcf kuo dk m pOf;pm;ajz&Sif;&ef &Sdygonf/ umvoabm
udkvnf; twdwf? ypöKyÜef? tem*wfwUdk \ umvtydik f;tjcm;oabmom jzpfNyD;
tmumoyk'frmS um; ½kyf(28)yg;? (27)yg;wGifyg&Sad om tmumo"mwfESio hf Hk;q,fh
wpfbHw
k nf&mbHkXmewdUk &Sd tcsdef? ae&moabmudyk g avhvmwifjyoGm;ygrnf/
tbd"r®moabmt& "r®o*FPDygVdawmfü ½kyf(27)yg;wGif tmumo"mwf
awGU&Sd&aomfvnf; umv(tcsdef) owfrSwfcsufudk xnfo h Gif;a&wGufrxm;onfh
twGuf y&rw¬w&m; taejziho
f wfrSwfxm;jcif; r&Sdonf udk awGU&ygonf/
umvudk Mumjrifhcsdefjzihf pOf;pm;jcif;r[kwfbJ &Sdjcif;oabmw&m;taejzifh
azmfjyoGm;&ef &nf&G,fygonf/ xdkenf;wlae&m\ oabmudkvnf; ynwfoabm
t&Sw
d &m;taejzihfom azmfjyoGm;rnfjzpfygonf/
 -112-

3/ odyÜHynme,fy,frStcsdefESiahf e&m t,ltq

odyÜHynme,fy,frS umvESifh tmumo(Time and Space)wdUk t"dyÜg,f
zGiq
fh dkcsufEiS hyf wfoufNyD; odyÜHynm&SifBuD;wdkU\ tqdt
k rdefUrsm;udw k ifjyvdyk gonf/
txl;tm;jzihf tcsdef (Time) ESiyhf wfoufí odyÜHynm&SifBuD;rsm; zGifhqcdk JhonfrSm-
‘Time is everywhere yet nowhere---’ ]]tcsdefonfae&mwdik f;wGif&Sdonf/
odkUaomf b,frSmrSvnf; r&Sdyg}}/ Time is intuitively obvious yet logically indefinable-
-- tcsdef[lonf tvGefxif&Sm;\? uav;awmifodonf[k qdkEkdi\ f / odkUaomftcsdef[l
onf tb,fenf;[lonfudk ,kwådaA'enf;t& t"dyÜg,f rSwfEkdifprG f; r&Sdyg/
Time is as simple as an alarm clock, but as complex as Relativity Theory.
tcsed fonfEId;pufem&DuJhodkU&Si;f &Sif;av;jzpf\/ odkUaomf &avwDADwDoDtd&k Duo
Jh dkU
½IyfaxG;\/
½lyaA'ynm&Sif e,lwef(Newton)uqdo k nfrSm -I do not define time, place
and motion.uRefawmfonf tcsdef? ae&m? vIyf&Sm;jcif; [laoma0g[m&rsm;\
t"dyÜg,fudk rowfrSwfawmhyg [lírdefUqdx
k m;Muygonf/

4/ umv aES;jcif;oabm
odyHÜ ynme,fy,fwGif umvESiyhf wfoufí &yfaeolESihf oGm;aeolwUdk onf
umv rwlnDMuyg/ &yfaeaomolwpfa,muftwGuf umvonf 10ESpfjzpfaomtcg
oGm;aeaomoltwGuf 5 ESpfMumap&ef a&GUvsm;EIef;udk wGufxkwfxm;onfrSm - to =
10, tv = 5 xm;yg/

v2
tv = to √1-
c2
v2
5 = 10 √1- 2
c
v2 1
√1- =
c2 2
v2 1
1- =
c2 4

v2 1 3
= 1- =
c2 4 4
√3
v = c
2
c = wpfpuúefUvQif 186000 rdkifEeI f;/
 -113-

wdkUaMumifh
v= √3 2 x 1860000 = 161000 = wpfpuúefUvQif 161000 rdkiE
f Ief;/
&yfaeaomol
toufq,fESpBf uD;oGm;aom tcsdefwGif wpfpuúefYvQif 161000rdik fEIef;jzihf oGm;ae
aomolonf ig;ESpfomBuD;ao;rnf/ xdkUaMumifh &yfaeaomolonf oGm;aeaom
olxuf ydkí tcsdefMumygonf/

