BA MALAYALAM

2014 Admission onwards

III Semester

CORE COURSE
(CU CBCSS)

UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT
SCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATION

CALICUT UNIVERSITY P. O., MALAPPURAM DIST., KERALA,

INDIA PIN: 673 635

544

School of Distance Education

UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT
SCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATION
STUDY MATERIAL

BA MALAYALAM
III SEMESTER

CORE COURSE

Xm-dm-n-bXv
tUm. Pao AlvaZv
(Akn. s{]m^k,
Kh. tImtfPv ae-pdw)
Lay out : Computer Section, SDE

\mSIw/ Xnc-Y

Reserved

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School of Distance Education

samUyq 1
samUyq 2

temI-\m-S-I-th-Zn-bpsS B[p-\nI Lw

20

samUyq 3

tIc-f-ns {]mtZ-inI \mS-I-]m-c-cyw

36

samUyq 4

\mSIhpw kn\nabpw

49

\mSIw/ Xnc-Y

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School of Distance Education

\mSIw/ Xnc-Y

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School of Distance Education

samUyq 1

o
D

s]mXpsh kmln-Xy-n\v Zriy-sapw {ihy-sapw cp hn`m-K--fp-v. AXn

\mSIw, kn\na XpS-n-bh Zriy-hn-`m-K-n-emWv Ds-Sp-I. A`n\bw, kw`mjWw
FnhbneqsS a\pjyhym]mcs t{]Icntev ]Icp Zriy--{imhy IebmWv
\mSIw. "Hcp ]qW{InbbpsS A\pIcWw' FmWv \mSIs Acnkvtmn
\nhNnnpXv. kmlnXyw, kwKoXw, \rw, Nn{XIe Fns\ hn`n IeIfpsS
Iqm-bva-bm-b-Xn-\m \mS-Is k-c-I-e-sbtm kqW Ie-sbtm hnfnmw.
\mSImhXcWns kmlnXycq]amWv s]mXpth \mSIw ({Uma) FdnbsSpsXnepw
Up ( ) F ]Zn\nmcw`n "{Uma' \mSInse {InbmwintemWv
hncNqpXv. \mSIs kqWambn Dsmp BwKteb]Zw Xnsb
FXmWv. aebmfn \mSIthZnsbpw \mSIIesbpw {]tbmKnmdpv.
\mSIIe, \mSIkmlnXyw Fnhbn GXmWp {][m\w FXns\pdnv
hyXykvX A`n{]mb \nehnepv. kmlnXyn\p {]m[m\yw Iev]nph
\mSIkmlnXyn\mWv {]m[m\ysapw asmcp Iq \mSIIebvSnm\ambn Hcp
kmlnXyIrXn AXymt]nXaspw Hcp kmlnXyIrXnsbbpw Ahew_nmsX
\mSIn\v cq]w\evIm\pw Acv BhnjvIcnm\pw km[npsapw IcpXpp.
\mSIkmlnXysbpw
\mSIIesbbpw
Hcpt]mse
a\nemnbnphcpw
IemXzhmZnIfpamWv cmas hoWKXn hp]pepXv. Fmbmepw
P\tfmSv t\cnv kwhZnp Hcp Iesb\nebn \mSIns in hfsc
hepXmWv. AXpsImmWv atsXmcpIesbmfpw \mSIw P\IobIebmbn hfXv;
]etmgpw Hcp kacmbp[w Xsbmbncpp AXv.

temI \mSI Ncn{Xw

temIkmlnXynse Ghpw ]gap IeIfnsemv \mSIamWv. {]mNo\

Imev AXv HcpXcw A\pjvTm\ambncpp. a\pjyPohnXsbpw {]]sbpw
\nb{np
AZriyinI
Xn
\SpsImncnp
kwL\w
BwKyneqsSbpw
\rNe\fneqsSbpw
Km\neqsSbpw
{]mNo\a\pjy
BhnjvIcnhbmWv B A\pjvTm\. Acw aX-N-S-p-I ]e ]cnWmafneqsS
hnIknv \mSIcq]w {]m]nXn\ptijamWv BZyIme \mSIIrXnI DmbXv.
A\pIcWhmk\bn \nmWv \mSIns Bcw`sav IcpXsSpXpt]mse
kwL\amWv
\mSIIebpsS
ASnm\LSIsapw
IcpXsSpp.
Cu
kwL\knmw ]mmXy \mSINnbnse \nWmbILSIamWv. a\pjycpsS hn`n
{]IrX Xntem \bpw Xnbpw Xntem hynI Xntem kaqlns hn`n
LSI Xntem \Sp kwL\fpsS Iem]camb BhnjvImcamWv \mSIw
FXmWv kwL--\-sa--Xn-\Yw.
hnIknXamb \mSIIe BZyambn \nehn h cmPyw {]mNo\ {Kokv Bbncpp.
AXns\pSv A[nIImew IgnbpXn\p appXs Cybnepw \mSIIe
cq]wsImp. {]mNo\{Koknse P\ tZhXIv _en Anm tZhXm
{]XnjvTIp Nppw AWn\ncv Bcm[\m]camb ]mpI ]mSpIbpw XmfmIambn
NphSphv \rw sNbvXpsImv {]XnjvTsb hewhbvpIbpw sNbvXphp. B NSv
Iem]cambn hnIkntm Bcm[I ]mSnbncp KoXfn Hmtcm `mKhpw
Hmtcmcp amdnamdn ]mSp k{Zmbambn. {Ita-W, KoXns GsXnepw Hcp `mKw
]mSpbm {]tXyI IYm]m{Xns `mhcq] ssIsmm XpSn. Cs\
\rw sNphscmw hyXykvX IYm]m{XfmbnocpIbpw HmtcmcpcpsSbpw
\rcwK Ahch ]mSp KoX`mKns A`n\bambn cq]mcsSpIbpw
FmhcpsSbpw
A`n\bw
IqSntv
\nbXamb
Hcp
CXnhrns
BhnjvIcWambnocpIbpw sNbvXp. AtXmSpIqSn A\pjvTm\w \mSIambnop.
Imemcn C{]Imcw Hcp kwLw IemImcm IqSntv ]mnepw kw`mjWnepw
cwKNe\fnepw IqSn CXnhrw AhXcnnp \mSIIe cq]w{]m]np. Cy-bnepw
ssN\bnepw Pm\nepw CXpt]mse {]IrXninIsf {]oXnsSpm \Snbncp
\rmIamb NSpIfn \npXs-bmWv \mSIapmbXmbsXpw Icp-X-s-Sp-p.
As\ Dmb Pm\okv \mSIfpsS ]cnWnXcq]fmWv Pm\n \ne\np
't\m', 'I_qn' Fo ]ccmKX \mSI.
\mSIw/ Xnc-Y

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School of Distance Education

_n.kn. \mepw Apw iXIfn {Koknse \mSIw ]qW hf {]m]nncpp.

\mSIcN\bpw
\mSImhXcWhpw
\mSIachpw
hn]peamb
{]Nmcw
t\Snb
ImeLambncpp AXv. kvtUnbn\p kZrihpw hrmImchpamb Bw^n Xntb-
F-dn-b-s-Sp emWv AhXcWw \SncpXv. AXns aqphipw kZkyv
\mSIw CcppImWm\mbn ]ShpI t]mep CcnnS \nanp. CXn\v taqctbm
ASpsItm Dmbncpn. ImWnIfpsS FXnhiv s]mtadnb cwKthZn
\nansncpp. B thZnbn \nmWv \Sm A`n\bw \SnhXv. cwKthZnbpsS
aphiv Xmsg KmbIkwLw \mSImhXcWthfbn \np. \mSInse Hmtcm cwKhpw
Ahkm\nptm AXnse kw`htfmSv {]XnIcnpsImv KmbIkwLw Km\
Be]nmdpmbncpp. Cu kwLs tImdkv FmWv Cu Kmb-I-kw-L-v
]dncpXv. \mSIacfn hnPbnphv km\ \IpI ]Xnhmbncpp.
\mS-I-n\v Htsd cq]-t`-Z--fp-v. `mc-Xob kmlnXy BNm-cy-m Ahsb Zi-cq-]-I-
Fp hnfn-p-p. \mS-Iw, {]I-c-Ww, `mWw, {]l-k-\w, Unaw, hymtbm-Kw, ka-h-Im-cw,
hoYn, Aw, Culm-arKw Fn--s\-bm-W-h. \mS-I-s-p-dnpw AXns hnhn[ LS-I-sf-p-dnpw hni-Z-ambn {]Xn-]m-Zn-p {K- {]mNo-\-Im-ew-sXmt Fgp-X-s--p-v.
Ah-bn Ghpw ]g-b-XmWv `c-Xs \mSy-im-kv{Xw.

ae-bm-f-nse BZy-Ime \mS-I-

tIc-f-n {]mNo\ kwk-vIrX \mS-I-]m-c--cyhpw \mtSmSn \mSI ]mc--cyhpw
Dv. Iqv IqSn-bm-w, IY-I-fn, Xp Fnh tIc-f-nse ]e-Xcw \mS-I-cq-]--fpsS
{]I-S--fm-Wv. B-{]-Im-cw, {Ia-Zo-]nI XpS-nb \mS-I-]mT {K-fpw tIc-f-n cNn-s-n-p-v. Imm-cnn \mS-Iw, ]mh \mS-Iw, kwKo-X-\m-S-Iw, sh-cn-\m-SIw XpSn \mtSmSn
P\-{]nb \mS-I-]m-c--cyhpw tIc-f-n-ep-m-bn-p-v. k--amb Hcp Zriy-Iem ]mc-cyw
tIc-f-n-\pv. \mtSm-Snbpw mn--ep-amb A\-h[n cwK-I-e-I ]e ssIh-gn-I-fn-eq-sSbpw
tIcf kwkvIm-c-n ]Sp-In-S-p-p. IqSn-bmw, IY-I-fn, sXw, Xnd, ]S-bWn XpSnb sshhn[yw \nd Ie-I-fn \mS-I-ns Awi- Aen-p-In-S-p-p-v.
Fnepw B[p-\n-I-amb AY-n \mSIw F Ie tIc-f-n hn]p-e-am-Ip-Xv bqtdm]y kzm[o\w hgn-bm-Wv. bqtdm-]y \mS-I-sf A\p-I-cnv ]mkn-I cq]-s-Sp-nb
kwKo-X-{]-[m-\-amb \mS-I-fpw Ahsb A\p-I-cnv Xan-g cq]-s-Sp-nb Xangv kwKoX
\mS-I-fpw tIc-fo-bsc kzm[o-\n-p. A-s\-bmWv ae-bmf kwKoX \mS-I- Dm-Ip-Xv. kam--c-am-bn-s kwkvIrX \mS-I--fp-sSbpw Cwojv \mS-I--fp-sSbpw hnh-\fpw ae-bm-f-n-ep-m-bn.

ae-bm-f-nse hnh\ \mS-I-

Cw-ojv ]T-\hpw B[p-\nI s]mXp-hn-Zym-`ymk k{-Zm-bhpw KZy-km-ln-Xy-n-sbpw
]{X-am-kn-I-I-fp-sSbpw {]N-c-W-n\v Bw-Iq-n. Fm Cy `mj-I-fnepw kwkvIr-X-\m-SI-ns XP-a-I-fm-bn-mWv Cm-ev \mSIw {]Xy--s-p-Im-Wp--Xv. tIc-f-ha hen-btIm-bn--p-cm 1882 tIc-fob imIp-fw {]kn-o-I-cn--Xn\p tijw kwkvIr-X-\m-S-I-fpsS [mcmfw hnh\- ae-bm-f-n-ep-m-bn. Nmp-pn am-Sn-bm-cpsS Pm\-Io-]cn-Wbw (1889) D-c-cma NcnXw (1892) sI \mcm-bW tat\ms amf-hn-Im-n-an{Xw (1890)
sImm-c-n ip-n-bpsS hn{I-tamh-iobw, ame-Xo-am-[hw (1892) sImSp--q Ipn-p Xp-cms B-cy-Nq-Vm-aWn (1893) ]fw tIc-f-ha-bpsS thWo kwlmcw (1916), F
B cmP-cm-P-ha-bpsS A`n-m-\-im-Ip-fw (1913) amf-hn-Im-n-an{Xw (1916) kz]v\-hm-k-h-Zw, Nmcp-Z- (1917) Fnh DZm-l-c-W--fm-Wv.
kmln-Xy-]-c-amb Hcp hymbmaw F-Xn Ihnv CXnse ]e XP-a-Ipw \mSIn\p-th KpW--fp-m-bn-cp-n-. AXn-\m Cu Ime-L--n Xs ]pcm-W-sf
D]-Po-hnv kzX{ \mS-I-fpw Nne Ncn{X \mS-I-fpw cNn--s-Sp-I-bp-mbn. kmaq-ln-Ihn-j-b--fnepw A]qh-ambn cN-\-I-fp-m-bn. sImSp--q Ipn-p- Xp-cms eWm-kw-Kaw (1891) N{nI (1892) tXm-bvmv am[-hn-b--bpsS kp`{Zm [\-RvPbw (1891) ]n
sI sImo- Xc-Is adn-bm-m \mSIw (1892) sImSp--q sImp-n--p-cms
IeymWn \mSIw (1892) I-n hKokv amn-f-bpsS F{_m-b-pn (1893) sI kn tIi-hn--bpsS evan IeymWw XpS-nb \mS-I- ae-bmf \mS-I-{]-m-\n\v BZy-Im-e-fn DuPw \Inb {it-b-amb cN-\-I-fm-Wv.
\mSIw/ Xnc-Y

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School of Distance Education

sImp-n--p-cms IeymWn \mSIw `mcym-`Xr-_-s Ipdn-m-Wv. evan

IeymWw Xd-hmSv apSn-p BNm-cm-\p-jvTm-\-sf ]cn-ln-kn-p-p. Ch-bn Gsd {itb-am-bXv adn-bmm \mS-I-am-Wv. {InkvXy IpSpw-_-ns ]m--e-n Am-bnbtmcm-Wv Cu \mSIw ssIImcyw sNp hnj-bw. Htsd cwKm-h-X-c-W- Cu \mS-In\v e`n-p. 1891 hb-kvIc aqv Fgp-Xnb at\m-ca hnP-bhpw 1892 N-\m-tcn chnha Fgp-Xnb Ihn-k-`m-c-RvP-\hpw s]mXp-{i ]nSn-p-]-nb kmaq-lnI {]m[m-\y-ap \mSI--fm-Wv. kwkvIr-X-\m-S-I-sf A\p-I-cn-mWv Ch-bn ]eXpw Fgp-X-s--Xv. A\p-I-c-W\m-S-I--fpsS Cu ae-sh--m-n Ac-p-X-I-tm Ahsb Bt-]n-p-sImv 1893
apjn cma-p-dpv NoNcw F \mS-I-sa-gp-Xn. CXnse IYm-\m-b-I-\mb N-c\pw
Ipw`m-WvU\pw Xn-ep kw`m-j-n-eqsS hnI-e-c-N-\-I \nh-ln-p \mS-I-Ir-psf IW-p ]cn-l-kn-p-p-v.
Cwojv hnZym-`ym-khpw ]mmXy kmlnXy khpw hgn Am-ev ]e
Cwojv \mS-I--fpw ae-bm-f-n-tev XP-a-sN--s-p, Ipn-p- Xp-cm lmwe-v,
I-n hKokv amn-f-bpsS Ie-ln-\o-Z-a-\-Iw (tjIvkn-]n-b-dpsS ssSanwKv Hm^v Z {jq),
F tKmhn--n--bpsS enb \mSIw, Iq D ]nen-tm-kns Bam-dmw (tjIvkv]n-bdpsS tImaUn Hm^v Ftdkv F \mS-I-ns kzX{hnh\w) kn. tKmhn- Ff-bnSv cNn kp\m kc-k-hocw AYhm sImSp-mv (sSws]v) sImSp--q Ipn-p-
Xp-cms lmwse-v, Znhm _l-Zq F tKmhn--n--bpsS InwKv enb, sasNv Hm^v
sh\okv Fnh Ah-bn {][m-\-amWv. Kuc-h-]qh-ambn \mS-Is kao-]n-p kZ-n-\pap-n Ah-X-cn-n--s--XmWv Ch-bn ]eXpw.

{]l-k-\-

{]l-k-\- F Hcp {]tXyI lmky-\m-SI k{-Zmbw ae-bm-f-n-tev IS-p-hcp-Xv ]mmXy kzm[o\w hgn-bm-Wv. kn hn cma]n--bmWv Ccw \mS-I- cNn--hcn {]ap-J. Cwojv \mS-I-Ir-p-fmb sjdn-UWpw tKmUv kvanpw {^v \mSI
Irmb tamfn-tbbpw kn. hn. sb kzm[o-\n-n-p-v. N{-apJohnemkw (1884), F {]lk\w Ah-X-c-W-X-e-nepw {in--s-p. kwkvIrX kwKoX \mS-I-{]-m-\--fn \np
thdn cwKm-h-X-c-W-am-bn-cpp AXv. a-hn-em-kw, Ipdp-n-mIfcn, XpS-nb {]l-k-\-fpw
kn. hn bptS-Xm-bn-p-v. {]mtZinI Po-hnXcoXn-Ifpw Cwojv hnZym-`ym-k-ns KpW-tZm-jfpw tNv bph-X-e-ap-dsb Gsd BIjn ae-bmf {]l-k-\--fn C. hn IrjvW]nbpsS cN-\-Ifpw apn-em-Wv. Ihn-X-t-kv, s]-c-ip-\m-Sv Fo cN-\-I Cp--n
s]Sp-p. F. ]n sN- \mb, Sn F tKm]n-\m-Y \mb, PKXn F sI BNmcn XpSn-b-hcpw {]l-k-\-c-N-\-bn kw`m-h-\-I-fn-p.

kwKoX \mS-I-

]mkn Xntb--dns kzm[o-\-^-e-ambn cq]-s Xangv kwKoX \mS-I- tIc-f-nep-S-\ofw Ifn-p-h-n-cp-p. IeymW cma- skv, cmapUp skv XpS-nb Xangv \mSI I\n-I Kpte_m-h-en, ]mkn efn-Xmw-Kn, tImh-e Ncn-Xw, \-X-m Fo \mS-I-
Ah-X-cn-n-p. tIc-f-ns hS- {]tZ-i--fn IWm-S-I-n \np \mS-I-I--\nIfpw \mS-I- Ah-X-cn-n-n-cp-p. lpn hoc-s kZm-cm-a AXn {][m-\-am-Wv. Chbvp-mb kzm[o-\X Xan-gv\m-S-I-sf A\p-I-cnv ae-bmf kwKo-X-\m-S-I- cNn-p-hm
{]tNm-Z-\-am-bn. sI kn tIi-h-]n--bpsS kZm-cma F ae-bmf kwKo-X-\m-S-I-amWv CXn
BZy-t-Xv. kmln-Xy-Kp-W-nepw kwKo-X-Kp-W-nepw Cu \mSIw kwKo-X-\m-S-I--fpsS
Iq-n anI-hp--Xm-Wv. Sn kn ANyp-X-ta-t\ms kwKoX ss\j[w, Fcp-h-bn N{I-]mWn
hmcn-b-cpsS lcn-{ NcnXw, cpmw-KZ Ncn-Xw, hn-b-m Ncn-Xw Fo \mS-Ifpw
sImo- Xc-Is adn-bmm \mS-Ihpw kwKo-X-\m-S-I--fpsS an-emWv Ah-X-cn-n--s--Xv.
hS- tIc-f-n hnZzm ]n tIfp-\m-b-cpw, Ip-av Ihn-Ifpw Cu taJ-e-bn {]i-kvXcm-bn-cp-p. tZiob kzmX{y ka-c-hp-ambn _-s ]cm-ai- kwKo-X-\m-S-I-th-Zn-bntev sImp-h-Xv tIfp-\m-b-cm-Wv. ]mZpI ]m-`n-tj-Iw \mS-I-amWv CXn {]tXyIw ]cmain-t--Xv. tIc-f-nse PmXn-hy-h--s-Xnsc ]m-\m NcnXw F \mS-Ihpw
Atlw cNn-p. alm-Ihn Ip-a-ns kwKo-X-\m-S-I-amWv _me-tKm-]m-e. 1882 tIc-fha hen-b-tIm-bn--p-cms A`n-m-\-im-Ip-fw XPa Xncp-h-m \mcm-b-W-n F
\Ss t\Xr-Xz-n at\m-tam-l\w \mS-I-I-\nbmWv Ah-X-cn-nXv. 1930 kzman {_{h-X Ipam-c-\m-ims IcpW F Imhyw kwKo-X-\m-S-I-amn Ah-X-cn-n--Xv tIc-f-n-ep-S\ofw {in--s-p.
\mSIw/ Xnc-Y

