REFORM IN THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE 1856-1876 By RODERIC H. DAVISON PRINCETON, NEW JERSEY 1963 | xve For Louise and John and Richard@e prerace 2 ‘The study ofthe Tanzimat period that cudal time of attempted _teform and weternination inthe nineteenth entry Orfoman Empire ail ns infeney. We are many year and wore of monograpis ty fom 2 deistive Bisory, wbich willbe posible oly afer full ‘lttaon ofthe Turkic archive and of other widely earered ‘ateflsin vera dozen languages Muh sil remais tobe known simply of what happened ard how and when, not to speak of why. ‘Ths therfore, is» preliminacpatempe to recount and aes the ‘maja reform developments and to put them inthis historic con teat. The fol period isthe elimacte two desde ofthe Tannrat ‘wtih led upto the promulgation of the frst Otoman contuion in 1876 Socal scents intrested in the impact ofthe West oa sonnet: crm are may find points of uefa comparison inthis analy of the Inter Tenzin prod: Ie dealin large mensze with weserszatin, parila the pita sphere, acl ray be osidred to bear abo \comthe even mere alipery cone of modersiation. Yet Tam re: Inert to call this» cue wady, T have atempted no emparione vith other are where the polit and eatual impact ofthe Wet har ben tong. Thee are parallels tobe drs, but slug sharp con ‘ests, And ae wil, hop, be obvious to the reader, individual per males and the pare concatenation of hear events exerci a major inlueace on efits made in this period to reform an revitalize the Ottoman Empire. The genesis ofthe constitution of 1875, for cemple, otherwise inexplcahle. Tecan be seed with mae con: Fence that hi ena in ey period of modern Turkish Nsory wl \ Provide sme of he tackgroond necessary to an understanding of ter efor efor and of aspects ofthe growth of the Turkish Republic have red, however, oto Foss onl on those develepmente which damirate the emergence ofthe modern Tursh nen, but rather to Iola che problems ofthe var and heterogeneous Ottoman Em: pire a it then was, My debt to the contemporaries who remded events and currents of that tine, and to madera scholars wh bave dog bce ito varoat Apacs of the Tanzinat, wil be evident on almost every page. Lam farther indebted tthe many scholars who fave given me uggeions‘on one point r another, or help in Icing materials. Among them sre Willsm L. Langer, wih whowe encouagetent tht stody Was ‘begun, Hal Lnalaky Lewis V. Thomas, Nive! Heskes, George C. Miles Aydin Seyi, Sing Dilan Carlton, Stnford Shaw, and the Inte Michel Kespovich and Chester W. Clark Tam alo patel to four oters, now gone from ws, who many yeas ago read eitealy rts oral ofthe original dsertaton from which this bok tok ts start Aba Adnan-Advar, J. Kingsley Bye, Walter L. Weight, Jeyand Datel C. Demet Je Dankwsrt Rusow furnished very help ‘ul critden at s Iter age. Thre other frende—A. O. Sakina, Jskob Sipe and Elie Slem—have helped me to mse materiale in “Armenian, Polish and Arabi. My brates, W. Phill Davie, a sited me in sing materials inthe eandinavan languages aod leo copied some documents in the Swedish atchives, Howard A. Reed, Raker Deverens and Albertine Jwaideh kid allowed me to con sult tec unpblsed disetaon, ‘The eas of many libraries have been very helpful, Among them are the Harvard College Library, the Priccton Univerty Uieary, ‘he New York Public Library, the Library of Congres the Bei Mascur, th Bibithéque Nationale, the Certeltiblithl in Zieh, the George Washington Uiversiy Library, the Stite Department [iteary and the Middle ast Inte Library. Thave resived many ‘ourtesies bo fom the walls of the Public Recrd Off in London, the Arhives des Adures Etrangres in Paris the Haus. Hot nd Statarchiv in Vino, and the National Archives in. Washington, ‘The American Bored of Commissoners for Foreign Misons gen: erously granted permision for ase of thee manusrpt record Ins inal sages the work was made pousble by a fellowship from the Social Sence Research Coon. Tam aio much indebted 'w Sz Hamilton Git, Derwood Lodard and thers ofthe Center for “Mile Eastern Studies at Harvard who in the spe of 960 pr- vided a rserch fellowship Unt great helped to being thi sty slong toward completion, At the sme ine light tetching load was Kindly arranged by Rotert Lee Wolf and Myton B. Gilmore of Harvares History Department. The Commie on Research ofthe George Washington University kar sso given aistance, On several ‘canions Nancy Hull Keser, of the Kelsr Foundstio, aad the ‘Middle Eas Insite have provided shaven for rear and wet ing, Caray Cros Brenda Sens and Boere Pugh det mescaline Opting Mam Bra and May Tore have provided sound el ttl adie. What Toe tomy wife aod sf hitler fr roscheiot adequately be exreaed, The nok dete to ten Wasigton ‘og 1962 RED.; [NOTH ON TRANSLITERATION NAMES, Anyone who bas ead a all widely on the Nese st wl be falar bith the confusion mong systems of trpslerationffom the Arabic tlphabe, which was, in any ce, unsited to the Turkish language. ‘Wien one writes Turkeys history the problem i complied by he change made there a 1928 from Arabic to Latin characters. The ‘modern spelling of Tursh words eno et in all es standardized, ‘Yet ie phones, and seams to ofr the mow sense base en which to build, Thre farther, «rapily increasing itersture of historical ‘holssip in modern Turkish. I have, therefore, followed modern “Turkish mage except for x preference for“ and “a rather tha og? and #0 where thee ian opson. "The Turkish alphabet includes oaly 2 fow laters which present sy problem tthe reader of English, These ae: — pronounced like the “in job {—pronoured lke the in “eka” Ba very sot and somesinesguttaral gh” {pronounced roughly lke the in Shed or smething "eween the in vil and he in “hug” pronounced lke the “ea” in Brench pea? $-—pronouned ike the “in “hall” (0 pronounce Tike the 0” in Feeach “a” A srcumfex over a vowel indices broadened pronsnceton, Thos ‘10 was formerly writen “Ali by western Baropeans “Many Tush common soune ate #0 close to their Angliied orn to cet no diay ether for pronuncation or compreher- sion abd the Turkish spelling is more acute. Thus though he eye ofthe English reader may at fst be ofended, Seat” il be used for the Faglah form zee” ferman” for “man. “ipa? for “pai etcetera. These is ve of cher canton Tuskish words, alto leet the Anglized form, which us one ofthe new Turkish Ieee not found ia Faglsh-thar lad” for xd mec” for “mls” seit” for Shera” For such common words the Turkish spelling wil be used as if i were already accepted in English (8 no dbuke in many cases it soon will be), without fc. Lass common ‘Turkish ers wile italia, The plural for he ler tegory of vray since they are treted at Tukey shoald propery wary withthe vowel form. But for convenience in ad to avoid com pletion, Ihave abandoned the Turkish pals for an =?—ehus yon intend of Syanlar,” hariye®” intend of Saryeler” Tn the cae of proper nouns, T have ged “Istanbul” fer “Can stentinopl,” “Eine” fr “Advinncpe,” lami fr *Senyena;" and on, depte Chrcis haughty wartime dtm thet “ran was ‘form fo cupid people and that "foreign names were made for Ea Tishmen, not Eeglishmen foe foreiga aames” In sudy dedigned to leet Tasks nots foreigners but ae central figures in thee own Bi torical development, i seems sable ¢ we the Turkh names Test for places within the borders of moden Tukey. Names of places coutide modern Turkey wll be putin the oriary English for, ‘rth an ccasonalpareathetical equivalent fr the Turkish or oc form where thir will help to Lote the parila pe on map. For the names of people I have followed a similar principle, This “fli Page will appar for“Aali Pasha” “Satan Absa” for Sal tan Abdal Asi) “Covdet Efendi” for “Djendet Efendi” and 20 ‘on, Armenian, Greek and other mimes have been putin English ‘ther then Torksh equivalent, Al date given in the text are in Gregorian styl although Old ‘sije (Julian) at in common use in the Ottoman Empire, runing tvelve days behind the Gregorian in the period ere cmd, Yeas given inthe Bibliographialcatons which are in the 1200 or 1300 Be almost witht exception, Hirt (Hern) dates, withthe a.” fmt Avery few are Malt (Turkish fnanal year) dates wich Jn the pericd ere dissed were about one yea in sdrance of the Hic dte. The cvergeace ity years later was about tree Years, “Tle in other than the major western langonges ae tilted Jn dhe Uibography, but nat nthe footnotes Abbeviston weed inthe footots se soci — Archives ofthe Amerian Beard of Commisiones for Ror ‘gn Misions on depose at Houghton Library, Har tard University sa Conepndtce Pat Aries der Airs Bogie, v0—Forign Ofice Archives Pbli Reed Offer, Leadon ‘aks —Polssche: Archi, Has Hof- wad Stash, Viewsa ‘24—Diplomatia Stage, Svea Ricaret, Sedat ‘vow Deparonent of Sate Records, United Sater Naonal Ar ‘hives, Washington ia m0. Ww. vu vu. 1x. Ge contents 2 Pree [Note on Teaiteratin, Names, Dates, Abbreviations Introductions Decline and Reform to 1856 ‘The Hates Homayun of 1856 and the Climate of es Reception ‘Reform and Conspirary, 18564861; Al, Fuad, and ‘Kibols Mehined [Reorgaizaton’of the Non-Mustin Millets, 18601865 ‘Peovnil Government: Midhat Pay and the Viet System of 185 and 867 Polit Agation: the New Ortomans “The Final Achievements of AB and Fund, 18671971 “The Pesiod of Chaos, 1871-1875 1876—the Year of the ‘Tres Saltz ‘The Constitution of 1876 Glossacy Appendix A. Foreign Intervention in Oto ‘Afi Under the Pais Trenty Appendix B, Ropulason of the Ottoman Expire Appendix C. Al Pass Poll Testament Appendix D, Was Sltan Abs&lasie Murdered? 2 m4 136 m a6 op me ast as aay as “8Appendix B, Did Abduhumid Sign » Pledge ‘to Absit + Biligeaphy es Inder “6 REFORM IN THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE, 1856-1876 + rr | | | + | | | | 1 | |Ge cuarrer 1 2A INTRODUCTION; DECLINE AND REFORM To 1856 At thresh nthe afrooon of Feary 18 156, 2 cond of ‘ccd tosunds aered a te una Pein na bear the lann radog of Hats Hyon an inert on the Srjsztnl reform of Ra epi ade by Sle Abies {Dh gond vet AE Pp Ne ey ete nts fhe Or tman Epc ad any TW sub eet, Bas he Gre {nt Arsestn ps, the grand aby another dita of the veo noo Min pple ofthe emp. The et enced $e sabes ofthe sla, Nino i utente caper 2 he quo of rlora inl tke a axle gan ho: “iting tay rere and elrge et more {hee eegtions inated forthe rps obtaining 2 ate of Iain cfr wh he irky fy cope ad te potion aii cepranong Exedy dre nee well- gtd property oi the apis fll mabe wo, iy ope a all ql ed re ely dere a nd wh tid ang themes by coil ends f pty aod toa {are the mea of making the propery of my empze grow fran thy to ay?” To he only Abiinesd continu he reed tguod elt elaborate and eneite soe projec of renga. Eat tid pra stre o he oy of ll pln of the ence Misty Chrys jerr-and gle oc lcm s ube of wast wich he eal rh of ro Mis Time shoud be gusaneed.‘The Hats mayo ths brad, x tow ahr Se tgisng of «new er” athe, the mang of the st Ged th ota noc tion ef Gas ling wi fer by preher wel own nthe teofes af Ia paper athine no mention at allo r= {Sr of nan Mite of ply. “0 God ebay toe) onthe people of Msbamnad O Go, prerve the empl of ‘Mlnmad™ A hl flan the amenblge The ister of war ‘igre in the er of i chor tht he fea man whos Creniglong labors on & maninsige wee ined though eles 3peeeaelasamereneteet tes petig oe pa’ Die peo he oe ee te eee eeneeEeeeeeeeeeae rae incr penne he een ove ead ea on greets pete ebay Tinh neue ian WE fest et sel cn Teal hn ie Peart te Sestak pee seen eC eR mE nee ee widaalyautl ewe ant Baety ey eee Tia tie peta os te age ae Setaty Prey eile at p fhe ns Basan powes feta eg ef te eer min eh ad Eilmuiacl was el Seclte'es mass ae Sem noi ncreins he eel alr oe oa Fanless Bs Pe ot deel pate aotearoa tae Slane pendent Ne tk feos ieee rr oo rg ‘ie wedge tty silly foe ot supe Eats he a oe is ba ae duu de th neo esate oe Ei fad de re rr sly wp cla oe honed ora a ded The ei ley tel Sit mains nen eg wat ow nde rae ol us Soni tand doped ef tasunems ts Sats Per ip mines pal hors ln oe hc Fed cg ter br ah nung se al oe Sere La eet aed fae soe oS Be a hem oma FR ee eects 18 py wn Gobel Nnrolgeas Rana Past huwhaonas de PE orp ORS ED tae omer nt Bee pe cy oy a ihn See es es ne WE Gamte de Prakch-Ouen (tse i870) (Pat 1933), P97 ‘ DECLINE AKD REVORM FO 1356 In this somenbat ominous fashion the Onoman Enpire entered pon the cad ad rl phase of idiot mae ‘dapis a eoegaizaton snd weterieatn, a pviod kpown in Turk Sab story ste Toninat, Dusng the sumed two demas When fine western powers were cupid with the war atendat upon the (Ceaton of tly aad Germany as modern tations ad when Jfarst Rosin was healing her Clean wounds and atempsng fr / reschnginteral reform, events in Earope serad to confi the (Spe soomded the Oto, Bat the gre power dot ick to Th promise of toninterventon, nord the hee gurators protect the Otoran Empire when a cs Sally azo. And Ottoman ef forts to reurgatie and strengthen che enpte by creating = genuine equality among all it subjecs met many docks, among wach the snenality evident in the prayer afr the Hatta Hiimayun war not Jest i ingore “Tae fundamental problem confroatng Otoman sateen was how (io preven ther erpte' being weighed inthe balance and found gating how to orgone the tne when idee woald be menibered ZR aupor projets which they rdertoo ia the suerding 60 dex «fies of telorne sp to and Sachoing the consiution of 1876 ere \ Simed at preerving the empire. Whether the herent empire ed ight to eit sx question that nea ot be aud hee b- oul fr the Oxtoniansstesnen lad. They were raging t0 esp the empire tgeter ss + gong adminirative concern aod s+ terol unit loking for soe centripetal force o frm of orga {ato sls i the smc betrogeennsHalcburg Eine in the same yeas, hoping to prevet the braking away of farther provines throwgh reellon Or rough the diplomatic and itary on ofthe grat power of Burope. To prose the Ouonan heritage, the Tanzimat satcamen cred rebelion wherever they ‘seve by Laws. Tht Thea te a Trey nd (cotati! 5. ri Slt nc» em Ree ed ple er cee of wenn of oc yea wget fa as SE eeehneeetaer ie me es Page ed ss ‘Suponng,roralng, ping Sete nen mre elt enon” 5s a DECLINE anD AEFORAE 70 1856 con payed of ove get per gun ster when pile ad ‘Sesleri orp Wher ea we spelen fon he oi or whether te sateen ted oo ele td id ite in are quota nit fron ewer wc he ear 1856101856 have ten surveyed, But twas pin hat 20 Ot {hme ean ok 8c in rer to pres rr the sian of ine Tie 187 conta, cnn of pel of ror, Sieiially podined tis chee of el pecan a Ek ie! he Spire anna be eda ony ne whatever fray Gane whatoree” Refoe wers;terefon, undertaken to eile the empire and ot peer iia weld inceaaly ered by European power ‘nd Sion There ws so te Orta at i ‘pe cane if hs chjecve wer tobe aie. Ade ws rt Cbrionly nde in etary sreng, to mes he clnge of Ev ‘oye to under cticprogre as sexe abo tr inpovemen in the edastinal pec the sdmiineon of Jit in the rramping of law tort the nents of der He, Zed inthe engin tad efiesty of ue sdaitaton, Thess Tepireent for caage were tetany ech acted te ter. (One caso any wer on nneetceatay Tukey have dose, lite ope requirement of refer a the sole hey to progres and spel tht ll ter advan depeoded ot alen, The faces of ihe canal government, the coupled tod of fx collet the tyme ofan er he manne in hich je wa diced, ive all bon ngled at ison, Fhe tbr mena an ‘ctf Baoan la vy ay pedo ee Inet of Chris inthe erie a the key 1 eer, posing Ch tone the does of priests the eal ne {allow anerions were oyesimlicatonsthoogh each pled oan *K lnyrtst problem: No ore in Oncae ann any her fd o> Bir is 8 mone explain eer seater aerute, The cates for he sl stnon a whith the Otoran Emp fod {Saf were many. The neds fr rfoem were aly many miliary, seni sia intellect egal ad ot. The Ottomans ten nde rojas ofr ning ll tee reine re _ rene ar 1850 Seinen the pena elm toe {tro nee sed tly tom of erventin so te pa of he | Bhropan power: Since he pedamatom teehee 6 6 bEcLine axb REFORN TO 1856 yposita: But the bate dive bind the reform movement wat ot = to throw dit in the ever of Europe, Rather it was to revalize the Ghee through meaner: of dames rergesizaon whch should Tice the adoption or adaption of some western ideas and i ston in these several eles, ‘Although reerine inthe various segments of Ottoman life were teteepeaden, and progce in each wie necoaary to insure progres Jn the otbers it nevertheless tre that the goverment stood atthe Centr ofthe forming proces and therefore tht reform in govern mental stature andi the efiieacy of administration centred to ‘Tige degree what might be acieed inthe other felds. OF course, the improvement or teoganizatianof government il depended on many other changes suchas edvaonal reform, to produce beter ‘pretocrats and a more rsformminded climate of opinion, or &> mie poste to prodhce« lager natal income ened augmected ‘evens forthe government, But in his esl proses wherein each ‘hange depended on other changes the goverment ilf was the pliner and exesive agent of yeforms inal eld, Ie ould ot be Sitherwse, given the sutcaie Quon tradition and the charter of inceenthoentry Ottaman sasery. The decay of the old ad trate aytem from the liter sxtenth canary onward and is fn meeting the internal presues ea the strcrre of the fmpnetheslter ba been one ofthe primary zesons for Ottoman tweaks, “The fh begs town a che head” was proverb fre- ‘quently quoted by Otomen subjects in the nineteenth ceotury, Re- © Tem alin fad to come from the head. Refrm from th top down sms characeritiof the Tanna period no les than of other periods 7 in Turkish history, both ealier and Iter® The itive ame from the centil government it did not spring fom the people. Since the government was the reforming inmitto, what was done to im prove governmental srtre and adminisraive pracce deserves Pariclr tention. Tn the years fom #8s6fto(1696 the Tanzimat statesmen worked epresaatve government andthe ulate secularization of govern nS i tl ty pase eked Rts 7DECLINE Ano REFORM 70 1856 ‘nn The sta he uy ft Oromo ad io Grate smhng of cop of coon Stzesip (mon ot tortion, ined the rudiments of «seeteatne Ser it ‘ovina and in anoal conn Sally pet tpt i 1896 {be fee writen conten in Oman hier). The Wendi go eramenal region we se fa he ase lose ye thatthe eater and der ot nian mere rote oe ‘amici i igs mma, tet im, Crit and tomad the wees slat conta rss dere from tis cnn inte Ocoman Eine sod um bs segs sete pre of tap Be nto yeni reprenntatve rnp dot tn meer neg ping from the pees ofan conaly properus bauganse SS sang poll ight. Tne om te tp down, tnd peal from stew statesmen seting snwers to the pblens ofthe “The goverment wa alte agency wh fad Bld the peopl of teenie gether at oly by ateanns of oar Seige fo comand he reer nad logan bt by eelng tao stave tem ih eoughfesily of el over sae ceva cote 0 be workable, Thee eo ware ec Jn the manne of prvi intron adn he ees {he aun Masi communities and at ne pin in is pr plan for federline empire mas tachedThe efor were neal tol to pace more Bonet and efieat edie, Bt rev he raking ay of mere pons or he sea of fur she Sl fey tS ee Dn sles Hay sad he Ltn sy reese ia ying Aegres. No more for hs onson tan forthe ees hfe sslormer as lly sory elton ved a Bethe arts ‘rere imporaat in thonsetes sad ld befor fre ere, sera rites fave feqrty