5/ pdwfjzpfpOf0DxdESiu
fh mv
Ak'¨bmomwGif tajccHtusqH;k jzpfaom pdwfjzpfpOf (0Dxd)udk a,bk,s
avhvmMunhfygu -
yOö0D'Gg&0Dxd
000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
000
b wD e ' y p oH P 0k Z Z Z Z Z Z Z x w
b
raem'Gg&0Dxd
000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 00 000
e ' raem Z Z Z Z Z Z Z w w b
txufyg pdwfjzpfpOfoabmt& b0tydik f;tjcm;wpfckwGif odpdwfwpfckjzpf&eftwGuf
pdwfjzpfpOftqifuh dk jzwfausmf&onf/ pdwfjzpfpOfwGifvnf; wpfckNyD;rS tjcm;wpfcku
jzpfcGihf&onf/ xkdodUk jzpf&efrSmvnf; y|mef;enf; teEÅ&? oreEÅ&ypönf;oabmt&
aemufpdwfjzpfap&ef a&SUpdwfcsKyfay;&onf[k qdkxm;ygonf/ xkdoUdk odpdwfwpfckESihf
wpfckMum; b0*Fpdwfrsm; jzpfay:aeMuonf[k qdkxm;ygonf/ qdkvo dk nfrSm odpdwf
jzpfpOf jzpfay:aeonfjzpfap? b0ifpdwfjzpfay:aeonfjzpfap pdwfjzpfpOfwGif
pdwfwpfckNyD;rS wpfckjzpf&onf/ pdwfjzpfcsdef? wnfcsdef? ysufcsdef? pdwfwpfckESifhwpfck
Mum;umvwdkUonf tcsdeftwdkif;twmwpfcktjzpf &Sad eygonf/ wpfenf;tm;jzihf
xkdjzpfpOfonf tcsdef&dSaejcif;[k ynwfoabmt& rSwfom;xm;ygonf/ tcsdef\
Mumcsdeu f dk owfrSwfwdkif;wmonfhpepfudk pdwåu©Pwpfck[k oHk;pGJxm;ygonf/
pdwåu©Pwpfck rnfrQMumonf[k ydik f;jcm;rIr&Syd g/
om"ujy,k*fwpfck wifjyvdyk gonf/ tonowfbHkwGifjzpfaom jA[®monf
oufwrf;urÇm(500)touf&Snfonf[k owfrSwfMuygonf/ tonowfjA[®monf
 -114-

½kyfoufoufom&SdNyD; emrf(odUk )emrfcE¨mav;yg; r&Sdyg/ odkUaomf tonowfbHkoUdk

ra&mufrD cE¨mig;yg;&Sdaom emrf? ½kyftjzpf cE¨mwpfyg;om&Sad omtjzpfrS ½kyfoufouf
bHkodUk a&mufoGm; jcif;jzpfonf/ tonowfbHkrS pkwdí cE¨mig;yg; ½kyf? emrfw&m;
&Sdaom bHkwpfckcük y#doaE¨jyefjzpfygu -
y#doaE¨0Dxdoabmt&
y#doaE¨0Dxd
000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
wD e ' y p oH P 0k Z Z Z Z Z pkwd y#doaE¨
000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
b wD e ' y p oH P 0k Z Z Z Z Z Z Z
000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
raem Z Z Z Z Z Z Z b b
b0eduEÅu
d