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School of Distance Education

Iq D ^nentmkv sjbvIvkv]nb IrXnbn\nv ]cn`mjsSpnb

BamdmamWv (tImaUn H^v Ftdgvkv) aebmfnse BZy\mSI hnh\ IrXnsbv
IcpXpp (1866). tIcfh henbtImbnpcms A`nm\imIpfw (Imfn-Zm-k)
hnh\s
cmatXmbpw
IWmpp.
1882
{]IminXamb
imIpfhnh\n\p apv tIcfn \mSIw Ft]cn AdnbsncpXv Xangv
\mn
\npw
tIcfn
hv
AhXcnnncp
kwKoX
\mSIfmbncpp.kmlnXytemIv N{Ihn]Zw Aecnncp tIcfhbpsS
hnh\]cn{iaw Cu Znibn {]hnphm aebmfnIfmb kmlnXyImcmsc
t{]cnnp.kwkvIrXn\np hnh\w sNbvX Cu IrXn hfscb[nIw BkzmZIsc
kmZnp.
]noSv H\h[n kwkvIrX \mSI hnh\fpw kzX{ \mSIIrXnIfpw
]pdndnsbnepw ]eXpw cwKv AhXcnnncpn. kwkvIrXn \nv
amfhnImKv\nan{Xw, hn{Itamhiobw, ameXoam[hw, NmcpZw, kz]v\hmkhZw,
]cm{Xw, A`ntjI\mSIw, AhnamcIw, a[yahymtbmKw, thWokwlmcw, arISnIw,
cXv\mhen, \mKm\w XpSnb \mSI aebmfntev hnh\w sNsp.
CwKvfojn \nv Nne sjbvIvkv]nb IrXnIfpw t]mjym kzbwhcw, Ieln\oZa\Iw,
enb \mSIw, kp\mkckhocw, lmwsev, sh\oknse hym]mcn, hmknImkz]v\w
Fo t]cpIfn aebmfnsen. Hw kmaqlnI{]iv\ AhXcnnp
aebmfntXmb \mSIfpw {]lk\fpw ]smXmw \qmns\mSphn
{]Xysp. N{nIm\mSnI (Ipnp Xpcm - 1891); F{_mbpn (In
hKokv amnf - 1893); ahnemkw (kn.hn. - 1893); NoNcw (apjn cmapdpv - 1894)
Fnhbmbncpp Ah.

hni-Z-]-T-\-n\v
1. CuUn-kv cmPmhv. tkmt^m-okv
hnh\w kn sP tXmakv
{Kov \mSIw
e`y-amb sXfn-hp-I shv temI-nse Ghpw BZys \mSIthZn {InkvXphn\p
ap]v 534 GYkn \Sncp Zpc\mSI acam-Wv. B \mSIacfnse
hnPbnbmbncp sXkv]nkv BWv AdnbsnpXn hv BZys \S\pw
\mSIIrpw. GYknse At{Imt]mfoknse UtbmWnkkv Xndn hmbncpp
{KopIm \mSI AhXcnnncpXv. Cu UtbmWnkkn 14000 t]v \mSIw
ImWm kuIcyw Dmbncpp. ChnsS A`n\bnp thZnsb Hmkv{S FmWvhnfnncpXv. {Kov \mSIsf {][m\ambpw aqv Xcn hn`Pnncnpp.
Zpc\mSIw({SmPUn), Bt]lmky \mSIw (sk-b), ip`my \mSIw(tImaUn)
FnhbmWv- Ah. CXn Zpc\mSIfmWv hninamb \mSIcq]ambn IcpXsphXv
CukvInekv,
tkmt^mIvfokv,
bqdnnUnkv,
Acnkvtm^\nkv
XpSnb
AhnkvacWobcmb \mSIIrpfpsS kmn[yw {]mNo\ bh\ \mSIthZnsb
\mSIIebpsSbpw kmlnXynsbpw khImeamXrIbmn. {]mNo\ {Kokn
{SmPUnIfpw tImaUnIfpw Hcpt]mse t{]mml\amPnpIbpw hnIknpIbpw
sNbvsXnepw {SmPUnIfmWv ]nevmev IqSpX kamZcWobfmbnoXv.
{Kop{SmPUnI hnhn[ cq]fn ]nevme \mSIkmlnXys kzm[o\nnpv.
s]mbnIvkv F AXn{][m\amb {Kw cNn Acnkvtmn F bh\NnI
{SmPUnbnse CXnhrmWv ]ca{]m[m\yw Iev]npXv. {SmPUnbnse aqpXcw
sFIyw AXymt]nXamsWv Acnkvtmn {]kvXmhnnpv. kabw kw_n
sFIyw BWv Ahbn HmatXv. cmatXv e]camb sFIyamWv. apmatXv
{Inbmwins sFIyw.
]mmXy \mSI Ncn-{X-nse Fm-e-sbpw anI Zpc--\m-SIamWv CuUn-kv
cmPm-hv. {Kov \mS-I-Ir-mb tkmt^m-okv BWv CXv cNn--Xv. _n kn 465 GXkn-\Sp-p sImtfm-k-kn-emWv tkmt^m-okv P\n--Xv. bphm-hm-bn-cn-p-tm Xs Iem-cwKv {]th-in-p. _n kn 480 t]jy-m-tcmSv hnP-bn {Kop-Im BtLm-j-]-cn-]m-Sn-IfpsS `mK-ambn \S-nb \rtm-hn tkmt^m-okv {][m\ Iem-Im-c-\mbn ]s-Spp. tkmt^m-okv cNn Ggp \mS-I--fn Ghpw {]kn--amb aqsw CuUn-kv
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cmPm-hv, CuUn-kv sImtfm-W-kn, Bn-KWn Fn-h-bm-Wv. kn sP tXmakv BWv Cu

\mSIw ae-bm-f-n-tev hnh\w sNbvX-Xv. tkmt^m-o-kns \mS-I-n\v thsdbpw
ae-bm-f-hn-h-\--fp-m-bn-p-s-nepw kn sP bpsS hnh\w AXns `mjm-]-c-amb
in-sImpw kzm`m-hn-I-X-sImpw {it-b-am-Wv.

kn sP tXmakv (1918 1960)

Iqm-p-Ip-fp P\n kn sP tXmakv As B{K-l-{]-Imcw bmtIm-_mb k`m]p-tcm-ln-X-\m-Im\mWv Hcp-n-b-sX-nepw hnip--hkv{Xw Xnc-kvI-cnv \mS-I-cw-Kv kPo-ham-hp-I-bm-Wp-m-b-Xv. \mS-I-im-kv{X-s-Ip-dn-p \ncq-]-W-, hntZ-i-\m-S-I--fpsS XPa-I, kzX-{-\m-S-I- Fn-s\ aqv taJ-e-I-fn-emWv ae-bmfn\v kn sP bpsS
kw`m-h-\-I. Db-cp bh-\nI (1950) BWv \mS-I-\n-cq-]-W--fn {]ap-J-am-b-Xv. ]mmXy
\mS-I-th-Zn-bnse ]pXnb ]co--W- ae-bm-f-n\v ]cn-N-b-s-Sp-p--Xn kn. sP ]ph-ln-p. Ch Fs {]nb-]p-{X, [nm-cn-bpsS ImX Fo {K- kmlnXy kmaqlnI cwK--fn Nm-hn-j-b-am-bn. Ah hopw hcp-p, 1128 ss{Iw 27, item-an, B
a\p-jy \o Xs, hnj-hr-w Fn-h-bmWv {]kn \mS-I-. 1128 ss{Iw 27 ae-bm-fnse BZy ]co-W \mS-I-ambn Adn-b-s-Sp-p. {Kov {SmP-Un-Isf ae-bm-f-n\v ]cn-Nb-s-Sp-pI F ey-tmsS Bn-K-Wn, CuUn-kv, enkn-kv{Sm XpS-nb \mS-I-
hnh\w sNbvXp. B[p-\nI \mS-I-ns ]nXm-hmb C_vsk s Z tKmv F
\mSIw `qXw F t]cn-emWv hnh\w sNbvX-Xv. tamfn-tb-bpsS ]nip-s Ieym-Ww,
NmIv ktlm-Z-c-m-cpsS IoS-P-w Fn-hbpw kn sP bpsS hnh\ \mS-I--fn s]Spp.
Acn-tm-n Xs \mS-I-hn-i-I-e-\-n\v amXr-I-bmbn kzoI-cn-Xv tkmt^m-okns CuUn-kv cmPmhv F \mS-I-s-bm-Wv.

Zpc\mSI k]w
Fm {Kov Zpc\mSIfpw anpIsf ASnm\amn cNnsnph
bmbncpp. AXnse tI{IYm]m{Xw BZymhkm\w Hn\p]ndtI Hmbn Zpcfm
thbmSsSph\mbncpp.
km[mcW
a\pjytcm
{]mKev`yhpw
kz`mhsshinyhpap hynI XfpsS kz`mhnep GsXnepsamcp Zu_eyw
(sltajy) aqew ]cmPbsSpIbpw ]cnlmkycmbnocpIbpw AhcpsS PohnXw
]qWamb
XIbn
IeminpIbpw
sNp
IYbmWv
{SmPUnbn
Nn{XoIcnmdpmbncpXv. CuUnkv cmPmhns IYbmWv DtamZmlcWw. {Kov
Zpc \mSIfn Hcp-k-a-bv thZnbn aqv {][m\ A`nt\Xm am{Xta
Dmbncppq. Hmtcm IYm]m{Xv A\pkcnv Cu A`nt\Xm apJwaqSn
AWnbpIbmbncpp ]Xnhv. am{Xhpa \mSIfn kv{XoIp]Icw ]pcpjm kv{Xo
thjn A`n\bnpIbmbncpp. Zpc \mSI Iv hnImcXcfnXcmbnocp
t{]IcpsS lrZbfn hnImchntcN\w (Imknkv) \Spp FmWv
{SmPUnIsf hymJym\npsImv {KsagpXnb Acnkvtmn tcJsSpnbnpXv.
CukvIn-ekv BWv {Kon Pohn-n-cp BZy Zpc--\m-S-Irv. asmcp
Zpc\mSIIrmbncp tkmt^mokv {In.ap. 465 GYkn P\np.
CukvInekns\
At]nv
\mSILS\bnepw
hnImknepw
\mSImynepw
anIhbmbncpp
tkmt^moknsd
\mSI.
tkmt^mokmWvthZnbn
IYm]{XfpsS Fw cn \npw aqmn DbnbXv. Ctlnsd Ghpw
{]knamb Zpc\mSIamWv CuUnkv cmPmhv. hpa Hm^v {Smokv, Ce{m, ^ntemI
sskv, APmIvkv XpSnbh tkmt^mokns ap {][m\ \mS. {In.ap. 480 - Ifn
P\n asmcp {Kov Zpc\mSIIrmbncpp bqdnnsUkv. kzm`mhnIX Bbncpp
Atlnsd \mSIp {][m\ KpWw. a\ximkv{X]camb kao]\neqsS
t{]Isc cknnm Atlns \mSIv Ignncpp. aoUnb, Asknkv,
lntmssevkv, Bs{Uman, Ctbm, ssktm]vkv FnhbmWv- bqdnnsUknsd
{][m\ \mSI.
CukvInekv, tkmt^mokv, bqdnnsUkv Fnh {Kov \mSInse
{XnaqnI Fv AdnbsSpp.

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CuUn-kv cmPm-hns ]qh-IY

Xn_vknse cmPm-hmb teb-kn\v km-\-`m-Ky-ap-m-Im-n-\m U^n-t-{X-nse
shfn--m-Smb Hdm-n-fns\ kao-]nv A\p-{Klw tXSp-p. Fm As\ sImv Asb
hnhm-lw-I-gn-p i]n--s ]p{Xs ]nXm-hm-Im-\m-Ws{X cmPm-hns hn[n. Xma-kn-bmsX
]p{X P\n-p. P\n--bp-Ss\ B ss]X-ens Imep-I-fn Ba-anv In-tdm Ipn
sNcp-hn-ep-t]-n-m Hcp ]m-f-m-cs\ G]n-p. hn[nsb amm-\m-hn--tm. Ipn-bn
IcpW tXmnb ]m-f-m-c Ahs\ Hcp ]c-tZ-inp \In. a-fn-m sImdn-nse
cmPm-hmb s]mfn-_-kn\v Ipnsb ssIam-dp-I-bmWv ]c-tZin sNbvX-Xv. IW-m-ep-I honbn-cp--Xn-\m CuUn-kv (s]cp-m-e) F t]cnv Ahs\ cmPmhv sImm-c-n
hfn.
Ime- \on. CuUn-kv bphm-hm-bn. sImm-c-nse hncp-n-\n-S-bn IpSnp
ep-sI Hcp hncp-p-Im-c CuUn-kv s]mfn-_-kns hfp-]p-{X am{X-am-sW
kXyw hnfn-p-]-d-p. `b-p-t]mb CuUn-kv kXyw tXSn U^n-bn-tep bm{X-bm-bn.
As\ sImv Asb thp i]n--s IpmWv Xms\v a\-n-em-nb Atlw
sImdn-n-tep aS-msX t\sc Xn_vkns\ ey-amn \S-p. \S-p-\-Sv U^npw
Zuf-t-p-an-S-bn ]ncn-bp ]mX-bn-se-n. hgn-am-dn-sm-Sp-p-sh-nepw ]-n Fgp-sn-bhcp {]`p-hns AI--Sn-m-c-\mb sldmUv AIm-c-W-ambn CuUn--kns\ ASn-p.
CuUn-kv Xncn--Sn-p. ]-n-en-cp {]`phpw CuUn--kns\ ASn-m XpS-n. CuUn-kv
tZjyw aqv {]`p-hn-s\bpw AI--Sn-m-scbpw hI-h-cp-n. Hcp-h am{Xw c-s-p.
CuUn-kv \Sp Xo_vkn-t\m-S-Sp--tm a\p-jy-kv{Xo-bpsS Xebpw knwl-ns DS-epap hnNn{X Pp-hmb kv^nwKvkv At-ls t\cn-p. Xs tNmZy-n-\p-cw ]d-bmsX
aptm-p-\o-m-\m-hn-sv `oj-Wn-s-Sp-nb kv^nwKvkn\v Dcw \Im Atlw Xmdm-bn. tNmZy-an-Xm-bn-cp-p. cmhnse \mep-Im-enep Dv cp-Im-enepw sshIp-cw aqp-Imenepw \S-p--Xmcv F tNmZy-n\v a\p-jy F Dcw tI-tXmsS kv^nwKvkv Ahkm-\n-p. CuUn-kv Xo_vkn-se-n. cmPm-hs A`m-h-n Ipg-- ImWn-n-cp
kv^nwKvkns\ Ah-km-\n-n CuUn--kns\ Xo_vkp-Im c-Im-\m-bmWv kzoI-cn--Xv.
BZyw cmPyhpw ]noSv tbmmm dmWn-sbbpw Ah CuUn--kn\v \In BZ-cn-p.
Chn-sS-ap-X-emWv tkm^vtfm-o-kns CuUn-kv \mSIw Bcw-`n-p--Xv.
kpJ-km-{-amb \nc-h[n hk-- ]nn--tijw cmPyv alm-tcm-K- ]Sp]n-Sn-m XpS-n. kv{XoI Nmn--Isf s]p. ]pcp-jam s]mSp-s\ hoWp-a-cn-p.
I-Im-en-I Ipn sNcp-hp-I-fn Nsm-Sp-n. P\- `b-hn-lz-e-cm-bn. \mSns Zpcn-Xn-\p Imc-W-a-dn-bm `mcym-k-tlm-Z-c-\mb t{Ibs\ CuUn-kv Z^n-bn-te--b-p.
teb-ns\ sIm-bm \mn-epspw Ahs\ Isn sImp-I-f-bp-Itbm \mSp-I-S-pItbm sNmsX Zpcn-X- \op-I-bn-spw shfn--mSp I]n-p. sIme-bm-fnsb Ip]n-Snp {]Xn-Imcw sNp-sav CuUn-kv P\-p apn {]Xn--sb-Sp-p. P\m
A\pw {Xntem-I-m-\n-bp-amb sSbvtd-kn-b-ns\ Wn-p-h-cpn D]-tZiw tXSnb
CuUn--kn-t\mSv sIme-bm-fnsb IqSp-X At\z-jnv h B]v Wn-p-h-cp-t
Fm-bn-cpp Atlw ]d--Xv. ]t. P\-p \Inb hmKvZm\w ]men-m _s CuUn-kv sSbvtd-n-b-ns\ Ip-s-Sp-p-I-bmWv sNbvX-Xv. \nhr-n-bn-msX h
Atlw CuUn--kns PmXIw hmbn-p. AtXmsS A\p aI\mbpw sIme-bm-fn-bmbpw
Abvv aI-\mbpw `mhpw ap A-\mbpw ktlm-Z-c-\mbpw {]h-Nn--s- CuUnkv Xs-bmWv \mSns Zpcn-X-v Imc-W-m-c-\m-sW--Xp-IqSn sXfn-bp--tXmsS
Zpcw ]qn-bm-Ip-p. hm[-Iy-n In-tdm IpnsN-cp-hn NmIm-\mWv Xs
hn[n-sbv Atlw Xncn--dn-bp-p. AtX-k-abw sImdn-n \nv Hcp ZqX hv s]mfn_kv acn--Xmbpw P\- CuUn--kns\ cmPm-hm-m Xocp-am-\n--Xmbpw D hnhcw
Adn-bn-p-p.
im]w t]dp Xm C\n sIdn-n-te-n-sv CuUn-kv Xd-np ]d-p. hjp-apv I-tdm Ipn sImdn-ys Ip-Im-en-Isf tan-cp--tm Xo_vkp-Imc-\mb Hcp CS-b X\n-smcp BIp-ns\ Zm\w \In-sbpw Ah-\mWv bphm-hmb
CuUn-s-spw ZqX hni-Zo-I-cn--tm B CS-bs\ Xnc-p-]n-Snv lmP-cm-m-\mbn
CuUn--ns {iaw. Xo_vkn-tep hcp--hgn BI-kva-In-I-ambn Xm Hcp CS-{]-`p-hp-ambn
CS-Xpw At-l-sbpw Iqm-fn-I-sfbpw h[n-Xpw AXn\p Imc-W-amb kml-N-cyhpw
CuUn-kv tbm-bvp hnh-cn-p-sIm-Sp-p. tebkv GXmv CuUn--ns AtX mbbp--h-\m-sWv dmWn hni-Zo-I-cn-p-I-IqSn sNbvXp. Fnepw ]mc--cy-s-p-dnv Cs\
Npgn--t\z-jn-p-Xv kam-[m\w sISp-p-Itb sNp-I-bpq Fv tbmm D]-tZ-inp. Fm `mcy-bpsS D]-tZiw CuUn-kv hne-s-Sp-n-.
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CS-b sImm-c-n-tev B\-bn--s-p. Ah clkyw shfn-s-Sp-p-hm Iqmn-bn-. a\w kln-m-\m-hmsX h-tm ]d-bm-sa-m-bn. Ipn teb-n-t-Xm-sWv
k-Xn-p. ]t, Ipnsb Xs Gn-Xv cmn-bm-sWpw shfn-s-Sp-n. _mnsbms kzw `mcy-tbmSv tNmZnp a\-n-em--W-sav A`yYn-p. ad-p-sh-m-\m-hm
hn[w kXyw shfn-stm tbmm \ne-hn-fnv InS--d-bn-te-tm-Sn. sIn-qn Bl-Xy-sN-bvXp. ]ndsI HmSn-h CuUn-kv IXIv Nhp-n-sm-fnv AI-p-I-Sv hmfp-sImv
Ib- apdnv `mcysb \ne-p-In-S-n. Atm-tgpw Ah acn-n-cp-p. B Zpc--\m-b-I
`mcy-bmb Asb Iptd-t\cw t\mn-bn-cp-p. ]ns, s]sv AZr-iy-amb GtXm in-bmbm Iog-S--sv tbmm--bpsS DSp-p-S-h-bnse ]nv Ducn-sb-Spv kzw In
Ipn-bn-d-n. Hcp ]pcp-j sNm Acp-Xm--sXmw sNbvXp-t]mb Rm `qan-bnse
ImWm sImm-hp--sXmpw ImWm sIm-cp-Xm--h-\m-sWv hne-]nv hopw
hopw Iv Ipn-sm-n-p. In \n Hen-n-d-nb cw apJv hmsm-gp-In.
CuUn--ns\ I P\- `bv HmSn-a-d-p. Afn-b t{Ib hv CuUn--ns\ Aca-\-bn-tev Iqn-sm-p-t]m-Ip--tXmsS \mSIw Ah-km-\n-p-p.

