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ME 201 Processes II

The document discusses reversible adiabatic flow of steam through a nozzle and provides an example calculation to determine the exit velocity. It also contains information about isentropic nozzle efficiency, isentropic turbine efficiency, isentropic compressor and pump efficiencies, and reversible polytropic processes of ideal gases.

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Bisonno Rudro
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57 views

ME 201 Processes II

The document discusses reversible adiabatic flow of steam through a nozzle and provides an example calculation to determine the exit velocity. It also contains information about isentropic nozzle efficiency, isentropic turbine efficiency, isentropic compressor and pump efficiencies, and reversible polytropic processes of ideal gases.

Uploaded by

Bisonno Rudro
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 4

[Borgnakke Ex. 7.

2]: Reversible adiabatic flow of steam through nozzle,


Ve = ?

Steady-State, Steady Flow (SSSF) Processes - II


Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq
T185

Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Bangladesh University of Engineering & Technology (BUET)
Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh

Continuity equation: mi = me = m
First law: 0 = 0 0 + (hi he ) +

Vi2 Ve2
2

+0

Second law: si = se .
[email protected]
http://teacher.buet.ac.bd/zahurul/

hi = h (steam, Pi = 1 MPa, Ti = 300o C ) = X


si = s(steam, Pi = 1 MPa, Ti = 300o C ) = X

ME 201: Basic Thermodynamics

c Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq

se = si & Pe = 0.3 MPa: state e defined.


he = h (Pe = 0.3 MPa, se = X) = X

(BUET)

SSSF Processes - II

ME 201 (2015)

1 / 15

Ve2
2

= (hi he ) +

c Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq

Vi2
2

= Ve = 736.7 m/s

(BUET)

SSSF Processes - II

ME 201 (2015)

2 / 15

ME 201 (2015)

4 / 15

[Moran Ex. 6.6]: Entropy production in a steam turbine

Isentropic Nozzle Efficiency

T178

Continuity equation: mi = me = m
First law: 0 = q w + (hi he ) +
Second law: (se si ) =

T181

For nozzle: w = 0, (PE ) = 0, V1 0 h1 = h2 +

c Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq

N =

Actual KE at nozzle exit


Isentropic KE at nozzle exit

(BUET)

SSSF Processes - II

V22
2
V2s

_ cv
m
_

+0

P1 = 30 bar, T1 = 400o C := h1 = X, s1 = X

V22
2

T2 = 100o C , x2 = 1.0 := h2 = X, s2 = X

h1 h2
h1 h2s
ME 201 (2015)

q_
Tb

Vi2 Ve2
2

= q = 23.92 kJ/kg =
3 / 15

c Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq

(BUET)

_ cv
m
_

= 0.499 kJ/kg.K .
SSSF Processes - II

[Cengel Ex.7.14]: Isentropic Efficiency of a Steam Turbine

Isentropic Turbine Efficiency

T179
T176

(P1 = 3 MPa, T1 = 400o C ) : h1 = X, s1 = X

w_ t = h1 h2 : for steady-state, adiabatic expansion.


_ cv
= s2 s1 0: states with s2 < s1 is not attainable with
m
_
adiabatic expansion.
w_ t |s = h1 h2s : state 2s is for internally reversible expansion.
Isentropic turbine efficiency, t =

c Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq

(BUET)

w_ t
w_ t |s

(P2 = 50 kPa, T2 = 100o C ) : h2 = X


(P2s = 50 kPa, s2s = s1 ) : h2s = X

SSSF Processes - II

ME 201 (2015)

h1 h2
h1 h2s

= 66.7

= m =

Power
h1 h2s

= 3.64 kg/s

h1 h2
h1 h2s
5 / 15

= t =

c Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq

(BUET)

SSSF Processes - II

ME 201 (2015)

[Cengel Ex. 7.15]: Effect of efficiency on compressor power, if c = 80

Isentropic Compressor and Pump Efficiencies

6 / 15

T177
T180

w_ c = h1 h2 = (h2 h1 ): for steady-state, adiabatic compression.