½kyf ½kyf
000 000 -------- pkwd y#doaE¨
pkwd y#doaE¨ ½kyf ½kyf ½kyf emrf
½kyf emrf

cE¨mig;yg;owå0gpkwd (½kyf^emrfysuf) cE¨mwpfyg;½kyfoufouf y#doaE¨jzpf oufwrf;

urÇm (500)Mum - pkwd - cE¨mig;yg; y#doaE¨jzpfpOfü 0Dxdoabmt& teEÅ&
ypönf;taejzifh pkwdpdwfysufí y#doaE¨pw d fjzpfonf/ odkUaomf ½kyfoufoufjzpfaom
tonowfjA[®mwGif emrfcE¨m y#doaE¨rjzpf (oufwrf; urÇm 500) jA[®m
oufwrf;ukef aemufcE¨mig;yg;&Sd owå0gy#doaE¨jzpfygu yxrcE¨mig;yg;&Sd owå0g\
emrfcE¨mav;yg;ysufjcif;aMumifh aemufcE¨mig;yg;wGif y#doaE¨pdwfjzpf&onf/ okdUaomf
0Dxdoabmt& pkwdpdwfysufí y#doaE¨pdwfjzpfjcif; oabmrS twlwlyifjzpfonf[k
qdkEikd fygonf/ ,if;jzpfpOfwGif MumjrifhcsdefrmS a&SUpdwfysufí aemufpdwfjzpf&jcif;om
jzpfojzihf xnfo h Gif;a&wGufí r&Ekdifyg/ xdkUaMumifh tbd"r®moabmt& tcsdef
&Sdjcif;udk vufcHaomfvnf; Mumjrifhcsdeftwkid f;twm owfrSwfcsufrmS r&Sd[k qdkEikd frnf
xifygonf/
 -115-

6/ (31)bHo
k wå0gwdUk \ umvESiht
f mumo oabm
tbd"r®ma'oemwGif umvESihyf wfoufí oD;jcm;azmfjyxm;csuf r&Sdyg/
(31)bHk oufwrf;udk owfrSwf&mwGifvnf; vlUoufwrf;tay:rlwnfí urÇmwnfyHk?
urÇmjzpfyHk? urÇmysufyrHk sm;udk tcsdet
f wdkif;twmowfrSwfMuygonf/

yHkwGiaf zmfjyxm;onft
h wdkif; -
 -116-

1/ i&JBuD;(8)xyf (ae&mtpOfvdkuf txufatmuf - vlUbHkatmuf)

2/ wd&pämef? Nydwåm? tol&um,f? vlUbH-k (tqifhae&mwl)
3/ ewfjynf(6)xyf - (oufwrf;tpOfvdkut
f xufatmuf^vlUjynftxufwGif&)Sd
4/ jA[®mbHk(20) ewfjynf(oufwrf;tpOfvdkuf) txufatmufewfjynf txufwGif&dS
tcsdefodkUr[kwfoufwrf;udk a&wGufMuaomtcg vlUjynf\oufwrf;udk
pHtjzpfxm;í a&wGufaMumif; avhvmawGU&S&d ygonf/ Oyrmtm;jzihf vlUjynf\ tESpf
(50)onf pwkr[m&mZduewfjynfwGif wpfaeYwpfn (wpf&ufowfrSwfonf) Mumjrifh
onf[k tcsdefumvudk owfrSwfxm;ygonf/ wenf;tm;jzihf urÇmajrjyifay:
urÇmN*dK[fay:ü aexdkifaom vloufwrf;(50)onf pwkr[m&mZduewfwdkY aexkid f
aom ae&mwGif (urÇmwGif) wpf&ufwmom Mumjrifah eonf[k qdkvydk gonf/ ,if;udk
odyHÜynm\ umvaES;jcif; oabmw&m;t& &yfaeolESio hf Gm;aeol nDrQjcif;udk
toH;k jyKrnfqdkvQif vlUjynfESpf(50)? pwkr[m&mZduewfjynf(1)ESpf Mumcsdefudk
wGufxkwfygu -
to = 50 , tv = 1
v2
tv = to √1-
c2
v2
1 = 50 √1-
c2
1 = √1 - v2
50 c2
v2 1
1- =
c2 2500
v2 1 2499
= 1- =
c2 2500 2500
v √2499
=
c 2500
v = √2499 c
50
= √2499 x 186000
50
= 185962.7963 mile / sec