\mS-I-kw-{Klw

]qhmw Bcw-`n-p-Xv \ne-hn-fn-I-tfm-sS-bm-Wv. Zpc--\m-S-I--fpsS s]mXp-hmb

{]tXyIXI-fn-sem-m-Wn-Xv. Xo_vknse alm-Zp-cn-X-n hiw-sI P\--fpsS \ne-hn-fnbmWv CuUn-kv \mS-I-nepw BZyw ImWp--Xv. CuUn-kv P\-sf A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-p-Ibm-Wv. P\- t\cn Zpcn-X-n \nv Ahsc Ic-I-b-p-sav CuUn-kv hmKvZm\w
\Ip-p. Atm {Intbm {]th-in-p-p. Cu an ]nd-v, Cua-n ]pev Cu
ans\ sISpp If-bp Hcp \oN-h-kvXp-hns\ ]pd-p-I-f-bmsX cmPy-ns kam-[m\w
]p\-m-]n--s-Sn F shfn--m-Sns hnhcw Abm ssIam-dp-p. CuUn-kv Xo_vkntep hcp--Xn-\p-apv Ahn-sS-bp-m-bn-cp cmPm-hmb ebq-kns sIme-]m-X-In-bmWv B
\oN-h-kvXp-shv shfn-s-Sp-p-p-apv {Intbm. ebq-kns ac-Ws kw_-nv
Ahv Hcphn-h-chpw Cm-bn-cp-p. XoY-bm-{X-n-S-bn sIm-s--Xm-sWp am{Xw Adnbmw. sIm-Xm-cm-sWtm Fhn-sS-sh-m-sWtm am{Xw Adnn. sIme-]m-X-Insb Isp-sav Ahn-sS-shv CuUn-kv {]Xn--sb-Sp-p-p.
cwKw Hv
cwKw Hv Bcw-`n-p-Xv CuUn-ns {]`m-j-W-tm-sS-bm-Wv. sIme-]m-XIn P\-fnse Bsc-n-ep-am-sW-n hv Iog-S-m Atlw \ntZ-in-p-p. "Cu Bsb
Ah-K-Wn-p--hsc tZham i]n--s, Ahv `qan Duj-chpw kv{XoI hy-Ifpw
Xn_vknse Zpcn-X--sf-mfpw henb Zpcn-X-fpw Dm-Is' Fv CuUn-kv i]n-p-p.
Xs A-s\-tmse At-ls Xm Icp-Xp-p-shpw CuUn-kv BW-bn-Sp-p-v.
bYmY-n Cu im]w sN-p-Xv CuUn-n Xs-bm-sW--XmWv Zpc-w. ]t,
P\--fn-sem-cmfpw Ipw Gs-Sp-m Xm-dm-bn-. m\nbpw A-\p-amb Xntd-kn-bmns\ sImm-c-n-tev CuUn-kv B\-bn-p-p. "hnthIw kwkm-cn-p-p. ]t,
hnthIw {]tbm-P-\-s-Sm-n-Sv hnthIn hyk-\n-p-p. Chn-tSv htc--Xn-m-bn-cpp'
FmWv Xntd-kn-bm-kns adp-]-Sn. X\nv cl-ky-a-dn-bm-sapw ]t, ]d-bn-s-p-am-bncpp B m\n-bpsS \ne-]m-Sv. AXv CuUn-ns\ tIm]m-Ip-e-\m-p-p. Abm I-\msWpw sIme-]m-X-In-bn\nv ssIq-en-hm-M-Mn-bn-p-spw hsc CuUn-kv Btcm-]np-p. HSp-hn KXy--c-an-msX Xtd-kn-bm-kn\v Cs\ ]d-tb-n-h-p. "" Av {]Jym]n B im]w hoWn-cn-p-Xv A-bpsS inc-n Xs-bm-Wv. Cu cmPys Xop
B i]vX-hkvXp Am-Wv. Ap-X-s-bmWv'' CXp-tIv CuUn-kv Am-fn-p-p. CuUnkv kwi-bw-Xom hopw tNmZn-s-nepw B sIme-bmfn XmX-s-bmWv Fv
Bhn-p-I-bmWv Xntd-kn-bmkv sNbvX-Xv. am{X-a CuUn--ns ZmXyw ]m]-]-n-e-amsW kXyw-IqSn Xtd-kn-bmkv Xpd-p-]-d-bp-p. XIp-t]mb CuUn-kv XnXtd-kn-bmkns\ Ip-s-Spn kzbw kam-[m-\n-m {ian-p-p. am{X-a CXv Afn-b-\mb {IntbmWns D]-Nm-]-amtWm Fp-hsc CuUn-kv kt-ln-p-p-v. Xs Iogvs-Sp-m h
knw^n-kn-s\-tmse bn-bmWv Cu {XnIm-e-m-\n-bmb Xntd-kn-bmkv Fp-hsc Atlw
A]-l-kn-p-p. HSp-hn Xntd-kn-bmkv CuUn--kn-t\mSv ISp--`m-j-bn-emWv kwkm-cn-p-Xv. an-\-Sn-bnepw apI-fn-ep-ap (acn--h-cpw Pohn-n-cn-p--h-cpw) kzw c-tmSv
t{Zmlw-sN-bvX-h-\mWv CuUn-kv Fv Abm {]Jym-]n-p-p. kzw A-bp-sSbpw Asbpw im]w Cu temI-n \nv Xs Xqp-I-f-bp-sav Abm {]h-Nn-p-p.
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"sXfn Ip-I Av Ipcp-p-t]m-Ipw.' Fv B m\n CuUn--kns\ i]n-p-p.

Xntd-kn-bm-kn-t\mSv sImm-c-n \nv Cd-n-tm-Im Akz--\mb CuUn-kv Bm]n-p-p. "Cv A-bpsS P-Zn-\-am-Wv, ac-W-\m-gn-Ibpw' F ap-dn-bnv \In-smmWv Xntd-kn-bmv Xncn-p-t]m-Ip--Xv. AtXmsS Hmw cwKw Ah-km-\n-p-p.

cwKw cv

{Itbm-Wns kw`m-j-W-tm-sS-bmWv cwKw Bcw-`n-p--Xv. CuUn-kv Xn-em-tcm]n Ipw tIhew Ahm-kvX-hw -am-{X-am-sWv Abm P\--tfmSv BW-bn-Sp-p. Ahn-tSv
IS-p-h CuUn-kv {Itbm X\n-s-Xnsc KqVm-tem-N\ \Sn F Btcm-]Ww
ISp `mj-bn Bhn-p-p. Abm {Itbm-Wns ]nXm-hns ac-W-s-p-dnv
tNmZyw sNp-p. Av CtX Xntd-kn-bmv Pohn-n-cp-npw Fp-sImv Xs t]cv ]dn F tNmZy-n\v {Intbm-Wn\v adp-]-Sn-bp-m-bn-cp-n-. AhX-n hg-p-m-Ipp. Xs \nc-]-cm-[nXzw sXfn-bn-m-\m-ImsX {Intbm Ipg-p--Xn-\n-S-bn Ahn-tSv
CuUn--ns `mcy-bm-bn-am-dnb cmn {]th-in-p-p. shdpsX hg--Sn--cp-sXpw
{Intbm ]d-bp--XmWv icn-sb-p-am-bn-cpp tbmm-kvXm-bpsS ]w. AtXmsS CuUnkv XWp-p-p. tIm]-nepw im-X-bn-ep-ap CuUn--ns Cu AXn-ssh-Im-cn-I-XbmWv At-l-ns Zpc--Im-c-W-sav {Intbm kqNn-n-p-p-v. {Intbm t]mbtijw CuUn-kv dmWn-bp-ambn kwkm-cn-th Xs `m-hn-\p-mb shfn-]m-Sn-s\-p-dnp kw`-h- Ah shfn-s-Sp-p-p. Ccw shfn-]m-Sp-I hniz-kn--cp-sX-m-bncpp ]d--Xns Npcp-w. ImcWw kzw `mhv aIs ssIbm sIm-s-Sp-sa-mbn-cp-tm {]h-N-\w, ]t, Atlw ac-W-s-tXm bm{X-n-S-bn sIm-kw-L-ns
ssII-fm-epw. (A-c-samcp IY-bmWv Xo_vkn {]N-cn-n--s-n-cp-Xv). ]v, B {]hN\w Dm-b-k-a-bv P\n Ipns\ Imen Xpf-bnv _nv hnP-\-amb ]h-X-n
ac-W-n\v hnp-sIm-Sp-p-shpw dmWn shfn-s-Sp-n. AXn-\m Xntd-b-ns shfn-]m-Sp-Isf- Hcp shfn-]mSpw hniz-kn--cpXv FmWv tbmm--bpsS D]-tZ-iw. ebqkv cmPmhv
sIm-s aqq-p-s]-cp-hgn Xo_vkn-te-p hgn ]ncn-bp--Xn\v sXmp-ap-m-sWpw B
kw`hw \S-Xv Xm Xn_vkn-se-p--Xns Znh-k-p apm-sWpw Adn--tXmsS
CuUn-v IqSp-X kwi-bm-ep-hm-Ip-p. ebq-kns cq]-`m-h-fpw IqsS-bp--h-cpsS ASbm-f-fpw CuUn-v tNmZnv a\-n-em-p-p. "Dbcw IqSn. Xe shn-t]mse \cv GItZiw A-sb-tmse' F tbmm--bpsS adp-]-Sn-bn ]eXpw AS-n-bn-p-v. AtXmsS
CuUn-kv BsI XIp-t]m-Ip-p. cmPm-hns kwL-n \nv c-s Hcp ]S-bmfn
Xncnv Xo_vkn-se-n-b-tm knwlm-k-\-n CuUn--ns\ I-tXmsS Hcp Bn-S-b\mbn amdn cmPyw hnp-t]m-sbpw dmWn shfn-s-Sp-n. AtXmsS B Bn-S-bs\ ImW-Wsa-mbn CuUn--n-\v. tbmm-kvX-tbmSv kzw `qX-Im-e-N-cnXw CuUn-v hni-Zo-I-cn-pp. sImdn-n-se s]mfn-_-kmWv A, A tUmdn-kvImcn satdm-nbpw. Hcp hncp-n
shv Nm-Xn-bmWv A\m-YXzw shfn-s-Sp-n-b-Xv. HSp-hn A-\--am-c-dn-bmsX sU^n-bntep t]mbn. AhnsS shmWv As\ sImv Asb hnhmlw sNp-sa {]h-N\w
BZy-ambn tI-Xv. Ahn-sS-\np t]mcp-tm-gmWv ebqkv acn \m-h-e-bn-se-p--Xv.
AhnsS shp-mb hg-n Hcp kwL-hp-ambn Gp-ap-p-Ibpw ]e-scbpw sImp-Ibpw
sNbvXn-p-v. Iq-n Hcp Xe-\-c hr-{]-`p-ap-m-bn-cp-p. AXv ebq-km-bn-cp-s-n
hn[n X\n-s-Xn-cp-X-s. C\n Cm-cy-n Hcp sXfn-hp-Iq-Snsb _mn-bp-q. Av t]mcm-n-\n-S-bn c-s ]m-f-m-c. Abm Bn-S-b-\mbn ae-s-cn-hp-I-fn-ep-s-m-Wtm
]d-b-s-Sp--Xv. Abm-fmWv ebqkv sIm-m-cm-emWv h[n--s-Xv F IY Xo_vkn
]c-n-b-Xv. Abmsf hnfn-p-h-cpn kXy-a-dn-bp-I-Xs hgn F CuUn-kv Xocp-am-\n-p-tXmsS cmw cwKw Ah-km-\n-p-p.

cwKw 3

cwKv tbmm-kvXm-bmWv XpS--n kwkm-cn-p--Xv. CuUn--n\v \ a\-pJ-an-sv Ah ]uc-P-\-sf Adn-bn-p-p. AtX kabw sImdn-n \np ZqX hcpp. CuUn--ns\ sImdn-nse cmPm-hm-m P\- B{K-ln-p-pv F hnhcw
Adn-bn-m-\mWv Ah hcp--Xv. Ahn-Ss cmPm-hm-bn-cp t]mfn-_-kns ac-Whmbpw Ah -A-dn-bn-p. CuUn--kn\v Cu hm Bizm-k-I-c-am-bn-cp-p. ImcWw
Xs bYmY ]nXmhv t]mfn-_kv BsW-m-bn-cp-tm Atlw hniz-kn-n-cp--Xv. ]nXmhns LmX-I-\m-bn-ocpw Xms\ {]h-N\w CtXmsS s]mfn-p-shv Atlw kam-[m-\np. kzw aI-\mb Xs ImWm-Xmb hnj-a-n-emWv Atlw ac-W-s-Xv F-Xn-\m
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HcY-n aIX-s-bm-Wv sImXv Fv C\n {]hm-N-I-m hymJym\w Nabvpw Fv

Atlw Ifn-bm-p-p. "GXm-bmepw shfn-]mSv A-cw-{]Xn \nd-th-dn-bn-n-, AXv s]mfn-_n-s\-tmse acn-p-In-S-pp' Fm-W-t-l-ns {]Xn-I-c-Ww. ]t, kzw Abmb
satdm-n-dmWn (s]mfn-_-ns `mcy) Pohn-n-cn-pv F-Xn-\m {]h-N-\-ns cmw-`m-Kn\v C\nbpw km[y-X-bpv F hnjaw Atlw ZqX-\p-ambn ]p-sh-p-p. Atm-gmWv
sImdn-nse ZqX B kXyw shfn-s-Sp-p--Xv, bYmY-n CuUn--kv kzw A\mbn Icp-Xp s]mfn-_kv At-l-hp-ambn bmsXmcp c-_--hp-an F ]c-a-amb
kXyw. CuUn--ns\ s]mfn-_-kn\v km-\n-Xv Xm\m-sWv ZqX-\mbn h B ]d-bp-p.
InY-tdm ae-bnse Hcp hn-p-Sn-en hm-Ws{X B Ipns\ (CuUn--ns\)
Abmp e`n--Xv. Av Abm-sfmcp Bn-S-b-\m-bn-cp-p-h-s{X. cmn sImp-hm thn
Imep-I _nv ae-s-cn-hn Dt]-n ss]X-ens\ c-s-Sp-p-I-bm-bn-cpp B CSb. Imep-I hne-nv hnf-n-b-Xn-\m Ipn-m-ew-sXms CuUn--ns Imep-I-fn
AXns Ie-I-fp-m-bn-cp-p. CuUn-kv F t]cns AYhpw AXm-Wv. ebqkv cmPmhns ]cn-Nm-c-I-cn Hcm-fmWv B Ipns\ ae-s-cn-hn Dt]-n-Xv Fpw ZqX kXn-p. CsXmw tIv tbmmkvX dmWn ]cn-{`-an-p-p. bYmY-n Ipns\ Dt]-nm sImSp--b-Xv dmWn-Xs Bbn-cp-p. At\z-jWw aXn-bm-m Ah CuUn--nt\mSv Bh-iy-s-Sp-p. "i]vX-\mb a\p-jym, kXy-a-dn-bp--Xn\p apv \n acn-n-cp-sn' Fp-hsc cmn hne-]n-psImv Ah HmSn-a-d-bp-p. AtXmsS CuUn--n\v kXysamw shfn-s-Sp-Ibpw Xm amXm-hns\ hnhm-lw-I-gn--h-\m-sWpw ]nXm-hns\ sIm-h-\msWpw t_m[y-s-Sp-Ibpw sNp-p. kXy-ns Ah-km-\-I-Wn-Ibpw ]pd-p-h-cs F
CuUn--ns {]Jym-]-\-tmsS B cwKw Ah-km-\n-p-p.

cwKw 4

sNdn-sbmcp cwK-am-Wn-Xv. sImdn-nse ZqX ]d CS-bs BK-a-\-tmsSbmWv

\memw cwKw Bcw-`n-p--Xv. ZqX ]d AS-bm-f- Abm Hman-p-p. X\nv Hcp
BIp-nsb G]n Imcyw ]d--tm am{Xw CS-b AXv \ntj-[n-p-p. ImcWw
cmPmhv sImm G]n Ipnsb ssIam-dn F-dn-m in-e-`n-p-sav Abm `bn-cp-p. Abm `oj-Wn-s-Sp-pw-hsc B kXyw k-Xn-m Iqm-n-bn-. HSp-hn acW-in `bv Abmv Fmw shfn-s-Sp-t-n-h-cp-p. dmWn-bmWv X\nv Ipnsb
sImm X-sXpw AXn\p ImcWw {]h-N-\--fm-sWpw Abm Xpd-p-]-d-p.
sImm-\p in-bn-m-bvI-bm at-sX-nepw cmPyp sImp-t]mbn hfn-sm-psav hnNm-cn-mWv B Ipns\ Nm-Xnv ssIam-dn-b-Xv. AtXmsS CuUn--ns At\zjWw ]qn-bm-Ip-p. "{]Im-i-ta, Rm\n\n Hcn-epw \ns apJv t\mm-Xn-cn--s.
]m]-n P\n-p, hnhmlw ]m]-]-n-ew, Rm cw Nnn-bXpw ]m]w.. lm' Fv CuUnkv hne-]n-p--tXmsS cwKw Ah-km-\n-p-p.