det wih the mca ce ‘ong Oxon gona at with th ryote sited by int govern afte oly import fre bead the ‘Tosimat were he diploma prestrescreved by the fret pom Sich prsre was highly dgusne. The Otomtn setemmen ne Faihly avr of Bt te Tensinat pod cat be saad ‘Soply ae x pas of the Esstem Quetion, and examined fm the ute lckng is. The change mde wikin the enpe anno be DECLINE AnD KEYORM 70 1856 seed lle ofthe ant of proding om Buopean owes Inec the coat interference of Europe in Oxonan a Titofen amped reform and helped to reader ieee. And rex power diploma) ad fei on severe econ ed tthe {Chol cininuon ofthe emp Such iervetion was never de ‘Reese Tere mmo da eth in Pu Pg cd et {Da meter diplomat: “Our ste he mrange ats For you se tying io case cla rom he oie, ad we from te ie, es dae aot lap ™ Ba iparant as European splay was bth in promping at in Kndeng reform, the devil of grettporer mance wl be Sighed eres other writers have dealt wth exes. Tne the reform queton willbe cance 3 domes probly on whisk the plot prev was Bt ne of ran infveaces Among the och wee nae undo, te previous ert at refrm i te ‘epithe yg viewpoint of hemos important Ovo at Senofh in ada oal at oepbli opin whch developed ont with the West boght the tlqrap, joural andthe ‘ar of no movement in terae. Ie inpontbl tobe cent lly pri stow the iat of opinion nthe Ouaman Empire of 1896 0187, but the exes and ue ofthe Tanna ptad sono be underod whos sme reference i The ten “pai enix” (firs wnemie] wa inreaoly we by Trish weit Ervin thee year ad th cpinion wu te rode of onerging ad Competing sence enging fom theo Mim acento the Ine Passen ear thant. By 1875 hi i opin ad tbe reckoned with "he flowing pages ten, donot aempe to eon the xpd int the seventeenth entry and Sean to ane iene aly with the itary dees tioning in the Treaty of Close, in 1655, Neveniley ding th cventethcetry numberof Oro satanen bane fly sae f some of the ein the dninierton of enpire wick theater io wean te whole ere tu ad ele abo the sper pogo of Earepe tea in ltr quent and cgi Ho tr hy hh he Ceara ere sar of he etal cxplton fo he pal veskeing ofthe Oxon ate which oatnuedpeogesely down {Ge Taina peri ih in ato to Eaope ia Tele fo the golden age ofthe Ocoman Stem sropean serie wes bestingsypreat onthe bate bat this rately an eutward ek ofthe ger nella sn, sad oltal developmen in the Wes a wth the Ota done lens di not priate ad hich the Oxonang for long did aot comprehend. The Idanie wold expend no pce af tains snd reformation Kaw a rele of nial egies conpene te ta inthe West—no hs of tehologial inveton, no gent) sSentfc snd adonal development in theaght, so fring cee 4 DECLINE AnD KAFORM TO 1856 sepa of covery, no yg in sien sd indy. To empl {he umalcpe eon etn hy te ses of Pas leno, te commer reshon, te ids zeatn, td thioester i ion tis compuncve divanage of be Otonan Eapie ar Int ne hina ah een ead i ok fms ae cr of ing nor nk, Tisai in car se tet only from the taiton minded ier wich porte move haart of the Nee Ea than he West —tough Ti peoples tive throughout iy stared the quest so from tadoral eligi vew and actin Il, which mot aly «way of wo bt wy of Hy tooo andthe as Sf tlw ad ced tn develop ad ange iy the nen fequed tonsa talon tod Manic comer bad hi eet 25 on polka onpeaon Wheres the sng, cried teal marcy was bering dominant inthe Wes and ove the oom, el ure tad cure by « hrs don wich pode ner foltialides and demand the sotrng and heterogenous Oa tras Empire renal win wa, bu refoe a an nein endvantge im copetin of allt “The Ocean? taal tethosand tein fetal Oban jth of Fath, St, day, fd ere no longer god to Wold ke nap Ee “Though te Osonan stn of goverment emained what it was in cutward erature downto the baginig of he inert ety, se ea ae rae, Th atin oe level eising signet withthe alan hile Afr Sly. ty eth bef ely evga tnd eer fs (Gully of de suluce wn markedly es though ‘Owman Tl abd Mud 1V wee vie eetenthentry ceptions After Ao. 10% pence to bevel experincs ir revi goveomct it aceon tte vue. they wre hep mono ts dtlstg cndoement in ne of he imperial pale rte ‘pte inna rer oo ag) Aa ins ented the trove ener from ah toeemer at onl nee persed, ut eftns mona ue adh eebwuched tes Thr Clge tomy and grander, wich ad shows eleven before te {of beeme an icetion, noes the nln Bese ota "Tam, Vid ad Take 4 15DEctiNs vp nsvonse 10 1856 potentes no longer leading then arse in bate, ba intersted in the hunt the hertz, othe ote. Thee lavish spending on them selvesand ths favorites ed them to male inno onthe tate reas: Ur and to counterance hibery and simony. Often the sultans were strongly infsenced by the women ofthis harem especelly the Sil ‘anenothers or the mothers of prin ambious fr the sone nthe seventeenth century the empire was for 2 Sine ruled, in fa, by women of the hare ‘The whole Ruling Institution became corapted es well. The o- fem was weakened a ely asthe sxconth cenary by seieary ‘motion tthe highest pst of imperial favrites who had ot toned up through the rans by mevi. Venality aio cept ito the aban tear, The purchae and sale of public fie oth corrpted the cls involved and replaced meric with other less deceble ete for appointment, The method of reauitment of slaves broke down and was evestually abandoned, so thatthe posts wee fled Uy fee, teen Musins with fsmily contetions and interests which ingeased the posses of favoritism, faction, and inte, A rapid trover of ofcthlder,acompaied by the giving and taking of bribes ve salted, The eacaption of the Daesuery tad agree eet tars from the teenth century on, the alta cased to prea in pero ver the diva and to ccodinte stat afr the job fel to he grand ‘ett and his abordinaes, whe ran the sate frm their oes te Scbline Porte. The ivan met infequestly and manly fr cee. moni purposes, A parallel eseuption eaveoped the Nalin Te, ‘station a kas grew avaious for fer aad bribe Tt became cae of he Si comphns song Tus that ute wat bought tad The Jesisary corps cavlr the Bower of the Ottoman aries ‘gradually beam valueless in war and intend «danger to the wane Mens of the comps became arustamied to angen ditbnted oy ‘he aceon ofeach new sltan, which onattated in efle the pur, chase of Jasiaaryapproml. They ould exesecoerable rece by the trent of retllon and were often herd to control, Phesy Janisuries stoned inthe farther provinces became oppressive nod Jighhonded, taking without paymeat what they inlet fee a Ppultoes. Not only were the Janisrae coming dangerous inthe ‘ud, but the whole syste of thei organization fll 9 pies, Once the rule agua mariage while on seve serve was read, 16 DECLINE AND RRYORM 70.1856 asia gn to Bae fly cso and ns who were fe Ao Mu mitre he lars wee seed ine te {ip llowel by oer Mosins. A the eat eesveer ofthe tone Geld a soe laced to uoweldy proportions The py {Sie whieh ech Jriuary oossod bee an bje of comme, lea eck eae: tee were rer inate of important ‘nen who werent Juans hlding many sch erin td r= cag conmenniteuresraed pe Large aunbers of tsain Seon ci anf rng ed {hy fyb there leading cilan ie On xeon whe aie {Sy info were nuered ia acl to goon eimpig, clare Sf ten wuld myteoly ml to Mal setter eh go fae from the pi Te He sumer he gate for roving spi fron miliary Sse ope oh i la tly fe Orem iy segth bn fr the le aso ed tee sd for the pty the bw othe tery Many of tects wre allo cael now fgg en, ta former vor nldg momen ‘tte hare and bial ofthe breton some of whom qed lar holdings and enjoyed the came bt producto elders "Sear Sf? teams“ money” fr te women the ple ‘Although such Sets mere sll leglysateomsey thy cae to be trved ore and mares tight penal rope. At te mie fine th the ae nd holders bran foe she mem of fusing, whereby the concsion to colle tates in given aa wes sido the higher ier The ter then sere the peaary tory ht pcan price and to ake spot oer a ove te spe ro nay hans ned wey of ‘joes o nbs, grew op. Thee aol in adion to wang evpormact Siete lat apd tw bens cst ‘net of Ia otal story. Soe nse ong coo to {iy the central goverment. Ail hae developments had serow cnn fr the stem sf rovinl admins, The pov an tnoma plo A ce dee eh oy wo ern by val who parched the ofc sad then stout eo Sitio one nant nde heel and ores fend for psiods of fate unenployment So lng hey cold old tc, say ofthe va egal dcr from baba This eat ”DECLINE axD REFORM 0 1856 sel evra ean pale Speer ethene sus uy rea carta oat eri Sap RI he le ey serene cite i) Se Deere Secenee teen gr Sei tate seem Sey SoS eee Te dria soe ot a a, erent anny age nil it Sete dae on see ay cn nec te a Seance intemal Se Seelam A se gy as om he ee irae pry el ED oe Th Sp sy ty ea fe et wy ca gree nn ferme Tie esate Si pe mine by sel iar ge se i eer cl gene con et wht areas etm sae Tepueftann? deat oy ky ie eats raed ta cna erie rs te Gk cnr” tc Pa hah Sop re arch we ey mw Seo ney ee en ig ee cep area ce Gisene of thee distinc relgiow commuttig ofc ane Eprly one ge seen mtn fl ae Dion pce rea pe Eee mens ieee ge eed wd ty tema oer acre nic Za hcl Pade get an es Gand ‘Geek Onder etme, a wher de Gk levied eetin ee hoe [i srw pe ag he ype a eT ‘ate ne sop ee ae 8 DECLINE ano nuFoRM To 1856 sion of some mina iets nd ea in epi movements in the gest powers toe The pte ferent hs ee eed ee. attongh atl, nt qt ay ster the Ortoman Eire feud ve clad fr onerthas& Sovereigns Tertng within the emp wel te courrbalntng slice, hong the great powers onthe ood, gee the Oronan Empire ough ere ie rv fr ee ets afar the sr of Inca sy pene. here were few aka cxmpartie ‘Ei, Seed aire ny cpm ey SE ced en of ingry ad hr the top ery allen rnd ves a roma lly, among hom emi of the ‘Reet flyin the seventeenth centy Tak igh Ted, the correped sytem sean have produced coe equine of to tn Oil who expe the pope sad acted te thn and pometl clus oe idea othe cows bhi the Sf td's vned nero in the ptm which mde them ssk Caprese the emi, ot to etry =the esp fenton ae eS ee Slt gy So fad thn repel for he inet eesery api edo tal Gael fads of Lc eered meng eso Fic ad Port Jasres ho acon spoke te ve of the pop ant pera arse prevented any be gro fom ding the enpice ined ri: Fal, wll be Fert Tezine here ere reformers and reform efere Mioy of thes ref eos xe toning, at al served to pros Saugroud forthe efor ieenth ety. + ‘The background was in one way negtivg forthe tendency of the carly zlormers was Snply to Sdensfy the elements of eoraption i the adminiaratve system and to advine & etwn to honey and ‘ssengy. They looked tack tothe golden age othe expe for the ‘model, This edition of bakwardloskng reform was sll important ln the ninetenthcearry a8 2 ountervaling force tothe aflorts of other reformers who wanted weserizatin it can be noice io the phrscolagy of the refarm dees of Gilkure in 1439 and in the Te ee of Waker LW Jey Oa Sarl (ity seach mae. 9pecuiwe ano avons v0 1856 ik fan excmen. Anong he whan my fel inted oy igh andre ag se Ae [i win ey wrote cmt of the tes poe Kaya! Mand Pn ty eee ier of Ue te nino, ining ot prc capone the 9 somo ehclng Se den Ine ses os Bs dd stead inetignon cf eran he cope, epee wi died nggeton on slam" Kab Ges ey ee ihe Wess Hd Khalsa fr yas tes See ‘al pen th aa sd iy ca ak tae Ely the east cntry Se Med ap Dele, or True wrt a lao ofthe for ven ad go esi one mae nde te ener fr ate tte Seineded renee" Th ne andthe woe ones Sennen wath wer lg he Umayyad ed Zt pre adienve pons and af or ee ‘pn ny wr oat te mh he edt eg 4856 Slyman. Oftal wto wer so pes ie woe eg intctenof te bay tl gece eto en a ‘oct te Ruling asian ade Mannan, Wen, + ioe of the ely eemeeth ona pte est Ol Toe bev op he grt en Goth pe ary ert “fo Fah aod Sata™ Toma ean of he ne ey Yaa Ne peda aly gomy pre ae ed ‘ois on ading im da he try, carpe od inaedin pra giveetipg selec el een ‘deh ie ofa av cnc nite When th tent century th Bt ge of wesernng ‘fom nas apernn uemtely ancora ae rel fren. The oman st cine fe ee ed Se hong of «manera lan oor ale oes svi: Mare IVa fr iach he ery sre ay lam bP A or tee two min ne Oe a a et wna Fra cE apy ae Canepa 2 neyo oem hy DECLINE AND RuPORM TO 1856 te he iene and ep ati in olaing the corp nd bling ups em rege mys ut cven rts wo tho fio formers wenn cf Sth ad ScEeation was ot al tothe tak T he dv ned for form olin ofthe any corp were ded the equal eis Stuslearnd fromthe nessing Boyan nlay mei nthe Shur af muare following Be Oca nv fron the wed Sic Viena 683 Sa nd grand vein ted eo ween ty ee rene ae Beh are to jrcented elf to th len an eer fn ny al SF hacy eed Tht tnd ss Abmed Pop was ennoyed ee Sree te Ovioman cor of tomiudce in ere produrd talyepteneralrouloy they repent, however, oe of te Bt cs fel con for ony pe of weston in the OF teman gion" Thee deades earn de Tat Flsgisn ‘Some in Freeh employ, even the Orman Espen src aril ands ech ina shl f mathe fr bral pevonel* The testy of Ok Keyoara conclding a dinates fe wih Rana ic 174, drove hose agin the neo for mili ft und ander Sata Abdthand (17193) te and tear Hall Hamid Pap mae renewed effet cos wen tia of wre py and Loader crew the pda of Fred pesca sechool or army eur fod son Shere Pench was tnght in ths eo long wth ent ay iets Bot nove of tse criss try roe sept mere es vrei No us ra or esa of the call pound ot of hich ser a tetera Ter nprte ori hy Torte thm ege of the meg of weer efor. Porte ular reforms helped to ince the noel of com cinsan ith Earope ud towel the eof ifort ot trem pape Sach cnanel there bad alps ben, trough was, ‘GHD dons, Crs td Alene sc Jew he spe, sprees te a stn ria ae Appears SAMS SA ge oa Ce Kiet nil HE pce Boma (Pig 83)5 Ono Ey Tie Tria Peat So emetan)nouns ano naronst 70 1856 ape vel arid, ad Baropen rene who tried Masi Ar yuo Vi Ste Gu lied to om biay to Bact nd inked sevey ar of ween mas fear ake ish woul be apa tthe epg ad repre frm on the Wat" But gee re oe etd Bes of te Ouanun Eni were lit tou y Bape tne Cleo ctanol wl he tects cent Te Sn pros the ‘empire, for instance, was established in 1493 by Jews fled from Spain; ‘Can and Gre poe ollowed drag be mentee esi, at tet re nthe ei phon Tura ate ind by the Orton goers sly 136 sad we elie tx bys Tar bt by iin Slo» Mage pie no tinct Moin. The je of ators Unite te at ‘Seve and oral wer snd doa ete lems ol tot perm pining of wr on telogy w= Ths ata was trams pea a the re by fea wo, ot eden of mir ec nant pn the wy fr weenie eur, tec te ef wasted cay bu he lene ere Standing ce ‘ered ite and mot of hon wre sly ot shut Be Seva thr world Dy dittng fren ced and eae Westy ain te sng hi stony cl he ae, ‘hele poet t ows pecs aphee bt mde tee fot ‘or pp ae lng wr ny toe" “The needs mary reform ope the wy ately tthe em ploymet of frdgy spate ouiag af the sa {od ly engsing snl the tana sping of trot maternal anche oe wets t medial tun ‘eed fortes, nd the oi diane inary li Sone Tura ga nn Prey» guge wh enc ‘pf them nm ven ese lec lon ond by aly hone omens th meta noice vel by devo oe Hf Maho Efe waa he ed the ott try = seein the Oran enn Lod Tey ings Ee Pi Ca py Be Wa Ma i eh eer ate Riise ete Sera lbw. eee "E Mac a, arin icra! cies Sos, cnt wen sy ees tn rc wh el al ye nh Sten pote ar eu arpa Rae ced Oa Sree three atl ay cig Soest sn iy afte SATA jana eater a ey noe sede dS en adn php cota. He SERS geet tee wes or Ted pte ns arr rng sols SURES et centage nc ce Meta ales pets sy ea hegre ted ny honor he ce inp orig ten Ep ow tenet “BEERS Gf rn, dey vie ge accede Fontan mee ter rh Rey Seen nll nw wll = eta Sa pried een ec prey cn en ag SEE cnn Doge he net data ava apo ee Fags rls cms uy ey FEcnyed ed ch cpl ning fe iocel ates alc ga ey Met Erect Pelle pd i ea ‘igs neo ecw genx ey sli etna eth a et ean Earn to ey teehee Fk afr beet en aie get phe elt galore Ben hp fe lade ns Cro ng oe ‘Soe oeta Fee pos of ase sa Soin inl ged ty ere ye [lene icdecty™ Few te fic wend doen SERIES lic cata socal, sot Hoppyeytietinacee nines ar ae, a Ee i oe ga mornin ee eee ee ee moras area ieippgnn chide ca ‘Samos ssh a sso bo sie me 2snd unconventional ideas spe among some ofthe younger T en th ort td Pete Oto tan pe ody a couervae oppntt f the aw len, wr, the Frech sce wince Fish toh rd eda th nes of hough othe minds of some people of we mind Sd allow fck™ At lu «few Tess thes me fo fnew he pelsaly tiple pages enn nthe Declan ofthe Aight of Mm and the Ctr Sis I wes enong he br Although pty te eton cf Lon XVI ts tnpule wen the decom of ween, pe teary inh enliary phere. yall acount wv nan of eat caligtnment fo ine ad postin, hi von went yond toe rerio eh er oor al ened, tot “New Dal? forthe Ottonma vat, espero tau cli, new ore. Pit hs nin fl od enjoyed teore fedora rr the Af tan th peices Seley tnd Bd teen in errependnce with Lass XVI His ed from the sat of ts ragn re kn cern fr for. In rc of he tuts of oo ines be ncauraged elas meanieyepecaly tllty etoky eeblsbd feguar Osman, eniasie nol ‘Baropean capitals, coasted # number of ffs whooe haldes pro- ‘cl ope std wed he poste ofthe i frm poy {nd pops to egulie spent fo ovina gore ind Oabeluh tx feming. He favored ashing a cone 2 {embly (raced maore) of leing fica Shan tec 2 tip met under Sls cans the eat ef hs rg, fo Se Sot lem snr He gi ten ern ah ‘muses fom many of te lsd ofl Sells mow comsgeom oj td th ne nich tough ber ft dow wu the as Exknestof soc reglraray in cnbey, teed wd dened elng Baropena Ene, atthe force of satin, econged bya mer ot clo, wo fete aot and ren teased pe leaded by rerio he Joan bone spec potion at ob ony tenet depos him in Boyan led ow inte fo aha Sa Pe fe fo cl aaa ae eat a a Syl ao a fa cin yp fe 1 Rad id chy Se Soe ll nk oa | | | DECLINE AND REFORM £01856 Towing yest A number of the young weterezer including graduates Gee new vltary schools als fll marty to this reaction against Selim ‘Mahmud I, who came to the throne in 1808, had Himself exaped athe fate of Selim LIT onl by biding onthe pals roo. His uation ‘hen poi was preaous doe the ulems and Jsaries mere strong utente epponentin the opt and his auton in the proviness Bae pray roneritent. But Mahmoud, asthe last of the dite Guna line, wus for the nomen personaly safe. Daring the year felt his aceason be hd imbibed from Selim 111 sme ofthe It fe tal for refer abd therefore appeared tobe cast in the role ‘St avengr of Selin’'s dent and cantiaver of his progeam. But Mab sd la to go lowly. His Set end major efforts bad to be directed ‘Enply > bocoming mister ia Bis own hows. In tise was hampered ira sercs of ware and revolts which sapped the remaining Ottoman fregth. The Napoeonie wars ad bought on a renewed Serbian ‘Rbellon and» war ith Resa which Ite unt 18125 the Wahabi had risen in Arabia, and Mabmud hat ell on bs Egyptian Josal Mehmed Alito posed aginst iy the Gree revo broke oat Jn ils, tringng in ts wake Anglo French eopport fr the Greeks fd anther Ruso-Turish marin 1828-18295 theespon, while the fondidons of Gresk independence fom the Ottoman. Empire were Sl being sted by the grest powers, Mebined Ali marched aginst ‘Mahood in 1832, threatened to approach Istanbol self and was rug of nly by senewed intervention ofthe great powers, which Tee him in cone of Sci until 1840. Rosia ae her reward for services rendered on this oeion, erated of Mahmud he treaty oF nk lteles which made the Ottoman Empire essentially juror perme in allisge with Rusa, In 1899 wr agia broke out between Mehmed Ali and Maud II; the sultan dad just before dts of the dation of Bis amy reached the capa