_ cv
= s2 s1 0: states with s2 < s1 is not attainable with
m
_
adiabatic compression.
w_ c |s = h1 h2s = (h2s h1 )
Isentropic compressor/pump efficiency, c =

c Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq

(BUET)

SSSF Processes - II

w_ c |s
w_ c

h2s h1
h2 h1

ME 201 (2015)

7 / 15

T2s = T1 (P2 /P1 )(k 1)/k = 516.5 K


c =

h2s h1
h2 h1

cP (T2s T1 )
cP (T2 T1 )

T2 = 574.8 K

_
Wc = m(h
_ 2 h1) = mc
_ P (T2 T1) = 58.1 kW

Wc |s = m(h2s h1 ) = m cP (T2s T1 ) = 46.5 kW

c Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq

(BUET)

SSSF Processes - II

ME 201 (2015)

8 / 15

Reversible Polytropic Process of an Ideal Gas

Steady-state Flow Process

Pv n = constant

First Law: CM system & reversible process:


q = du + w = d(h Pv ) + Pdv = dh vdP
Second Law: q = Tds Tds = dh vdP
R2
R2
R2
1 Tds = 1 (dh vdP ) = (h2 h1 ) 1 vdP
First Law: CV system & reversible process:
0 = q12 w12 + (h1 h2 ) + (ke) + (pe)
R2
R2
= w12 = q12 + (h1 h2 ) + 0 + 0 = 1 Tds + (h1 h2 ) = 1 vdP
R2
wsf = w12 = 1 vdP

T040

Isobaric process:
Isothermal process:
Isentropic process:
Isochoric process:

c Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq

n
n
n
n

= 0,
= 1,
= k,
= ,

P = constant
T = constant
s = constant
v = constant

c Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq


T182

(BUET)

SSSF Processes - II

ME 201 (2015)

9 / 15

T183
SSSF Processes - II

(BUET)

wsf = w12 =

w12 :

=
=

1n (P2
v2 
v2
RT ln v1

R2
1

vdP

wb = w12 =

nR(T2 T1 )
1n 

6 1
 :n =
P2
= RT ln P1
:n =1

P1 v1 ) =

q12 = h2 h1 + w12

T182

(n1)/n

T2 /T1 = (P2 /P1 )


w12 =

nR(T2 T1 )
1n

cP = 1.0 kJ/kg.K

c Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq

SSSF Processes - II

=
=

P2 v2 P1 v1
1n  
RT ln vv12

R2
1

Pdv

R(T2 T1 )
1n 

= RT ln

P2
P1

6 1
 :n =
:n =1

q12 = u2 u1 + w12

Example: In a reversible process, nitrogen is compressed in a cylinder from


100 kPa and 20o C to 500 kPa. During this compression process, the relation
between pressure and volume is Pv 1.3 =constant.
cv = R/(1.4 1) = 0.742 kJ/kg.K

T2 /T1 = (P2 /P1 )(n1)/n = T2 = 425 K.

= 169.5 kJ/kg

(BUET)

R = (8.314/28) = 0.2969 kJ/kg.K,

= T2 = 425 K.

q12 = cP (T2 T1 ) + w12 = 37.5 kJ/kg

w12 :
T192

Example: A compressor operates at steady state with nitrogen entering at


100 kPa and 20o C and leaving at 500 kPa. During this compression process,
the relation between pressure and volume is Pv 1.3 =constant.
R = (8.314/28) = 0.2969 kJ/kg.K,

10 / 15

Pv n = constant

Pv n = constant

ME 201 (2015)

w12 =

ME 201 (2015)

11 / 15

R(T2 T1 )
1n

= 130.4 kJ/kg

q12 = cV (T2 T1 ) + w12 = 32.2 kJ/kg

c Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq

(BUET)

SSSF Processes - II

ME 201 (2015)

12 / 15

Minimising SSSF Compressor Work for n 6= 1

[Cengel Ex.7.12]: Compression & Pumping Works

T310

T311

1 stage: w =

T191

wP =

R2
1

2 stage:

vdP vf (P2 P1 ) = 0.939 kJ/kg

w = wI + wII =

wC = h1 h2 = 518.6 kJ/kg

= wc >> wp

c Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq

(BUET)

SSSF Processes - II

ME 201 (2015)

13 / 15

[Cengel Ex. 7.13]: Single stage and 2 stage compression with intercooling

T312

Single stage compression:

= 189.2 kJ/kg
w:
= 246.4 kJ/kg

= 263.2 kJ/kg

n = 1.0 : Isothermal process


n = 1.3 : Polytropic process
n = 1.4 : Isotropic process

Two stage compression with intercooling and n = 1.3:


p
Px = P1 P2 = 300 kPa : w = 215.3 kJ/kg

c Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq

(BUET)

nR
1n (T2

SSSF Processes - II

ME 201 (2015)

15 / 15

nRT1
1n

T1 ) =


Px
P1

nRT1
1n

(n1)/n

P2
P1

(n1)/n

1+

P2
Px

(n1)/n

For minimum work (2 stage with intercooling):

P2
w
x
P1 P2 P
Px = 0 Px =
P1 = Px wI = wII

c Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq

(BUET)

SSSF Processes - II

ME 201 (2015)

14 / 15

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