D-cmw

"Xo_vknse am\y ]uc-m-sc, Io-scm-gp-p-hn... CukvsX IS-ensebpw ^mko-_v

XSm-I-n-sebpw sh-a-{Xbpw t]mcm, Cu sImm-c-n-e-Sn-p-Iq-Snbncn-p amen-\y-a{Xbpw Igp-In--f-bm' F hnem-]-tmsS ZmknbmWv cwKv BZyw {]Xy--s-Sp--Xv.
Fnv Zmkn dmWn-bpsS ac-W-hn-hcw ]uc-P-\-sf Adn-bnpp. p`n-X-bmbn cwK-p\nv ad dmWn A-]p-c-n-\-Iv Ibdn hmXn sImn-b-S-p. aa-d ebqkv cmPmhns\ hnfnv Ah Ae-ap-d-bn-p. Xm K`-n hln aI-s\-tbmpw Ah hne-]n-p.
aI\n X\n-p-mb i]vX-cmb a-sf-tbmpw Ah hne-]n-p. ]ndsI Ae-dn-sm-ph CuUn-kv cmPmhv hmXn Xn-p-d-p. hmsImv dmWn-bpsS arX-tZlw \netv Adp-n-p. Fn--tlw cmn-bpsS hkvXw _n-n-cp kqNn-sb-Spv kzw
Ip-I-fn Bp-X-d-p. Fm hmXn-ep-Ifpw Xpd-m-\m-m-]nv Atlw `oI-c-cq]w
]qv Ctmv \S--Sp-p-I-bm-sWpw Adn-bnv Zmkn HmSn-tm-bn. Atm cwK-tv
CuUn-kv IS-p-h-cp-p. ico-c-nepw Bm-hnepw Htc-t]mse thZ-\-b-\p-`-hn-p-sImv
cwK-tp hcp CuUn--kn-s\-Iv ]uc-P-\- `b-p-t]m-Ip-p. kzw A-s\bpw
A-sbbpw a-sfbpw ImWm-Xn-cn-m thn-bmWv Xm Ip-I Ipn-sm-n--sXv
CuUn-kv Ae-dn--d-bp-p. Hmtcm ]uc\pw CuUn--ns ssII-fn s]Sm-Xn-cn-m Hgnp-am-dp-p. Ahn-tSv {Intbm IS-p-h-cp-p. Atlw Bt-]n-p-Itbm FXnpItbm sNmsX ssZh-hn-[n-bpsS A\n-hm-cyX CuUn--ns\ Hman-n-p-I-am{Xw sNp-p.
Xs t]cp-sIm-p-am{Xw kvacn--s-Sp InY-tdm ae-I-fn GIm--\mbn Aev acnm-\mWv CuUn-kv B{K-ln-p--Xv. ]t {Intbm CuUn--ns\ sImm-c-n-\p-n-tep-X-s B\-bn-p--tXmsS \mS-I-n\v Xnc-oe hogp-p.
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2. kz]v\-hm-k-h-Zw (`mk)
]cn-`mj h-tm \mcm-b-W-ta-t\m
`mk
kwkvIrX \mS-I-I-hn-bmWv `mk. Imfn-Zm-k\pw apt Pohn-n-cp-p-shv Icp-X-sSp-p. {InkvXp-hjw Hv cv \qm-p-I-fmWv `mks Imew FmWv A\p-am-\w. ImfnZm-k-t]mepw Nne-k-`--fn `mks\ A\p-I-cn-n-pv Fp- ]d-b-s-Sp-p. 23 \mS-I
Atlw
cNn-n-p-v.
]Xn-\-tm-fta
Is-n-bn-p-q.
`mk
F
]q{]knamb
\mSIImcs\pdnv
]pcmX\Imew
apXte
]e
`mcXobcpw
]cmainncpsnepw AtlntXmbn Hscm IrXnt]mepw e`yambncpn. Xncp-h-\-]pcw ssIsb-gpv {K-im-e-bnse DtZym-K--\m-bn-cp tUm.Sn KW-]Xn imkv{Xn-I
1909 Zn-W-tI-c-f-nse ]-\m-`-]p-c-n-\-Sp-p aW-en-c aT-n \nv `mks
]p \mS-I- Is-Sp-p. Bbneyw Xncp-\m cmPm-hns `c-W-Im-e-mWv (860 1880)
kz]v\-hm-k-h-Zw \mSIw Is-Sp-p--Xv.
tIcf]mWn\nbpsS A`n{]mbn {InkvXzw Hmw \qmn\ptijamWp
`mkIhn PohnncpXv. kz]v\hmkhZns aqeIYbpsS {]mbw KWnmWv Atlw
Cu A`n{]mbn FnbncnpXv. KpWmVy cNn, ep]vXambntmsbp
hnizknsSp
_rlXvIY
F
ss]imN{]mIrX{Knepw
AXns
kwn]vXcq]amb tkmatZh`s IYmkcnmKcw F kwkvIrXIrXnbnepw
kz]v\hmkhZnse \mbI\mb DZb\almcmPmhns hniZamb PohnXIYIfpv.
KpWmVy Hmw \qmn Pohnncp kmXhml\s kaImeo\\mbncpp FXmWv
tIcf]mWn\nbpsS A\pam\n\v ASnm\w.
Xs
Imhyaoamwkbn
cmPtiJc
F
`mc-Xob
Be-m-cn-I
kz]v\hmkhZs `mks cN\bmbn GSpp ]dbpp. ImfnZmk\pw _mW\pw
`mks\pdnv {]kvXmhnnpXn\m, Ahv apmbncpp `mk PohnncpsXv
A\pam\nmw. `mks {]XnmbuKcmbWw F \mSInse Hcp ]Zyw,
{InkvXphjmcw`n\Spp
Pohnncp
AiztLmjs
_pNcnXs
B{ibnpXn\m AiztLmj\p tijhpw, iq{ZIs 'arISnIw' `mks
"Zcn{ZNmcpZ" F A]q\mSIs B{ibnpXmbn IcpXsSpXn\m
iq{ZI\p ap]pw BbncnWw Atlns Imew. Cu kqN\Isf B{ibnv,
s]mXphjmcw`n\p tijw, \memw \qmn\pdw Atlw PohnncpXmbn
A\pam\nsSpp.
KW-]Xn imkv{Xn-I-fm Is-Sp--s \mS-I-smw s]mXphmb ]e
{]tXyIXIfpv. D]tbmKnncnp `mj, \mSIw XpSp \mn tmIns cq]w,
awKfmNcWns {Iaw, \mSIw Ahkm\nnp `cXhmIyns LS\, Fm
IrXnIfnepw
ImWmhp cmP{]iwk
XpSnbh
ap kwkvIrX\mSIfpsS
s]mXpkz`mhfn
\np
thdnp\np.
]mWn\nbpsS
NnIp
app
ImetXpt]mse `mjbnse {]mIrXmwiw {]ISambncpp. ]e tmIfpw AmsStbm
AtX ssienbntem Hne[nIw {Kfn {]Xyambncpp. AXp IqSmsX,
kwkvIrXnse ]pcmX\\mSI ]npScp ]Xnhn\p hn]coXambn, Chbnsemnepw
\mSIIrns t]cpmbncpn. Fm 13 \mSIfn Hv, `mktsXv
khkXamb
kz]v\hmkhZw
Bbncpp.
\mSIp
s]mXphmbp
cN\mssienbpw kz]v\hmkhZw Ahbn HmbncpXpw ]cnKWnv, 13 \mSIfpw
`mktXmsWv KW]Xn imkv{Xn hmZnp. `mks Ghpw t{ijvTamb IrXnbmbn
]cnKWnsSp ]pcmX\kwkvIrX\mSIamWv kz]v\hmkhZw AYhm kz]v\\mSIw.
Fstpambn \spt]msbv hnizknncp Cu cN\bpsS Hcp {]Xn 1910
tIcfn \npw IsSpsp. tIcf]mWn\n F.B. cmPcmPh GXm\pw
hjpn Xs aqe\mSIIrXnbpsS GItZiw bYmXYamb Hcp aebmfw
Xa cNnpIbpmbn. `mk\mSI ]cntim[n \ncq]Im Ahsb Hmbn
Xobnsednspw kz]v\hmkhZw am{Xw B AKv\n]cosb AXnPohnspw Hcp
IY {]kvXm-hn--s-n-pv.
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School of Distance Education

htm \mcmbW tat\m

aebmf almIhnbpw, tIcf Iemaens m]I\pamWv htm
\mcmbWtat\m. 1878 Htm_ 16-\v Xncqcn\p kao]w tImgndn Ipnmdp
AbpsSbpw ISptmp antcn ZmtamZc CfbXnsbpw aI\mbn P\np. kwkvIrX
]T\n\ptijw ssIpfc cmahmcycn \nv Xw ]Tnp. 1905- XpSnb
hmevaoIn cmambW hnh\w 1907- ]qnbmn. 1915- Nn{XtbmKw {]knoIcnp.
AtX hjw tIctfmZbns ]{Xm[n]\mbn .
B[p\nIaebmf Ihn{Xbn Imhyssienbnse ikucyw sImpw,
kmIXsImpw
A\pKrloX\mb
almIhnbmbncpp
htm
\mcmbWtat\m. Ccp]Xmw \qmns Bcw`n aebmf IhnXp ]pXnsbmcp
Znimt_m[w
\evIm
{]hcvn
IhnIfn
kamZcWob\mWvAtlw.
tZiobmht_m[ntbpw kzmX{yntbpw AeI Atlns IhnXIfn
IWmhpXmWv-. almPnbpsS BZifn ASnbpdp hnizknpIbpw, KmnPnsb
Kpcp\mY\mbn kzoIcnpIbpw sNbvX Atlw sshw kXym{KlImev (1924)
KmnPnsb t\cnpIp.
1958 amv 13-\v Acnp. sXmqtdmfw IrXnI {]Iminnnpv-. _[nchnem]w,
injy\pw aI\pw, KW]Xn, Nn{XtbmKw, kmlnXyaRvPcn, aKvZe\adnbw, sImpkoX,
A\pw aIfpw Fnh hfscb[nIw N sNshbpw P\IobX t\SnbhbpamWv-.
hnhIs\ \nebn htmfns kw`mh\I almWv. hnhn[
hn`mKnshbmWv Atlns ]cn`mjI. hmevaoIncmambWn\v ]pdsa
A`nm\imIpfw,
EtKzZw, amXwKeoe, ]Zva]pcmWw, amtb]pcmWw,
hma\]pcmWw,
ay]pcmWw,
XpSnbhbpw
Atlw
hnh\w
sNbvXp.
hnh\wsImv 'tIcf hmevaoIn'sbp htm hnfnsp. Imfn-Zmk \mS-Ifpw ap [mcmfw kwkvIrX Imhy-fpw ae-bm-f-n-tev ]cn-`m-j-s-Spnb alm-I-hnbmWv Atlw. `mks Ap \mS-I-v h-tm ]cn-`mj \nh-ln-n-p-v. kz]v\hm-k-h-Z-s-q-SmsX Ducp-`w-Kw, a[y-a-hym-tbm-Kw, ]-cm-{Xw, A`n-tj-Iw Fn-h-bm-W-h.

]meIY

Dc{]tZinse Iuimw_nbpsS Nppw hym]npInSncp {]mNo\cmPyambncpp

hcmPyw. ]mhhwi]ccbns DZb\ F almcmPmhmWv ChnSw
`cnpsImncpXv. AXnkpc\pw kwKoXmZn efnXIeIfn AXymk\pambncpp
[ocefnX\mbI\mb DZb\. Atln\v hmkpIn \Inb tLmjhXn Fsmcp
hoWbpmbncpp. tLmjhXnbvv Imn\np aZbm\Isf BIjnm t]mepw
in-bp
iam[pcyw
Dmbncppht{X.
th,
s]v,
aZyw
XpSnb
k]vXhyk\fn
Hmtcmpw
Cu
cmPmhnt\bpw
_m[nncpp.
Fnepw
AXnkacmb alma{n buKcmbW, tk\m]Xn cpaWzm FnhcpsS
klmbapXn\m cmPyw tssaizcytfmsS \ne\np.
CtX Imepv Dbn\n F cmPyw `cnncpXv Nalmtk\ F A]-c\maw IqSn Dmbncp almtk\ Bbncpp. Ctln\v AwKmchXn F
cmnbn tKm]meI, ]meI Fns\ cp ]p{Xmcpw hmkhZ Fsmcp
]p{Xnbpw P\np. hmkhZbvv A\ptbmPy\mb Hcp ]pcpj DZbtk\t\ Dq Fv
almtk\\p t_myw hp. Fm Bm`nam\hpw DXvIjmt_m[hpw aqew
Atln\v DZb\s\ Atmp sNp Iv I\ymZm\w \Sm aSn tXmn.
\b]cambn Imcyw \Sm, Xs aIsf hoWmhmZ\w ]Tnnm DZb\
Dbn\ntep hm sImmw Fsmcp ktiw Atlw ZqX hiw
Iuimw_nbntebp. Fm hoc\pw A`nam\n\v Hpw Ipdhnmh\pamb DZb\
hmkhZsb
Atmbm
{]Xnktihpabp.
At\ym\yap
Cu
acns\mSphn, almtk\ Hcp b{KPs Dmn IsI-psImv DZb\s\
hisSpn Dbn\nbntep sImphp. Fnv aIsf DZ-b-tk-\-\cn-In-tev hoWm`ym-k-\-n\v ]d--b-p-Ibpw sNbvXp. AtXmsS Ah Xn {]W-b-n-em-bn. buK-cm-b-Ws \oXn-Iu-i-e-tmsS XS-hn\np NmSn hmk-h-Z--sbbpw sImv DZ-b-tk-\
\oKq-V-ambn Iuimw-_n-bn-tep Xncn-p-t]m-cn-Ibpw sNbvXp
{]Xn-m-bu-K--cm-bWw F \mS-I-n-s {]tabw Cu ]qh-I-Y-bm-Wv. AXn\m kz]v\-hm-k-h-Zw \mSIw {]Xn-m-\m-S-I-ns XpS-bmWv Fp a\-n-em-mw.
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kz]v\-hm-k-h-Zw
As\ ssI-em-nb `mcy-bmb hmk-h-Z--tbm-sSmv kkpJw hmgsh hcmPyw apmepw BcpWn F i{Xp Iog-S-n. Abmsf Pbn-m Zi-I F aK-[-cm-Pmhns klmbw AXym-h-iy-am-bn-cp-p. AXn\p ]t, Zi-Is ktlm-Z-cn-bmb ]Zvam-hXnsb DZ-b-tk-\ hnhmlw Ign--Ww. Fm hmk-h-Z Pohn-n-cns DZ-b\ AXn\p
Xm-dm-hp-I-bp-an-. ]m-h-Xn-bm-Is asmcp {]nb-bp hk-cm-P-t\msSmw Pohn-p-I-bpan-. Cu {]Xn-kn ]cn-l-cn-m a{n-am-cmb buK--cm-b-W\pw cpaWzm\pw hmk-h-Z
acn-p-t]mbn F sIp-IY sa\v hmk-h-Z--bpsS A\p-a-Xn-tbm-sS-s cmPmhpw
]Zvam-h-Xnbpw Xn-ep hnhmlw \S-m ]cn-]m-Sn-bn-Sp-p. buK--cm-b-W k\ym-knthjw [cnv Ah-n-cm-Py-kv{Xo-bpsS thjw [cn hmk-h-Z-bpambn t]mIp-p. Ahsf
Xs ktlm-Z-cn-bm-sW hymtP\ ]Zvam-h-Xn-sb-s Gn-p-Ibpw sNp-p. As\
cmPmhv ]Zvam-h-Xnsb hnhmlw Ign-p-Ibpw i{Xp-hns\ tXm]nv cmPyw hos-Sp-p-Ibpw
sNp--tXmsS Imcy- Ie-n-s-fn-bp-p.

Hm-aw

\mS-Im-cw-`-n-ep {]mY-\-bmWv \mn. Fm `mk-\m-S-I--fnepw Cu Bcw`w Dv.

\mn-p-tijw kq{X-[mc {]th-inv ]Xn-hp-t]mse Fm-sWmcp i_vZw tIp-Xv
Fp ]dv cwK-k-`w hnhcnp-p. ]Zvam-h-Xnbpw A\p-N-c-mcpw B{i-a-hm-kn-Isf
amn\ndp-p i_vZ-amWv tI-Xv. XpSv k\ym-kn-thjw [cn buK--cm-b-W\pw Bhn-Im-thjw [cn hmk-h-Z-bpw {]th-in-p-p. C-c-samcp B{i-a-ns im-Xbvp
`wKw-h-cppw hn[w BcmWv _l-fw-sh-p-Xv FXmbn-cpp buK--cm-b-Ws kwibw. Xsbpw amn-\n-dp-ptam F `b-am-bn-cpp hmk-h-Z--bvv. ImcWw cmn-bmWtm bYmY-n Ah. Pohn-X-n Ccw Ib-n-d-- cY-N-{I--sf-tmse
kzm`m-hn-I-am-sW-m-bn-cpp a{n-bmb buK--cm-b-Ws adp-]-Sn. Hcp lcn-m-c {]thinv amdn-\nm _l-fw-sh-p kw`m-j-Is\ KpW-tZm-jn-p-p. ImcWw \K-c-nse
Xncp t]Snv B{i-a-n-e-W--hsc Ahn-sS-shpw Xnc-p-Iqn _pn-ap-n--cp-X-tm.
AXp-tIv a{nbpw cmnbpw Abm-fpsS ASp-tv \op-p. Zi-I-cm-Pm-hns ktlmZcn ]Zvam-hXn cmPm-hns Asb B{i-a-n ImWm hn-cn-p _l-f-am-WnXv Fhp a\-n-em-hp-p. ]m-h-Xnsb I-tm buK--cm-b-W\p Adn-bmsX a\-n
_lp-am-\-ap-Zn-p-p. Ah Xs cmPm-hmb DZ-b-tk-\\p `mcy-bmbn `hn-p-sa {]h-N\w
a\-n-temm-bn-cpp AXv. kp-cnbpw kpio-e-bp-amb Cu cmP-Ip-am-cnsb D-b-\o-cm-Pmhmb {]tZym-X-\ hnhm-l-am-tem-Nn-p- hnh-chpw Ahp e`n-p. ]Zvam-hXn Xm]-k-mtcmSv Bs-nepw Fs-nepw klm-b- thtWm Fm-h-iy-s-Sp-p. Ah-kcw apXse-Spv buK--cm-bW hmk-h-Z Xs tkmZ-cn-bm-sWpw `mhv Zqc-hm-k-n\v
t]mb-Xm-sWpw Ipd-p-Imew cmP-Ip-am-cn-bpsS IqsS \ndp--W-sapw Bh-iy-s-Sp-p.
X\nv [\w th, `Ww th, ]n-sX-m-\ Imhn-apv [cn--Xv. [oc-bpw [a-h-Xnbpamb cmP-Ip-amcn ]Xn-{h-X-bmb Fs s]sf Imp-c-n-m am{Xw aXn (tmIw 9)
FmWv At-l-ns Bh-iyw. AXn\p adp-]-Sn-bmbn "[\w Dbncv X]v XpSn aspw
sImSp-m Ffp--am-Wv. ]t, Fm kqn-m-t\n hkvXp kwc-n-p-I-bmWv
Ghpw {]bm-k-Icw' FmWv (tmIw 10) ]m-hXn ]d-bp-Xv.
]noSv AhnsS hp-Iq-Snb Hcp {_-Nm-cn-bn \nv, DZ-b-\-cm-Pmhv \mbm-n\p
t]mb k`-n {Kma-n\p Xo]n-Snv hmk-h acn-p-t]m-sbpw hmk-h-Z-sb cnm Xobn NmSnb buK--cm-b-W F a{nbpw acn-p-shpw cmPmhv `mcym-hn-tbm-Km Xobn NmSm-s\m-cp-n-b-Xns\ a{n-am XSp-p-shpw AtXmsS cmPmhv BsI
ZpJn-X-\m-sWpw D IY-I hmk-h-Z tIpp. t_m[w sI cmPmhv hmk-h-Zsb hnfnp Ic-bp-I-bm-sW-p-IqSn tI-tXmsS Ahpw Ic-n hp. IY tIv hyk\np Ic-bp-I-bm-sW-mWv Acn-In-ep--h- Icp-Xn-b-Xv. "AXp-t]mse Hcp N{I-hm-I--nt]mepw CWsb Hmv Ic-n-p-m-hn-. CXp-t]mse kv{Xosb kvt\ln-p Hcp ]pcp-j\p-ap-m-In-. Ccw `m-hp GsXmcp s]pw `mKy-h-Xn-X-s. ]Xn-tbm-Sp kvt\lw
aqew Ch Xobn Fcn-mepw shp-t]m-hp-I-bn' (tmIw 13) Fv {_-Nmcn ]d-bpp. cpa-Wzm F a{n-bmWv Ctm cmPm-hns\ kam-iz-kn-n-p--Xv. XpSv buK-cm-b-W ]ncn-p-t]m-Ip-p.

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cmw Aw
DZym-\-n ]pIfnp Xf hmk-h-Z-bpw ]Zvam-h-Xnbpw Xn-ep kw`m-j-Wtm-sS-bmWv cmw cwKw Bcw-`n---Xv. hmk-h-Z ]Zvam-h-Xn-bpsS ku-cys ]pIgvp-p. ]Zvam-hXn D-bn-\n-bnse alm-tk-\-s\-dn-b-s-Sp {]tZym-Xs `mcym-bm-hm
t]mIp--h-fmWv Fv AYw-shv kwkm-cn-sh Ahfpw h-cm-Pm-hmb DZ-b-\\pw
Xnep hnhmlw Dd-p-I-gnp F hnh-c-amWv hmk-h-Z-bvp e`n-p--Xv. AXp-tIv
hmk-h-Z--bpsS a\v Ccp-fp-p-v.

aqmw Aw

hnhm-lm-tamZw \nd \mep-sI-n ]Zvam-h-Xnsb DZ-b-t\m-sSmw hnv GIm-bpw

ZpJn-X-bp-ambn hmk-h-Z kv{XoI-fpsS DZym-\-n-se-p-p. ]Zvam-h-Xnv ame-tImm\p I]-\-bp-ambn Zmkn-sb-p-Xv hmk-h-Z-sb IqSp-X hnj-an-n-p-p. Zmkn DZb-\s cq]-em-hWyw hWn-p--Xp-t]mepw Ahv Ak-ly-am-hp-p-v. k]-Xv\n-amsc
XS-bp Ahn-[-hm-l-cWw F acpp]pjv]hpw ame-bn tImphm Xmdmnbnpv. ]t, AXp tImm hmk-h-Z k-Xn-p-n-. DZ-b-\s `mcy ac-Ws--Xm-Wtm F Imc-W-am-Wv Ah Zmkn-tbmSv ]d-bp--Xv.