ard lz jn before Fis fect surrendered tothe Bgypsnas witout fing 2 sho. In view ofthe ceustancs i wes remarkable that Manu IT ws able to fecomplih anything in the way af relorm. Yet the circumstances a¢ ‘well a hs own inciation, pushed hr toward reform which was {combination ofthe rooting out of abuses, cepresion of rival av thority in the empze ad westerizatos. ‘Al thee ofthese spect of reform were involved in Mahmud? rust scke—the abolon of the Janisary caps in 1326 Mab 35prcuinz anp xxroan 40 1856 smu’ original etetion was not to exterminte the Jeni bit (barete anew weenie ary int whith members of the vias Sota mener wold be inorportel pica, Ts he would liminace he Janay core 3 threat to Bs own pone oe ak ‘hese ine the tl in pay cerns and con he waster {ston of te aed foresslong ine aempicd by Slim 1] and ‘Bore eusenulyadopled by Mehmed Alin Egypt ding the pre Ceding few uae. Although Mahmd made xe peparnon et tere yar obuining the pledged upprt of member of te lena, Cf il nd ltery fil abd of foup of mabe convened in ‘Recap Jeary rll broke oon June tn 186) 0 yo afters basil of ols outited ia new Europea afore Began to dil. The conterstac hy loyal foes led ever tho tied Jeni, Other mee hated dow, rmny mere were each fd io days iter te Grp mes formaly abut New Googe the Teurphant Soldier of Mabamened vn began oll amr thee ofthe mln who sked for Frc eniee fiers nd Ger sin lary msiins to supplemene his itrocor. Te wae yeas ‘fee the naw army stored rin elecienay, bot at leak the ‘Taine were no longer sn orguized ors ia bg to oppose far ‘her efarn, The Sepesous ever? a this armge brane brown 9 the Tork ind conto tat” The new army kop the wy open at {he penton of farther western inlcoce Atalay wadeny Was sled int and ome of ts grades were srt Eargpean ‘stale for Fre tay. New army instructors were stn from ‘Pr ligt er Mol, ma ten Ge tof vos lary eee, ‘Marat lo reached out nto the provinces, Mika ex eden broght uch eon as Ketan and rg ne nae wer {he conta of Itanbl By» combination of diplomacy and fore he tight ofthe dorebryfs was largely cuba. The mos uote rebel, ‘Als Pus of Yaron, wale an hs head played on dh et tot inthe ft cout ofthe planes Some develo wee kept any ‘fom th lands ad under the npr ee by sta of foted e on in varus toma" Grene aed Egypt wee tp uch for Make pics amt. ? Gs Re le eats a ge oat A ate BE x Eee antan shor ses80 Be Tomy etd Pom 26 DECLINE AMD REPoRM TO 1856 stn th Soin an eng cf in eis mos of ron whch eighty rgd ea tele onl pt eh RTD Se ina Thera iad enh a re een Ned tol mae pe ry oie A katte oe wen Co ee a is Catan a ee ee eee inn te mts ee er Suet on snares eee ee tat apt tt be oe needle Sct an me Malm eel ca bts ali ened ee Fee Ue cm, Matmod cp ve RED SA EERE i cr se aoe ue nr fe sas Se ei ee Ge eae ere a tanas bac sb! fl ae ee on wee ncn pede SSeS SSP os leupeptin Se econ ecg tad hg EOS aoe SSS hen wes Me Sly Soe ys Di tony nd Ye Seen ee ce ee Soin a mpl eda Ta bunt he eal eve eee cee er ae te we wan ee Reith ae leh ew aly inp ne a ae Fs enti a the ol peti ei ew suo Bla Bicester uate Be Gita 1) “Gi eral Sl an pon Sa aa al Kanisy Done Blgeie snd der Saln (lage, ee ls wun re ie Had Tea, apolar bag Ta Ene fan trot ty tr 18 Bead Kenly Barge of wee ar ar ae dg fi Hoe Pops ll G2 fA Cony Pb ‘Milos mao Cnn 8), pina" Pt 7DECLINE AND xe¥oRN To 1856 ‘egulatons and appointments were aow printed, were the outward Aigo ofa rformed and lowly westerizedbatearacy which sprang tently from the work of Mahmud TI, Soma of the eadinal Peston, among them place sinecres, were bolted. The hierarchy of Gwin ols was reasised™ Mabinid announced that 20 longer would there te arbitrary confiscation of the ete of deceased offs, He tried to diourage bribery andl to pay sles regularly. ‘Toward che end of his eign he changed the tes of some of hs mit intro conform to Buropesn usages, cresting misses of foreign sir, of the interne and of the wensary. These and other ministers compared the ministerial council (mele at, “privy coun?) which was intended to resemble European cabinet more athe ol van, ach miner wis responsble for the adtnistetion of his dpa ment. The coun, however, didnot take ofce at uni ince the sukan could rehufle ministers at will without ncesarilyafecing the postion of the grand vee, who presided over the ministerial coun, The tile of grand vezie (sre dsam or eexird 2am) ws ‘self abolished biel in favor of prime minister” (By web, ut fhe ald tle was restored in 1839." Early in 1838 Mahmad ext lished also the Supreme Counc of Judicial Ordinances (ancy shies adtiye,wually led in the Wet “Grand Cound of Jo ‘ie"), which was charged withthe thorovgh dsasion and prepare Son of new regulations Te was ths councll which going throegh ‘ere of trnsormations in che ext thirty yrs, wis tobe the frst organ of central government to embody the representative pence ty incloing seleted indvidals from the non Molin. minorities {evs this coun lo which emerged in t868 a the Coun of Ste (Garay dele), quite onthe European mol of the tine, (One of Mahmud 11s innovations, born ofthe pratel problem of erying on increased diplomatic busine: with the wexera powers ‘na rls far beyond what night athe moment lave bees leracon, ‘This ws the establishment ofthe tarcime ads craton burn, in the department which became the ministry of foreign af, For MSS Slt eta Ju oe Hane Pu ocd Abram Fal mtb vo i ad we ar "Sie Sires Comet Sin the pula, Maka eeed ho «enc at {iP tba ap sana Fly (Dee pg a lve on Sport's fe” OT © ” SS DECLINE AND REFORM To 1856 centres th imperial ivan ad had an interpreter, who inthe eourie Gf ce scprel enitcts. Tho interpectee Bad. generally ben Crista or Chisian converts Ila size few Turks knew any west linguage, and in te dighteerth century the oe of chit i. {preter had beome in fle a monopoly of «fw ofthe prominent Phanaricce Greck families of the xia. Bot Greeks were generally towelemein ol postans after the Greek revolt of 18ary hence the esablinhment ofthe tare ada, wher the rutin of wk wat Supplemented by trinng in French, Hist, srchmet and other tsbjems. Ths ofr, an arrangement of adininative convenience, toon beame the nursery for some of the most prominent Otoman tfc ofthe nineteenth century. From it emerged young Otoman brreurts who rose important pont bth inthe foreign minitry snd inoter departments some beame grand vero secctain fake from the cine odan helped to els the st telegraph tyre in the Otoman Empreinte 50s wo thr suri a he ‘Sie bre wee amoog the orignal iestrctrintsehol 2 wp in 1459 to train provncal administrator, Among the uma of che tramation ofc were A Pa Pua Pass, Abed Vee Pasy MOE apy, Mehmed Resid Pap, Sefet Pas, and Nam Kemal Bey. Ta the tusbtion of they leared ot perfeted their Preach. "The Siplornsi ase with whieh thay deal pr them in touch with Eo ropean development, bu the language sll was eten more of an pen soume to ween ideas, A goed many ofthe tne ada en plajes fad nina experience inthe diplomat vice in Baro. ‘etn cai In the wanton bureau itself westerners were alo ployed the great Englsh orient Redhoupe was fra ie heads a Pras or Aus renegade, Emia Efe, caught Biro pao tnguages init and was alo librarian ofthe foreign minty "Prank infuence and theif” were ai wo prov there.” Some Ott. mas Criss wee alo employed chee, pohly fener Greeks snd tmore Armia, and some Jen The force oda ofered ani SR ee Mere catay gar semi a i a sl Ff toh, ert pn Md Bi Pass Wes Fa 9teeing eh el nnn he eid re SSUES sen etc ies Bee owe tytn ee eng iy ef Benn op se tne fren wr ls ee ‘eyes ts eve pee repilgs tae Fon Sr moar Sater domi Iason Myst ht Ma wasn cei feng nt ay San ban for twochanber perlaenary goreament wae dwn apt Bioorg cots sal he Soviet ye Ms el Sk sae poy ers tere phy ww in it be Spe Cl Jule Senn es i net ck "Sisson mur ncper bse Teco of Mua ps fr trac yor snd nein te Oe tp ss Pe Pepi ih cpp posi lfc as Scam cepa By hu crs coup) bel eh ret eee lsc wpe al gay es ones Sostvee mane how wats ln he ae ie i erg eh re fine ae Sa Song hye rian pag Sc er mre fanaa hangs 8 Ns Kea ek hb mye enn ap de dla Eas Se ge el ee "eS maa ae mo recht tional‘ Esp Pa Dogs Seria at ree tt Map Peas ree Eel: Ony, Yau ar hte Pg tow tn Dice Sees eels See 3° DECLINE AxD nzFORN To 1856 Mehmed Al of Egypt was severe in his judgment of Mahmad, ‘the Porte ave tken Gvlizaton bythe wrong sies—it i not by iGring epaulets snd ght our toa ation that you begin the heat regeertion; instead of beginning by their dress «they ‘Boul endeavor eo enlighten the minds of tei people™" Iaate popular conserva war aroused by rears such at these that de [Bab traiion, The dervish who seized the reins of Madouds horse fod shouted: “Inde alta, God wil demand an acountng for your iasphemy. You aredertroying Iola and drawing down upon us all the eure ofthe Propies” sjmbolized the opposition.” Tn 2 sens, Mahmud ferns antagonized many of his people jst as Peter the (Great by his innovation ad “lf he sol of Moscavy.” Mabros sbitary method, like Peter's bid a sian effec. Tee ee pit of ror he vr ‘ean kept open and enlarged, Further, Mahmud dete to enare Sellen frst of need paved the aye the ofc peolamaton of the daceae of Ottoman equality in the ovr 1839 and afer T disingishsmong my subjects?” Mahmed Fepared to have sid, “Muslims inthe mosque Christians in the ‘hare Jon inthe qnagogue but there a0 difference among them inany ster vay." “Mare sigafant thin these beginnings in conractve scievement were Mahnad?s works of destration, a whic he wxs more immed ily effective, By exterminating the Jaisares aad by crashing the sit gh Pay eB os Neve (St a ar ey tr gh nee estes The sense ‘eA eta Jn, ‘Rise de PEmpire stomot tala Z sea 4c Rt Ea, Mle ale yt eee eteasel of Qe iktsnd eeu ofa Sle penned iy op ara ey 3DECLINE AND REFORM 70 1856 fever ofthe dente eal contd mech te preevatin {foiy ai anal cael nt ompea eney eke ol theres Be by he i ke Mal ad rede on of th el ce on tema xr etsy Oy te cel {erermen Ted elit rpc ough bd ee et Se Foner now ny nih Pate Pra te pol tered open a te nol te el nena me Shey Re The pe oie ceel pvr lie be edn wel ney hos wold see ow ened he ‘Steer a eu nde ne When th ala oo, cr thetic fy be wl orn oer ta a specter cero oh Thar adc robe riper of pron ale yA ‘errand by Aa ser 1m When he sa an, th enay ped song nen wh nll ena wk o ‘ten ano od ay eBon na prone Tapas gel hc ote nt ot Mab {Eakin spo spy tds Sige erie Set the ren: Cou Cate iy Mahal vel aes da, fromthe Bike ote Foe. he nears Senay each Nid beg rate vane eg lente Tsao rom “hee wa of neo ar ek wit hp changin te brennan wy el ren wh i pi Ais of be ling Into ol nding dine, ing hit och wes oer ens fe ater of ok The tele gew fr of oa low Ete lig, Sat bch van lf on gst of lal psi an he lng Seopa om eon, O8Gam st rear ato he mol the pee fy poston dein pon sd vs of th omen nay nd ce, hnston mew orn reson of te mae ecto tary exe hey ore nds Tes nance thw arse col ced er” Rang tn on na oman whsvont eng the diy afte ene ok theallgapic ty od pelaly te cnpleaty Se Bal “ede etc ny ing ‘each eden tne bed beet 9 Pegg 9 ovat, tpt tnt spies taal ae? de! 3 aes cay na ee sha ie i eee ieee roa geeee ee ence Sapo aia ees rte aa ators meatier deacons aaa See igees page re aire Se meraanteceoria aemmeae ne rarest Saigon Soa eee ae a Ce See sooteiee eeaoamgeee Sete ese eron pen aaeimasenuintees the Wee Tn St ccs he eof heen sede Het Bune Seana Devake steams aero 2ELiscuteaee Seale Bianoa eee Senora intmiveennarimaet Saas See SAVERS Fy ic rn ane tp) pp spe ee SRE teen at ri Py iepeettne avo asronne 10 1856 tren eben appear ths: The ame ad rd ct, ade Susy, gly ton whe apn nol ok “erly exe betioning these pe! ware ny bo and ight red ep, the sme sing pnd cee ee cone tue erry ano he te Tks ofthe old al ohn Se spin yr myn ely ont Chis 2 Bent man” ne psa, “han 2 Conte Fann «Bn ™ Cone Py oe othe mat al tage of the lems refered satay tothe “fang ‘er ne Serie getemen™ Tae vio been are French ite vell were ao eal ofthe em rn of Onsen rent heel prt of «co oan Ft oes nthe progr of mene stm Sine of the ofls wore cnpetnt and indians, whatever their degree of wenterization. Bat the majority were not, and movy okey forte, of which thre wee nares ergh arod I as esti hat lf he pepe i Toba fed th tain woe wa. Many, hth in anal ae nthe roc api bame waved ngerson ef sas hpig tr poe cr galt wold come ter wy The coe frend ed pon ‘nthe aneoons af every high fia Ws oe af heptane of rtnan admins, lating torn ieBnny od oe 7 Makin had en tne termite ery wh ml ofa neeary tect + Yost td feo the taal craton creole nao oy ad eo nes utero conde the nga ung of purely rou siete pais a eee pce ts ‘trom cam" Teva revert = vemendou chal ood Milan & Mrs, eo Eatin Qa (Ltn sa OBS BER Seg : BRE los ght hi ee on ot au Fs ei 61 Fu Aly, Ad Cot Po ena Bian Gra to hi ls Sra saa ear ic beens Se coment Utd Sand Ee 4 1.7.31 mbm he lng ‘am ge ek rm DRCLINE AND REFORK TO 1856 ernment, OF were cg athe tel ofthe este, have ‘Sladnamet oe hone i th gover of Dee. IE ‘tempt ae oly al the other pace wil combine agit She tnd I hall aon be turned ost of my plac and ues I take {tie I stale too port pare another So he higher fils Ie gene reoined open to mentary argument tn surrounded bY jules erate who wore caventoppery etl f infomation {Dial oil od foreign embain an the meus of approach to vores who comed thi pains "ar te enter of Ott fcaldom stond the Sublime Porte Cia, Abou by the sinter entry Os tem Nas com only ud todongat he whole Otaran government fered tore patcally tothe bug whic in micntry Bowed the ‘dies ofthe grand ven the nies of foreign eft ad of the Stroy and the Sopreme Counsl of Juda Ortnaces and Seer ot The grat rie bln, fie in yellow ad ose inter nd boon constr anew afters insrous fein 19 Font date unl he dst of Ai agin 171i was the ecive Cue of goverment, dominant over he sultans an the Paice eo tolled bythe barentency which Mshmod UT had began 0 et, Mos ofthe oes in the Porte now bore Earepeas abel tthe onfuson in the ures war tll ent Os od commer AST ai Ae sing 2a Sein ty Hee nhs de 44 So ye many sci Sc: Fire {Smnsaty fy Try a SLANT ad ett nga le Hn Fy Feosartan tate peo Mes Gal cay teed role Wels it ie mens etn Selle at aay, Hee ae tye Leite Rf te ate aca el, psa a tort ISON Wo Stra je Tovey on Src Cnn) Feet Mithila al, Foie wane (an ste st Si Pda of Ts eo ons ‘Dye Set Frey pea tc ibe teesaey Sn ‘gin Me ti 35508 My Se-y nee foetal doin ofl 35DrcLiNe awe navonne ro 1856 frarmed with oficial, cereus, pstoners, ceevant, vendoty and profesional orytell, These ston divans o aod about while te Dunes was transacted before thir ejes. Soreares wrote en low lable or on their noes. Superior aia spent infite time on dete [Every ofl the famous ory aslo linen bg in Which portant docaments were kept—and offen buried for weeks The st ‘tives were likewise housed in tord's ang on pegs ie the wall. On 2 smaller sale ths scene wa pro in cach ot of provincial ad. rinisraion, Te was posible and sometimes happened, that even i thiseting snes was efisiendly conducted, More oie, it wayne + Ps Maa in 19, ws of eo ly ag si atl yt ma ea of aad AS ory irra ws br on Hine ep et 1h af hen mln me ntl eee ‘ho nd ves ny ay acs Se Sane ok Scott isla xe nay bead eee iva nd bene wire aca gen Oe soul tbr dca ennnd he eae So Eble Pre The ee of Nene na nade ned Ati wn ac A Seva ana sl a ne Hg ee Exteromlnl nde se tie te a "SUS eam Mont ed ue of cet esd els frp nant tyme pal Sciacca germs ace a ett oon ln Bee i flamed bastante tr og eee ‘ied we ie orlne he Wertae ch sor ayn th ce Be a ot RS Sin oe pCi cl ae ain de rE Pireneet ie emcee ta SC Regie hake Cl See a al a Ge Cam wetafortn etc Vath Be hioe ie Sacer ERIS Sa, ea ae eer 36 shor, ety uc and ili rune in elk ed SORORITIES new a ube tas wah Shans cuafenelit et ura farts ecb" as eso tear td bata ne ae dl eae eee ee tee ate ee aba ay tasng tere operon care eel ote iy in eengel sony er pep oe be mo moe neecan Frente ces ene tapi gpron ages SEED ey delve clement ein tl olor ae res Teg tf ein nde ‘Paseo alata ee py See re Cree bamae as bit he eel tote wih cpa Wrenn cea Gate ecwees Cees aoe en eae Te cali game SRLS Giieu tnctar, Salo Giger Se ees Seine IS Rly chor of eno Ske eet gh ee ee ue ete thal et inter nf mee pe rnp of Gee tnng Acct Rudl teame the moe pooch wena key tenn fn ite nse ent ‘ar ontins use Ba wal ey ee BL ml gall ne ut of te poe Rad Sey Woe pute wocnian where ermal sees ee ay ed Hawt a Ose tao ness Ti nae ie Bg, Oe ao cera aries St oot ani gry aN ee aegr FE ers a Roa eral aS ns toa de Festmigne, Us soar 3 ‘sci ome Ga enh op, Mad mitt may leet Te ea ed ome Ct, 7DECLINE AND mEvoRM TO 1856 serait Se at Souarraeiciris ane a oes ee meee eid sue sone cide hep Gen the pl anton of Serer 2 Simcet aime eee Sea Sieeht wate gegnesaate ocean aay ae aa Retest eee gnaioropy seem Peper ti ae eee Seve cress msss aero mee Ses me ee Sect aae php es iis pea Ra a el ine patty ja tag Roa le eases ae ge lacie asp tila tar Pe ete! Wt wre hae aria eon tote elt af asp ae tigi pct ng pik bt i Shan a ol en fae ear ys a ERS ep eee a mai aa mae Oe 8 puctine an naronm 10 1856 To moders cas the whole Hats Set of Glaze wands mae, ery ovng toe nborosjsfeion ofthe vou, But pring Ely th ingen foe sins fom te ert rma he ed TEA the ny ae eqnlty ofall Gtoman jets ih the Sed nace dre i oh in Fmpery of th ct tines of he Ontman mony” The wile hoof the ene fer aay ans Bb ad te noe ‘Gans oF" pei ofthe hiro Keren and the a of the Fire” Ba the remedy prorat ot ‘pe forth ay Buta te of ow ers and complete renovation of i mien wages ™ Ax we fine tine he maior af a I he of he Met igi and Soh he este Ein he TI elie, ‘and the glorious part ae mere ‘Govervtves or fi, Caaaly Resid was conceraed to rake re {rms aRSDIE Ws Morin conservatives but the dual porcolty of the Hit Serif inf eee the dal personaly of the whole Ten Ent period: new and westesized instutions were crete to meet {he challenges of th times, while traional nations of fh and fate mere preserved and alto, to degee, reformed. Its hard to ‘es how this dual could fave Been a © no page| ‘fea apy WRENS po Paty yet the Serene dius see ob mel, EPEAT ieee occas Soar ee Cn ines Seon rim te sot of ipecee ee ate ce eee a Sieve Thad Bia orate yey eee, nn Se ee ie ein wom chm ome niet wiper rita bee Zoya Rotel ars pad i eg’ We Page a et Faas wr ne nana Poche lhutong” int he Paki “sme new lew sein Sasser 38 our Prophet” Tes importle ta = sis the road ey nos BIS, x wtDECLINE AND aRFoRM ro 1856 he speci promis made in the est wary in fc ot now rad forthe tine bt recalled eae promise end efor ¢ fore Thee broud points were made in pasa: (1) There mot. © be guarantees for the security of if boner and propery chao fests mabe public and soning wo ceguliony aod ancy foe lied (2) An adedy tm of Sut ss mtb ted to repletx frig. (3) Aegis yen of wary olor” amt be Gh, with etm of trie reduced fo ine to furor five yer. Th dete the oa edna chk the fai pri were sot otherwise speed et, except for spl ton tht the military execu nt te lms at adage ne sli be pai to oils ad Ieery eliminated, sl that eral code be compiled mich oul! apy to alma and ets pet fol sol ale, Ss sir promi nd Nan mae thee ‘estement wi confesion ofp lr, bt tas fal dln ‘ionon which bul for he fate ‘The mot remutable roi of the Hats Serif was however testi WThew inp omee Send a oy subj of hitever religion ex se they