jzihaf &GUvsm;aernf[k rSwf,l&ygrnf/ tu,fí vlUjynfESpf (100)? a&GUvsm;aeaomol

(1)ESpfudkwGufxkwfygu -
v2
tv = to √1-
c2
 -117-

v2
1 = 100 √1-
c2
1 = √1 -v2
100 c2
1 1- v2
=
100000 c2
v2 1 9999
2 = 1- =
c 10000 10000
v √9999
=
c 100
v = √9999 c
100
= √9999 x 186000
100
= 185990.6998 mile / sec
&&Sdrnfjzpfygonf/
tdkifpwdik f;\ &DavwDADwDoDtdk&o
D abmt& umvESit
hf mumoonf EIdif;&
oabmw&m;om jzpfonf/ tcsdef? ae&m? vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;onf wpfckEiS hfwpfck qufpyf
az:jyrSom t dyÜg,f&Sdavonf/ odyÜHe,fy,fwGif &yfaeaomolESihf oGm;aeaom
olwd\
kY tcsdefonfwlnDrI r&Sdyg/
Oyrm
tv =oGm;aeaomol{/ftcsdef

to =&yfaeaomol{/ftcsdef

c =tvif;{/foGm;EIef;

tdkifpwkid f;\ Relativity Theory oabmt&vlo;Hk OD; A, B, CwdkU{/f

taetxm;udk avhvmxm;csufrSm - A u urÇmay:rSmarG;onf? B u urÇmuae
tvif;ESpf(100)ESpf a0;uGmwJh Mu,fwpfckrmS arG;onf/ Cuawmh tvsif-.98
Ca&GUvsm;aeaom ,mOfay:wGif arG;zGm;rnfqy dk gu - C \ tcsdefaES;oGm;rnf[k
qdkygonf/ xdUk aMumifh -
v2 or
t = t √1-
c2
t′ = t √1- 0.96 or
t′ = 0.2t = t/5
jzpfonfhtwGuf(5)qaES;rnf[kqydk gonf/ xdkUaMumifh wpfae&mwnf;wGifaeom
AESifhB onf ESpf(70)ae&aomtcsdefwGif C rSm 70 x 5 x 0.98 ly c&D;ESifaeonft
h wGuf
 -118-

ESpf(350)wdwdaeoGm;&jcif;jzpfonf/ ½Iaxmifw h pfckrS wifjyxm;csufudk awGU&onhf

twGuf odyÜHoabmt& &yfaeaomt&mxuf oGm;aeaomt&mu tcsdefydkaES;
aMumif;udk awGU&S&d ayonf/ xdkUaMumihf tcsdef\ oabmw&m;udk acwfodyÜHtjrift&
worwfwnf; ½Ijrifír&aMumif;awGU&ygonf/ (31)bHkoufwrf;tcsdefEiS hf wnfae&m
wdkUudk acwfody½ÜH IaxmifhrS avhvmMunhfygu Ak'¨bmom0ifwdkU vufcHxm;aom
oufwrf;tcsdefESifhwnf&mwdkUrSm yHkaoowfrSwfcsuf r[kwfawmh EIdi;f &oabmudo k m
aqmifaeygonf/ Ak'¨bmom½Iaxmifhoufoufuom Munhfrnfqydk gu txufyg
wGufcsufrIwkUd onf t"dyÜg,f&oSd nf[k qdkcsifrSqEdk kdifvdrrfh nf xifygonf/
xdkMumcsdefudk wGufcsufrIodyo
ÜH abmt& vlUjynfoufwrf;(50)ESpfwGif pwk
r[m&mZduewfouf (1)&ufudk wGufcsufMunhfygu pwkr[m&mZduewfwdkUonf
tvif;\tvsifeD;yg; a&GUvsm;aeaom tvsifESihfoGm;aeonfudk awGU&S&d ygonf/