\memw Aw

Bcy-h-k--I F hnZq-j-I\pw cmPmhpw Xn ]qtmw Npn--d-m-\n-d-pXpw hmk-h-Z-bpw ]m-h-Xnbpw Ah-sc-v ad-p-\np-Xpw Atm-gp-mb
Nne Xam-i-Ifpw tN Hcp cwK-am-Wn-Xv. DZ-b-\-cm-Pm-hn\v hmk-h-Z-sb ad-m-\m-Ip-n
F-Xns kqN-\-I-fmWv {][m-\-ambpw Cu cwK--fn shfn-hm-Ip--Xv. cmPm-hns\ Hfn-pIm-Wp-tm-tgpw hmk-h-Z-bvp Io-cp-s]m-Sn-bp-p-v. Fm-eXv ]qsmSn In-te--XpsIm-m-sW-mWv Ah Iw ]d-bp--Xv. AXn-\n-S-bn hnZq-j-I, ac-W-s hmk-h-Z-sb-bmtWm ]pXp-`m-cy-bmb ]Zvam-h-Xn-sb-bmtWm cmPm-hn\v IqSp-X {]nbw F tNmZy-ap-bnv IpSp-p-p. BZyw Hcp-cw ]d-bm hnk--Xn DZ-b-\-cm-Pmhv KXy--c-an-msX
"]Zvam-hXn kp-cnbpw k-X-bp-am-sWpw am[p-cy-cq-]-Kp-W- XnI--h-fm-sWpw
Fnepw X\nv hmk-h-Z--bn Bg-n ]Xn-p-t]mb a\-ns\ Xncn-s-Sp-m Ignbp-n Fpw k-Xn-p-p.' (tmIw 4) CXp-tIv hmk-h-Z-bpw ]Zvam-h-Xnbpw Hcpt]mse ktm-jn-p-p-v. cPmhv hnZq-j-I-t\mSpw AtX tNmZyw tNmZn-p-p. ]m-hXn
kp-cn-bm-sW-nepw {]nbw hmk-h-Z--tbm-SmWv, ImcWw hmk-h-Z CS-bvn-Sbvv
X\nv CjvSw-t]mse hn`-h- `n-m Xcp-sa-mWv hnZq-j-Is D-cw. Cu Xam-itIv cmPmhv Nncn-p-Ibpw Cu adp-]Sn hmk-h-Z--tbmSv ]d-bp-sav Adn-bmsX ]d-p-t]mhp-Ibpw sNp-p. hmk-h-Z--sb-p-dn-p Hcp Xami tI-tm-tgpw cmPmhv ]gb Imen-tev Adn-bmsX aS-n-tm-b-Xm-bn-cp-p. (tmIw 5). ZpJw If-bp-hm-\mWv Xm
t{]as \p-h-fn-b-Xv. ]t, AXp-sImpw ian-msX Xs kSw hfp-h-cn-I-bmW-tm. acn-p-t]mb {]nb-P-\--tfm-Sp IS-m-Sp-I Io-cp-hmp hop-hm-\mWv DeIns \Sv Fv cmPmhv hne-]n-pp. (tmIw 6) kSw Xom ]Zvam-hXn cmPm-hn-\-Sptv sNp-p. Fm hmk-h-Z--sb-tmse, ]qsmSn In hoWmWv Xm
IcXv F Iw Bhn-p-I-bmWv cmPmhv (tmIw 7) ]pXp-s]-mb ]Zvam-hXn
kXy-a-dn-m Ic-p-t]mIpw F-Xp-sIm-mWv cmPmhv Cs\ Iw ]-d-bp--Xv.

Amw Aw

kz]v\ hmk-h-Zw F \ma-n\v B[m-c-amb AwK-am-Wn-Xv. AXn-I-Tn-\-amb Xeth-Z-\-bm hnj-an-p-I-bmWv ]Zvam-h-Xn-sbpw Ah hmk-h-Z-sb ImWm B{K-lnp-p-shpw Ctm s]mbvIm-Kr-l-n hn{i-a-n-emsWpw Hcp tXmgn Adn-bn-p-tXm-sS-bmWv kw`hw Bcw-`n-p-Xv. hmk-h-Z IY-I ]dv ckn-n-p-tm thZ\
ad-p-a-tm. ]t, AtX ka-b-mWv cmPm-hn\v `mcym-kw-K-n\v B{K-l-ap-Zn-p--Xv. cmPIp-amcn s]mbvIm--Kr-n-em-sW hnhcw shv hnZq-j-I cmPm-hns\ Atmv B\-bn-pp. s]mbvIm-Kr-l-n-tep Ib-dm-s\m-cp-sh taem-n \nv DXnp-hoW tXmc-Ws
Iv hnZq-j-I ]mm-sWv IcpXn `b-p-p. (XpSv \S-m-\n-cn-p kz]v\-Zr-iytmSv Cu ambm-\p-`hw tNp-a-\-n-emmw) Fm ]m-hXn AhnsS hn-n-sv
cmPm-hn\v a\-n-em-bn. ImcWw hncn Npfn-n-n-. InS Ipgn-n-n-, s\n-bn-en acpns Id Xe-bn-W-bn ]n-bn-n-, tcmKnv thZ-\-b-dn-bm-Xn-cn-p-hm-\p taem-p-I
Xqn-bn-n-n-. am{X-a, tcmKn-bmb Hcm A{X s]sv InS--hn-s-gp-tv t]mhp-I-bp-an
(tmIw 4). AXn-\m AtX InS--bn cmP-Ip-am-cnsb Aev]-t\cw Imn-cn-m-\mWv
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cmPmhv Dt-in-p--Xv. t\cw-t]m-n-\mbn hnZq-j-I Hcp IY-]-d-bp-p. "D-bn\n Fsmcp

\K-cp-ap-v. AhnsS AXn-c-a-Wo-b--fmb Ipfn--S-hp-I-fp-v....' D-bn-\n-sbp tI-am-{Xbn cmPm-hn\v hmk-h-Z-sb Hma-h-cp-p. hmk-h-Z-sb kz\-K-c-n \nv Xn-smp-h-cp thf-bn amXm-]n-Xm--sfbpw _p--sfbpw shSn k-S-m Ic-tm AXv Xs s\n hoW k`amWv Hmp-Xv (tmIw 5). hoWhmb\ ]Tn-nsh hmk-h-Z Xs apJ-tv t\mn-bn-cpv hoW--n-bn sXmSmsX A-co-n aonb kw`-hhpw cmPmhv Hmp (tmIw 6). CXn-\m thsd IY ]d-bpp hnZq-jI. IY XpS-csh cmPmhv Dd-n-tm-Ip-p. DWmsX hnZq-j-I hnf--Wv ]pd-tp
t]mb k`-n ]Zvam-h-Xnv acp-p-ambn hmk-h-Z-bpw tXmgnbpw Ahn-tSv {]th-inp-p. Ccp-n ]Zvam-h-Xn-bm-sWp IcpXn cmPm-hns sXm-cn-In-emWv hmk-h-Z Ccn-p-Xv. Dd--n cmPmhv hmk-h-Z-sb kz]v\w ImWp-p. cmPmhv hmk-h-Z-sb kz]v\n Dds hnfn-p-Xv tIv hmk-h-Z ]nS-s-gp-tp-Ibpw Zqsc-\nv cmPmhns\ I\n-dsb ImWp-Ibpw sNp-p. kz]v\-n cmPmhv hmk-h-Z--tbmSv tNmZnp tNmZy-v adp-]-Sn-]-d-bp-Ibpw sNp-p. InS-bvp ]pd-tv Xqn-\np
cmPm-hns ssI ]Xps icn-bm-n-shv Ah Ahn-sS-\nv t]mIpp. hmk-h-Z--bpsS
kv]i-ta--tXmsS IXv kz]v\tam bmYmYytam F-dn-bmsX cmPmhv DW-cp-p. Xm
hmk-h-Zsb IXv kXy-am-sWpw cpa-Wzm \pW-]-d--Xm-hm-sapw cmPm-hn\v
tXmp-p. CXp shdpw In\m-hm-sW-n Rm\p-W-cm-Xn-cn--s, A CXv {`mm-sW-n
Cu {`mv \oWm amdm-Xn-cn-s FmWv cmPmhv sImXn-p--Xv. (tmIw 9). Cu an-cn ]mp Ah-n-kp-cn F bn-sb-bm-bn-cn-Ww cmPmhv IXv FmWv hnZqj-Is A`n-{]m-bw. kz]v\m-h-km-\-n DW-tm B Nmcn-{Xy-kw-c-nWn (hmk-hZ)bpsS apJ-am-Ip Xma-cbpw \o apSnbpw ajn-sb-gp-Xm IIfpw Ip-shv
cmPmhv kmy-s-Sp-p-p. am{X-a-, B kpcn Fs ssI]n-Sn--tm-gp-mb tcmamhpw
s\n-Snpw Ctmgpw Ah-km-\nn-n-spw cmPmhv ImWn-p-sIm-Sp-p-p (tmIw 10, 11).
DSs\, DZ-b-\-cm-Pm-hns a{n cpa-Wzm henb ssk\ys tiJ-cnv Bcp-Wn-tbmSv
bpw-sN-m ]pd-s-p-h-cp-pv F ktiw e`n-p-p. bp-n-\mbn cmPmhpw ]pds-SptXmsS Cu \mS-Inse {][m\ cwKw Ah-km-\np-p.

Aw Bdv

Xh-W-m-cn-bmb hnP-bbpw lcn-m-c\pw Xn-ep kw`m-j-W-tmsS cwKw Bcw`n-p-p. bpw Pbn-p-h cmPmhv Btcm tLmj-hXn F hoW hmbn-p i_vZw tIv
hmk-h-Z-m-kvar-Xn-bm ]pf-In-X-\m-Ip-p. \a-Zm-Xo-cs h-p-Sn-en \nmWv
Abmv B hoW e`n--Xv. AsX-Spv aSn-bn sh-tXm-Sp-IqSn cmPmhv t_m[wsIp hogpp. {ipXn-kp-J-tm-Sp-IqSn hmk-h-Z--bpsS aSn-bnepw amdnepw hn{i-an \o Infn-I s]mSnbp-Xn Xp-ambn sImSnb h\-n hkn--sX-ns\ Fv cmPmhv hoW-tbmSv tNmZnpp (tmIw 1). Ac-s-n hln-pw apdpn sIn-n-Sn-pw oWn-p-tm amdn
tNv Xtem-Snbpw Fssmn hnc-th-f-I-fn hne-]npw \ns aop t\cv ]pn-cnp-sIm-p kwkm-c-fpw Fmw \o ad-p-I-f-tm Fv \n-bn-m hoW-tbmSv
cmPmhv ]cm-Xn-]-d-bpp (tmIw 2). ]cn-p-]-nb hoWsb \m-n-sb-Sp-m inev]nsb
Gn-pp hnZq-j-I.
hmk-h-Z-bpw amXm-]n-Xm--fmb alm-tk-\\pw BwKm-c-h-Xnhpw ]d--b kiI cmPm-hns\ ImWm hn-cn-p-p. Ahsc k-cn-m cmPmhv ]vZam-h-Xn-sbbpw
Iqp-p-v. aI-fpsS Zpa-c-W-hm-b-dn amXm-]n-Xm- FmWv ]d-bpI Fv cmPmhn\pw ]Zvam-h-Xnpw Bi--bp-v. cmPmhv Xn-sm-p-h--Xm-Wtm aI-sf. "B\-bp-n Fs tXmn-p, kzw a-sf-tmse Fnpw Rm ]cn-N-cn-p, Fs aIsf
A]-l-cn-p, Ahsf Imp-c-n-m F\nv Ign--Xp-an- Atm-sgmpw aa-X-hnv s]cpam-dm Rm aI-fpsS ac-W-hm tIpw aa-X-tbmsS hkn-p-p. Imc-Ww, h-cmPyw
XncnsI e`n-p--Xn\v \nan--am-bXv AXm-Wtm' FmWv cmPm-hns kt-iw. (tmIw 8)
"]Xn-\mdv A-]p-c-kv{Xo-I-fn aq-h-fmb \K-c-n\v ]c-tZ-h-X-bm-b A-dm-Wnv kpJw-Xs-b-tbm Fv cmPmhv At\z-jnp (tmIw 9). Bcv Bsc-bmWv ac-W-n \nv cnm Ign-hp--h, Ibs]mn InW-n-tep ]Xn-p IpSs Bcv XS-bpw, DeIw Hcp
ImSp-t]m-se-bmWv Imem-Imew AXp shn-sh-Sn-m-p-p, hopw apf-p-b-cp-p. (tmIw 10)
FmWv lcn-m-c cmPm-hns\ Biz-kn-n-p--Xv. C\n-sb-{X-Pw P\n-mepw hmk-h-Zsb ad-m Ign-bn-sv cmPmhv kmy-s-Sp-p-p.
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hmk-h-Z--bpsS amXmhv DZ-b-\-cm-Pm-hns\ icnpw acp-a-I-\m-bn--s-bmWv IXv

F hkvXpX shfn-s-Sp-p kt-i-amWv [m{Xn-hiw \In-hn-n-cp--Xv. cmPm-hns\ Dbn-\n-bn-tev hcp-n-Xpw aIsf hoW-b-`y-kn-n-m-s\ \mSy-n Hcp-anv Xma-kn-nXpw {]W-b-Nm-]eyw aqew cmPmhv hmk-h-Z--tbm-sSmw hnhm-l-aw-Kfw BN-cn-msX ISp-I-f-Xpw A kvacn-p-p. Fm Ah apd-{]-Imcw aI-fp-sSbpw acp-a-I-sbpw
inev]- ]WnXv hnhmlw \S-n-sbv shfn-s-Sp-p-Ibpw sNp-p. AXns Nn{X-
DZ-bs\ ImWnv taen CXp-t\mn Biz-kn-p-Po-hn-m Bh-iy-s-Sp-p. sXpsN-bvXn-pt]mepw X-fn A{]oXn ImWn-msX {]nbw \nd A-bpsS Cu hmp-I \qdp
cmPyw Iog-S-p--sX-m ktm-j-I-c-am-sWv cmPmhv A`n-{]m-b-s-p. (tmIw 12). Nn{Xnse hmk-h-Z-sb Iv CXv Bh-n-I-b-tmse Ccn-p-tm Fv ]Zvam-hXn B-cys-Sp-p. t]mse A AhX-s-bm-sW-mWv cmPm-hns {]Xn-I-c-Ww. Cu Nn{X-n-ep-Xp-t]m-ep Hcp s]Ipn Xs IqsS Xma-kn-p-p-spw Hcp k\ymkn kqn-mt\]n s]-fmWv Ah-sfpw ]m-hXn cmPm-hn-t\mSv ]d-bp-p. Htc hSn-hn temIv
Hn-e-[nIw Bfp-I-fp-m-hm-\n-S-bp-tm Fv kam-[m-\n-p-I-bmWv cmPmhv (tmIw 14).
Atm ktlm-Z-cnsb XncnsI hmn-m {_m-W-th-j-n buK--cm-b-W
{]th-in-p-p. {_m-Ws i_vZw tIv cmPm-hn\v ap]cn-Nbw tXmp-p-v. cmPm-hns
I]-\-{]-Imcw hmk-h-Z lmP-cm-Ip-p. cmPmhv hmk-h-Z-sb Iv Bm-Z-Nn--\m-Ipp. apv Iv hn-X-\m-b-Xp-t]mse Cu hmk-h-Z-bpw hmkvX-htam kz]v\tam Fm-Wt-l-n\p kwi-bw. (tmIw 17) kz]v\-hm-k-h-Zw F \mS-I-\maw HmpI. \S
kw`-h--sfmw buK--cm-W cmPm-hns\ Adn-bn-p-p. tPyjvT-n-bmb hmk-h-Z-tbmSv Hcp kJn-sb-tmse s]cp-am-dn-tm-b-Xn ]Zvam-hXn amp-tNm-Zn-p-p. Iuimw-_n
cmPys cn-m-\mWv C-c-samcp Bam-dm--n\v Hcp-n-p-d---sXpw ]Zvam-hXn
cmPm-hns `mcy-bm-Ip-sa ]pjv]-I-`-{Z-m-cpsS {]h-N\w Adn--Xp-sIm-mWv Ah-scs kwc-Ww Gn--sXpw Cu hnhcw cpa-Wzm\pw Adn-bm-am-bn-cp-p-shpw buK-cm-b-W ]d-bp-p. almkq-{X-m-c FmWv cmPmhv cpa-Wzms\pdnv ]d-bp--Xv.
Fm-hcpw Hcp-anv ktm-j-tmsS thZn-hn-Sp-tm `c-X-hm-Iy-tmsS \mSIw Ah-km-\np-p.

\mSIw/ Xnc-Y

Page 19

School of Distance Education

samUyq 2
temI-\m-S-I-th-Zn-bpsS B[p-\nI Lw
tdmam km{amPytmsSmw {InkvXpaXw bptdmv apgph hym]nXv \mSIIebpsS
Xfbvp ImcWambnop. s{sIkvXhk` aXhnizmknIsf A`n\bn \np
hnepIbpmbn. B ImeLnse bqtdm]y \mSImhXcWw kmaqlnImtLmj
fnepw {]`pm AXnYnImbn Hcpnbncp kXvImckZpIfnepap kwKoXm
em]\tmSp IqSnb \r\rXyfnepw HXpn\np. AXn\m A`n\bn\p
thnbp \mSIcN\ \maam{Xambn. anI \mSI kmlnXy IrXnI F
\nebnemWv Am-ev {insXv. a[yImev \mSImhXcWw XpSnbXv s{sIkvXh
tZhmebfpsS Dnembncpp. ]noSv AXp ]naptp amdn. Nefn
_qv kvtPpI {IaoIcnv \mSI AhXcnnp ]Xnhpapmbncpp. KnUv
lmfpIfpw \mSIthZnIfmbn amdn.
tdmamkm{amPyns ]X\n\pw \thmm\Imen\panSbnep GXmv ]v
\qmpI bqtdm]y \mSIthZnbpsS PoWImeLambncpp. a[yImev bptdmnse
\mSIthZnbnepmb FSpp]db kw`hhnImkw s{sIkvXh aXhnizmktmSv
_s 'andn t' bpsS Bhn`mhhpw {]NmchpamWv. Cu hn`mKnsSp
\mSIIrXnIfpw \mSImhXcWfpw aXhnizmk{]NmcWn\v klmbIambncpp.
ss__nfnse AZv`pXIYI {]tabamp andn tbpsS AhXcWw FmbnSpw
Hcpt]mse Iem]cambncpn. AhbpsS `mjbnepw cN\mcoXnbnepw AhXcWcoXnbnepw
kw`hn ]cnWmaw tZiobkz`mhap \mSIfpsS Bhn`mhn\v hgnsXfnp.
andn tItfmsSmwXs andn tIfpw Acnsen. I\yIm]p{X\mbn {InkvXp
P\nXv, {XnXz hnizmkw XpSnb Kl\fmb Znhyclkysf B[mcamnbp
hbmWv andn tI. kZvKpWfpw ZpKpWfpw IYm]m{Xfmbn hcp samdmenn
tIfpw Cmev AhXcnnp hp. CeqUpIfmWv asmcn\w. Hcp \mSIw thZnbn
\Sptm cnSbnep kabv AhXcnnpXn\pXmWv CeqUv.
CXv \mSIw XpSpXn\paptm ]ntm thWsanepw AhXcnnmhpXmbncpp. ap
Iem]cn]mSnInSbnepw hncppInSbnepw CeqUn\v thZn Hcpnbncpp.
s{sIkvXhk`bpsS A\p{KltmsS hf a[yIme \mSIIebvsXncmb Nne
{]Xntj[fpw Amepmbn. A[ym]Icpw A`n`mjIcpaSnb _pnPohn
hKamWv AXn\v t\XrXzw \evInbXv.