may be™ Ia ths ion auliy before he ln among all Oran jes crs fo ae fs time solemnly anounced oil poly. Phrssof the ot oly whut dications region etl emai thea she Taina pid, The ume inplaton war that wake barrie mould be Broken downy thatthe reaan of mason ‘wotbeshood of ll Otoman nije ws the oil ai a thee fr tt he ois of te ad inenp wold hn ne inaly wenern ud slsiaed The hope my us Ref fad peed and ws the Gane data ited, teach general guances of gpa proestin under lw would seagthen the lndeeedene td Integrity of the Otoman Emrire by invexing he lly of sxbjes, Cirsian at wel ss Muslin, and by Einnstiny Spee ls aren nla prance te Er see Romo ea angie re Fea Gi yA Rah a Wh aS PA Clete Man hpi ay gi bi feria a nt api eg ali ee eee ee sperma Sn rt ei spore ne ihe ees Seed areas sete eae eerie ee ee resistant eter ae es eee ian aaa ere oeea Ss gece ae TTT aes See ee le eee Sos nd oi We Sa etl eh See eae i aa os sapere gee re ean come ee eee feiadine Sober tecs endear re ee pe Cn ee ne eee ere eee eee oer seed Rate ahiae sn eae ee eatin reer eee hemody Ear a ae aot cenu mesos eo ee See eee anes eee Se erase eT er Pere eee rector a Sapper ae ees eas acta ton Lis Seer ant aac See sa Ad at enSka, Me woul be ite ingore” he roy goer ty czasttnl mtd «people ar gorse of th csancing ts te terse ra The ana hale sien Wis leating shor he ad oly lege in prt and nahn {he mit ofthe promis the its eo nel wh Aphid rater han ee he pein sei te Sore Gent in 84, Abies made ss of ech mt one, sccsing te we off dete atdpromig to appear analy oe onal preset pop ‘Tho wa agri 139 te jo he Tanne. The tem ancy eried tom ting Sue can Iiplcaion of rans ened anaes of fused ‘elton, by wget ts nee ely te at fr {sr monet nthe ear fra ce Fst Su othe cotton Of sana" And this reten sedi te denen menace eigen hn efor of Sin Hand Mahou nyo ‘he aterped reform were dese! to half meres are Cee oa alr oo rein apr ely. Ye Saat fet the yee 839 78 Tbh hry wipro soe Sealy ithe prahal development of adniinve tacos Secing th coat of te egy fall Oxon bj of he ‘epee ple bal std tal gore sed ok ‘eaten This mean in fs tenga Tome ged from sent wage ad then cl sciow template pole stv dy of Steyn, meh ae he Ososan sey thd pene wold ae oda Tele sal wonder tthe pings of the Hats ei wee and Lowe aut ic nha he sleet nega ely, fr fom mestng wth genoa type te oie Abiinesd hal wore tfore Calf ld te pile nance nhs ay and ad ced te igh oa sol ese Sethe ame oh in he om we he mane af he Pape woe proere He ordered ead sd shed inal he rove ‘ex of goverment. Bet Rei nd reform hal daughters ong the more serie mints andthe balk enya Gils ile te ulema were nym by pred te Fada i et a si a a # acuinx ano nxronne 10 1856 depatres tard egy wd ean, I the Sapte Coe ‘Sel tere were any oho ier did oot undertaad ord ot Spree the projects Red nd before iy althogh the cual mas TER wt tne of meh darts os Sis Te sal sim ofthe ‘Tanat sto abolish tyranny tnd sand to give fo Pople telnbjecs ty and confore™ Among he Tore poplin iil vein whch ws ron te point ty fst propery of ex reform and of comet form, mas, Ibvcd bn pote raion deed piney apn the Sate ef equi. Toe ec a of a, hey ly was ing sree. {ip big ued Rego cales in asters ego ond mere ows Wik him bent of hs nzened inte ith Bs topes" Muslin sjetone took the Toon of pbc durtances ‘Rome Aral of hope edn alt Mebred Ak Weal dlver the Onoman greeroment fom Europes ere hd the contol ofthe gw uae Rep and of open tat ney wer Smply ngs he maul ere of things A Min, ‘leo the jos taton by «Chistian for bving ied theater ih the epic ew, wat ald by he police api: my on, Eedet re ean Now ere she Taenat 4 gf i at fo Be tad 2 gfor”™ He old the nw dagen eae he pins Masi say cold ao be spoken perp? “ese meal arly option fo be splictin ofthe at from tho ether thn the seta who fads yee ret ioe sts que, Among ther wee proven governs who feared beer supe ta ery teen the Gok clagy, who supected {he the cadtonal penton ofthe Greek mills aoe smong the tj people of th apie wolf throne by the Sct of tui.” Son oft eppton to tursng he pre Hits Sen ina acy ace from the spcd with ch Read begs WChada ce of wpe, ing tt te cea fer tora te sca belre ved. Rep ee of urgency was jel by ERS ST Se ea, rt sotpemanis oe pr BUSTA apr ry erp 6otcuiwt any waren 70 a856 th lama sonton ve tw he Fain tee to Onan isegty wc ad inp end ely tSvaletes te ae Foot eer sateen bend RM propa, When fe mee, fo ofall eyo enye Fre ad Gh Mena Syn tc a vis of Egan toe ea iatsly sll 62 plot ven, onaston 8 ane ioc open t ate" Rei ot ak ee coca [Svcd mo enon meer ase ne tr refer Misa ww ata e ened cf eg ‘est of eons” So Rad we op age fee ‘Sen is pesly ited he ena et ae ee cere Devt the iy one ipa eggs wre made te tween 149 ad the outa o the mean Ws a aia Cfo the pospiof opy we reed ad oe theta of ere Pes a ere a See Chto sted oie mikey noted tt 8p. The Serene Coil mpd he pone re et sate, hh valoda ofc Onset Mined way compan of Mists ad toe Meine wanes Lelio dal wtscrmmenal anime etiee es xe to flowa,Ieuns rer pod Sal Eo Sn tein pine Mie doe en en fet wll brig of meer en cw ne ceo 1859 leg. ead fom te Res Te Se at Prone inthe Ht Se acl sete i geet alg sro te Chinn tanker meee we ee gh ‘Slr of washes or armed ins oes se fete parca, mer eta nub an alt content ween Tigh tenet ee ne ‘fins yaniv oso te aon ee sai tenon sys el tome oles earoion a Eid to pee mbes emmy tat he ye feming rca Inthe 4 sos weak ee tie fenimeel pbisn of pking more moon ad tog ‘yen han ms pea be prac eos "ent tan by Ra er lB tl ol arth a. “4 DECLINE AND avoRM To 1856 eee ee ea eee ee oe eee ome ce neaeed eee ee cere Sing Satie aioe en om Fae aes oe es se feces pct ate ees eer ed a ea ah Saeco hee a Ser cetera mere me ip aed ee ee ee eet Se eeaee oe ieee aa era oases Fecha ces peter) ee cee cee a eee ae oe ee eee rege ee ee ea eee eee fetesatnny sind Petits ees cee eet aes Seattle aeons Shum ack ake ceorece mere Semen a Rive HAR Gbb nd Hist Ben, Moni Soy and Wa EEE Eee 4ie om he een fh iin fecon of he Se rene Cosh th mt san resin ng ian Eve sere of te enpiewee omen wih pose ees set Th ol hee rs mae compe tan gy ho ee Boney so ny, inprat ough hs wan Tae Ponce ing dev « en whey the al nnd eo set he goers rented by Mata Th, Sd ee Seed ns Cran nna Sy prag te nines of hiya tml wae ee oe a, ole cntnl rte sen goers Tee ates the Hat ei nd he Cran We tds ee ea the are oes the pron aa nd cet he gree, One wil dept fom he pone te aie tered commie rm Ist wines then ed te ti aac ech poi go neue sae roeniicofh lal opin lee ncos eee telerven janes fr tft devopoet of abso sees tyson the pti ote pce a iy of Oust an Ee sats te nce of sper, ingore nal Thema the con of bol lea ie psn ers natal fer he On greene ip Sins fren woman he al gates able to dee el a ‘eign te hod of he toca Tot of a sath (idem) ws bled ean a ‘dctnh xt, ila wig een. Ta ue ‘eyreanne inal soy wi cas fom te vse thw ale ogee wre thes rig anf oar oe bot and oo ffi, whe er tly ny i ema ‘preci idm al" The gard one ome ‘Su of ward peo of as sina ply end cee hy so appre anita ta agen roy ports sot Inna hy goes forte Par Beg era eater rn Ue tates dae a tte a “fae Se pe at wy fp Sele eta ed ny Epes Ble vi fs te i Tr bags ne cay sa Ri aang ec a a ee i its “ 4 : eee eee See ee snes eee ee SRS hag oc ea Se ea ee Seaesve coulis eal impovenenty xsl ae seth? eae era oe Spader citer ef eee ee ee es eee pay ar Sire ee err soaeirtad rant fet ae ae eee eee sean an ees ee nee eer eee eee tery ort eee eee pare ieee nan dpc alae re ee ee ae aes en ere Tne canted ton kes ale “aie ol epee Seep ane ie eee at beep Seer Segond evans en ara neat eee aca ain i. ne and ‘Bench Brom La Targus or ederiny ot gmt faa 31 Gann, Cea ane ete, p37 SSE tack Nance ar el a Bg ai ra Hager Rue a ce ie nae Fae 8 i sacar nen Oa oe cay ac ec Stange Le Tergeie ets 0DECLINE AND REFORM 70 1856 ri aon meet a i See ic eel afer Stn ten sea ey ‘sit secede Seal poops Butta fete Seen a ngs rag See ‘pebetincroratncscltoe et Sched Whuatupines ap cs ae Fev olray rs ad va a al Hessen atten omen ‘Shine de mono sang ty eSnips rp one et Sat eae ie ahem hn Tiel nto ea po peat na sth wenger meine Sete wand ate Sn eny Tet gt wn ans iin tee ao oe Se sth tins Thewtn nce split mart ta cy ested ett Clim seed a eee 1) teal once Sig sins ferent hg paca ne ssid ioghe teeny ans Seti tne gate gon, wee rina y hk oe ye ed mo ia dd aes imide ne Sanh en ree nln sepa omg esate th et {Brome ents es ita wile wong see Se gor any Rl te ms es sr cen i tr tape mar Esl tal he Na by Ch Pan ng et pi a a hy el r ‘yes fare ar wy oad byte Ms RAD enc inten oa Innes bese doin Home ysl eel hel tnd i natn he PSS Geile peering tas ql oem, ‘Sha Me coperac ws ees ply spesy fe ‘ol urs pop y te penn THe ets ts Svs, Saree egret of he Sennen pope cet China Siu The Foe ovgag tac wel tse cose wm inte i'n {Sethe nize arty of te wih who wes oe Tic dn ela mala or min ss eave henag tiag, Bass cos engeray dpe oe ‘Gail thtui opto the pe fe Cas Ware Sem ey nr La vd at ree green hindered progres tot tui of oreo ould comping The eu ef Spine aso fsa ecg Peal ea Sherer fat neinton vsincotued athe pormearal ‘Ecc fh en by ay the pial eae” Dower of te Cae a the of em sve dap ew Keo had te ye fag ‘ieee rd un ween Sosy Bons ele titel coved dwn pees then sy He il spent nw se ots toring ve owed ip end i ei) Ba Speier deere tthe ria FEA nS le (ey eta iat ac te i ett neta tc ‘press cies eee gee mole SSruiy tl ceca eat ins see gee eet aed fs ata rac han Site Sara ”DECLINE AND naFORN £0 1856 Sai of thin pion The exis of 1852 and 1855, which aus over ihe aly Plc and thn led brad Rasen demande fe pone {nt of he Grete Orthodox aes inthe Oconan Emery Fylats arouse not only a popula ant-Rusian sit, bate ensony Musi recttmeat aginst ety, Oren beech aon {fume n general" Ther bad honere brea ome signers hae ‘pe Rrseing dese anda half even spar fom hc begins ‘dictate, legal, and eduction! inttudons meio Fri os of Hein the Ocomen Eipie ws» lite iene Alii cece of scsi af life, honry and propery wes fhe Hats Seif had promised, Jusice wa onthe wher eere ee Rania woos a tng fe pase “Ut he naan Aba pie Sy, tn oe eGo Eres wire amr Tot al gD tt tren ona es teem Tete ge rontn egeeen SERS irre ta eee Giri eMac de Bp iene Sr a 8) 6 sacs Die ee Rc ge ae RC A, tora er toa ry 23) Bat ps, eek ltgres ele eka Fay ith a a re, Rig ps Gama en MAE bl, cs Satnw din aa, ay 50 DECLINE AND REFORM £0 1856 ce Tat le nso ng wal egy ror eet had ben muds bate out oft dvr Ts auie wera Ste mma treatGe charter a ‘THE HATT-HOMAYUN OF 1856 AND THE CLIMATE OF ITS RECEPTION The el wi vet the ef Bena rm movement ely 190 Bren bythe ing ofthe Cinan Wi fa eek application ofthe doctrine of equality! At che end at eit he the war, her rue colmioted in «new ety the Hates Tlamayen of ioe Mc inaogurted the ecnd nad fal phate ofthe Tictnet ready during the war period the Brith ambussor Sestlord siren! The ous ms a glo ; : Senin, charged with iene igi adv ec rapt fe nites es ad onder twin whe a srt mating ee rer the buries ad intaacsof corps wee ene vents ta implied Refi to eas the cena Fen oe Tia oth EE wea eo a Pe WE fee prison te meno ee ind led tr see tin Mcned pds whom Al on od Fa alent sea on ans red oy ee ene proving ter aon, Dug cee Cen opis te ad tere pepe en Jee eure el d era nope tome mee ene Ts tel he eo x by Mets ge of mir wre ad permed thee cases Bat pod spent rene ae mee ne ee tena fees oath aly Taice se acer grr of he cout han ey et nr pele nt Oe eth ane ot cag gener bre areata nase went ewe cn rs Al Heo artnet and relates owen ets EM Se planed ssn ore og ce te Sieh sald afer sll all he ans ben Se IS Baten soe te aes Htapon of 155 ch eo uy etn cpsefEardStaeresTaeaphutie Sina omuy soy me oa wih Tees he Bech SLs precy he hasan erm te Pane Hun acd and an rgd ec an free mie rope Sepa rs Rael Own Grey ee the ee Sletlnetedhe cr roe The espe nee plod SPT omc te ots befe he Fes pa cnet mac a Bac wad ve i Tra scr at welahsjpouved wit at ecg th ey mew ne SERIES Cas oe cy edge dato ‘om prog sow tang nena of te eg eee Soph Sito Pod wer peu at te wy of to cee hee tenn dmc al be red va me, efron arr Te Ce SoTndea iets 20 Tore oral Gr etter Saree ee Te Lamercce ‘Sav ha woe in rw of milan serve, ough either rm evigimly had chs 5 teat i Ae Rn, ra "OBRET ecko nea an Tansy 53us warn utmaves oF 1856 Sine the Turks found French and trian spor for afening some ofthe deancs bt the restant Hate HiGmayn of 856 was a contrast tothe Hates Serif of 1830, eetially made in Europe and sochthonou in frm ane, Trkith Ine was ered bene the ect, tres proisimed as a spontaneous act of the sultan, and becuse the ‘Teeaty of Paris incded a provision thatthe ds was not to ay the tess for foreign interference” ‘Although the Hltes Hmayuc spring from foreign diction, le the Hats Serif of Galbane did nt, + number of ways the to documents were alike, Each ws promulgated when the Oki Empire wat deeply involved in iatrastionalcaplctons, and exch vwsssimed at European opinion a well va domesti erat Each ap mnt eter ean tee eC Been eee de AGS oaied Sie Cen at), Hara Hall Tenge Bae ee kina ee ea ude Rahs tad ae Ee rant ote “Heese ae ey eeu atone ee ieee ee RS ore ee SEA gta ih Feats an edie ohare east eta aes Bhotereaaiin mathe ras eet ae Beare a wa ed ee et Eg teas chien teste at pcb pen leg gt ppg ta le Gop des nate Tb ged Sek, Rr 2M ed ii a(t vo) gine nen DRO repay naga Ss eon ah ‘ome fis int: ‘ena bedi ar ot pone se z= rue MaTT-t WEMAYUN oF 1856 was cist in the mot clemn form of pera decree, and made prom JE Sika required implementation by more specie egulation. The tives of 1899 were lily repeated and extended in the dst EP ase Bt there wore also signin diferences. The edict of 1856 {ree more metcloe tan is predersor in enumertng the anges Trice; it strted with 2 cnfimation of the promises of 1839, Bart fr beyond And the edie of 1856 lke that of 1894 othe split personality. Notosly were its tone and language ore Ihedern and western t the point of clarity and condsenes unos fbr Ottoman documents of oe dys but i contained not one mea: ‘Sonof te sacred lavythe Korn, or the ancient Jaws and glories of ec enpire. Pychologially, tis wis dangerous, But the whole deree Toaked ahead not back. ‘This romans true depite the ict that come ofthe pledges of 1856 Ind been made before. The aboliion of tox farming was ssn promised; lkewie the ablien of brbery. The equal ailty of Muli aad non Mustims to miltary sevice was eterated. A note Snesed to the at rested the armation of rg that spostsy from Im would not be pushed by death” Bu ober stipulations Uf the Faces Hiimsyin went beyond the promises of 1830: sc ‘ervance of anual bulges the eaabihment of bak the employ trent of Baropean capital and ls for economic improvement dhe {Elifeaton ef penal and commer lr and reform of the pros {tem andthe otablshment of mixed ears o take are ofa greater proportion of exes involving Muslims and zox-Masims. "These and other reforms were tobe forthe benefit of all the sul tar sbjects of whatever cred or dass Although 186 zafrmation tthe prtacigle of equality again echoed the Hatt Se! of GUlhan, ‘Sunlity recived comiderably greater emphasis ia 1456, The impli. tion of Ounanlik were elaborated in some deal: Musins and now ‘Mins should be equal in eaters of military service, in the ac ‘nitration of tc in ebaton, in adioon to cl and military fehoos in public employment, and in socal respec. A specal ant ‘efron clase band the use by ofcials or private persons of ‘epecaony epithet” “tending to make any las whatever of he cub ‘The tf he as Bnei 0 oh ay bj PSR Nt Ranieri enn ease SS eye ey goa me le ur, ot sir on ier i Io ii ing of ss| THE WATT HEMarEW oF 1856 ‘fs of my empire inferior to another clas on account of sligon oF race." Before mixed ebual witness of all read nee «fo ave equal stats and tobe sworn according to tei owa formula Revit pel be noord a ae ‘hein of conten ee a asec ee Sen “roel ey” Sea of he sil ae the Hale [Otonan) Sec a i SEES Soe et peer ‘mtn a eb ag al he la a, Sessa te meee tea eit Dolnh ntti ah capa nh de tar ‘etc enum the rights of he Cat aes foe in ei Sa ey ee a Ne Bo Sem ing tng ee te en ae Ie Bhirel hyme site os ene ee rcomanism, was yet to come, even in theory. ° (Mis Het Hop id sh een pape cf en ees We ee le inom Aiea tepmtar gist epoy Saez Sl ay aren bee ss SE sae ee gs Ge he pica mneteet Seineeoy , sgl a ee Te SCR plicit sen) p aan Nome able de te ce Blanch, EA Hamaioum, p 4, ty says he et EEE Sencar tte i Pr yen ga nee sie Ware-t HOMAYUN oF 1856 roving nd coumal coun whch already embod ths pin EGy weet be conse to eomze he fu che of Main and SEs delegates andthe frndom of thei dion i the ‘Sina The Soprene Counc of Judi] Ones was heeft {Siete reprints of he nM mle Bnd the mile, ‘races hemes were tbe ect 0 thet tpral fair ofthe ‘Sie sim communis would be werd nt bythe ergy sone ‘ety coucl cling lay delegetes Tr the Supreme Cosnl and the le orguzatos the representa pipe was ths into ocd on a emp wde sale "Reacion tothe pronation ofthe tes Hamsyun wis mised sari genda ited ore pen ha exten, Ti wa thnve A rs among the Misti Tasks Many of em, partly Rite ep ere ret of the foreign pre wich ed tothe ats The yeh refered pointedly to the fe that 20 oly a ‘English and French fleets, but also land armies of both nations, were © inthe enon of Ian Red openly ein the fay refering {bites the fermun of eacaton. I egy memeranan be [pnd ht Alb snd ud wore ring to fe foo fn giving pla! ving to ChisunsTo te su, Cane could no get be eres they were» funded er even trenty yest go, Bl > ange mat be gaa and witout fern inereenee Te com- fie oqilty promi inthe fern, be ad wil ive the Ot Epi a col completely ierent fom eat of the pas cen tur elmining the dation ecwen the rling met ad the ‘ued. Mam ops wl obasco it me mot be prepa ‘Resid predicted troubled in various parts of the empire. He also ob- {eed sony tthe mance in ih the Ferman mes rated and {bis meta athe Treaty of Pai These miners sro foced the honuiodependene and inti ofthe ste aad etn. Ye ‘ontined Reg the miners ands fw lv followers acted iat ij, wifout auinonng the time boned geeral any of no efor dcnon™ Roja mone by penonl qu he it hat his pup now contol the government wile heme ooo i, bt ces srr nt without weight and were coed by other Tu, who re- “tgs emanate Ci Th py te a bp ge ara lee EE Site me SIO SST RSLS BL ag oP gon ms s7THE WATE MOMAYON oF 1856 feted the empns nena an cul of or, be lege into ving up the term gator. The rig ponich ot the Rieke mile wt bythe lod fhe we eg tan Shey ai ws ay of resin or he ope ecg of he yong half cers seat tlt Be far a zd some ware pred teeth la the need ae of Mutim so non Mastin in Ottoman may he Sc oak tale an inet in the vl of the sel Ste, Ber tes ‘epibos Tus who wee afar of reform reed oat eae ean dian but the seping eof he Hate logs Heh wa se to awe apps," have no pone ea suthr ofthe Hatttemoyeon ido ae nee pte "ily wih or rer and ao comes aly be ee perhaps spoils the game of the improvers for ‘weaty years...» The Jesper tos from Pc now nating fe eee Frm th ier af Arun we gy ofthe Mune nce har ben arsed yt ea Haayon, sd toy bate the Baopeane 10 hon, ey oe sod th Tapa for whore benefit ben gre sid one Sa ne the were nbs nog Chin sje of he Port ron to the te ‘ay me ll nae’ hgh oe tol ee eee oe th Chriss thought depended on hs pula atne Pen the mst ethic were the Bulges Who tie ohne ee of te Sted yobs of te Grek Ordon Hear ae ss fhe at ht enjned a rngeton oft ee gh hated chee ecetstial ree by aed lace ee Arming he inary Crisis of watever sete ee ee {eth pre that lyme hold have gre et ove, Fat a la ogee ge Bh ah es ni thn Le ee Aap mann ep epg at tin aa at a ey sl, Str, iyo ya eo we, Se maptyatates Anat, Stinson ond’ Racist (Hannon sa rt es Gh $8 ) panes THE HATE-E HOMAYUN oF 1856 of let sir as well ns general enthusiasm far most ofthe peo- ‘dons on egal. But they resented the prospet of equality in mil- nr src, andi wat folsh to euppowe that this burden, dled td evaded when porsble by Turks should be gladly acepted by Christies The experiment ned during the Crimean War bd turned (oo aly shat ha Hatt: Haya elf had nad the principle tf boyng of from miliary sevice, which aow theoresally was the {apa piilege ofboth Maslin sod Christin." The higher Chistian {iby ere generally opposed to the Hats Humayun, boxe it fer at thelr power over the miles epecally at ther ability to fees thi opie sae. The res rash, fearing the lo of thr primacy among the oa Musing dled nee oly this invasion of trina prerogative bu alo the general emphast on equal “The sxe puts together with the Jews? some of the Gres were reported t have sds “We were content with the superior of fe lum. Tei quite prebeble Wat the Grede metropolitan of Tzmit sseeed the Wish etebuted to him as the Hates Himeyan wa pat bait its red tn ouch after the eremonal reading 2th Pate: Singallb Go gram that i nt be ten oot of ths bag. sgsia?