7/ tmumo obm0
Ak'¨tbd"r®mü ½kyftrIefrsm;udak vhvm&mwGif rsufpdjzihfjrifawGU&aom trIef
wpfckudk &xa&PkjrL[kac:qdkNyD; ,if;&xa&PkjrLudk (36)pdwf pdwfNyD; wpfpdwfudk
*pma&PkjrLudk (36)pdwfNyD; wpfpdwfudk wZÆm&DPkjrLrIef[k owfrSwfygonf/ ,if;
wZÆm&DPjk rLrIefudk (36)pdwfpdwfygu wpfpdwfrmS tPkjrLjzpfNyD; ,if;tEkjrLudk (36)pdwf
pdwfygu wpfpdwfrSm y&rmPkjrL[k owfrSwfygonf/ ,if;y&rmPkjrLonf vlomref
rsufpjd zihf rjrifEkid f[k qdkxm;ygonf/1
odyÜHynm&SifwdUk url ]]½kyfpMu0VmBuD;udk tufwrfESihf tufwrfwGifyg0ifaom
ypönf;rsm;jzihf wnfaqmufxm;Muonf/ wzef tufwrfwGifvnf; EsL;uvD;,m;ESihf
EsLuvD;,udk ywfaeaom tDx&Gefyg&Sdonf/ EsL;uvD;,ud, k füvnf; EsLx&GefESihf
y½dkwGef[lí ESpfrsdK;&Sdonf/ wpfenf;tm;jzihf ajymqdk&ygrl ½kyf0w¬Krsm;udk tufwrf
rsm;jzihf wnfaqmufxm;onf/ xdktufwrfudk xyfrHcpGJ dwfygu tDvufx&Gef? EsLx&Gef?
y½dkwGef[k xyfrHcJGpdwf&&Sdonf[k qdkxm;ygonf/ ,aeU odyÜHynmavmuwGif ½kyftrIef
rsm;udk xdkUxufxyfrHcGpJ dwfí tufwrfatmuf trIefrsm; rsm;pGm&Sdaeao;aMumif;
azmfjyxm;csufudv k nf; awGU&ygonf/
Ak'¨bmomoabmt& ½kyftrIefrnfrQyif ao;i,fapumrl xdk½kyftrIefxJwGif
cGJjcm;í r&Ekdifawmhaom t uvmyf½kyf (yx0D? tmayg? awaZm? 0ga,m? 0PÖ? *E¨?
&o? MoZm (tm[m&)) [k t uvmyf½kyf(8)yg; tenf;qH;k yg0ifvsuf &Sdygonf/


taxGaxG&DavwDADw?D ESm 57-60
1 tbd 2-328
 -119-

,if;½kyfwdkUonf uH? pdwf? Owk? tm[m&aMumifh jzpfonf/ ½kyfwUdk udk zGJUpnf;&mwGif

½kyfuvmyfpnf;rsm;jzihf zGUJ pnf;xm;onf/
uHaMumifhjzpfaom½kyf ur®Zuvmyf 9 pnf;
pdwfaMumifhjzpfaom½kyf pdwåZuvmyf 6 pnf;
OwkaMumifhjzpfaom½kyf OwkZuvmyf 4 pnf;
tm[m&aMumifhjzpfaom½kyf tm[m&Zuvmyf 2 pnf;
pkpkaygif;uvmyfpnf; (21)pnf; &Sdygonf/ xdkodkU½kyfuvmyfpnf;rsm; wpfckESifhwpfck
aygif;pyf&mwGif tmumo½kyf"mwfonf ½kyfuvmyfwpfckESihfwpfckudk ydki;f jcm;xm;
ygonf/ xdkUaMumifh Ak'¨tbd"r®e,fy,fü tmumo (Space)onf ½kyftrIefuav;rsm;
aygif;pyf&mwGif uvmyfpnf;wpfckEiS hfwpfck ydkif;jcm;xm;jcif;om jzpfonf/2 Ak'¨
tbd"r®moabmw&m;t& ½kyfaygif; pnf;rIwGif wpfckEiS fhwpfck ydkif;jcm;xm;aom
tmumoudk twGif;tmumo[kowfrSwfNyD; ½kyfjyifywGif&aSd om tmumoBuD;
wpfckv;Hk udk tjyiftmumotaejzihf owfrSwfxm;ygonf/ xdkUaMumifh tmumoudk
ae&mowfrSwfrI wpfcktaejzihq f dkír&Ekid f[k xifjrifygonf/