\thmm\ \mSIw

{In.h. 1500 Ifn {Kov tdma kmlnXyfpsS NphSp]nSnv Cen Bm\amn

bqtdmnemsI cq]wsImXmWv- \thmm\ XcwKw FdnbsSpXv. CXpaqew
\mSIcwKpw am DmhpIbpw Akvtmnensd t]mbnIvkv, slmtdkns Bv
Hm^v s]mb{Sn Fo IrXnIsf ASnm\amn hfscb[nIw \mSI cq]w
sImpIbpw sNbvXp. Ccw {]m\ \ntbm mknIvknkw Fv AdnbsSpp.
\thmm\ImeLn an bqtdm]y cmPyfnsebpw \mSIw cq]]cambpw
DSns Imcynepw ]e ]cnh\pw hnt[bambn. Cenbnembncpp
\nWmbIam BZyapmbXv. a\pjy Fs\bmbncnWsa Fs\bncn
pp Fv ImWnpsImSppIbmWv \mSI[aw Fv {]Jym]n Cmenb lyqa\nv
\mSIIrp kaImeo\ CenbpsS Hcp ]cntOZwXs Acnsenp. AXv
bqtdmnemIam\w AY]qWamb Hcp \mSIthZnbpsS ]ndhnv \nanambn. ip`m
Zpc \mSIv ]pdta Cenbnse \mSIacfn, h\tZhXamcpw CSbmcpw
Xnep {]Wbw hnjbamn AhXcnnncp Hcp \mSIcq]ambncpp ]md
{In.h. 1502 epw 1508 epambn cNns eptUmhnsm AcntbmkvtmbpsS
IrXnIfmb sF ktmknn, Imdnb Fo \mSIfneqsSbmWv- Cenbn \mSI
{]m\fpsS Bcw`w Fv IcpXsSpp. Ctlns\ IqSmsX `cWm[nImcnbpw
kmlnXyImc\pambncp
\ntmfmamn
shn
bpsS
ip`m
\mSIambncp
emamt{UmKebpw Cmenb \mSI{]m\n {][m\ ]v hlnncpp. Knbm
KntbmKntbm {Snnt\m cNn tkmt^m \nkv_ Cenbnse BZytXpw {]ikvXhpamb
Zpc \mSIambncpp. cmPkZpIfn AhXcnnncp Hcp \mSIcq]ambncpp
Cdsatm. {Kov Zpc \mSIfpsS ]p\chXcW {iansd ^eambn {In.h. 1590Ifn cq]w Cenbn cq]wsIm asmcp \mSIcq]ambncpp Hmd. Imemcn
Cdsatm HmdbpsS `mKamIpIbpw 1650 ItfmSv IqSn HmdI Cenbnse Gsd
P\{]oXnbmn \mSIcq]ambn amdpIbpw sNbvXp.
\mSIw/ Xnc-Y

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School of Distance Education

]mmXy \mSIthZnbn cmasXmcp kphWbpKw Bhn`hnXv CwKvfojv

\mSIIrmb sjbvIvkv]nbdpsS cwK{]thitmSpIqSnbmWv. Atlns cN\I
BkzmZyfmbncpp Fp am{Xa XnIpw A`n\btbmKyfpw Bbncpp. ]eXpw
XpSbmbn hfsc\m Htc \mSIthZnbn AhXcnnsp. DXIpePmXpw
km[mcWmpw thn shtsd thZnIfn \mS-I- Ah AhXcnnpI
]Xnhmbncpp.
sjbvIvkv]nbdpsS
\mSIIrXnIsf
{SmPUnI,
tImaUnI,
Ncn{X\mSI Fns\ aqphn`mKfmbn Xncnmw. {Kop Zpc\mSIp
{]IrXyXoX inIfpsS CSs]S ImcWambncns, a\pjy kz`mhn Aeo\amb
sshIeyfmWv sjbvIvkv]ocnb {SmPUnIp aqetlXp. sjbvIvkv]nbdpsS
{SmPUnI e]cambpw {Inbmwi kw_ambpw Imekw_ambpap sFIyw
]pephb FXmWv Ahbvv {Kov {SmPUnIfn \np hyXymkw. Zv sSw]v
DssS Nne \mSI CXn\v A]hmZambpv. sjbvIvkv]nbdpsS InMv enb,
amIvs_Xv, lmwsev, HYtm XpSnb ]e {SmPUnIfpw temIkmlnXynsebpw
\mSIthZnbnsebpw am]okpIfmbn IcpXsSpp.
sjbvIvkv]nbdns kaImenIcmbncpp {In^ amtembpw s_ tPmkWpw.
tUm. ^uv F sFXnlyIYm]m{Xns IYsb Bkv]Zamn amsem cNn \mSIw
(tUm t^mkv) {]tXyI ]cmaialnpp. cN\minev]ns khntijXsImv
Cu \mSIw temI{]ikvXnbmPnp. Imev]\nIkmlnXynsbpw IebpsSbpw
Bcw`Ln CtX IYm]m{Xs tI{amnsmv hnJymX sPa kmlnXy
Imc\mb sKbvsY cNn Imhy\mSIhpw (^uv) temI{]ikvXn BPnnpXmWv.

]mmXy \mS-I-ns B[p\nIImew

bqtdm]y \mSIthZnbnse B[p\nI ImeLn\v XpSw IpdnXv tamfntb

F {]ikvX {^v \mSIIrmWv. {]lk\cq]nep KZy\mSIns hnin
amXrIIfmWv Atlns
cN\I. Atlns ImeLn\pappmb
\mSIfn `qcn]hpw ]Zycq]nephbmbncpp. KZy\mSIn\v cwKthZnbn
hnPbnm Ignbpsav tamfntbdpsS \mSI sXfnbnp. DSnepw cq]nepw
Atlns \mSIp khntijXI aqew temInse ]e`mjIfnepw
Ccw ^mgvkpI ({]lk\) cNnsSm CSbmbn. tamfnbdpsS Imen\ptijw
bqtdm]y \mSIthZnbn Dmb Hcp henb kw`hw t\mthmc\mb slnIv
C_vk cNn dnbennIv KZy\mSIfpsS Bhn`mhamWv. temI\mSIthZnbnse
dnbennIv \mSI{]m\ns D]mXmhmbn IcpXsSp C_vks `qcn]w
\mSIfpw dnbennIv ssienbn kaImenI kmaqlnI PohnXnse {]iv\
Nn{XoIcnphbmWv. tKmvkv, tUmkv slukv, sshUv Uv, F\nan H^v Zv ]on
Fnh Atlns hnJymX dnbennIv \mSIfmWv. Chbn ]eXpw
aebmfntepw
at\Iw
temI`mjIfntepw
hnh\w
sNsnpv.
CsXmsbmsWnepw C_vk, dnbennIv \mSIfpsS cNbnXmhv am{Xambncpn.
{]XoImIfpw ImhymIfpamb GXm\pw anI \mSIfpw Atlw cNnnpv.
Ahbn Ghpw {]knw am _nU (cmPinev]n) F IrXnbmWv. C_vks
\mSIv s]mXpthbp Hcp khntijX {Kop {SmPUnIfnse {Inbmwi]camb
sFIyw, Imekw_nbmb sFIyw, e]camb sFIyw Fnh Chbn
]mensSpp FXmWv. CwKvfojv \mSIIrmb _WmUvjm kaImenI
kmaqlnIbmYmYysf A[nIcnv Htsd \mSI cNnpIbpmbn. Ah
\mSIthZnbn
hnPbIcambn
AhXcnnsSpIbpw
sNbvXp.
jmbpsS
AXn{]ikvXfmb \mSIfmWv Zn Bn Imv, am BUv kqam Fnh.
Fm {Inbmwi{][m\amb C_vks \mSIfn \nv hyXykvXambn jmbpsS
\mSI kw`mjW {][m\fmWv. Ahsbmw \ack{][m\fpw ]etmgpw
lmkyIfpas{X. HmkvIm sshUpw \mS-I- cNn-n-p-v. Ccp]Xmw \qmns
]qhm[n Pohnncp hnJymXcmb djy sNdpIYmImcmcn Hcmfmb B
sNJ^v {]Kev`\mb Hcp \mSIIrpIqSn Bbncpp. Atlns \mSIfn
IqSpX {]knambXv aqp ktlmZcnam F IrXnbmWv.
C_vk\p tijw A[nIImew IgnbpXn\pappXs temI\mSIkmlnXyw
dnbenkn \nv AIpXpSn. Atlns ]nmte cwKph BKv
kv{Sn_Kv, saenv Fnh \mSIcN\bn bpnbpsS `mj shSnv
Akm[mcWamb Hcp A\p`qXnXew krnp \mSI AhXcnnp. ]nevmev
bqtdmn cq]w sIm \ho\ \mSI{]hWXIfmWv Akw_\mSIw, FnIv Xnsb
\mSIw/ Xnc-Y

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School of Distance Education

XpSnbh.
B[p\nI
PohnXn
B\p`hthZyamb
s]mcptSpIfmWv
Akw_\mSIm[mcw. am\hcminbpsS 'almt\' hcpnh Zpcfpw
temIbpfpw krn AkvXnXzkakyIfmWv Ccw \mSIfn Gdnbpw Ipdpw
N sNsSpXv. bqPo Abs\kvtImbpsS ImmarKw, ItkcI Fnh Cu
KWn {itbamWv. Akw_\mSIfpsS Iqn {]ikvXnbmPn tKmtZmsb
Imv (shbvnwKv t^m tKmtZm) F \mSIw kmaph s_nt-XmWv. t\m_
km\w t\Snb Cu IrXn temInse an `mjIfntepw hnh\w sNsnpv.
(IS\n cmaIrjvW\mWv aebmfn XPpa sNbvXnpXv.) Ccp]Xmw \qmnse
\mSIcwKv ]pXnb Ne\ krn asmcp FgppImc AkvXnXzhmZnbmb sjs\
BWv. AkvXnXzhmZ]camb am\pjnI{]iv\ Nn{XoIcnp B \mSI a\pjy
PohnXnse Nne sshIrXsfbpw Akm[mcW {]iv\sfbpw Nn{XoIcnpp.
themcnI (Z sabvUvkv) BWv \ DZmlcWw. \mSIw \mSIobamIcpsXpw
AXneqsS BhnjvIcnsSp PohnXkXyfpw Xzfpw BkzmZIsc [cnnpI
FXmbncnWw \mSIns eysapw A`n{]mbs s_tSmUv s{_lvXv FnIv
\mSIw Fsmcp \mSIcq]w BhnjvIcnpIbpw AXn\p tbmPn \mSI FgpXn
AhXcnnpIbpw sNbvXp. t{]I\v Acnse kw`htfmSp hnImc]camb
kmoIcWw DmIcpsXpw _unIamb A\yhXvIcWw \ne\nn hnai\m
Iambn hnebncpm IgnbWsapw {_lvXv kzw cN\IfneqsS sXfnbnp. kmaqlnI
amn\v t{]Is\ t_m[hm\mm\p {]IS\thZnbmWv Atln\v Acv.
{Xns]\n Hmd, tImtjy Nmv kn, skvkzm\nse \ kv{Xo, ]pnebpw
innSnbpw, aZ ItdPpw AhcpsS aIfpw XpSnb A\h[n \mSIfneqsS {_lvXv Xs
knmw BhnjvIcnp.

ae-bm-f-nse kwL-SnX \mS-I-

temI \mS-I-{]-m-\-tm-sSmw ae-bmf \mS-I-th-Znbpw hnI-kn-p. \mS-I-
ImWm\pw Ah-X-cn-n-m\pw kwL-Sn-X-amb {ia--fp-m-bn. ae-bmf \mS-I-h-th-Zn-bpsS
Acw
BZyImes
{][m\
\mSIfn
NneXv,
kn.hn.cma]nbpsS
'N{apJohnemkw' (1885), sImpnpcms IeymWoIeymWw (1888), sI.kn.tIih
]nbpsS evaoIeymWw (1893), In hdp!okv amnfbpsS 'F{_m!bpn'(1894),
Ieln\oZa\Iw (hneyw tjIvkv]nbdns 'tanMv Hm^v Zv {jyq' F IrXnbpsS
hnh\w), sImo XcIs 'adnbm' (1903) XpSnbhbmbncpp.[1] sNdnb
HcnSthfptijw kn.hn. cma]n 1909 'Ipdpnmfcn' F Bt]lmky
\mSIhpambn cwKphp. kn.hn.bpsS ]nme \mSI 'sX\mwtImp lcn{'
(1918), '_Sve ]' (1921) Fnhbmbncpp.knhnbpsS {][m\ \mSIIrXnI {]lk\w
F hn`mKn s]Sphbmbncpp.
Xangv \mSIfmbncpp HcpImev aebmf \mSIcwKs kzm[o\nncpXv.
hffnncpaWw,
]hngsmSn,
Kpte_mhen
XpSnb
\mSIfpw
In,
XymKcmP`mKhX, kckzXn`mbn-cXv\`mbn ktlmZcfpw HcpImev Acp XIp.
a[pctZhn _mehnt\mZ kwKoX k`, cmP-am-WnIyw k` XpS-nb Xangv\mSIkwL
AhXcnnncp Ncn{X]pcmW \mSIfpw tIcfn KWyamb kzm[o\w sNepn.
cmambWw, alm`mcXw, `mKhXw XpSnbhsb CXnhramnbp kwKoX\mSIv
Gsd BkzmZIcpmbncpp. kn.hn.bpsS BJymbnIIfpw CpteJbpw \mSIcq]n
Fnbtm ]pXnsbmcp \mSIkev]w aebmfn hnIknp. Xangv\mSI\n
IfpsS amXrIbn skpIfpambnmWv aebmfn BZy \mSI\nI DmbXv.
Xncphm \mcmbWnbpsS at\mtaml\w I\n, kn.]n. ANypXtat\ms
hnt\mZNnmaWn, Nmppn amSnbmcpsS cknIcRvPn\n, ]n.Fkv. hmcycpsS
]cainhhnemkw Fnh Ahbn NneXmWv. Sn.kn. ANypXtat\ms kwKoXss\j[w
(1892), sI.kn. tIih]nbpsS kZmcma (1903) Fcphbn N{I]mWnhmcycpsS
lcn{NcnXw (1913) Fo \mSI kwKoX \mSIIesb ]pnsSpn. 1903-
FgpXs kZmcma apXmWv bYmYn aebmf \mSIthZnbpsS Ncn{Xw
Bcw`npXv. Ccp]Xmw \qmns BZyLnepmb kn.hn. cma]nbpsS
{]lk\fpw aebmf\mSIns hfbvv ]pXnb apJw km\np. sX\mwtImv
lcn{ (1914), Ibvafs ISnss (1915), Umv Innb anw (1916), sNdptX
sImfw_kv (1917), ]s ]m (1918), ]m]n sNpnSw ]mXmfw (1919), Ipdpns Xncnv
(1920), _Svf ] (1921) Fnhbmbncpp Ah.
\mSIw/ Xnc-Y

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bYm-XY thZn
alm-`m-cX cmam-bW ]pcmW IY-I-fn \nv amdn kmaq-lnI {]iv\-sf \mS-In-tev sImp-h--tXmsS \mS-I-cwKw dnb-env ssien-bntev am-s-p. 1886 apX 1930
hscbp Imev Ccpqtdmfw \mSI cNnsp. kwKoX\mSIw Iem]cambn
A[x]Xn ImeLnemWv kzman {_{hX, Ipamc\mims IcpW (1930) \mSI
cq]n AhXcnnXv. XXv^eambn kwKoX\mSIthZnbn ]pXnb Ne\fpmbn.
{]Kev`cmb
IemImcmcpsS
t\XrXzn
]pXnb
\mSImhXcWfpmbn.
aebmf\mSIcwKv Nnbp s{]m^j\enkn\p -XpSwIpdnXv -ISbvmhq-IppIrjvW-]WncmWv. Ap-IfnIgnRm BdmwIfn kanXns coXn \Snemn
bXpw bntlamWv. Hmnd theppn, sk_my Ipp-Ipp `mKhX, tXhec
Ip]n, XncphmSn ]mp]n, ]mpfc IrjvWIpn \mb, B.]n.
tIih]n XpSnb \Sm t]scSpXpw Cu ImebfhnemWv.

kmaqlnI \thmm\hpw \mSI{]m\hpw

kmaqlnI A\mNmcfpw AkaXzfpw \nd Hcp ImeLnemWv kwKoX

\mSIfn \nv hyXykvXambn, am\hnIt_m[w Dunbpdnp \mSIkev]w
tIcfn ]ndhnsImpXv. temIsamSpw kw`hn kmaqlnI]cnWmafpw cm{ob
kw`hhnImkfpw AXn\v {]tNmZ\ambn. 1929- hn.Sn. `XncnmSv cNn ASpfbn
\nv Actv F kmaqlnI \mSIw Htsd tImfnf krnp. {_mW
kaqlnse A\mNmcsf ]pdpImnb B \mSIw aebmf \mSIthZnv ]pXnsbmcp
kmaqlyZi\w ]Ip \In. Fw.B._n.bpsS adpSbvpnse alm\cIw (1931),
t{]wPnbpsS EXpaXn (1938) Fo \mSIfpw ]cnh\kz`mhw sImp anIp\np.
1930 Ifn C_vks \mSIfpsS kzm[o\w BwKtebtemIst]mse
aebmfnepw \mSIcwKv kp{][m\ amp hgnsXfnp. {]ikvX\ncq]I\m!b
F._meIrjvW]n C_vks 't{]X' 1936 aebmfntep hnh\w
sNpIbpw C_vks \mSIsfpdnv aebmfn teJ\ FgpXpIbpw sNbvXp.
1940- kn. \mcmbW]n 'tdmkvsatlmw' aebmfntep hnh\w sNbvXp.
hn.Sn.bpsS asmcp {][m\ \mSIamb 'EXpaXn' (1939) AXns BibkqWXbvp
t]cptIXmWv.
C.hn. IrjvW]n, kn.hn.cma]nbpsS Ncn{X ZpcfpsSbpw Bt]
lmkynsbpw ]mX ]npSv ]e \mSIfpw cNnp. C.hn. bpsS lmkyck
{][m\amb \mSIfpsS ssien ]npSv \mSIsagpXnbhcn {][m\nIfmbncpp
Sn.F. tKm]n\mY\mbcpw F.]n. sN--\mbcpw. Atlns Ncn{XZpc
\mSIfpsS ]mX ]npShcmbncpp ssI\nc ]\m`]n ('thepn Zfhm',
'Im-hcnbnse Iev]]mZ]w' (1934)), Im\ IrjvWtat\m ('tNcam s]cpam',
']gncmPm'), ssI\nc IrjvW]n ('lcn{' (1938)), Ip\mv cmaIrjvW]n
('X]vX_mjv]w' (1934)) XpSnbh.
tIcfnse BZys cm{ob-kmaqlnI \mSIw sI.ZmtamZcs ']m_mn' (1938)
BWv. 1940 Ifn F. _meIrjvW]n, ]pfnam\ ]ctaizc]n, CStcn tKmhn
\mb, kn.sP.tXmakv XpSnbh aebmf \mSIcwKv kmaq-lnI {]ta-b--fp
cmjv{Sob \mSIsf AhXcnnp. IrjvW]nbpsS {][m\ \mSIfn '`Kv\`h\w'
(1942), 'I\yI' (1944), _em_ew (1946), XpSnbh DsSpw. ]pfnam\ ]ctaizc]n
bpsS 'kaXzhmZn' (1944) 'FIvkv{]j\nv' k{ZmbnsegpXnb Aaqey IrXnbmWv.
CStcnbpsS 'IqpIrjn'(1950) {KmaoWbmYmyfpsS IY]dp. kn.sP.tXmakns
{][m\ \mSIamb 'Ah hopw hcpp' aebmf \mSIp Hcp ]pXnb am\w \In.
Atlns \mSI ]ptcmKa\ kz`mhaphbpw `mhnbnse aebmf \mSIthZnsb
ap-Iqn Ihbpambncpp. Atlns ]coWXzc AXns ]mcaynsepXv
'1128 Cse s{sIw 27' (1954) F \mSIneqsSbmWv. A`nt\Xmpw kwhn[mb
Ipw shphnfnbpbnb Cu \mSIw Cpw aebmf \mSIcwKv thdnp\npp.
1950--60Ifnse \mSI \mSI Km\p {]m[m\yaphbpw cm{ob-kmaqlnI
Nmbv-hpI Dhbpambncpp. tXmn `mkn, F.F. ]n, sI.Sn. aplZv, Pn.
icn, Imhmew \mcmbWWn XpSnbh Nen{XfpsS Ipsmgpnepw
\mSIcwKs Ne\mIhpw BkzmZIhpamn \ne\nn.
\mSIw/ Xnc-Y