™ ‘The Greeks iad good razon to worry about the Aa’ incon of creping equity, though, a fc he precedence of Grek eric over ‘thr aon Masi crest wat some degree preserved through: out the Tanzinat en.” “The promulgation ofthe Hata HiUmayun wes, ia sun 2 mized ing althoagh it stands as oe of the gretdocinete of che Tan mat period, All and Fad ha cbviously made thebestof «bd jo, “and hed contented tothe dees in order to stave off noe active for Both Bo fa My th, m/s, Bre ie eng er gi i ef Sty lank {Fost pee en he Ch pr td rd cog and te he uss Bonen es a linge as PU, Patt,» {Empey Le Trg 495 Ray lt fra dap 8 Kein ‘Saino plac De slag of sty dea wien x may oor ‘ey fet Bogard Ez Targiy epee Gedney hel ee oe Brae OSES Aes Ts) spain co cries borne era Dian 05 Ae eon se 9HE HATE HOMAYON OF 1856 ign intervention and keep the ine in their own Bands The clnuce inthe Pars pence treaty forbidding ouside interference seemed te conf th wisdom of ther course." But the foreign eign of the ‘Hatta Humayun was wellknown; this ceated not only resentment mong Turk, but a tendency among the Chrisian mioties to lon to Europe for support in securing the promised equity ever than to an Orfonan government which had iued the decre ony wader pressure, The Ottoman misters ried to exphin the Hats Himayun fs all things mall men: to eepreet it to the European powers and to ther non Muslim sbjects a an important concession, and to ther ‘Moin eject a contining nothing particalarly ew oe injuroae to ther prestige Iti kelp tha a scie of smaller mesrure would have socmplised more and ceasond len resentment han 2 Hatt Hiayun ied with sch finfare, forthe mere exeence of the ‘Hare Humayun laid te bss for Muslim complains about is con sessions snd Chrisian snd Buropean complains sboutronfliliment eremained, neverticlw «mask to shoot at Te was not selene ing, but required fatre legislation and administrative asin. ‘What sucsr would attend these eforts depended onthe improve ment ofofisaldam and ofthe eduction level within the empite— sabjecs on which theft was argely silent. Tt depended also onthe general climate of opinion nthe empire in 1856. *You can give good dvi, but not good exstons,” sys the Tarkth proverb. Fuad Pas, ‘evewig the ssompishment of the reform program 2 decade after the Hate: Homayuny echoad ths: “Lion ne suri improvier Ia ‘forme des mocirs*™ Baron Prokech the Austrian interns, fagreed, Tt would take time, he sid to change ideas and then to “lowe scl changess reform anc be rushed” What the obstiles tothe inplementaon ofthe Hat Homayun were cn be understood ‘only inthe ight ofthe station ofthe Otoman Empire ad the out- oak ofits peoples atthe end ofthe Crimean War period + {hn af Spe Co a oly nt Bey ol ene Stier wr Peller de Fe Iai da te 106" ‘ech aan "cho Da Byte a Moy 2446 wo mst aus uart-r aowaves oF 1856 ttt ee apr ws ng ein gh es anh Steed ois. antante its wate Shntye SADNESS Mik Tyas Te wi gt ot et Rw are SE maak eee Sor ia ce he eee Toop Riess tte dee on a era yey li tae cope cae ontop oa aceite os aie ceo aoe taste mek Silane nn shdpawae lesan Ee eto Ee A oot GS eater gee hdl aa asa Sree als Re toe ee fea igs el sa that a et een neteties eke oe ay tee Siete Races ab eee re eat Tere Ty beberle eo Spice egw ese i ee ‘Ehsaan vats Wireline ia ag et ln Sa i fe ae Pola ican eat edo (coca St yeni eat Gace tay eames see Sear yo geese od SOMMER LESS spa hee i ng Seep ee rte felt ee atte Cana ao) On be oe i da i ped oof Err Akal "Tans a SHER es eee ila, The dgrialal Poly of Mahowad ‘41 is pyye (Can Sh dee ae ee co 6roe wares WOMAvUN oF 1856 eral ens renfe bythe interes of hi pce ‘lsat essen, Phe mills cmp et ny dtnton tecwern Mim ad now Mt, ete snes aon 00 Moin sett whch te ninterst etry ced he Porte eds trl: Chr cntenpt for Jom, Gre option tees, ‘ed the mate of Gregorian, Romy a Proeant Armen vm ce so tet shew «pre give alg of he propointhempve: Mary Geis and Armenaes did net bo er Sonal engages sd spe Tar aloe, hgh hey mon Grek md onan carers” at by micetry the weston cont of ntonatn was coming stage song the mary Serve, wh po reser epoch etna hey mee Tite tweed earch rate han Ostrom, Sry Rosman tn acd Gross were sina ify Bulge snd Armee ‘ev begining tes Tika tA wet the lat ofthe Oro ori r nto the pth fama, Sher thismelng te Torkel ld, He wate medator among tied pre, be ed for th job temperment sod St to an Tut nna ited pinot Europeans The Solo Tks gorenmest wae he Torksh le aon! se Choc of te Healy Sepultre in Jersalo tkep order nog he ‘qmtelng Christ: Th Tory tmugh he gonemmene might be SRsen and crrpt, alo had constable Sy ws goer “hudaiog condemnations ofthe Tu w tn uttered Srey tel for nisin, hich ied rm Earope mney Imus ilen a gmpome of ind ce of mon een Bot in fe hre we once “he Tuk” Thre mate ring Oman grup, no ley concentrated dhe bireaccy tte on te Salbte Pot tnd then of the pl, monly pena The feck down on the Tork? whch a tr Epc indeting bain, ed prefered ttn fH tafe in Onn Hs eountiy wor ot Tukey, bt the Ota Sete” Fis lngage wean “Oman hohe ab anal 5 Ae Amin mir hin oan a tate at ly of be ges nn bot toe wages soc Wate Toy “Tope” ede de nd sad i 9 oe aay Heh "ERIS em ger te» cm he Ona Bone be ula sme com Seny CE TSEaN edl eenece tpl eg e e 6 ; rp rH MaTT-E HOMATUN oF 1856 scorn ch nae he dings it fom ha se or ZT tne conmon ech Hs wting ned inn Pekin wor sep for pare st snary verb The me esos Tanah pessan a he other end of th eal wal ws en Zep a beer of tan te ony on Min td mach Sup maladies. In ado, theory Tuk hd Eihelurden of the fvyearminy evel afer 839, ‘Boas ar chin ned of reformed goverment as the Chis, TeThad ater ry fesgn power paar prt him, oui lt wae gery nko to Baope “The line of be deen rn hrfre, not beware Musi sol Guisian Tusk anton Te, bat Boren let sed ie wireane and eppeseie" Thee oa topwhcher Oona ceil ito ary sce, Creck or Armetian banker, or mechs {fiat lok down onthe area” Shmetimes th SEP Grocted te open of wan populist the prove Si cepesanay Bs hgh there eh in his coy, the Sts af owns wereld not rng the ne il ran eteen land eee rn ag eer i de ‘Beijos ered among the Tort sie aay ofthe Busnes “pee re nar Mime The aan (ama) ee een The scent entry tat Ele and although they exerted ‘aa var eon ae oe lt eps aang Hage 7d Armen hey oe conse + soa mille eas a ry, Mot oman, dete el, erm wana moe ‘OG AT bant vas poet frly ah Lrre ade 48. te san ny fu cher ne eo 1) ER fii iy oso Hato Cloning ee tT mots cept samp She ‘at empha Feces iia ease by sent eae SSuGonn rn rs so it Sen re eee Ee ee fn Reed as ae RMN an tc, Sikbin feu pon ent (Pay Me MSOF Get rl Roary Prey te a dom Se hata on gm sg ned are eeelces Tl at}ry Oe ewe mee or, gf Be lg Cie Be 2 Balin of Ena Co RL ze alc, sah fr ts 6HOMAvUN oF 1856 ‘he provinces the gap between large landowners and che peasantry eon tinued to ex. The provi notables dino fll the role of pro- _gesive rural middle clan, a ad the emaler landed gentry in me ther voces but they teed reform, becaoe they profted fom ABsorganisation and ineicncy in the central government to mae tan their pole and Grancal eontrol. Among the ntablee were CChritisns ts wel at Maslins; both oppesed the peasantry.” These socal and economic gap in Oto soe, a wll the religions ‘td lngusie dilerens, were serous obs to any refers pro- fram tha cme at equal of rights security ofall fe and ptop- ‘ty and honor, and representative poll isttions ‘Given this station a exited in 4856, and the ak of gaan pressre from below the ring group had to the reforming group. Darth ruling group wa lar fro united on either objectives or meth ts of reform, and sme were cpponeas of any cange in the stats ‘qo. There were important men trae and intelligent conseretive=— Tho consintouly opposed any radial Break with the pas. They ranted to reform abuses, perhaps to change things slowly, but €o fontnue to serve fit and sate much at their forfsthers bad doce, ‘There were aa the who were comervative solely Bretze of vested intrest in what the eotas quo gave them, who were les interested in eerving th and state than in carving themselves, Thre were alo those ofthe fendi denied in the precdiageheper,whowe super fl westerns i not make the seriou refermers. Tn time there came tobe radial reformersaswell—joung men in hry, who were lnfuened by ther knowledge of western iatelletusl, pols, and conic pattems, ab well a by thee interpotaion of Team, who Spent most of thei eerpes crtaing the government ofthe day" ‘Thus thre ws only a eompirativehandl of men among the ruling ‘cori Hall Ti ome ‘mead Cat), iy 0, Sandan on vornyrete etal a, we edhe as Cid etna fe ipage au era SEs ee yw aon ape rn sun ware-r abMAYUN OF 1856 wo wer erly ined in cing ot te promis of {Rate hc oA ard Fn ne SE eponybr fesnl ndncralpresars,Saiatd o ree rate he at witb ion to wk towa ta goby STE af oa py sah ome Knowledge of wen aye kth dma of rs yan with sn geen of te pt ‘esa of espn in garrett ea i Ba te Sey hong tan vy, he ef igh fe ad at ne 2 oo SS Set or amc bata we the lesa ioe The tend ey fed er inp “tng te ctr se a eneopg fie often sim Pia Sas wore gesealiy tr of adorns of ede tay meet gen to eranton of Ce Sh and Jers sal wee qe lly ty to hem "Yor fh Tgtend ny lathe ft Bue there i ema among Min {Robs ny of eng whch, sine f pola 3 ax \ able of prodigal obs ven ae npr ‘Slate orm ised on eu fll Ota sje te inate pride, the conviction of superiority, which Muslim Turks por. frond They acu wit son tty ere te rlg mi ie eseiion Thera cen ng nes ret SEaca eves so sang tn of Ts wo, tere ihe deg of pga ce mya dir in hci Tel contd das sth te fh City and Jue {ener pra rent ofthe tty not he whe Toure (Ges ad owe wee ucinly conceded es freight of elgoe sven wel ary see of pn fea at hey nd Nera cng and were ae bythe Oto The cmon tm forte nah gv ved th inpltion of Man psy ili embodied a drong pea sn inoraon (24). Taf slog te ines of Onc ight ener hi peu totaly mtg Min tole dong tha of he ag io th sl conseninaly evel ah nel tbat a corn po tere ec ee ohare ESE RSS As mmrea sectarian ce seh asia pare ica miler 6ssue mare-t woMarun oF 1856 inthe ppulir mind, wich would aint the elgns spon cf norton to he taal oer fina Te trot Me Jim dnuriaeindued ao the cop of “pee or aap nore on wel of ij or osean, whch moderne emp oe, in ation of sping change in intros snd ors. Ba the doing of ensensu was ment t9 aot cmon assptance of 8° ‘ange alrexy made and Hak withthe pa ther than to cet innovation. Tjm could wih dilly caver broad efor, The funds menial conservati of Islan and its prejudice aguinee innovation vere percally important in the Tanzimat period in the feld of law Since Islam snot only = way of worship, buts way of Hie prescring ma’ relations to man ad to the sate, 8 well to Go, the cred lw anda the basis for sey ad for goverment ven though it was an ideal, nots nw ends, and astaly covered few a pests of public law. Ottoman sultans had never heated to legate fn cer own righ, but the gerne and the sligius caurte sl stood slongsde the suas Rann’ and his eslar courts, Western aw bad by 1856 started to come into the Ottrsin Empire threwgh commer al lav, and is reception grew with time, But the grat prinples\, reoaiaed dominant in some fl of law ut the twentieth cenry, ‘notably in family aad iaertane lay, The sacred la had grown in. ~ ese afer she Gate of Interpretason wars following the test century; the gity was not shale, parcully inthe Ottomas mpi, but was characters! The gern ened alo a symbol or shibbolets by which new measures shoul be eed, Onto efor es hd to bil, inf, on the trains Iegiative pomers of the suas, but fo convince this cto hat proponed inemures were in Conformity with or at Jet not in entravention ofthe sere law ‘Bven under the contain of 1876, the regulations of the senate five to Un hoy the duty of sxing that ll leglaton conformed to fhe seran" Te may bave buen to their advantage thet sme of the “Tamsimat satemen were, in the worde of modetn ci, uabe [erably ignorant of the joridal ations ofthe cour" and 90 ‘uconsious of contravening Islamic nw in some of ther measures Twas posible to argue that Isham was uo butiee to moderniza ton, weserization, equality, and representative goverment. Suck ‘Seog ome he tee Bor nn) ng ad SASS as ante rear drt Goa a 66 “ 1 ‘ sue uart-r HOmAvON oF 1856 arguments were advanced inthe Tanzi pried both by Tasks snd 1p fosignet: Us msintned a mid century that a the teachings eebe Rowse were to be found Mal the ewe of modern demos acy! Within a few years che New Oterans and then Midhat Dag were to argue the fundamental democracy of slam, tha the Maslin comity wis orginally a sore of republic, and that che lee pingple was basin the faith, The no the place to begin tr invetgaion of what pail vim can or canot be justified on the bse oF Korarie texts, the tadions of the Prophet, and ene ‘Mian pra, buitisimportat ovate that athe Tanaimat peri fuck madernise argument did not represet the view af Maslin teaciag and tradison common among Otoman Turk. They were Conditioned to regard the sacred awa they knew it as aupreme and {o regard the elt also se eliphy they wore unconcerned with ix tor debate aboot the vali o invalidity offs wing uh 2 tle ‘Muslim tadion and Maslin learning were upheld by the lems, who mturlly supported che gjwtem which was thir Kfe and bread. Aer las, he ulema were conservative and an cbstde t reforms, though tere weve indvidaal exception Is ilu to describe the lems as fot though they retained th capacity to inpire fate fentinent among the popsation if times of tex presented the =p. propriate ouaen, Many ofthe wlema appareey put on 2 ahow of Fini devutnes forthe sake of ranting influence among the fitful and of ingpiring donations fom che west” A few among them onthe offer band, read the Chriizn sxptres and inguied Into Chriaianity. Despite the Ink of open ftom, boweves the tema ar group maintained an inate pride in thee faith ns well ns ' pride in their postion in the scary sable in that Sich and lew no other may eizpt tat of defending esublshed eros, ‘Ths they opposed innovation. Conde Efe (later Pa), who began to ean Freneh in 1845, bad toda to seve for fear of ercisms to enn sch a language vas considered incompatible with is cha cer as one of the ulema" Sel Sabie end, other member of NEM, in temp Pe Lloro Pa of Al Mie Can, spleen ioy "at ie rte Rg 73 6run wart-r wOMavUN oF 1956 the vlemsy who fxd had the uns advstage of «stay in Pais ts vgocly opposed by hi colleagues when he ted ited Into cool sab ch ode sd yap ach rcs were insomputie nth fh abd raling hey aged” OF eure, the ‘lems ppd innovation y the clin Dest fe ‘anc he spon of ny pring of on an i” Tele tothe eprton to nomen, and probably more in ortat than ths blind tbborons «Ba fo progres wan hei anc ofthe majory a heal. Ia the eigheeth centry 9. pac there ad tes people decline in ther kesog ad Integy Inthe nncenth etary met of the wena wee ot realy laren Ila and eve es th ote word, Seek tnowldge even in China” wan generally scp ax cn ofthe my ing ofthe Prope, but the marty ofthe ema lace sting of China or even of the Eurge of whic the Ottoman Engine mis pyially pect “Wy?” sated « mola wikin Malis bezing, “should even today ten hound Ona ot a and ith ir be {kn Allah and sharp svorde ide to Mote Those were the sen who wer the tether in Orman shel Since the dunn ‘efor gun in he #8 Ba by 1856 home ite frat the lena Sill ght the bal f thn Min Turks who Bad ny stoling, ‘whether nthe tacoal ganar coo i he mee” THe {ebjt ener of tucton had changed ite for cenatn. In he cache yar reaig,algrapy, ater, de Koro, and he Fries of religion tnd maraty wee night Higher eosin re Ssnbled a many regs the focval vim and quan, hn Tie ei ri be, py tele SOMES Se LES a yb iin aly pe sew al enn ad te enc Hath oo Mt re Se 2s wal Btn ree (ie tp) be a Mr oh ak r : ‘ a P ROMAYUN OF 1856 within an Iai framework Mos Turks, of ours, had litle or no Tooling, Zve Bey in 1868 extiatd that only about two per cent the Blslin populitien were Iterte™ Ahmad Midhat, writing tebe dase of the Tanzimat period houghe that tere ran from amy tonne percent and meted that the rest ere ith The ren and witout tongue?