8/ ½kyfESihpf dwf\ tmumo

y mef;a'oemenf;t& y#doaE¨umvwGif pdwfESihf½yk f\ oabmudk
1/ MouúEu
Åd ©aP emr½lyH tnHrnH o[Zmwypöa,e ypöa,m/
2/ MouúEu
Åd ©aP emr½lyH tnrnypöa,e ypöa,m/
3/ MouúEu
Åd ©aP emr½lyH tnHrnH edó,ypöa,e ypöa,m/
4/ MouúEu
Åd ©aP emr½lyH tnHrnH tw¬dypöa,e ypöa,m/
5/ MouúEÅdu©aP emr½lyH tnHrnH t0d*wypöa,e ypöa,m [k azmfjyxm;
onf/ xdkUaMumifh y#doaE¨umvtcdkufwGif emrfESi½hf kyfonf o[Zmw? tnrn?
edó,? tw¬?d t0d*w ypönf;rsm;jzihf taxmuftyHah us;Zl;jyKonf[k qdkxm;ygonf/
*AÇao,suowå0gtwGuf ½kyfESifhemrfonf trd0rf;wGif;ü udef;atmif;í wNydKifwnf;
jzpfonf[k qdkxm;ygonf/ Moyygwduowå0grsm;twGuf rdcif0rf;rS arG;jcif;r[kwfí
emrfESifh½kyfwdUk rSm wNydKifwnf; t&G,fa&mufNyD;taejzihf ay:aygufvmjcif; jzpfonf/
y#doaE¨aeí arG;zGm;vmjcif;rsdK; r[kwfyg/ xkUd aMumifh owå0gwpfOD;\ b0tp ½kyfjzpf
wnf&mae&mudk owfrSwf&mü owå0gwpfOD;ESihfwpfOD; wlnDrnf r[kwfyg/

