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Chapter 6 The Periodic Table and Periodic Law

Mendeleev organized the periodic table by arranging elements with similar properties into columns based on their atomic mass. He left gaps for elements not yet discovered which were later filled. Moseley determined that atomic number, not mass, was the fundamental property and allowed reordering of the table. The periodic table shows repeating patterns of physical and chemical properties as atomic number increases, due to electrons filling different atomic orbitals. Elements are classified into blocks and groups based on their electron configurations which determine their chemical properties and reactivity.

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910 views3 pages

Chapter 6 The Periodic Table and Periodic Law

Mendeleev organized the periodic table by arranging elements with similar properties into columns based on their atomic mass. He left gaps for elements not yet discovered which were later filled. Moseley determined that atomic number, not mass, was the fundamental property and allowed reordering of the table. The periodic table shows repeating patterns of physical and chemical properties as atomic number increases, due to electrons filling different atomic orbitals. Elements are classified into blocks and groups based on their electron configurations which determine their chemical properties and reactivity.

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Chapter 6 The Periodic Table and Periodic Law

Section 6.1 Development of the PT


1. What did Newlands discovered (1865)?
He discovered that the properties of elements repeat in a periodic way. For example,
(1, 2,3, 4, 5, 6,7,8),the properties of the eighth element were similar to the first
element. This pattern repeats every 8 elements. This pattern of eights was called the
law of the octaves.
2. Who made the first schemes of the periodic table (1869)?
Mendeleev and Meyer
3. Who got credit for making the periodic table?
Mendeleev because he printed his version first and because he was able to convince
others about its value
4. How did Mendeleev organize the PT?
He organized the elements that had similar properties by columns and mass finding
that the element followed a pattern.
5. Who developed the concept of the atomic number?
Moseley. He found a correlation that existed with the different frequencies that the
elements produced in the line spectra giving a whole number to each element.
6. What is the periodic Law?
It is the explanation of how the periodic table works. It states that elements are
arranged in order of increasing atomic number, their physical and chemical
properties following a repeating pattern.
7. What information is shown in each of the box of the periodic table?
The chemical symbol, the atomic number, the molar mass or atomic weight
8. Why the periodic table has an irregular shape?
The shape of the periodic table accounts for what the periodic law stated and the way
the electrons fill the s, p, d and f orbitals. Thus, the periodic table is divided in four
blocks.
9. The vertical columns are called
GROUPS
10. The horizontal rows are called
PERIODS
11. Each group in the periodic table has its own label,
Group 1 is called the alkali metals: highly reactive
Group 2 is called alkaline earth metals
Group 17 halogens: salt formers, and highly reactive
Group 18 Noble Gases
Group 3-12 Transition metals
Groups 1, 2, 13, 14, 15,16, 17, 18 are called representative groups
12. The elements that are classified as metals have the following characteristics:
Shinny
Good conductors of heat and electricity
Solids at room temperature excepting for Hg

Malleable
Ductile
Lenders of electrons
Positive oxidation numbers / give a max. of three electrons
13. The elements classified as non-metals have the following characteristics:
Non metal properties:
Brittle
Poor Conductors
Dull
Some are gases
Borrowers of electrons/ Receive electrons
Form covalent bonds
Section 6.2 Classification of the Elements by their electron configuration
14. Elements in a group have similar properties because they have the same
number of valence electrons in similar configurations
15. The energy level of the element relates to period in which the element is
found.
16. The short hand electron configuration is represented by the symbol of for the
nearest noble gas written in brackets.
Example; [He] The short hand electron configuration for Be will be [He] 2s2
Meaning Be has 4 electrons. Two of those electrons are represented by the [He] and the
other two are expressed by 2s 2 according to the Aufbau principle
17. The group number also relates to the valence electron, and this is only valid
for the representative elements
18. Electron dot diagram or Lewis diagram are used to represent valence electrons
19. Blocks in the Periodic table
The periodic table can be seen as blocks
The s-block is composed of elements in group 1, 2, and He
The reason being is that the electron shell or valence electron is found in the s orbital
The p- block comprises group 13 to 18
The d- block includes the transition metals 3- 12.
D orbitals can hold 10 electrons, there are 10 elements in each row of the transition
metals
The f-block comprised the elements that placed below the main PT. The lanthanide
series and the actinide series. F- orbitals can hold 14 electrons. The lanthanide series
contain 14 elements per row
The s, p, d, and f blocks determine the shape of the periodic table.
Section 6.2 Classification of the Elements by their electron configuration

20. Properties of the elements tend to change in a predictable way this is called
periodic trends.
ATOMIC RADIUS: the atomic radius is the distance from the center of the nucleus to its
outermost electrons. However since the electrons position is uncertain a way to predict
the atomic radius is by following the trends;
Atomic radius increases down a group
Atomic radius decreases from left to right across each row or period. This
trend is explained by the increase of positive charges (protons) that exert a
greater force of attraction over the electrons.
IONIC SIZE: Electrons can gain or lose more electrons to form ions acquiring a net
charge. An ion is an atom with a positive or negative charge
When atoms loose electrons they become smaller
When atoms gain electrons they become larger
IONIZATION ENERGY
It is the energy needed to remove electrons
Atoms with high ionization energies hold onto their electrons tightly (non-metals)
Atoms with low ionization energies are more likely to loose electrons (metals)
Ionization energy increase as you move left-to-right across a period
Ionization energy decrease as you move down a group
The octet rule states that atoms gain, lose or share electron to acquire the stable
electron configuration of a noble gas
ELECTRONEGATIVITY
It is the ability of an atom to attract electron in an chemical bond
Electronegativity decreases as you as you move down the a group
Electronegativity increases as you move from left-to right across a period

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