™ SOleyman Pus a the cae period (Goel that inthe pital elf oly wenty thousand Meine could Betis newpaper’ And even Iterate Turk of th higher des pent (ciel yeasin the harem where, despite the fut that sme upper tls worn ejojed considerable acqunintance withthe at and with French clare, gnornoe aod sypersttian alo made thei home, Thus the georally iow ecuatonl level of the Tus of che empire and the trains attitudes of Tela must be considered long with the (Gc ofthe ompie ts heerogeniy, aad it socal structures ee forte obtices to tefor bros on egalitarian Ottoman. "To thes considerations mt be added another which, espeally ia the petiod afer the Crimean Wer and the Hates Hmayua, st ‘sumed added importance—she impresion made on the Turks by CCtin Exrope, Since many of the reforms were borrowed ot Adapted from the Wes, the reepion acorded them would depend in part on the nature ofthe enstats with Europe. By 1856, 2nd on- ‘aing inthe yes following, these contacts were greatly increta. ‘Wester influence was oeervable im the advent of telegraphic em rection brween Ianbul and mestera Europe; the fs mesage to Prtand London announced the ety of the Ald fre into Salas topolin 18552" The age of concessions for ailma-bulding in the em ‘iestared with the war, while Europea shipping interests helped to Prompt the contraction of the St seis of modern lighthouses ‘lng the Ottoman cous, Ia more superiial matters western int fcr wis immediately Felt—at shown, for inetane, by the saving increase inthe ue of knives, fry chur, and beens inthe see bard chien Buin or alafenge modes aod manvers, which ad alk ‘eady fund imitators before the Crimean War, now exught ea more ‘apily. Suc inttion did noe necesarly india any incenod wae airs i efice Cin 80, poy, oa tk Bory ge ty pen nagar ee 7 mde l te Ui tagerg0 gm Pp mal. 3" Yong Cre devi 6ue Maret momayEN oF 1856 ect he Ve or) ptopion i, Son oe or llet ec woes agi ag cee ayaa a reer Sa dar ee wathe penaenanney meaty ake, ‘idee lien and Sete seed Thera Caen ee ete geo Tenia uatog er eae ies ee a rena ath fmt capony peste ete Naar ctmea see ellen ace anime it bn minigame en tag td he Ct ae tapes The eae ens vow upline i itn of Bape Sauna The algo arp sh Gos ats eee ces Bae Te eee a fate ce Sap ier sath dpe sok oan aay ede Ty ee ee nD es gee SE, noted bee er Ita be Gea be cer Temlath Bend tesres Once eet Se Th Tee et an cours Sac SEMIN cael fo agli Nebaed a Fes iSync escent tana a Edge, SET areata cree Satie eter way uae ny sone ae ny be ee ee a Sioned ae sie! Da eee oe SOO Ais Sie Clem Seca oat ‘ign Dooley bys Ode Fadl po. The fot sel Ue nivel Se le ‘came into me © the pulses aboot 1860; Lela Hanour, Le Hareos dpi (Pat, igen Sees ce Seat By Pee ig “hits ars fo Ye a i as Gn Wate oe ome Os war Pash re Pies, pst Doma Le np r | ' i i i que marr Oaavun oF 1856 Most ofthe contacts Rome the other way. Among the Europeans inthe eit diplomats were the moss prominet. Russian diplomats sree int etegry spar, generally saspc to Turks berate oftheir ‘Tenunds for spel privileges for the Balkin Slavs which would in therend lead to pation of the empire, Ottoman literate on this peviod i fll of complaints about Rusia inwigues. But even French EE nglch diplomat, who represented powers tht had jst sue toed the Otoman Empire in war, were often dilied because of tha frequent and hightended laerference in Otoman aire. They ted Turks as pans in their om diplomatic games, and sometimes trade and unite grand vesins If Briain supported Res France Soporte Ali and Futd” The Bash amiusador ia 1856, Lard ‘Senter de Rede, had in many ways dose great serie for the ‘Otten Engi, bor Ali three times aked Lacon to real him. ‘Setford wosld not allow the stan wo reg as coagal with himsel, the Beith ambasador, charged Ally further, sud Al, Seatford de- Inanded nduecce for himself so paramour and notorious” that the ‘Porte lot prestige in the eyes of own pie Yeas Iter A il spoke of Stratford wih ral hatred” Fuad, whose easy European fannes put hi on good ters with foreign diplomats nevertheless fred alnot the identi critam of = sympathese French am. thouudor, MI, Bourde, becuse the French will never beets wi tiving Piendly advice in an unsuming ways. whatever good thing mss dane must be advertzed ass benef conferred by France > Aeide from the natural resentment of Otomaa statesmen st at rat ein Ppl Geld Roa f Erte (Soe ‘hy Onan may wens Begin Mawr wry 7938 a 896 ta er {ETT Shae mtd ngs won as wr of a Seelam Min my ae eR ee foe me mesg a ‘tad in Tempero, "'Let Paseo Sera part AE ib gee Speer ee Rachlnn eh Diflannaes am Bogrus. As dem Beaches Rach ag De bi" Daunte Rates 98 Cool ate ‘est ly, 60 cent Dram 8. 0 Noa nmny mara wemavus oF 1856 ctsie interference, ancompuied thought mighe be by valid sag. getons on relorm, she consequent detasement of the Pore in the je of trom eects preted Sgnieant abr to general ae Ceptance of government ordered reform progran. “The foreigners alter having readered the Turkish Government hateful try to render ‘x antemptile” aid an Armenian rodent of Isnbul a 1957, ‘The Tanzimarstatasmen were actely avare of is. The Porte con- sides itself a great Powe,” wrote the Ausean interac, “and in their confidential efsions the Turkish miniters complain that the Power who claim to be intrested init onolidnton reduce to the level of stcoadatecite?™ Lending Turks alo complazed tht the diplamats who prewedudvce on tem didnot really know Turkey. Cevdet Pua told & French amasadr: “You bave ben living i Beyogln (ue, Pers, the mowt Enropesized quarter ofthe capa, whee che embases were). You have aot Jared propely the spit tf the Okioman sat o even the dreumstanes of Inbal. Byala San isthmus between Europe andthe Iumie world. From there 703 tee Inasbul trough a telepe.”™ “The sondict of foreign consuls wos Hkely to make an even worse impronan onthe Turks, They tended t quirel enlealy with the foal Turks governor to drag national honae into thé peroal arguments with Turks, and offen to conduc chemselves Ike He Ter The conus in each region beoaneindepeadent rules aid Stleyman Papa" A good many eonslar agents were not aaonale of he counties they represented, but Levaatiney who put on srs sand grew rich on fees charged to those who sought thelr proton, Sometimes they usd thee prvleges to personal advantage in shady Tntererence by diplomat and conus ranked partiuly when it na Rs Se gs ps tu ait, mi ce soe nee ae sania ne Se peti ee On Rae en ont Feat ae meron ofl vs fr cumple Zipang, n re thE nars1 wUwavew or 1856 tied nthe xargs eee indi frig THE ti epilation: The seca pilegs scored the ‘orgn MOIS Tonk course tees of tsar oy and he ‘TES ssw of tx cxenpton mee setsed and soc By the itEamte of he great power” Ag the pees she Ws {Eton ef protein tw tome gly Otoan Cin, vcd weer ft te enpie and ad neve sen he protein ‘Ditty, Numer ofthe prtgia were given not only tert of Stn but even foe maenly ad ecg pre Te Eu preg belped the os aw Progeny bine Ste among the prog wee many who oe row cte he ‘roan dni ht were ely pudoerers Mle a ona Grete unr Bra preton, Agee wade he Frenchy {Gown snd Dalmatians end the Ave agesaly dag and fot aber the Comean War the major acute of he espe eld wih ths abe often of shay or ere cna ype. Many of the, topes wh a muner of gesine mol of WE an Bropenn Gouri were engaged a te conenors eke, an peokng oy the pete of te Epitlstons, They ‘ought conte (ees acently to develop Tue sonore street ge lta rye cores, Bo th vl cjet a 6 en pik prot through cman, gran operons on Ere fe tod marist or Higeion spa the Pore. The reece Eiopens inthe empire were sted of «san that one he ‘Wes to akin Tw nel at the cbse contined fo a- cord pero tall manter of pope fr te et of th prego Sth Ean fh perme weeyae the Cimern Way noel the most erent ofthe Westy weer soted for as aly Hy fo feds fevers spon Buon Pokoch we a scomment: “Thee sem repel ep teat nape, mop the Tuy whe wee peng oe sad nate he Syren of ea ogre erste Page sone segs) owe, oy fe ‘isa pee ee te let la he a a, SeeS SELES, aga Poy oe, "EP to Bel, vo January 1856 0/46. On the som of prtein ESR Marae Tl, Boa ett enn ph fas Seni a eh a Gu DAP Pi Bue water wOmavew oF 1856 "There were, ofcourse, sme respectable western in the Ostman Empire. Tai conduce might elise Turksh approval bt might also soe Fsetmeat. Misionsres were prominent among them. Both Roman apd Prototaat masons from France, Englend, Germany, Italy, aud America were fuiy widely diibuted over the empie’™ Although the misioares were moral and Godifearing people, and sight be rected ay individuals by the Turk, thor crangeic Aeivitis could eaily case trouble, Ia the view ofa Beith coneuar| eure judge, misonaie wer “nest to habia eins the mnt ‘roubleome people inthe world to del wth.” He ced the extreme case of to Eagis misionaries who ene day axed 4 per tothe smoxgue of Se Sophie advertising tht 00 the mortow ftom its eps they would denoune the prophet Muhammad as animpstor." Al. ‘though inthe pet Crimean pried afew Turks were converted from Islam to Chisinity" most ofthe misionary work was tong the ative Christians ofthe empire, Evens hy enaragingsecarace| snd helping sich peoples as Bulges, Ards and. Armenians regnin ‘oie Yeraular and ational conscounes the missionary labor fen tier ae tn i i ‘don tph'y Spee 93055 = Sy thomas Moe fo Bra oly 1 ot Amann rata, Blues Rol ny Siebssolpupinrs Omen Arbon four wigs ca Re sxe ot ee ct he Sep Pa Me, m anger untied yo atte, Mtn, dation ‘sei ESAs Ses eee Ne Vy Gers Darn ety tane ce Es Soe took Mae SS tee ae Aton ong Sy Esler ty aotevah, Resin Maw fo vy tgreaty My La Pre Re ee ee ee ach Armen Misi By a ary oy Hy oe March (fes,9 Apel iBypi #8, 31 Oaher 1859. ” Ga * T HE HATT-L HOMAYUN oF 1855 went cnunter to Ostman interes, The mison founded schools were Ireqoeted mel by Chistian and affected the Maslin oly ltr. Potape the cit immediate prot derived by Muslims from the smsionaries asin tere of techalogy rather than religion. The ‘Yankee ingenuity of Cyras Hamlin, for instance, contrived atin hop, Ase bakery, abd sundry in Itabul atthe ine ofthe Coimean War” Ameicin misnares in Syria ntodused the potato, Kerosene lamps, wire aa, sewing machines, and similar utofol gedgets” ‘her Buopesns were Gsrbuted over the empire milly i the ties; nos were merchants, sled workmen, a experts inthe ex ploy ofthe Porte, Some of chem cbvouly were resected by Moe fins. es reported for example hat when Musi of Beirut wanted toate an oth stronger than “bythe beard of Mihscamad” he sore "Gy the word of Blk, the aplhman” who wae 2 Beit mer chart" De. Jose Koetcet a Sis psa, spent his ene adult Iie in Turkish ervc, and cbviusly enjoyed the confidence of most ‘Turks! There were good many sch individuals. Buti is hard t ass thei fluence group of the Tusks; mos of the merchants lind ssmewhat pert in Haropearizedcoburt, and often dele mare doay with Levastin, sommes intermarryingy so thet the ord tary Tork may have axinilted them to Levante in his thinking ‘There were alo amall colonies of Esropean in varius place, Ont in Anlar, compared of English, French and Dutch merchant, bad ceed from 1650 t 1809 but had lef zo eae of influence Bley ‘yes late" Atone pine diving the reign of Abdolaziz there wat ‘oly of some fur hundred English workmen at the Haskdy dv ped; they taught the Turks some sil but Lived generally apart Te Amasya 2 ese colony of German Sse wocked in silk fe: tory owaed by a Srabourgentreprentur semad Mets, Mets wa also sn Mealse who thought to spread Proustntsm among the Turk ‘Asan inueno among Turks the Amasys colony mas not sc, religcly or otherwise, probly teense the Sinks condered then ‘elves beter than the mtv inhabitants nd fle to onderstand their "Moye Han age Tors (New Yrs 198) a4 Sy Har fone, ipa Vay New Wy hy 06 Sie anes a haan the iggy, sd ne Hogg in epee 0 aN ae Fame ge Cag ew an, ts Sort arue wari waaven oF 1856 catioma! Some Turkish ofl were ngs for Earp closes sated to the enon tl of te aunty, andthe end of ‘ie Climen War adi ined, pomiang properie oie fs ds nd eto ele ye teptinn Ko aed lity Servi Atma tnd Rep Pan poied fence forte fond ingof Pols colony athe ft of unt Olympa in Theta tne fer th Cine Wy ut siemicnd enigain e- roel ch community ain tw Yu" A move weal Posh Sy had een evade 140 on he Aa de ofthe nore by Dre Adan Corry nin rd dare tov gat tn infec eed onthe Sromdingpopsliin™ “Te ols and Flags cops who cn inte fe Ottoman Enpein oder tuntrs aft the revolone 6 183100, tnd ey were undsbely more favors viewed by Tati on trl tas were ther weer Bue Of thr Beem st nay th Foland Fhunguras woe often mae Tot than he “Tats A umber of tor anspor plea eae, ‘Sipe Id ook Teh mane and id Toki wven. At I pcp thy ered ne gre powers hoping fr the reo Uno fect other ov cention Among tn wer muy Wah 4 poten etna no entered the cpoy f the Pre at {Lor engine ad nny oes They helped rod ‘Vu tema Pies Morin, Ati oh 8 Mls ripe tite dono ou Foevel sana ‘te eB Cas Tari tt ‘ac 1863), op. 436 ash See Soe cher incessant comm tah ba hee kB mt i it ig pi yg ee ay i sn Su tine Ska ate os EE ae muopteneg ee snipes yicer 2 tee eke ah eee STIRGN ffs tgs ha lb Rea es (aud Levopoon Usp, sgrorstos (Pacem, tys6), BP. 284-256) 273-905, On Keot Ppt icy Oe oti op ok Sons Ginneer 8) (am 93 6 rue Harri nOwavuw oF 1856 sara forts telegraph lines and to man the telegraph oe. ‘Elec in Turkey we enjoy the greet freedom that spoil emi gan can have” wrote one ofthe Poles “and at the snme time we fave ace to everything, We ae valued here as sel and superior Tanga?” One of the mest remarkable individual of this sort was tn Avsan Crcat, Michel Lats, who as Omer Ltt Page achieved i diinguisted career as army clicer and provincal governor and fectme commander in chef of the Turkish armies. Sometimes kaown ts Maa” or a “Preak” Omer Pag, hs foreign origin was wot for fpten, and yee the impresion he made on Turks ws generally of Ee bes" Ie wae character tha, a governor of Baghdad in 1957, (Omer had on his staf five Paes, one Hangin, and two Crom “Given ths background of contact with westerners the reuepion acco western iss and innttions was bound t be mixed. The ras of Turks had of cour, onsonal rather thin sustained con ‘act ith westerners eventhough the number who wsted the empire sve grey incened after 1856 through tours travel a well asin ‘ther maya To oriaary Turks soc tenvellers might be the objects ob cronty or sspicon—cvenzegucded a sorcerers” Some pests feared westerners a fotlernt and conqueror; some believed them tobe tolerant and ju" Tae western tachsology which eps 0 ap- nea, Em SCARE MEET Eom sony shy: Ware and) tn Ziiaereorraracg inet amns ‘arnt, Ge oP ible} snl Pgs wm Be Sores cee a a he Sree ep ert Tr mma pan ened sre aaa eae eee mentees meres en AEN rst cine Gigetohne Rte ne, ™ SSL Ey mem ne “ "Nite Manan, Phy Yea pp afyaty ”pie uarT-i HOMaveN oF 1856 pas, epesially through the telegraph and few small ried lines, [nthe pos 1856 peviod was grated wth as much supestious ert ‘lan a with favor, Mechanic el and invention sometimes aronted| fear and were pial ariuted tn Satan. Cyrus Haran who uy erstood tad propagated such things, was introduced by one Turk to anotbe a8 “the mon Seton man in the empire™” Even. bling sppeared to many Turks nt so much aweful exaomie vice a path for tax lester invading amis, foreign sis, 9 jus ‘tid to Christan merchants?” A emall group of elucted Turk, of ‘nue, understood the sfulnss if not the sdentifc bad of sk improvements but even in ths group knowledge of western ways Was [imited. To take «sna sample, wn in the 187 paren twas proposed that sans begin at 11 asm wasera time, ia order to {ved the vagaries of Turis ine, the Sea wis rejected onthe argu ‘ent that more of the depuis didnot understand western time and Cmned ao watches” It 3 also obvious that westers vice spread in ‘fun manure with nore acseptable western ways” "Though western technology might meet with fxr, sperstiion, or ignoranc, Langer acqsistence with i coald remove the Tusksh supidon. This was not to ey in the ve ofthe fundamental sta of the Tanzimat, which dealt with pot instititions and pablie philosophy. Changes in here ran into the imponderale uti ‘mene oppoiton to change, to hecry to abandoning the ways ofthe forefathers Hurry was a characterise ofthe devil. Digoty was the characteris of the Oxtoman Turks: their proverte commonly ac carded wealth to Indi, inellgence w the Wes, but dignity or Insjsty tthe faily of Oxo. Digaity and revulsion aguas hurry and change shade of ints pasivenes and ft. a aes ‘ir Oy ed sb ln seat eb cried (a ‘Ged fa Ra Devout ny of te Fre Otome Paiaens Sepa ale ie fs Meee ee rE ees a n run MATE-t wiwarew oF 1856 this ws the arent of the Main Tank gia him tence to {aire eon any tain, at sefrm vn Bed on it is ponders oom" The pychologial Ho to change nthe Tassnat Ferd ene not only fom theme sverion fo change, pls de ‘ral rducce to ie dfee ne Tush way of ie a {scopy tensors ofan allen weer nde ee abo fom theresa sta is mental coping the a of econ avvbjas of the emp te Cor sine who bene of {her relgow and comer! sain wih the Wet wee sane tine shen of Tek thir silat of weer ea ap tars of He eve lf uch of ths snnilaion wos spell. Telus bie the ipl pride in Tan reine ts rte talaga The popoed rls of the Tacit pg, rte, tepcnned trea to the alse ory othe Moin wa snd ihe a hire of Teh oy Te in Ser cpraly wong he dstie of quay or Omani ere She ore etn pel pla ie Een may ofthe ‘Ro asvecel Tks were oly fnlfcnvned of the deaty eng thy poked to spn, Ifthe nthe cate of opin teenie afer the Crimean War omplete scr forte esis oped nthe ats rayon cuddly expected emptor «lng pro of slow Chang. Inmedne se cond ok even be conte, Yt the ‘ain fhe nie demanded ime cin anand soe of the Exropan diplomas nho had Btheed the Hat #inayu, “haniting tat the le heme of reform exld not be acs dlsted is we” ed Setfor,uged the rapid movemec of Tran sect nthe presage the faving crams ofthe fines But Srfrd oat wging te mpi Pod Dak ‘ome years er put the iat cncely, even ough his mer ‘Sedum so friction undo pal “The ction of comple rogram enbrig she braces, of aiisirnton snd toting te lrg prbl he sl o der preted ean of rine nds of hich hemos sous layin te national prejudies and inthe enon of pac more THe remy a6 ee Ptr oh Bs a Ga ay te ti a ”‘THE Haver OMAYUN oF 1956 "Hach one ofthe reforms thus eequred a double efort commensurate with che double abit to be nsmounted™* Applaion of he Hats Himayun was made no eer by the general suaton of the empie after the Crimean War. There wt physial ar well ae mental onesies. Minor incidents of Muslin fanaticism ocurred in Azatolis andthe Arab provinas and ineances of Christian provocation inthe Balkans. Thre was ephemeral rng (or diorder in Kurdistan, Bosnia, Herzegovina, Albania, and Tripot in Afra, Borde dashes oxurred over tersitral disputes with Mon- tenegro. Six thousand Tat refoges ded Rusian dominion and required etlement is the empize. More serious were the deeds of violence and theft perpetrsted aot oly by the watern protected rabble ia the cay but by soldiers mused out of the Ostoman tim, epecllyiregalars who had been attached to English unis “These mea, whose pay was often grsly in areas, were given 4 few pnters and lef 0 bog or sob thelr way home, Deserters, of whom flere were many, dared not sete down for fear of detection, ad lived by plunder. The war had alo dslacted Ottoman economy, fields had remained tle, and i sme regions the price level wat by 1856 wile tat of to years before ‘Though the obstacles appeared formidable, changes were mma in the bal desde following the Ceimeaa War. Temas « period of ‘roping, But ou of it emerged a new poitialleadrship—the team ‘OFA Pag and Fosd Pas le snd gy‘ ey airy Rees Ne, Be Erfise tse Byars Eeiary 2ys type Joe sy, Onl ae en ure iaotns ond Mat, Satna GS cuarrer in 9A REFORM AND CONSPIRACY, 1856-1861: ALI, FUAD, AND KIBRISLI MEHMED eh poe tyme en re yn en a tare fe ne do of Se ora Sec fe age ote ro Sram pe nical ancy ope ma Sesh entio mates gosy toa Stan iehtte fie ves ingelty aka ee Se hee vy ue als edcretlaege My ms cola oat nee i. TELS Suerte og Goss taeies eect hah fees tee angen meneame depron Seat Ge Rte Posi a bd. to a ethan ate an bre SES por eee et ae Nl Bi atesae/ Urano me al ree Lisgimeue sean ge wares pene eae top Bl aye SECT we ee ya ue soe os Teche int St pet ee Tiong Loves cP We ap ig na fecdna Euan ee a Sot cn vue ature deepens tims ced Oncaea foot Ale pl ns oogt le ee ive Rape ge da aya a el ed TREUE ea ella ee uel soni hy ies ile ae ee eet Scouts Rete malate ecrteemer re "ave cw eae a nl seein teen ea hee Spm fy hb ge eiREPORM AND cowsmIRACY, 1856-1861 Danubian prinialies and highly annoyed at the cae relations of Aland Bad with the French atlaidor Thouveac, owght his infence to bear on Salen Abdilmesid I is more than ecient that Resid was appcited tothe grand vesiite onthe sume dy that Sentfordiavsied the sultan withthe Order of the Garte. Betsh ‘wthipe were atthe sme time conspicuous inthe harbor