2 tbd"r®ydkUcscsufrsm; (p-wG)J ? ESm 83-104

 -120-

wzefpdwf\ wnf&mae&mudk avhvmMunfhygu y mef;ygVdawmf ]],H ½lyH

edóm, raem"mwk p raem0dnmP"mwk p 0wåEÅd}} [k azmfjycsuft& raem"mwf
(3)yg;ESihf raem0dnmP"mwf(76)yg; aygif; pdwf(79)yg;onf tMuif½kyfudk trSDjyKí
jzpfay:vmonf[k azmfjyxm;onf/3
,H ½lyH [laomyk'f{/f t"dyÜg,ft& tMuif½kyfudk t uxmq&mtqdkt&
"r®o*FPw D Gif ryg&Sdaom ½kyfwpfckxyfwdk;í [',0w¬KwGirf SDonf[k azmfjyxm;
ygonf/ (31)bHo k wå0gwdkUwGif t½ly(4)bHük ½kyfr&Sdí [',0w¬Kr&SEd dkif? tonowf
bHkwGif emrfr&S/d xdkUaMumifh xdk(5)bHw k Gif [',0w¬Kr&SdaMumif; rSwf,lEkdio
f nf/
usef(26)bHw k Gif ½kyfESiehf mrf&Sdonft
h wGuf raem"mwfESifh raem0dnmP"mwfwdkUonf
[',0w¬Kudk rSDonf[k,l&ef&Sdygonf/ (26)bHk½Sd owå0gtm;vHk;wGif [',0w¬K
&SdEdik fovm; [laom tar;rSmvnf; pOf;pm;&ef &Sdygonf/
Ak'¨tbd"r®my mef;w&m;awmft& raem"mwfESifh raem0dnmP"mwfwdkUonf
½kyfwpf ckckudrk DSíjzpfonf[k qdkxm;ojzihf ½kyfESiehf mrf&Sdaom owå0g(26)bHkv;Hk wGif
emrf\ rSD&m½kyfwpfckck&Sad eygonf/ þodkUqdkaomf raem"mwfESihf raem0dnmP"mwf
wdkUonf ½kyfwpfckck ([',0w¬K)udk rSD&ygonf/ xdkUjyif -
pu©K0dnmPfpdwfonf pu©K½kyfudk rSD&onf/
aomw0dnmPfpdwfonf aomw½kyfudk rS&D onf/
Cme0dnmPfpdwfonf Cme½kyfudk rSD&onf/
Zd0Sm0dnmPfpdwfonf Zd0Sg½kyfudk rSD&onf/
um,0dnmPfpdwfonf um,½kyfudk rS&D onf/ xdkUaMumihf emrfcE¨m(4)yg;
jzpfaom pdwf(89)yg;onf ½kyfudrk NSD yD;í jzpfygonf/

edAÁme"mwf
txufü aZmfjyxm;ouJhoYkd pdwf? apwoduf? ½kyf? cE¨mig;ygonf ocFw"mwf
rsm;jzpfonft h wGuf ,if;wdkY\ umvESifhtmumowdYk\ oabmonf ynwfe,fy,f
twGif;üom ajymqdo k kH;pGJaeaom owfrSwfcsufrsm;jzpfygonf/ y&rw¬oabmtae
jzifh owfrSwfcsufrsdK; rjzpfaMumif; awGU½S&d rnfjzpfygonf/ tocFw"mwfjzpfaom
edAÁmefrSmrl umvESifhtmumo owfrSwfcsufrSm rjzpfEkdifyg/ O'gef;ygVdawmfü
azmfjyxm;onfudk atmufygtwdik f; awGU&Sd&ygonf/

3 y me 1y? ESm - 4
 -121-

tw¬d bdu©a0 w'g,weH? ,w¬ ae0 yx0D e tmayg e awaZm e 0ga,m?