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School of Distance Education

hni-Z-]-T-\-n\v

1. Iqp-Irjn
CStcn tKmhn \mb

CStcn tKmhn \mb (P\\w

1906 Unkw_ 23. acWw. 1974 Htm_ 16)

ae-bm-f-nse B[p-\n-I-I-hn-X-bp-sSbpw \mS-I-n-sbpw Ncn-{X-n {][m\
][m\ ]p-h-ln Hcm-fmWv CS-tcn tKmhn \mb. s]mm\nSpp Ipnpdv]n.IrjvWpdpnsbpw CStcnfn IpnpnbbpsSbpw aI\mbn P\np.
kmam\y hnZym`ymkn\p tijw Bepg, s]mm\n, tImgntmSv FnhnSfn
ho KpakvX\mbn tPmen sNbvXp. 1938 CSn Pm\Inbsb hnhmlw sNbvXp.
s]mm\nbnse IrjvWWn hmb\ime tI{oIcnmbncpp kmlnXy{]h \w.
CXns
m]I\mbncpp
Atlw.
kzX{`mcXw
F
clky]{Xns
{]NmcI\pambncpp. ae_mdnse tI{ IemkanXnbpsS {]knUv, kmlnXy {]hI
klIcWkwLw Ubd, tIcf kmlnXy AmZan, kwKoX \mSI AmZan,
kakvXtIcf kmlnXy]cnjv Fo m]\fn AwKambpw {]hnnpv.
"inbpsS Ihn' Ftlw AdnbsSpp. Imhnsemv- F Imhy kamlmcn\v 1969 tI{ kmlnXy AmZan AhmUpw Hcp ]nSn s\n F Imhy kamlmcn\v 1971
se tIcf kmlnXy AmZan AhmUpw e`npIbpmbn.
{][m\ ImhyIrXnI AfImhen(1940), ]p Iehpw Acnhmfpw (1951),
Imhnsemv- (1966) ]qXmv-, CStcnbpsS XncsSp IhnXI (1966)
\mSIIqpIrjn(1950), Ifnbpw Nncnbpw(1954) Fnp Aw(1957)CStcnbpsS
\mSI (2001) IqpIrjn \mSIn\pw "]p Iehpw Acnhmfpw' IhnXmkamlmc
n\pw aZncmin Khsns ]pckv-Imc. "Anncn'v 1979 acWm\c
_lpaXnbmbn Bimss{]kpw e`np.

Iqp-Irjn IYm-kw-{Klw

Aw 1, cwKw 1
IY-bnse {][m\ IYm-]m-{X-amb {io[-\-c\m-b-cpsS hoSns ]qap-J-amWv BZy-cw-Knse kw`-h--fpsS CSw. thep F Cugh Irjn-m-c {io[-cs\ ImWm hn-cn-pp. {io[-c \mb-cpsS Abmb evan-b thep-hn\v Ccn-m ]mb- \Ip-p. apv
[mcmfw \nehpw hcp-am-\-hp-ap Xd-hm-Sm-bn-cpp AsXv Ah-cpsS kw`m-j-W-n sXfnbp-p-v. Imc-W-h-m km-Znv apX-emWv Xd-hmSv \ne-\n-dp-n-b-Xv. B kar-n-ap-gp-h
Imc-W-h-m-tcm-sSmw t]mhp-Ibpw sNbvXp. AXp-tI-p-sImv {io[-c IS-p-h-cp-p. A
A\p-P kpIp-am-cs\ DtZym-K-n\v ]d--b-m {io[-c-t\mSv Bh-iy-s-Sp-p-v.
Fm A\p-Ps\ Hcp Irjn-m-c-\m--W-sa-mWv {io[-cs a\-n-en-cn-v. Ihn-X-sb-gpnepw hmb-\-bnepw am{Xw Xm]-cy-ap sNdp--m-c-\mWv kpIp-am-c. Ahs\ ]Wnsms Inptam F thep-hns kwibw tIv kpIp-am-c {]th-in-p-p. Ah\pw
DtZym-K-s-mfpw ]Wn-sN-p-h-\mWv B{K-lw. IpSn-bm-mv ]m-`qan e`n-npw henb
Pn-I Ctmgpw Ipep--an-m-Xn-cn-p-I-bm-Wv. CS-cm Atmgpw hnj-a-n Xs.
IpSn-bmamv `qan-In-m kacw sNbvXXpw Ah-cm-bn-cp-p. amn-f-p-Sn-bm-m-tcmSv \mw
tNcp-Xv icn-b Fsms-bp kpIp-am-cs A`n-{]mbw tIv Ah B Fv
Fmtbm Fv tPyjvT\pw Ipp-Im-c\pw kwi-bn-p-p-v. AXv icn-sh-p-sImv ktlmZcn ]mh-Xnbpw cwK-s-p-p. amn-f-p-Sn-bm-m A[zm-\n-mWv C{X-Im-ehpw \mb
Pn-amsc ]pen-bXv FmWv {io[-cs A`n-{]m-bw. Ah-cpsS IpSn-bm-\mb A_q-_-
amnf \-h-\m-sWpw Abm-fpsS A[zm-\w-sIm-mWv Cu Xd-hmSv C{Xbpw Imew ]n-Wnbn-msX Ign-p-t]m-b-sXpw evan-b Hmp-p-v. thep-hns \new XmgvmWv InSp--Xv. AXn-\m shw Hgn-p-t]m-Ip-n-. shp s\smw Nop-t]m-Ip-p.
sXm-Sp-mWv A_q-_- amn-f-bpsS \new. AXn-eq-sS-bmWv thep-hns ]mSs shw
Hgp-n--f-tb--Xv. AXn\v amn-f-bpsS ]mS-ns Acn-In-eqsS Hcp tXmSv Iodm thep
{ian-p-p. \ne-ns bYmY A[n-Imcn {io[-c \mb-cm-b-Xn-\m At-l-ns kXw-th-W-sa-mWv A_q-_--dns \ne-]m-Sv. B k-X-n-\m-bmWv thep hn-cn-p--Xv.
A_q-_- X\nv \ne-ns Ah-Imiw Inm-\mbn {io[-cs Am-h-\p-ambn tIkn-emWv. CXp tI-tm "amn-fbpw lnphpw F-X {]iv\w, Irjn-m-c\pw Irjn-m-c\pw
Ftmgpw tNcpw. FXnIn Ftmgpw Pn--bmWv ' Fv {io[-c kpIp-am-cs\ KpW-tZmjn-p-p. A_q-_--dn-t\m-sSmw tNv ]Wn-sb-Sp-m Xm-dmtWm Fv kpIp-am-ct\mSv {io[-c tNmZn-p-p. amnf acym-Zv s]cp-am-dn-bm X\np k-X-am-sW-m-bncpp kpIp-am-cs adp-]-Sn. thepw {io[-c\pw IqSn A_q-_--dns\ Ip kwkm-cn-m
]pd-s-Sp--tXmsS cwKw Ah-km-\n-p-p.
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cwKw 2
A_q-_--dns hoSmWv cwKw. 60 hb-p \mS amn-f-bmWv A_q-_-. {io[cs\ I-bp-Ss\ Xss Am-h-\mb Imc-W-h app-Ip-n-p-sh ]cm-Xn-bmWv A_q-_ ]d-bp--Xv. am{X-a-, aI-\mb _mp \mSp-hn-n-cn-p-p. tIm]m-Ip-e-\m-bmWv A_q-_ \np-Xv Fv Ahv a\-n-em-bn. \mb-m-cpsS ]m-m-cmb Xsf \nc-cw
D]-{Z-hn-p-I-bmWv Imc-W-h sNp--Xv. Ctm Xma-kn-p hoSv Hgn-p-sIm-Sp-m
IqSn t]m F-bm tIkv \In-bn-cn-p-I-bm-Wv. \ne-sam-gn-p-sIm-Sp-m-\p tIv
thsd, t]m-cp-am-bp IpSn-bn-cnv tIn ]pc-sbm-gn-p-sIm-Sp-m-\p hn[n DS hcpw.
aIs \mSp-hn-S, `mcy-bpsS tcmKw, hnhm-l-{]m-b-sa-nb aI, hj-m-e-am-bnpw hnnd-m ]m Ah Fmw-IpSn Bbn A_q-_- BsI Akz--\m-Wv. AXn-Yn-Isf
Iv aI Bbnj ]pd-tv hcp-p. A_q-_--dns tZjyw Iv ]cn-`-h-s {io[-ct\mSv ""Rfv tZky-s-n-n-, tZky-s-Sq-ey. tZtkymw Xtm-sjms \n-v-Xm.
Ptaymv.'' Fm-bn-cpp A_p-_--dns {]Xn-I-c-Ww. Abm-fpsS Dn \nd
kShpw {]Xn-tj-[hpw apgp-h B hmp-I-fn-ep-v.
Pn-bm-bXv Xs Ipw-sIm- Fmbn-cpp {io[-cs ]w. Imew amdn, Xfpw
Cv IjvS-n-em-Wv. Ime-n-\-\p-k-cnv tbmPnv hXpw {]hn-m-\mWv {io[-c
hcp-Xv. {io[-c-sbpw A_q-_--dn-sbpw \new cp Znn-em-bn-m-Wv. CS-mWv thephns \new. Fmw-IqSn tNv Hcp-anv Irjn-bn-d-mw. A_q-_--dn-sbpw thep-hn-sbpw
Ipn-I-tfm-sSmw {io[-c\pw kpIp-am-c\pw IqSn tNm ]Wnpw BfmIpw hnfhpw
IqSpw. AXmWv Iqp-Ir-jnbpsS saw. \ne-ns Af-hn-\-\p-k-cnv hnfhv ]p-sh-mw.
Atm Ahn-tSv \ym IS-p-h-cpp. Abm CXv Am-hs\ Xm-\p Hcp N-Smn(IphnZy)bm-sWv ]cn-l-kn-p-I-bmWv sNp--Xv. Am-h-\p-thn A_q-_--dp-ambn
tIkp \S-p BfmWv \ym. Ahsc Xn Xn--emWv Abm-fpsS Dt-iyw. {io[cs Bibw \m-sbv A_q-_--dn\pw tXmp-p. ]t, Pn-bpsS Irjn-bn-S-n
hnf-hn-d-n-bm ]IpXn Pnp t]mtI-n-h-cp-sav \ym ap-dn-bnp \Ip-p-ap-v.
Abmsf skbvm-s\v (]nimNv) Bbnj Ifn-bm-p-p. \msf hn[n-]-d-bp t]m-cp-ambp IpSn-bn-cn-p-tIv Hp-Xom-m-\mWv \ym hn-cn-p--Xv. AXn\v Xs
ssIbn Imin-sv A_q-_- ]dsmgn-bp-p. HSp-hn KXy--c-an-msX Bbn-j-bpsS
ame-sb-Spv \ymv sImSp-p-p. CsXmw Iv thep-hn\v ipWvTn-h-cp-p-v. ItmcpsS Icfv shn-n\v Xs s\-t--Sp-t Fv Abm \m-tcmSv ap-dn-bnv
\Ip--tXmsS Ah _em-_-n\v apXn-cp-p. {io[-c \Sp-p-\nv AXp XS-bp-tm
cmw cwKw Ah-km-\n-p-p.
cwKw 3.
Iqp-Irjn Bcw-`n-p. Bbn-jbpw kpIp-am-c\pw tNmWv \ne-sam-cp-p--Xv.
AhX-n sNdnb ]cn-`-h--tfmsS Bcw-`n ASpw {]W-b-ambn hnI-kn-p-p. AtXmsSmw {io[-c hc-p-S-p-Ibpw thephpw A_q-_-dpw Ip-]q-p-Ibpw sNp-p-v.
kpIp-am-cs s] ]mh-Xnbpw Abpw tPmen-sN-p-p-v. Fm-hcpw tNv Bm-ZtmsS ]mp-]m-Sn-bmWv Irjn--Wn-I sNp--Xv. aX PmXn kulr-Z--fpsS Iqp-Ir-jnIqSn-bmWv \S-p-Xv. AhnsS ]qh-ssh-cm-Ky-fpw AI-e-fpw Cm-Xm-Ip-p. ]c-kv]c
kvt\l-n-sbpw kulr-X-n-sbpw ]pXnb Xfn-cp-I \mn-Sp-p.
Aw 2
cwKw 1
\mS-I-nse lmky-cw-K-am-Wn-Xv. ]d-tm-S \mb F hr\pw hmcn-b-cp-amWv
IYm-]m-{X-. Ftmgpw ]c-kv]cw Ie-ln-p Cu IYm-]m-{X--fn-eq-sS-bmWv \mnse ap
Ah--Ifpw kw`-h-hn-Im-k-fpw \mS-I-Irv hc-n-Sp--Xv. Iqp-Irjn \mbn hnf-bppv F hm Ah ssIam-dp-p. Ien-Im-ev ZpjvSammWv KpW-ap-m-hpI
Fm-WA AXn\v \mb-cpsS {]Xn-I-c-Ww. AXn-shf B]-m-sWv hmcycpw k-Xn-pp. Ah-cpsS kwkm-c-n-\n-S-bn-tev \ymcv IS-p-h-cp-p. \mb-cpsS abn-e-q-cnsb
ImWm-Xm-b-Xn\v tIkp-sIm-Sp-m-\mWv \ym-cpsS D]-tZ-iw. B kZ-n-tev \mS-I-nse
asmcp hn-\mb t]mcpw IS-p-h-cp-p. Iqp-Irjn s]mfn--W-sav \mep-t]-cpw-IqSn XXzn k-Xn-p-p. AtXmsS A_q-_--dp-am-bp Hp-Xov th F t]m Xocpam-\n-p-p. {io[-c\m-bs-Xnsc tIkp-sIm-Sp-m hmcycpw Xm-dm-Ip-p.