of loanbal? Fund fedgued, along with Al and neither would ake » miaiey under Reid, hough bok aepted nomination eo the Supreme Coun sil? Rei’ ministerial colleagues were a heterogeneous Lt, aad the appointment of his owa son Ali Gilib ae minster of foreign als inthe spring of 1857 made the combination even stranger Snes Ali ‘Gili was rset the sultans ode living daughter; Fatma and since anther of Ress sens, Mehmed Cas, was the Oitmaa am lessor in Paris, comment onthe fay rip on government wes owed. Fuad furnished a wal the moet bing: Iti ler tht ‘we are inthe proces of becoming Chrsians. We have the Father Resid the Son Ali Galo who proceds from the Faery and Land Seatlord who reveals tow the Holy Spirit though the medion of 1s fest dragoman, M. Revelai whois however, na dove, ‘Regi ell from ofce on July 51,1857, over che sane Rowman question which had brought him to power. Ths time i was Thou eels presi onthe stan thst cited the change Al now be. ‘ame forign minizer, dang the shore grand veztate of Mustafa Nall Pua, and when Rese apuin was rexpplnted to the highest offce on Ovtober 32, aparently onthe suas ewn native, Al com ee SB arty eh ert ee teh, zat, WE eas aa eee Us: fecha sSgr is ane sa/gy, We Oops A hin in, AS Pes Fie ain, yp. aga6T. W. Biber, The Dating fot Se ee eames eas ‘ann Sat Kee ito ase Ett ‘The quia ia be pancplion is ie wo Oe tonic 6 ada eae, 8 anton sno consrinscy, 1856-1864 send toa on eps! Dat Redwing bid. On Jane ee ne een ales ms alan bn the rit fhe Tans ssf ban mas red thle sa emp whose TERE Gree hago all major quainss Ye scent ws Moe Tange te coe He core ad etal te cl i er cy onde ale da wh stot? Fle fed made ome, wih wo ne oo to tee lor prom of the Gao c,bat to mse 8 dnl Rojee to have ha he gully fw ee Ml ug nen af ty, sad he tee! Sinulé See suki nod ple arent eb herd ay eet aianatbcenary cpt weld fave fen Be witout Te Nscg te prgs tence ier owed athe lr TEL tal oe lamed mens of te wows hind Codey and ‘na Tua Te war he inter to who infeed Red pla BENS iy th ine of hs det he pone ad on ele he ‘ise, Uitl i's deat 86a Als 17, ey were ‘Tin Lae strapon the poseniatin of Orta aes Te, One ns egunly goad vee le the se wat Fin sie or pres of tke Tinta Cea In the pons yeep fr frig rls ad for domes frm Tag ou nsw pron, ey noted well gtr: Fad cade be more lve nd to fr he ty Al as more three, more mtiloay and ow eve ogee hey see aed Regn heen poe Bem ove ach ptlente army td geal ere wer Rhotisroorme Beevat ci el at the asin at EP nts sen pm senate or a ae Ce teal ae aa, prensa ieee cee ELS abet Ry ig Genny ee BBL, DE Sl ok eh Fe Cr tegen pts we ied wR he oh CO eer SoM ae ws Gt, Pai we veh samy oral ins ey 83AEroRM AND cowspinacy, 1856-1861 ete the ys tee el Opponents de th gah spenay 2s Be page tte een ange Thc rata gna one fo ws ‘imal i Ai wey tine oil da Of hums en hid Cone © geet ae ee oe ae ee ot eee Tee uns eared ot aie aly ed Re ge Aenea Inbwoo andny seen in ena a ee Tein nega vaste ly ane aS Nidlomonnaoneasntpe ohare cee Tenuma Couel ng eC ea tee cee ae te tring nd Seo nga ce ae ‘oe gd vee Upee Rag deat pe Abe cen PS a lice ean This cre Geer aie Sa got cel of Eee, sateen i re ot Vaca ae a evel ety w 5: Pacey nd hl ee Sas Oo eee Roney of het ae ee ea ete Fre Bee ts femal nao a a A aot Eien ard wr so aol fue ae ee SETS Lg Race oe ee oe sce! tt bello aly bel ae as TEEcTi th Cont Fn nde ne apogee thing olin ats Fike Conga Taare seg Tenlaqeaioat'y ot Aru ar gemma ae tue dom egh my tho tac ie, Sie ak Tac cre mtorr poe pale eps edtorn ube, Head an epee een ee SEE we gunn weallngel cog Bee hee ee Fol ti eel sho wi Ss pally «lai es dae th of onli tee aie ie Core 4 REFORM awn coNsiRAcy, 1856-1861 sponge ling fom shelf would here hia." He spoke halingy ha vic that wav alist a whisper, hs sep mat heart, and oaly ses were lively. Bue Bis mind mae perpetually alert eng upon ted storing up infotmstion extracted from all wham be tet Fle could fe ebequtus and plat fo the ala, polite bat imomensly stcbora toll oers who crosed him. His elEontol was wemendowy his “Silty hear the grave neme without fiker in his epresion was rll Kao, a5 a Bs copay for knowing when to keep sen. Sine ofthe quale are refed in his admision for Lad Ches- terfel eter obi on and in hie apparent fordees for Machie- ells Prine All was frm belver in ofl formalities, which {rem to bave teen for him ot oly arefugebut screed. He demandes thedience fom sabordinatey,reqired thet all thr edminisrave Felton withthe Palace be channeled throug him, and Beare even more astcrtic in manner toward the ead of hs life, In pat this tre elated poly, for Alb rade a determined efor tone the ‘nitrate Hierarchy fee from iterfernce by che sultan end puliceeoteriy he wae defending the independence of the Solime ‘ort. In put this was Als jlo of fis postion: he cald boc to rae ane aed no micrewors, AbdGhan cafe under this cab inthe ltr 1860 but felt impotent o diss the atenman who had sade hitelf inlpersabl, "Whom ll Ting in instend” asked ‘Abdiann of alae oll who urged As dismisal™ “Alls ele with Bs patron Resi whieh developed only gradually snd invluctarily after Alfie became grand vers and 2s malicoss fengues tried ost the to men against each the, did et indice that he abandoned Reid reforming ideale, AB continued to be a tonueraive reformer, ora toderat liber], He di not believe in ‘add departures, While to seme of bis ce he appeared to be ‘omach of an insovator, oor of bis onterporais, bath Turks snd Europeans, he wemed ractonary becruse he made hate slowly. ‘Thi aguin was 2 eaeulstd pic. “Our spond is ited bythe fear of making the boilers bunt” he aid. “Oar metamorphosis must be ‘atau, gral, internal, and aot acomplished by fashes of light Ting. Te believed thatthe Ottoman Turks were be: ted to gow cen the beterogeneoss empire and thet the preige of Islam must a ei mea» 9 Darn & Fong Un our 3 Pambanade de Frac (Pai 1903) p45 8seronst AND CONSPIRACY, 1856-1861 sot undermined by allowing fretom ofp thraghout the dminions. The Ottomans and Isa were the fundnton of gover tuna Al was Spy concerned that he presse of oven tote dined y thoughts reform ofr terention "To ‘rita goad order in theory” he wry Mo ined the ‘enanty Sloss ant sie the popu the secs ce} above ll at the governess fat tee ne itis regatel and loved” Though the at sdf indore Thor ‘end and to ebke the Preah pes for rng up Gace song themiors fhe emp wince wr.” Chinn ice ‘ik AN ported ot eget mere nat he only. ones wh sled ‘adr mule, A ao had sme duis a tothe wisdom of oe tcextng an upper cls in the then coon ofthe empire "Wit fill eee of all hs people? Wil they wl become lamers and les asf Gree Somaines All apped tote 2 Moses ‘ing to al together the empire forthe hose of One Mate "i ed to prop yp hi wormeaten™ abbr hones To the er Of La TorpiAi remarks “All we cn dole fom dey ty, ‘he faa Goda Despite thee doves aud beitaons, Ali ms sil a reformer, ‘hoagh sometimes twa ard to athens rel opin on ay ge sj iby a dimolaton evidently ed him to yell grat fresure from Europe for rere whih be dane Je op Dortne, or wo prepare measur wich he relly approved act fo Pretend tht thee were imped on hin by Europe vd at he ‘ight fend off ata rom conservative opnon, tended als ie “Macersih to be overfnd of abey an Bigue—to pay of for eign eas aga he sla he era again Foren cba 2 ove offi guest ante Bathe rely teed in prada Adaptation of water ttny neal tp intend of ering tne 2 well as ine easton ffoone ak of poting the roma ous inorder. He was wlig to change eee ay insoch macs a searsng the Inde whch rere cab rn rat {er hsible purposes? rn king overt dees of mre westarn justice and ining mixed sonscaran cout ‘These reforms he Propred when gun predet of the Tancnat Coal i 1859 Ac Ths 5 Maven Ah In Then Fr nn 36 Serie Sry nie oof Ea Fal By ey vim ; i ARFORM AND consPiRAcy, 1856-1861 1860, In the year of Reis deh he aserted that Bis jet was to ince a ddtrine of equality and brotherhood of ll poples™ Tn the course of He AD views on the gradual of change us erent sang of 2 metamorphosis, What be beloved in he Ist yeas of bis fe is bes expressed in a remarlable memorandum wri: fen in 1867 in Crete, where he was engaged in paaton of a eel lion Aroused by the dangers which eternal intervention and domes tSrevalefered to the itegrity af the empire Ali delred that now twas Sine for ball measures, hat sms cargo mit be jtizoned 9 fave the sip. His major propo was that ll pubic offers be open {all Oreman subjects neling the Crstan sir, Tie wold ‘oust Musi eesentienty he conceded especially sae the Chr Hane were often bate educated and so beter fitted for ofce than ‘Muslin. Ali emphasiaed alo the need for improved schol to Belp ‘Tusk cach up with Christians a quietly as posible, and for mixed shal in whch both Muslim snd Chriatian wold sty together as (Otomaas. Tis ke fle should help to preveat the minaies from sending thir dren a shoosin Gree or Rusa, where ani Tuk Bb Feelings were inculcate, Finally x aew dil hw code onthe west fem mode}, sch ar Egypt we inaugurating sould be drawn op t- eter with plas for mare mixed tural fer mixed ese This id ‘i, would sot costeaveve the ire la of Ibe Tels obviows that All was puedo these cnclsons by the rsh of events and not by thinking in &vacaum about the virtues of equal- iy forall Ouoman abject: The Set bal of his memorandum de insted the intersonally lst and internally dangerous condi tion of she empire. Ali belved that Otorman integrty could be pre served only if Chisia- Masti equality were «fc thea the aia tes mould lose their enthuse fr eeparetin, They would no longer bed he sren eal of forign propaganin and instead, would regard ‘hemelves nota held in subjection bya Mosk state, bata jects ofrmonach who peteted ll equally. Clery, Al filed to under stand the irons and emotional chrscler of moder ztianali, ‘which inthe end woul be satisfied not with mere equally, hue with SRR et sdb pists, gv the te Mabel Coble, ac fe ia Se de ey NoeREFORM AND CONEFIRACY, 1856-1861 noting short of independence. But here canbe tle qusin of Ali's ‘Seca, eventhough his views on equality were diated by Ottoman selnteret, Ie wes. aa enlightened selateert, Al's conlasion wat this the only slvation ofthe empire was the fasion ofall it aub- jeu, exept in parely religious mates, Bus, je must be ated, he lopped shore of advising paramenary government, and to this view hevtdherd unt his deh, believing thatthe emp peoples ware innaciently educated fort, Ottoman equality and brotherhood, yes ‘Alls colleague, Keyezade Mehmed Fund Pas, was so ualik him shat one may well wonder how they got along together. Tet they om plemented eachother beautifully, and were reognied as «team by friend and foe ale Ali was small an fe, Pad ell and hand- some; Ali war selfcotained and silent, Fund expanve and logue ious Ali was meticulous, Fuad sometines sloppy intention to de- ‘aly All was creanspect and hesitant about new depctres. Pas smoreenterpriing and rather len catoury Ali was Sexile and tc ee fi yo ae pet soda re a cena oe Seip’ Meh atiagy Enlace Page STI ak as ance te toe fy a pemecsty lih Uae hea Ae ac ile Mame Yn ra a erie Sm ee en enn oe ae RD Sin og al By ene oes Un pe yi Ee thigh sae hy i nd ey ha Pre “Al i ati, Sex erent See Se eee oe eee Fie ee ie a a ar aE SIPS eos none gat oo ABFORM AND consPinAcy, 1855-1861 fal before the sles, Fuad somtimes Blut ia his advice oF Aly foppowd tothe imperial dares; Ak was autccatc aed jelous of hal Pad les given to holding personal gradge and excluding ther from power Some ofthe dieence between the two Ws Put Sreapale form in one of Fua’switicans, which forthe tenet of Sule Abdilicic compared AL, Fuad himalf,and MBterdn Mek ned Rie Pag, who was offen ttocated withthe other two. “When tre come tothe edge ofa river and want to cross” sid Fund, fT fave on abridge T throw myself an iat ence, Ali Page begins © investigate wheter oe not the bridge i sound an looks for 3 ford, [Rigi Puss wont et fot the bridge unt ars rginent of tops hus roned "Covet Pasa somewit more acimoniasy dese Tad as a ma who in ll matters kes vention snd innovation.” ‘Fund wat snore meer in bs personal habits than Ali and more given to wesernznton. The tendency showed up aot only in wfairs Fate, bat in small mater Fuad, fr lestace, outed Muslim Sst by ving statty in hs garde, Te war quite proper that be Should e led the glow pasa more commonly than was Al. "Mucho the diference between Aland Bund can be psd ely in the inponderable terms of personality. But there were other sg sine dferencesin thai backround. Ali wes he son of a unpres- eros tradenan and doorkesper in one of InanbuPs bazaars. Fund {ane from + wellenowm fay, was e son of the famous post ‘esiade Invet Moll, and was pviege to have more formal ed tton than Aly singe he did not have t tare work so young I is toteworthy to tat while All ad the advantage of leering Preah {nd western ideasin the trarlation butens and in Esropeandiplasc pts Fund had this and more, He was the product ofall three ofthe Important edvational processes of the time whch led to a knowiedge tf the Wee, He had studied athe medal ehool in Tan, where Instron wa in Preah and the sense slant wis now wester. Hr had then sifted from medicine to diplomacy, entered the tan Jaton burst in his ay eens and rove to be st deagoman of the Sublime Porte. And he alo served ia diplomatic missions to Ear pean powers: He wa for thee years a secretary in the Landen em Tay Read a special mision to Spin, negotiated succesfully in "Aluhann eal Tab malas Cont ld dhe dee 89REFORM AND cowspinacy, 1856-1961 &: Pace tin hy Hap egen e. oyu Sgn ite a at iene Bi eee ae Seyaroc ciety eee ta oan serge gas a rte ee eee A TORI al cre os See Thru hn foe eran 8 akin nga in omic aely nbn ae seeped dan ane te es sepals edge inte Heo Sac Sein ak eater vk ee manne Soin tg ft aera se Srehond Tnetor ti cer oleae om alder oped seed Soret altro ae pa ere pe Mise es wads Al ita wr we sonnel one rep foes St sil Fog niy ere ae ae etna Sly Siegel oe met eer Sr he esp ado il Baa Pa aor petitare siting mete ae Sn Aline Oem tremens whan al etn eens “Rein ee Pens Coe ta tii a cocoa does Te ed led ee compe thn paca deat Sar a Ue tfc tt ug Hope ta ees sl gs ad ld Bip ena Fe wee ep eel lec ee Se Spe spt Henn a ey Peet ti sb nah sete in enti et co ETN mitt oy ta te 90 aaron ato conincy, Hs6st6 sof atyen wn eq fr aj ie xpi Sue gansta, chia nr a re red Siemon mae onal Sofa tas ara Poaceae lin nant a wy ct Se targa othe ue SESwLU oeee eee os Sruanhgttn teton eaten se Hoopes eae are eae eee mies elle tebe eigen SOPRA EIS aie tece ee pad cult de page ppt tor ea amen eek SEE ye Me el le eors TC poe fia wey mettre son eealfonpstoaealee geben ane SETS Sate top ieee seach ad dene es Spiegel saci tae ete ee eer eater tier ei pete ered esc ote, boven WTauonr faa caer gra ee Soe ie a Fo vi on Oma ps al tenia pled mea pgedy ene Sihtiyeblia inieahdaicdatast ments efreeeghmes Br, Karn, aks forma di, o86rsty6 (Aahaer, 2956), 9m. v43e46h Shy Somme Al Eo ed limon pyogenes SEE Tt pr teat nom 9 SEP zc Mie oem ioe feck pat react tere ae ee Youd Pops Pail Tetum” Belin, tg 9 gin ae raheaeronn sn contmincy, 1856-1861 hte rig ll wh Pa eve he oe sl fall, Toon le Pah pent he sop fel naira pop pd ego ey pk Sgt We ad Rey od in eno ng al Tanti EET ait alge Ia ct ign py we ao ye ad tbo et et ny Sede i pe of Oto sera esd iy fl Te bed ee ‘oe Goce Spire nlp cs ll SEN Ecc tele aegis Sertoli ee an a ay cl ‘eatin nade Thelen a he ng a oa ‘Seta adie fe hc ‘Mt rt Pad sly ee pl eae” shed ohn, dealer Pe eee ‘St Alleged in meena of 0. at ‘tween alpen myo el ut ei tg pte Georg ely ed Soe Ene soc rns pe ‘pat pelle ge ee th a el ‘Ec cleaton 0 Aso Fann te gt fe tant pi of its mp al itl Tigh ewan ate weeded ara po ay aio aa of oot pre NESS tr eto gone asl oe Cr ilies he cna of op, ee ftp ‘Spal tn find age cpa Ca a ‘Crary ae ening meen 35 pe OC ee nly alin weed ema a sees epee cal a a al pd eM ay Oe Kip hot Seems og pe ee ee eal mae i ae ae Soa Se ot ceanin eee vee sec ty es Deira dat tote ad nae 2 Le ie % | | 7 aEFORN AND cowsetRAcy, 1856-1867 te the ist of the reforms to be comidered,cace the European pow. (ofa insted on Christian right and thie insitence had provided ‘Bem witha protne for interference in Ota afaiss, Further, if tgulinraa Ortomanism were to le aikeve, this was the necery point of departre. + ‘re mo see Hat Emap ws ri i cine lets spel Spee Coo SERPS Tle te en ten Stay Eek germ el ere Fe See Sell mtn sie, Wher mom Sealey sy wo say pcre oe Silty net motos ota nn mag ets Ty wo ne a cen cy preteen Sty Seer bo ‘Sonne af hn ae ed SINE Suman se, Te Gg hence mans esta ef iy wi ded csr pelle, One he fe roa ae ‘Soule hrm Clik nests Ran De were degen Th el ponte a ‘gee lye eps Vi ic By a OBchi erg oper ote can gremet ‘ifeGet ale idee Mas nr fhe adn Sterne yl mere al One ages we SIS SESS (Rs ae cana Mtn ope hr mh Fs Hoa Hope as nl gol sna le tata Ya e gney me al pee By {yen Na metic of ech ho core eat legs pret ee eo (LNs Se Se i rts ne in futon nek ope ol Ceres eet ‘et 2 Tose Tots Pain sttsita) 145) Themen, Tro Spm eg ri eee fences (Lea See a cut at vty cht iis one 93meron ano comtinacy, 1856-1861 sree! pce he orem a i ee ry as ie Siac mae SEN remit Spel aah Que iy sve a el ee pro set tn nl eyed pape sn se yetr. The question was stiffs towthy as ic had been after the Flatts Sob atclint's ae ur Gllan ‘was Share ean ecco piel see’ Nts ined SOC Store a reso en et cau sme wa ae Cas Bewley eng he tomes Ss Se tl ally ease ees rains ott fa loa EoAaa ae Eocene etc etch sed ie pretmet weal es SES rca ee icicle ey Sie ra asters gowene listo nme Stale Gnidia nome es itn ae Shon en ees Soe dtl dln aes eda nal SN tp ce eat a deny wide tact Gf pn ae au te DIShrSSuiie nays el SCSI: eh ode ees nop Baste Ia wr tay me eri SCS SPS Sle Si icon anes este Ta eg ‘Sonim ptt a needs Sapte foes ln Soe Nn Moyea pe ee eae een 1 eS RS Someta Sa ieia ueee aoe aera aoa (am, tse te terey fe lance of he ou fe yb ne ue Sy * siete castles — REvoRM AND CONSPIRACY, 1856-1861 ‘Eventually the whole mater of aon Muslin military service wat tari, to the general stsfaction of bath Christians and. Muslin, tyra spetal cmmiion appinted to stom the quaion. The non. ‘Masine cotinoed 10 pay the Bells are, collected at fst by overamett ofa, then by the millet hierarchies. Iti probable, ogg not ceraiy dat th theoreti equality and praca di (tmiation wae the bert solon ebialable at che time" But wth {Bis sort of temporation + chance to incre efttve Otomanism fre lst, Some nduding the commander in chief Omer Pap, be Tevet that equal servic in med athe thaa separate, unis Wat (qe pobles* Malis continued to eamplia that fora small py. {heat the non Maslin exaped caving i the blood tx that should fal equally on all Otoman sabjet” Akhough there some sup tdon that the Phansiote aoc of Istanbul ted to preserve it tn dvndling infucnce by discouraging ay enthusaom lor miliary ‘trv among the Greek Orthecos ofthe empire there ms no i temible dere among noo.Misine genely fo asume the burden Trsted, many of them prot bythe abrence oftheir Turkish com pros on mitary service to get contol of lads and trade" When fhe question again arone inthe pariments of 1877 and 1878, only 2 few Christan voices were used in favor of equal military service Most ofthe Christian depuis talked atthe