e tmumomeÍöm,weH e 0dnmPÍöm,weH e tmudÍöm,weH e ae0onm
emonm,weH? em,H avmau e y&avmaum? E Oabm pE´drol&d,m/ wMwmyg[H
bdu©a0 ae0 tm*wð 0'grd e *wð e Xdwð e pkwð e Oyywåð? tyÜwd|H
tem&r®Para0wH/
]] &[ef;wdYk tMuifedAÁmeft&yfü yx0D"mwf? tmayg"mwf? awaZm"mwf?
0ga,m"mwf r½Sd/ tmumomeÍöm,wepsmef? 0dnmPÍöm,wepsmef tmudÍöm,we
psmef ae0onmemonm,wepsmefvnf; r½Sd/ ypöKyÜeaf vmu wrvGefavmuvnf;
r½Sd/ ESpfyg;pkHaom v? aewdokY nfvnf; r½Sdukef/ xdkedAÁmefonf ½Sdonfomwnf;/
&[ef;wdYk xdkedAmÁ efüvnf; wpfpwkH pfckaom b0rSvmjcif;udk igra[m/ wpfpw kH pfck
aom b0odkY oGm;jcif;udkvnf; igra[m/ wpfpkHwpfckaom t&yfü wnfjcif;udkvnf;
igra[m/ a½GUavsmpkawjcif;udv k nf; igra[m/ y#doaE¨tm;jzifh jzpfjcif;udkvnf;
igra[m/ xdkedAmÁ efonf wnf&mr½Sd/ jzpfjcif; r½S/d tm½kHjyKrIr½So
d nfomwnf;}}
xkdt
Y wlyif wwd,y&dedAÁmey#doH,kwåokwfü edAÁmef\ oabmudk ]] tZmwH
tblwH tuwH tocFwH? aem ap= jzpfay:rIr½Sd xif½Sm;jzpfaerI r½Sdaom
jyKvkyfxm;rI r½Sdaom? pD&ifxm;rI r½Sdaom edAÁmefonf ½Sd\}} [k azmfjyxm;ygonf/
pwkw¬edAÁme y#doH,kwåokwfwGifvnf; ]] ewd,m towd tm*wd*wd e
a[mwd? tm*wd*wd,m towd pkwlyygawm e a[mwd/ pkwlyygaw towd
ae0d" e [k&H e Ob,rEÅa&e= ñGwfrI wPSm r&Sdaomf y#doaE¨tm;jzifh þb0odkY
vmjcif;ç pkawtm;jzifh xdkb0odkY oGm;jcif; rjzpf? vmjcif; oGm;jcif; r&Sad omf pkawjcif;
y#doaE¨aejcif;rjzpf? pkawjcif;y#doaE¨aejcif;r&Sdaomf rsufarSmufb0üvnf;aumif;?
wrvGefb0üvnf;aumif;? ESpfyg;pHb k 0ü vnf;aumif; rjzpfawmhvwåHU}} qdkxm;onf
udk awGU&onf/ xdkygVdawmfrsm;t& tocFwedAÁme"mwfwGif umvESifhtmumo\
oabmobm0 tcef;u@onf r½SdawmhaMumif; awGU&onf/ xkadY Mumifh umvESifh
tmumoonf EIdi;f &oabmocFw"r®jzpfNyD;y&rw¬w&m;ppfppf rjzpf[k qdkEidk fygonf/

ed*;kH
Ak'¨tbd"r®mwGif umvESifh tmumo (Time nad Space) wdk\ Y
oabmw&m;wdko Y nf ESpfrsdK;ESpfpm; ½Ijrifo;kH oyfEdkiaf yonf/ ocFw"mwfrsm;jzpfMu
aom pdwf? apwoduf? ½kyf? cE¨m(5)yg; umvESifhtmumoudk azmfjyí &Edkifygonf/
odakY omf odyÜyH nm½Sifrsm;u umvESit fh mumoudk EIdi;f &oabm ,lqxm;ouJo h Ydk
bk\H tcsdef?ae&may:rlwnfNyD;rSomvQif rSwf,lokH;pGJxm;jcif;jzpfygonf/ tocFw
"mwf edAÁmefrSmrlum; umv tmumo owfrSwfrI r½Sdawmhyg/ odyÜHynme,fy,fwGif
 -122-

tcsed f? ae&mvGefe,fy,fudk rawGU&SMd uaomfvnf; Ak'¨bmome,fy,fwGifrl umvESifh

tmumovGef edAÁme"mwfudk awGU½Sx d m;NyD;jzpfygonf/ xdkYaMumifh umvESifhtmumo
onf Ak'¨bmomwGif t½Sd? tppfw&m; r[kwfaMumif; wifjyvku d f&ygonf/

OD;at;rif;(ygarmu©? '*kHwuúov
dk f)
 -123-

&nfñTef;udk;um;onfh pmtkyfrsm;
1/ O'geygVdawmf
2/ "r®o*FPDygVdawmf
3/ y|meygVd (yxrwG)J
3/ o'¨r®aZmwduy|mef;
4/ odyyÜH nm½Sif\ ausmif;
6/ taxGaxG &DavwDADwD &mjynft
h xdrf;trSwfpmapmif
(a'gufwmwifatmif? a'gufwmcifarmif0if;(ocFsm)? a'gufwmrsdK;wifh(½lyaA'
ygarmu©? tNidrf;pm;) udkvIdif)
7/ tbd"r®ydkYcscsufrsm; (yÍörwG)J