prospect and Turkish putes honed more enthusaom for equality than they “ang ie na i SENET Epes ae Sse Gaal ed non NE mmogm nt omit Bim Oe rack od aa car an ea i ie, fer nin tt canto Yas fe Boo a sean ae Sin Tah Hl Ka lh 99s) Ee Reser a ae reer Yond Si A los uns Canin, GC nereriy enone PE ey ge, fan od Pr sect aes lh ays ttyorine at tt ct Wahl bet Sty eft Se oe paramo,” stpy-1898 (Grange Webington Unive, wapablaied M.A, Sct Gee ate sa Si Saat tac cd oper enn gt etch ese a a as Tae Paes St a, Mal Ra Gnbopeeae os 95Aeron Axo consrinacy, 1856-1862 In other ways the years after 185Gegave evidence of sow but ‘otieued ead tonard Ottoman equality, until the Muslin reaction ofthe 1870% ad of more efeve protection exteaded by govern ‘ment to Ouomans of all eed, The Pore continued co give as Anes and to sue order a equal reatment for all" More important Teal oficale tegen to echo thee principles and sometimes to act on them. The seretary of the governor of Ereuram in 1858 announced, in deling with a satis dite, thet the government “loks spon lhe onions of dhe Empie in the sun light™ A clas pronounce: ment was delivered by the governor of Ankar in 1865, who caused ‘herald to ery poli, “Ite commanded by the ring eutrtion that ll sbjets cee deride one anaher as Modems ad Raya, 1s Armenians and Protestants, sce alae equally the dependent sab- jc of the royal goverament and iis Farther commanded that mt tually sespecting and honoring one another, all etal dell together in brotherly Love. In its way this pithy preclamation was a maserly| summary ofthe ofl policy of equaty among adherent of al Tigions, of the concept of Otaman ctzensip and ofthe anidetams- tion cise of the Hatt: Hilmayun, reveling that the goverae understood peefetly what the Porte had annouaced. Tht the evil suthority shold command all men to live together in brotherly love Fata mt (pe arty Ke a fs dh, keer pms de Cat whe pee Gc Foe See ive an Se Cin ae Se ioe tite od ates ck he hee GRRL ptegpe ek Dea keane raat nk Sere ens Spe Si ieee ee ee et res Moe a a ee er ae Sar yaya enc at SS Seat ae Sea a a et me na 96 Tr , i 4 4 4 ; AEFORM AND consPinacy, 1856-1861 was undoubtedly s commendable sit was unenforceable, But inthis Jnstence the dispute was herween Gregorian and Protesant Armes sll oficial euely enforced equality with grater conviction and eight in ach cues tkan when Mims were involved. Bur even tere Malins were involved, thee was change in fia tudes. Tone ofthe rare instanos of spoaay of 2 Turks Muli fay to Chrtiity the Porte investigated, fund no eimpulsin, and gave tothe coaverty saying that the Masel snow as ree fotecome a Chistian a the Chisan i fre to become a Musselman. ‘The government will now no difereace inthe two cses™* But pub Sc opinion was azoused, 20 thatthe converted fry ed for safety dkspte the Portes protection In matters apart ffom the delicate ‘plestion of apetay here was uneven progress. Christan testimony ths acrepted in mined courts and ecsoally ia Min court!" ‘Mace aon Mims were given ofa pst of seme importance, tlk though it was appareny only in 1068 thatthe Sst now Musi, [rlloc Agston, achieved fall ministerial rank 28 miter of public snark’ In this sporadic progres toward = more geaine equality ‘here wat tpl dicotomy’ the Porte was ahead of Mastin opin ‘he capital was ahead of the provinas and while sme non Muslin ‘Otenans improved thr watus and adranced in ol poisons, many oftheir brethren went the cpposite way toward separatist ma ‘onalam ‘The Halts Homayun bad also promised that penal and com merdal lav, and procedural law fr mined tials wld be eod- fed as soon ax pone, This was actly done within = few years ‘The reform hee was tvofoldcaiason, waich wa badly needed, sed alos conierable borrowing from western secular Lan which five grater impetus tthe extsion of the praile of Ottoman Spal. Although various European eden were conaaled, it wat Sint Armen Minion #apy, 3 Sper #07. = Gel, # ny of Coe Cem ges “Bg i ee na ata 4) eee mga Gudea tac “ome mp smurf Fstied si ya tin soe he San on ema oe 97REPORM AND CONSPIRACY, 1856-1961 French law which povided the ase model, This was ra ofthe penal code which was promulgated ia 188; it represented, afr the om ‘mera code of 1850, the ncn cde that borrowed extensively fom the Wen” The chairman ofthe drafting commision ignite, sad the man principally responsible forthe cade, was Ahmed Cevdet Efendi. Cevdet was the member ofthe era fined bythe Joy ‘at when Resid Pasta sted for s man well vere in Maslin Jnw, but concious also ofthe exes of modern life. The eode hich he weed out supers the previo penal coe of 1840 nd its sucesor of 1851, which were nt western epioed. The peda of 1858 endured, wih some aeration, until che Kemalist fegine “Thoogh it was ere and somewhat neat i was “sed on pei Cjplesof common sense common morality, and common je” aad 1 uch repress "very ‘moa’ pice of leglton™ Te nat aly cared out the promis of 1856 by providing pals for gre feng ofl fr maleing the morhip of ay ead Ety irale reed the new age of weserninton in proron sot tampeing with telegraph Tins or seting wp an umauthorzed pres Altough ax eustanting member of the lea ad prepared he ode land altoogh it contied recognition ofthe sera andthe eligi Courts there was a rather vague oppostion tts spplistoa an op postion which seems, however, to have been born of ignorance and Fesentnen guint intoration ruber than offic religious Gefense of the holy lam. Fund Pag adie in 1867 tht epplation of the ‘ev code sire, oving tothe jgnorans and inespeiace of judges esned in an clr law" Yer by 1878 it was eximated that, a far in the interior at Kayan tenth ofthe cues were ted tudes the new nde” Codes of prasdure for mixed commercial nts a tet aon Ordre gab sy Gages ae ae Srey Ba ana ea ad, Dore oe ‘Peach vo. Zev (Bt vp), wih te 91 ane "oc, Pont Coun Wade ak Jo Cp oh nel “Gua wnt of 8 Cl rea Main, "Dinoprostone Bap i Rat Eps RE fen oom do Poin Cla? iebsety sso 8 REFORM AND conspreacy, 1856-1861 ant of ate cms flowed in 1954 a8 186 ene hc ech ew whe ee SS nov oe eof a lw, promulge a sah The nine connie urd ont cet ep {EES hres ut inte wer princes Tend he vee hain aad gustan fhe cory ee ae of nd (ppl send) wih nd own oo of Sh jst ofthe Otome sana cle me oll SES ort of avec om ad he beng ep Same of isa temimlogy tml sche eo he ffs fare sn wi erp ofS in the mes [EEedaeom ht nl no dy ps eernet cae" forbes ipl envein of Sato TF Gebi iw ecold proprty dl), ten Sno, Si So be eve by pepe pian Th lend ede ep. ‘Seclaan cart ninco te por ol he eninge {ydereing ted! le daa nthe panes —ose ane ers ie hn ad aed exer ropes Sf cmc loa pla end eon dint. at Spel prev toe indie ol old he undo ta fre wllage™ Bat a cal fc cd heat of pro ‘Strand he apc meted te pat, edt ave the dered et Te cdo i Ge eal et ofa Iw, ta leo te casa eg lav n se ers Ney Sard Weed sing Cnt nu ito 3 tng «greater epulty ong inal Oxonan nije The tide kava of he aleve omen nd sare eusry tems of und ene whch wee sion la any prt of he yt ideas ned a tae stn longed by “Een ale topo ll gto or pin of he ph Face, nen reghrtoa of es was red oat may 8 Penrod in th nae of wea ce, t+ al Tbe gender he eared tt the land en wat a hd lw fe ars eggnog, a de dei 45-3) bac, Lipa rape %°Aeron ano consrinacy, 1856-1861 only preliminary to the familar tate damand fr more ees and ‘lay res Ths he nan ith the legal ile-derd oned tap) ts olen somone qute other than te actual alvatr who fad faamary rg of tents wich the elitr mld not now de fend ac And the at although eublied tx roposy, fad to reduce the power of liege landholders many of whom now tad proper aga etre state (i) lan nling che former Bt Tend whch they were able to ten eflevly at ought fecold ope (mle) + ‘As the drive to pore Barope iets and to extend effective Otto- smin equality gathered omentum during Al Page's grand verte, which exendad from January 1858 t0 Ostaber 1859, an imporant although somewhat inoateoppostion began to develop. Based on a ‘athe wideepreaddisaisfiction wih che government, the oppostion nally took shape inthe conspiracy of 1869, knows to Turk ae the Kalelincideat” The conspiracy bas frequently been bled a the Sst hing in Ocoman bistry aimed at securing consttusonal govern: ‘ment Although some ofthe conspirators may have been infected by western Seat, the bulk of thm undeubedly were not" In Set, att eu Poe rhe Me Eu (Loony si), pigs Hal oe, Sin Pec th te rot sgh a re ee eerie eet SEES E pcmcia ann a CEES beeit sae are ty Site ee a ees ea ae or coon ee a ee ee pp 7 ad nau Wan Se scar Fr Cs, or Hagen cage,‘ Uy arb Goel eg oe eee re elects Meese Wie leat Tey mime deter nEFORM AND conspinacy, 1856-1861 ei me of pn pt w eer Eee ry sare the exes spenting of Salm ADDL ‘eed, om he fc hae uny pay ns rear fom 8 generally ‘Eaeak enon and ancl sundootu fe ealied wo = de fee of he gaya renin psn the goverment eis a. Cordg eqnty nod vain peste preg to a Ming and ‘Sere the Europea promi bb thee fice, Overzeaoe fo- ot mur fe pied aed cra opie of the Hla Homayan letiog the tae Css to expect more dan tes ely poutle= The moving spit in te conprasy wo one $rb Abnelyateachrin the mee tached to the Sala Beard ‘Shu, who had bere visng sah eatinets He inode be ‘gee the grea rfl des of 1859 183635 contravention Phin law hose hey seorded Cities equal she ith Mule A god many wens icing these ste wee Invled inthe conpsy, a wel aay fers ad other Tose the oak ta a ossport Sey Abad sod ome senses eon ts genannten te of knowl Inyorle to fe more prec on the ely ofthe spiny, and the fare of une ol the compa’ antl leds 0 the map ‘South hre ny bv been no presi omalaon, Theme bjt west get of Abed and, pena is cret mine Stay nd to rate Able fo the hr, The ater, owen ms teu py te ple “The cine) ws Bete the goverment by an ay oat sho ad era shed jy tnd in mid Speer of 185) soe for. "Eisner wee ete In abl he om he ress po dh wal en fC myo ey In propecy ta fom Sve tionaad t fourteen ounad solders ter anv atthe cnspntrs wasted, or ed nt wat Send vernon the copie ea ein hat many mre eros than thw eed war prepared fo uportal tat aly oourey enone os promise he al of ever howand ‘Eels und pretamby ele ave een led tom A pond teal of opeon nthe nal set hve supported the copie tos Ares were nd ard thease who ad not been Sin Ptr i fy An Pt sett Bact a fysreet pao gue sing Mai ae toe he hen Ry en con sd tn, AF sensation el python a we aa ad penal tc acon of bd Ga ary rst aemre ite amit of pl su th onl pings gt my of he roars rnp orcas Sm indo ite onthe Shennan gh The ese th posse of tig he guen opat aoe el pe a ny lle Tenet pr Se oe ge Leer Sah a pe he Foy hens ory of A Spree ra a pn ‘te ee ptr rung a, tly ingtonnn oo pc ue ew a ‘Sto eons eve npn hand's Spend dunce re ope Hedrons tl goes a Shceanple ols ao cers te gv ol ek Cl nt te ope leah ed ‘pret rt Ne Ora aso Sahl of tye Thc © dey tule ec (center ftipnd ate a $e gad soce snven ag'me bo Seems ne basco te a at a Eh eeea sea eehtiaaana da een o SLURS nee ran ied ace Epi Race cts nnn ose ee Pawo ‘i aa and yom Nira Sr, Tae mn pty Sad Mite dni ms denne Coy 98 sebsaps Hale Hee ae tiata ny rt tat Epc ie mon cect a ‘gpa ptt Thomo, fark ora se opt Sea} guys Migs Rouge Phan dy Ea i ae anvonst asp consrrnacy, 1855-1861 ‘Although the conspirators had been urabe wo depoe Abita a put of their objective was asia a month afer the Kull fir fsbke, when Ali Pug wae teplaced ar grand vezi bythe more co- ovate Kish Mehmed Emin Pas. Mabined, a mative of Cypeas {rhs krame indicated, was actually «product of the old eduation hd the new: He ad been ne of the lat stedems of the old palace ‘Shoah in the tne of Mahrnd 11. Thereafer he had entered the new roy which Mahmud created afer the destruction ofthe Jassie, Ero tothe rank of general His acy military training sae com plstd by several year? study in Pari and in Met, and service with the French dragoons Since he knew French, as well a Greek and ‘Twoksh, Kibraly Mehmed aot nly fled « balf dozen provadal pverorsips before the Crimean Wa, but was alo fora bi pe od ambuwadr to che Coare of St. James and weet on missin to Se Petersburg at the tine of Alexander Is aceon, On hi end tour of diy in Pass Kiteale Mehmed had met and marted the widow of Dr. Milingen, Byron's physica Melek Ham was half French, ate quarter Gest nd one quer Armeaian, and «curious pron by her own aun, aot above ung Ber postion for shady Enuncal gin, Kirsh: Mehaed managed to srvve the wave of sexnde sed by his dette, his vores from Mele, ber rever ‘onto Cathode, apd the conversion of his daughter f0 the same bth, He Sse beave grand vei for six month in 854, and atthe ted ofthe Crimean War war ating grand vei we AE was at che ss pace congress; thus he had presided atthe ceremony of proc ratio ofthe Hates HItmayoa ia 1856 ‘Despite his considerable knowledge of Europe hi early asnciaion with Resid, and his Inter cooperation with AI and Pond, Kiknsl Mebmed never developed lato convinesd westernzer. Inde, it ‘waverly Seti he wie not kaown aya weternzer at hey instead SF Puad, was owen eating grand vei when the Hates Himajan swe prechimed, 9 that he might ac asa shield aginst Mim Garew™ He became, along with All and Fuad, 2 potial rival of ‘Roba then broke withthe other two a well. His eaaged wile later rite tht hr weer eloation was a thin surfer of knowledge vercerod overa thick mas of nora” and that he ad preserved GPa a geen, Mie Bn, Nie ro a Fad (a Ted aes 103ARFORM AND CONSPIRACY, 1856-1861 below che varssh of dvileton te samp of the old Turk?” Her jiegment wes harsh and tssd, bu we ru that Kiri Mehred aned more tothe old than did AU or Fuad. He was, however, an honest and energetic public servant, dedisted fo improvement and the rooting out oF absxes, Pad in spore to heve remarked that, hile A as all bead, Kab Mehmed was allege. Crsnly Mek. tied nas lw houghtol and les Besta than Aly more ersightfor ‘ward and more inlined to at “An imptient may” Covet alld Fin, aot gion to long thisking™™ His most slgnifane action 3¢ rand wear came inthe fold of provincial administration, which was now eying for atetion. “Ahough the Hatts Haye had prombed s reform of the pro vinsal coun as well as mesures t improve communications ag ctu and the system of tax ellen, athing long these nes ad teen effected by 1859, Instead i became obvious that diconest and eat only when the character of Abdolnzx should become known. ‘Ae the time of is aces, after an abortive move to bypass him lo hin nephew Murad, Abdolis was ute ar ualnowa quantity. ‘Bosh conservatives and teforners counted on Bim to srengthen thet nd; if anything, the comervatves hope for more from him, a2 i war generally rumored that he was 20 “Old Ture” Abalasis dad pased his thirty-one years apart from the public gaze, although ke hid enjoyed more freedom in his confinement than any prince in to and a Half centuries ving been allowed to mary and have = son even before hs aczesion. His brother Abdlmesd ad, however, ‘een eopicou of him inthe Jet fe year, thovght once of sending tim away to Tripalt in Afric, end required him to lve with hs mother Pertenifal. As sultaamother, Perevijal way to bave @ strong invnce oa Abelazizs what he might portend was unaow Je was known ely that Abdlazic had hed x simple Maslin educe tia, wes trong, handsome, and healthy in contro his brother, tnd loved wring and the case” i er il any, Bc ‘Wale Tanger santa y6s Ac DeSlsan, The yc of He Oxon Bymay (Ord gt, poy uy AM Onan "As ro nh eerste a tnwainer see oa eva 18 (ey ts Beer, Gr st, etn Ph ‘he "Pag ses eau do Know what nce he veparedBkat SSRIS Aichi Lerkl page tela les non ttecen sani 109REFORM Axo CONSPIRACY, 1856-1861 Abii acai Aa shed no patislar lighten hs ftw «cure, It confirmed the reform dete of 1839 and 1856, and dresed the ejay ofall Otoman subjects but seemed also to ly unto emphasis on cnformity wth he oly hw of lar At ture oat, ‘he new salts was unable to make Mel infos fel in he ae of goverment for tn years afer hs aeson, tad his personal pro Clits bee desively important aly 18) Tis vaso beae 4 the very beginning of his rg Alt and Pad eecued thc Com ‘an portion and mutated i for = decade. Although the conserva fie Kilt Mehmed bud been conten ec a grad wont by Ali nhs ein se wont lite Alt Pgs had the jb: Prove ‘August 6, 1861, unsl Ali ied om September 6 187 eter he or Fuad ws grand vex with only two bef interludes which tld ‘hreen months: Dring the ne He gan one er the eter forign minister, wth ao ntersptone tal. Though the Gaui cowed biter opposition among ral sateen stn some sagen Of plc opine it ruled. Abia ruled aly When bok wore ex ‘Adal bad soeeded to the throne a ste when eno eres threatened the empire. One waa sing of Catan Pest othe Heruegoving which atraced the armed soport of Montenegro i 1862, A sucestalmiltry cmgign under Omer Pate put Sto poray end tothe outhrea,ehtgh it brought no solute fo the fant problems involved. Even mor sets than the Chrisia kings was the fnancial esi ofthe Porte, which in 186 became soe, ‘The Ottoman ministers were grated that Ablaze at once pledged ceonomy inthe pal, broke up Abctlmei's lage and expense Harem, and decired tha he wold be sad with one ie ely. Yer thse measures were isuicent, On December 11 there scone rae Sa 88) rs demi) ot i pet A'S uss eer iy Bad a Nori ee yt Yt RS fs ANS TOIL see tpn tts ang elo ae fae A i sar fiery aay fl el etn eran 1034 pr ea) ae (pete a ped pond web yf con a es ‘et ar ay eo eS Cee a Sod ols tr on eee ' ; i | 56-1861 cobe danger of revlon nthe ait On thay the oly ca {iy em tzu, pope ney rows othe ain, wich srearey erly scat intern of gold ek oe handed pt tin value on he Gusts exdange Metcas eiued tap ‘nee tor il mobs formed, hers were ached, Que son by Find government to suport the fie cgi temporey TEE, Revele might otherwise ave spread tthe proves wre he {olde pay war in are ju i ad hone tne of the 159 The tama origi ofthe sweden it emma fom the vabulioed codon of the weary, want of conden i the (giveoments aly to repay hey tortie aden by lel Ss thers, aed x ample dar of te paper many. Ths ‘oon, intr, wo the pout of the ples mule of ete fens coped with geal encrieundrdeveopent al a efavorbe baler of ae. The Crimean Wat had ponds hen tarde onthe treasy, wich wa need three the expense of other mailtary expedition Yo rtelious proves Abies teary senting a el tothe dec. Temry rei on the ether hand, wor dinate by the graf fala tafe “Tat there war no more eatble dso predace mas Ge i prt tothe eserly taco cndon of sgrauie fifesey,and at mean of comin and tramp: T mat doen ptt to {he fact that pap ce fourth ofthe ale land of te eine Ides afer legally olay, ito ste propery, wih ‘spurl txcaenpe and wich fen snc keop or cured ‘dounelysitebould ave bea. The sat ref misty, ete iy Makmad II to spree and adie the Propet of the lane eadowrety wes «Gn on te eamicy Eee the et pee of adnan and Upkeep ws can thud of repo atoms revences were low lagly aoe sade exis che “urpetn nase ips alfa vale ingore uty ef Ee percent wiz he Harte cul ot nelly si To pt Ferenc, thea, imped on drei prod an expert diy of tele pet ‘ent There was aoa trl asf co the eaasporan of gens Se ee a eine a tates ‘toon and deprciae fe propertar "Uinnation tu Valeo” Palifar drge, Pegs62 roan place to place within the empire, Native indstry was naturally

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