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cwKw 2
cp If-]-dn-m-cn-I-fmb Nn-bp-sSbpw \oen-bp-sSbpw kw`m-j-Ww.\mn km[mcW
]Wn--e-s-m-tfsd kpJhpw Iqenbpw Iqp-Ir-jn-bn-epv ]t, Iqp-Ir-jn--Wnv
t]mI-cp-sXv t]m Ahsc hne-n-bn-cn-p-I-bm-Wv.amn-fbpw lnphpw hyh--bn-msX
Cd-p I-n ]Wn-p-t]m-I-cp-sXv Icp-Xp If-]-dn-m-cn-I-fp-ap-v. Nne ]Wnmsc hmcycpw apS-n-bn-p-v. HSp-hn aqp-t]-cp-sSbpw IpSpw-_-nse Fm AwK-fpw
]Wn-n-d-pI Fv Xocp-am-\n-p-Ibpw Fm-hcpw Hcp-anv I-n-en-dn If ]dn-pIbpw sNp-p. Atm ]mSp ]mn Kmn-kvXp-Xnbpw tZiob t_m[hpw DW-cp-p-v.
cwKw 3
A_q-_--dns hoSv Hgn-n-m-\p D-c-hp-ambn P]vXn-m hn-cn-p-p. \mS-Inse hnIm-c-`-cn-X-amb Hcp cwK-am-Wn-Xv. A_q-_--dn\v tap-ta ]co--W--fmWv ]S-h \Ip--Xv. Bbnj hfn-h-ep-Xm-nb sNSn-I-tfmSpw ]q-tfmSpw bm{X tNmZn-pp. Ime-anm Ime-p-s]-p Hcp agbpw Dv. kpJ-an-msX InS-p Dsb FpsNpw F hnj-a-n-emWv Bbn-jbpw A_q-_--dpw. ]pXnb hoS-t\z-jn-m t]mb
\ym shdp-ssI-tbm-sS-bmWv Xncn-p-h-cp--Xv. AtXmsS B IpSpw_w BsI hnj-a-n-emIp-p. IpSn-sbm-gn-n-m Bao\pw t]mcpw cwK-s-p-p. Hcp Hp-Xon\v \ym
{ian-p-p. {io[-c \mb-cpsS \new t]mv hnp-sIm-SppI F-XmWv Hp-Xov.
AXn- Abmv Cncn Ip-v. am{X-a Ctm \S-p Iqp-Irjn XIm\pw
AXp-Xs hgn. Fm AXv A_q-_- k-Xn-p-n-. {io[-c Xs hniz-kn-mWv
AhnsS Irjn-bn-d-n-b-Xv. hnfhp Xocpw-apt AXv asm-cmv ssIam-dp-Xv hnizm-k-h-\-bm-Wv. AXp k-Xn-n-s-ntem Xma-kn-p hoSv Hgn-tb-nbpw hcpw. BsI [a-k--Sn-embn Abm. t]m A_q-_- Hcp Im^-dns\ klm-bn-p--Xn \ockw ]dbpp. AXp-tI-v, Bcm Im^ Bcm Cmw Fv HSp-s \mfnte Xncnbq F ]cn-lmk-amWv A_q-_- ]d-bp--Xv. Bbnj _mms\ t]mIm \n_-n-p-p. Ftmm
tamtf t]mhpI F ]nXm-hns tNmZy-n\v Dcw \Ip-Xv Ahn-tSv Ib-dn-h-cp
{io[-c-\m-Wv. "\v Htc I-nendn Irjn-sN-m-sa-nev Hcp taq-c-p-n Xmakn-p-Ibpw sNmw' Fm-bn-cpp Abm-fpsS {]Jym-]-\w. Dsb sImp-t]m-Im a-epambn thep-hn-t\m-sSm--amWv {io[-c h-Xv. A_q-_--dn-s\bpw hop-Im-scbpw kzw
honse AwK--sf-tm-se-bmWv {io[-c sImp-t]m-Ip--Xv. P]vXn-sN-m h Bao
{io[-cs\ A`n-n-p-p. AXn\v {io[-c ]d-bp adp-]Sn {it-b-amWv "kzw ktlm-Zcs\ s]cp-h-gn-bn-en-d-n-hn-Sp Pn-Xz-amWv \oNw. \n-fp-sSbpw Fsbpw hb-ns IpI-m-c-\mWv Pn'
Aw 3
cwKw 1
]d-tm-S \mbcpw hmcn-bcpw hopw Ip-ap-p-p. {io[-c\m-b Ins\
tamjvSnp F I-tkv sImSp--Xns t]cn ]d-tm-S \mbsc t]meokv Xnc-bp-Ibm-Wv. AXns kq{X-[m-c-\mb \ymsc Xncp \S-p-I-bm-W-bm. Ahn-tSv t]m
IS-p-h-cp-p. IqsS \mSp-hn _mp-hp-ap-v. ]pXnb thj-nepw `mh-n-epamWbm.
_mp A{X-Im-ehpw t_mws_-bn-em-bn-cp-p. Ahn-sS-shv Nne Xo{h-hmZ hyn-I-fp-ambn
Abm ]cn-N-b-s-n-p-v. AXns Nne Bi-b- Abm-fn-en-tm-gp-v. {io[-c\m-b
Xs _msb ]nv hoSpw ]dpw Xn-sb-Sp-n-cn-pp FmWv Abmsf Btcm sXn-cn-n-n-cn-p--Xv. Ctm t]m-cpsS IqsS-bmWv _mp-hp--Xv. _mms\ ]n--hsc Xm
shdp-sX-hn-Sn F _mp {]Xn--sN-p-p. t]meokv tj-\n \nv hcp \ymsc
Ah Ip-ap-p-p. I-tkv sImSp--Xn\v aqv t]meo-kp-Im-cn\nv \ s]S Innbn-p-v. ]t, AXv hcpw-h-gnv hoWp ]n-b-Xm-sWmWv \ym ]d-bp--Xv.
cwKw 2
kpIp-am-c\pw thephpw kwkm-cn-p-\np-n-S-tv _mp IS-p-h-cp-p.
thephpw {io[-c\pw tNv _mms\ NXn-Xv tNmZyw-sN-m-\mWv Abm hcp--Xv. Ime
\ym-cp-sSbpw \cn-hm-b t]m-cp-sSbpw he-bn s]-Xp-sIm-mWv Abm C-s\sbms kwkm-cn-p-Xv FmWv thep-hns ]w. _mp-hm-Is lnp- apkvenw
sshcm-Ky-ns Bi-b-]-c-amb `mj-bn-emWv kwkm-cn-p--Xv. Iqp-Ir-jn-b-Sw _msb
]-m-\p hnZy-bm-sW-mWv _mp ]d-bp--Xv. Xm Hcp bYmY apkven-am-sWpw
X\nv Hcp lnp-hns hon _m-bp-m-hm ]mSn-spw _mp ]d-bp-p. apkven-an\v
`b-an-s-pw, Hcnte acnq Fpw, X-fpsS \nes s\v Xm kzbw sImbvsX-Sppw
Fpw shp-hn-fn-p-sImv _mp t]mIp-p.
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cwKw 3
{io[-c\m-b-cpsS hoSv. Bbnj ZpxJn-X-bm-Wv. A k-S-ns ImcWw At\z-jnp-p. _mm-s\bpw Dm-s\-bp-samw \-hw t\m-W-sat Bbn-jp ]d-bm-\p-q.
Bbnj B hon Xp Inp ]cn-K-W-\-bnepw kuI-cy-nepw ktm-j-h-Xnbpw
kwXr-]vX-bp-am-Wv. am{X-a Xp-thn {io[-c\m-b-cpsS honse BNm-c-t]mepw
amn-sh-p-Xv Ahsf Akz--bm-p-p-ap-v. Fm _mp \mn-se-n-bnpw Ahsftbm _m-sbtbm ImWm hcmsX t]m-cns hon IqSn-b-XmWv Ah-fpsS k-S-fpsS bYmY Imc-Ww. Ah {io[-c\m-bs-Xnsc kwkm-cn-Xpw apw Ah kpIp-am-c\n \nv Adn-bp-Ibpw sNbvXn-cn-p-p. F-s\-sb-nepw _mp-hns\ Hp ImW-Wsapw Ah-t\mSv Imcy--fpsS \nP-n-Xn Adn-bn--W-sapw Ahp-v. ktlm-Z-cs
a\w amp-hm Ah-t\m-sSmw Xma-kn-m-\mWv Ah-fpsS ]pd-m-Sv. AXp-tI-p-sImp {]thin-p A_q-_-dpw aI-fpsS ]-m-bn-cp-p. t]mIp-tm _mp-hn-t\mSv CXp-IqSn ]db-W-sapw A_q-_- Adn-bn-p-p. ""Hm Ckvem-an-tev hXv Fs tam\m-bn-m-Wv.
Adn-bm-\p-Xv Adn-n-mWv Hcnmw {]hn-p-I. ]ns Hm shf sImpwpw tIp.
Hm shX-m t]mW shf sImmXs Hm\v sIevn-. ap-tmcv shX-Xv shXtmXs sImp-qpw ]d-t-tv''
cwKw 4
_mp-hns GImw-Kkw`mjWw am{X-amWv Cu cwK-v. _pns\ (hn{K-l-sf)
Bcm-[n-p--h-tcmSp ]I-bmWv Ahs kw`m-j-W-n apgp-h. apkvenw-I-tfmSv t\cnv
Gp-ap-m Ign-bm--Xp-sIm-mWv NXn-{]-tbm-K- \S-p-Xv Fv Ah Nnn-p-p.
t]m-bmWv Ahs ImgvN-m-Sn icn-bmb apkvenw. Xs t\Xr-Xz-n Ckvem-anse
Fm bphm-fpw Hn-p-sav Ah kz]v\w ImWp-p. Ingp Nph-n-cn-p-p. Ckvemans sImSn-b-S-bmfw Db-cp-I-bm-Wv. Ahn-izm-kn-I-fpsS cw Nnn m]n-m t]mIp
Ckvem-ans temI-amWv Abm-fpsS {]Xo-. In ssIbn-se-Spv AXn-t\mSv Nncn-p-p.
Ien-sImv hndp hndp t]mIp-p.
cwKw 5
{io[-c\m-b-cpsS hoSns Ing-p-`m-K-p-shv cm{Xn _mphpw Bbn-jbpw Ip-app-I-bm-Wv. XtmSv kwkm-cn--cp-sXpw Xm \ns _mp-sh-s-p-amWv Ahs BZy
{]Xn-I-c-Ww. \ns aqp \c B X-tbmSv kwkm-cn-m-\mWv Xm h-sXv Ah ]dbp-p. ]t, Bbnj XS-bp-p. Fm \ns BZyw Fp Bt{Im-inv Ah Bbn-jbpsS Igp-n ]nSn-p-p. apv Xm Ifn-p-tcw In Xn Igp-n-epmb hSp
Ahs ssIbn XS-bp-p. Bbnj B kw`hw Hman-n-p-tm Ah CXn-I-hyXm
aqV-\m-Ip-p. Ah Dm-bp-sSbpw _m-bp-sSbpw Zb-\o-b-nXn hnh-cn-p-p. AtXmsS
_mp Zp_-e-\m-Ip-p. Bcpw klm-bn-m-\n-m Imev klm-bn {io[-c\m-bsc
sXn--cn-p-shpw CXn-s\mw ]nn Ifn t]msc \-h-\mbn Icp-Xn-sbpw _mphn\v a\-n-em-Ip-p. Iqp-Ir-jn-bpsS s]mcp Ah _mp-hns\ ]Tn-n-p-p. AtXmsS
_mp-hns\ ]nSn-Iq-Sn-bn-cp sNIp-m hnp-t]m-Ip-p. cp-t]cpw D-sb-Im-Wm t]mIp-tXmsS cwKw Ah-km-\n-p-p.
Aw 4
cwKw 1
B[m-c-sa-gpv Hm^o-kv. \ym Fgp-Xp-I-bm-Wv. Ahn-tSv t]m IS-p-hv
_mp ]n-p-sh hm Adn-bn-p-p. _mp-hn\v hoSv Fgp-Xn-sm-Sp-m thn-bp
apsm-cp--mbn Ah \S-nb ]W-an-S-]m-Sns t]cn X-am-Ip-p. cp-t]cpw
hg-p-IqSn ]ncn-bp-p.
cwKw 2
hmcn-bcpw ]d-tm-S \mbcpw. cp-t]cpw t]meokv tj-\nse ZpcnXw ]d-mWv
XpS-p--Xv. _mphpw IqSn {io[-c\m-b-cpsS hon-emWv Xmakw F-XmWv asmcp
hm. am{X-a ]d-tm-S\m-b-cpw Ctmh-cp-Xv {io[-c\m-b-cpsS hon\n-m-Wv.
amn-fm-cm-sW ]d-n-sm, Fsmcp shSnpw hrn-bp-amWv A_q-_--dn\pw IpSpw-_n\pw FmWv Ctm Abm-fpsS A`n-{]m-bw. Iqp-Ir-jn-s-Xn-scbpw amn-f-ams-Xnscbpw C\n Xms\mpw ]d-bn-spw Abm BW-bn-Sp-p. "\ny-mv ]d-p. AXn\t Rm D Imsims sNe-hmn cmta-iz-cp t]mbn Ipfnp sXmgpXv t]mXv'
Fmbn ]d-tm-S. am{X-a A_q-_--dns \ne-n-\-cn-I-ep Xs ]mSv NocIrjnbn-dn Iqp-Ir-jn-tbm-sSmw tNcm\pw Abm Xocp-am-\n-p-p. "Rm\pw Btem-Nn-s'
FmWv hmcy.
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cwKw 3
Ah-km\ cwK-am-Wn-Xv. Iqp-Ir-jn-bpsS Ifw. s\--q-m-c- Hcn-S-v. Bbnj
s\v Im-n-Sp-I-bm-Wv. ]mh-Xn-bmWv hoin-sm-Sp-p--Xv. kpIp-am-c-\p-am-bp {]W-bns kqN-\-I Ah ]p-sh-p-p. \ymcpw t]mcpw Xn tIkm-bn. _mp-hp-ambp Icm-dns t]cn t]mv A_q-_--dns hoSv Xncn-p-sIm-Sp-t-n-h-p. ]t,
A_q-_- B hon-tev t]mIp-n-, ]Icw {io[-c \mb-cpsS ]d-n Xs ]pXnb
hoSv shp-I-bmWv Abm. A{Xbpw karn Iqp-Ir-jn-bn\nv Dmbn FmWv
AXnse kqN-\. ]pXnb hoSp-m-n-bm Imm-s\bpw Iqn ]mh-Xnsb ImWn-p-sIm-Spm hcpw F asmcp kqN-\bpw Bbnj \Ip-p. kpIp-am-c\v s\v Im-n-Sm
Bbnj hoin-sm-Sp-p-p. thephpw {io[cpw hcp-p. ]Xn-hn Ihn s\p-mbn
FXn Bizm-k-apv Fm-hpw. thep-hns s\v IW-n\v hoXw-sh-p-p. _mnh s\n Adp-]Xv iX-am\w {io[-c\pw \m]Xv A_p-hn\pw F IW-mWv A_q-_ shp--Xv. kam-kaw ]p-sh-Ww F-Xm-bn-cp-nt hyh Fv {io[-c Hmann-p-p. ]t, Pn-amv Ah-cln-p IqSp-X sImSp-Ww Fv ]d-bp-Xv _mphm-Wv. am{X-a, ]Xn-hn\p hn]-co-X-ambn Pn Iqp-Ir-jn-bn ]Wn-sb-Sp-n-p-ap-v. "Pnsbbpw IpSn-bm-s\bpw \fv \mSp-I-S-o-te. ChnsS Ctm a\p-jy-m-ct Dq. hnpw
Ipw \n-sS-bm. ]cn-N-bhpw \nv. kam-k-aw-Xs F\nv IqSp-X- em`am. \n-bn Ihnv Rms\-Sp-n' Fm-bn-cpp AXn\v {io[-cs adp-]-Sn. AXv kpIp-am-c\pw
k-Xn-p-p. Iqp-Ir-jn-bn km-nI em`w am{X-a kmap-Zm-bnI em`-hp-ap-mbn Fv
\mS-I-Irv Cu Ah-km-\-cw-Kv {]Jym-]n-p-p. AXp-sIm-mWv "R-fn-n-cp FS-h-csmw RXs sImn-bn-p' Fv {io[-c ]d-bp--Xv. aX-]-c-amb hnm-\-nepw
\S-nepw \v Iqp-Irjn thWw. ]t, \new ]mI-s-n-n Fpw {io[-c hyk-\np-p. a-tbm-sSbpw Hcp-a-tbm-sSbpw Imn-cn--Ww. Cv Iqp-Ir-jn-bn-ep-mb kar-nt]mse ASp ]pIn-en kar--amb Hcp ]pXnb Xe-ap-dsb \mw hnf-bnpw Fv {io[-c
{]Xn--sN-p-p.
AXp-tIv s\Sp-hon-Sp-Xv kpIp-am-c\pw Bbn-j-bp-am-Wv. ImcWw ASp Xe-ap-dbpsS {]Xn-\n-[n-I-fm-Wtm Ah. am{X-a kap-Zm-b-n Htsd {]iv\-p Imc-W-amIp {]W-b-nse tPmSn-I-fp-am-Wv. Ahsc t\mn A_q-_- ]d-bp "]S-tm-t\, C\n
CXn-s\m Hcp hgn' F henb tNmZy-n- \mSIw Ah-km-\n-p-p. B tNmZyw
bYmY-n ]S--h-t\m-S-, \mSIw ImWp Hmtcm a\p-jy-tcm-Sp-am-Wv.

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F IrjvWn

2. I\yI
F IrjvW-]n

kmlnXy]nX, KthjI, \mSIIrv, Aym]I Fo \neIfn

{]ikvX\mb hynbmWv F IrjvW-]n. C_vk F ]mmXy \mS-I-Ir-ns
ssien-bn \mS-I-c-N-\-I \S-n-b-Xn-\m "tIcf C_vk' Fv Nne ]nX F
\ma-m {]i-kvX-\mbn. 1916 sk]vXw_ 22\v heSpp sNcpXnbn P\np.
hnZym`ymkw Xncph\]pcw BSvkv tImtfPn. 1938- Fw F _ncpZw t\Sn. tIcf
kmlnXy AmZanbpsS Ghpw \ \mSIn\p AhmUv 1958- 'AgnapJtv'
F cN-\v e`np. 1972- "sXcsSp {]_'v HmSpg AhmUv e`np.
1987 -se kmlnXy Aman AhmUv "{]Xn]m{Xw `mjWt`Zw'F {Kn\mWv- e`nXv.
Cu IrXn kn.hn. cma]nbpsS t\mhepIfnse IYm]m{XfpsS kw`mjW
ssiensbnbp B[nImcnIamb ]T\amWv-. 1988 Pqsse 10 \v Acnp.
{][m-\-Ir-Xn-I : ]T\ ssIcfnbpsS IY, {]Xn]m{Xw `mjWt`Zw,
ASnthcpI, ImfnZmk apX H F hn hsc, \ncq]WcwKw. \mSI `Kv\`h\w,
I\yI, AgnapJtv, CnInbpw Iq\mpcppw, F IrjvWnbpsS
eLp\mSI, _em_ew, Zi\w, A\pcRvP\w, apSpapX.

\mSIkw{Klw
Aw 1
Xncph\]pcs ]cnjvIrXhpw Ia\obhpamb "am[ho kZ\'nemWv \mSIw
kw`hnpXv. Krl-\m-Y\pw \mbn-I-bp-amb IrjvW--Wn-cpw am[-hn-b-bpw kwkm-cn-psIm-n-cn-p-p. apv ]e bmX-\-Ifpw A\p-`-hn--Xm-sWnepw Dd--i-co-c-ap BfmWv
]Wn-. am[-hn-b 60 mw hb-nepw buh-\-bp-bpw Ipeo-\-bp-am-Wv. kzw kzp-fpsS hn]-\-bp-sSbpw hne-bp-sSbpw Imcyw kwkm-cnv Ah aI-fmb tZh-In-bpsS ]pXnb
`mh-am--s-p-dnv N-sN-p-p. aIv Ctm Hn-t\mSpw Xm]-cy-an-. 35 hb-mb
aI km DtZym-K--bm-Wv. Ah-fpsS iw_-f-n-emWv IpSpw_w Ign-bp--Xv. tPmennS-bn Ahsf hnhm-lw-I-gn--b-m t]mepw amXm-]n-Xm- {in-n-n-. kzw A\p-Pn-bmb `mc-Xn-tbmSv At-b-s kvt\l-ap-m-bn-cp tZhIn ]t, Ctm Ah-tfm-Spt]mepw AI ]men-p--Xn amXm-]n-Xm- Bi-m-Ip-e-cm-Wv. the-m-cn-bmb Pm\Insb hnfnv Imcy-sa-m-sWv Ah At\z-jn-p-p. Pm\-Inpw tZh-In-bpsS `mh-amw
]nSn-In-n-bn-n-. tZhIn cm{Xn Dd-n \ns-gp-tv Dds s]mn--c-bm-dpv F hnh-cwam{Xw Ah-dn-bmw. `mc-Xn-bpsS hnhmlw Ign--Xn\p tij-amWv tZh-Inv Cs\ am-fp-m-bXv F kqN\ Pm\In \Ip-p. tZh-In-bpsS `mh-am--n\v ]cn-lm-c-ambn Hscmsm-cw a{-hmZw \S-n--fbmw FmWv IrjvW--Wn- A`n-{]m-b-s-Sp--Xv. Pm\In
t]mb-tijw Ahn-tSv aI cmP-ti-J-c IS-p-h-cp-p. cmP Fp-hn-fn-p Abm
sNdp--m-c-\mWv. tZhIn km-Zn-p-sIm-p-h-cp--Xn \nv BtLm-j-]qhw Pohn-pI
F-Xp-am-{X-amWv Abm-fpsS tPmen. as-s-nepw tPmentbm I-h-Stam sNp-Xv shdpsX-bm-sWv Abm A`n-{]m-b-s-Sp-p. aIs CjvS-v Hcp AWp-t]mepw FXn-cp\nm--h-cmWv A-\--am. am{X-a sNdn-b-Ip-n-sb-tmse Ah cmPs\ Xmtem-en-pIbpw sNp-p. hen-b-h-enb DtZym-K--cpsS a-fp-ambn Iqp-IqSn Nop-I-fnpw aZy-]npw
\S-p aIs\ AXn t{]mm-ln-n-p-I-bmWv amXm-]n-Xm-. cmP Atm IS-p-hXv Afn-b (`mc-Xn-bpsS `mhv) sN- ]n-sb-Ip-dnv Ipw-]-d-bm-\m-Wv. `mc-Xn-bpsS
`m-hmb sN- ]n {Kmao-W-\m-Wv. Abmv Xncp-h-\--]pcw \K-c-n Fsnepw km tPmen Xc-s-Sp-n-sm-Sp-m-sav tZhIn hmKvZm\w \In-bn-cp-p-shnepw AXv ]men-m-\m-bn-n-. Abm-fpsS s]cp-am-hpw Pohn-X-co-Xn-Ifpw kz`m-hhpw tNepw
tImehpw am[-ho-k-Z-\-nse At-hm-kn-Iv tbmPn Xc-n-e. Hcp knK-c-p-IqSn henm Abm-fpsS kz`m-hs cmP-ti-J-c IW-n\v ]cn-l-kn-p-p. ]mn-\-S-m
Bbn-c--W-n\v cq] Nne-hm-p Abmv sN-]n Imn-Ip-Sn-m t]mepw
ImeW Nne-hm-m--Xn {]Xn-tj-[-ap-v. Cm-cy-n am[-hn-b acp-a-Is\ D]-tZ-in-msav Xocp-am-\n-v thZn-bn \nv t]mIp-p. Ahn-tSv am[hn {]th-in-p-p. NS ico-camWv Ah-fp-tS-Xv. \ncmi _m[n apJ-`m-h-. Ieym-W-hn-cpp Ignv hcn-I-bm-Wv.
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]t, DuWp-I-gn-n-n-. Ah A-sbpw A-bp-sSbpw hnhm-l-Imew Hman-n-p-p.

IrjvW--Wn- tZh-In-bpsS P-Zn\w Kw`o-c-ambn BtLm-jn--W-sav ]d-p-sh-nepw
tZhIn AXn {in-p-n-. IrjvW--Wn- t]mb-tijw tZhIn B`-c-W- Ducn Inen Ae-y-ambn Fdn-bp-p. CXp Ip-sIm-mWv Pm\In IS-p-h-cp--Xv. AtXk-abw
A\p-Pn `mc-Xn-bpsS apdn-bn \nv tv (UnkvIv ) kwKoXw tIp-p. B ]mnse
{]W-b-Km\w tZh-Insb Akz--bm-p-p. Ah B tv DS-p-I-f-bp-p. A]w X\n-ncn-m thn Pm\-Insb ]pd-m-nb DSs\ `mcXn IS-p-hv ]mptv DS-p-I-f--Xns\-p-dnv tNn-tbmSv ]cn-`hw ]d-bp-p. `mc-Xn-bpsS aI-\mb iinsb FSp-m-\mbn ssI\on-sb-nepw iin A-tbmSv tNn-cp-p. AXpw tZh-Insb \ncm-i-bm-n. Ah Xs
tai-ta-ep-m-bn-cp Ipns t^mtm FSpv ]pd-t-s-dn-p-I-f-p.
Aw 2
am[hn kZ-\-nse bph-Z--Xn-am-cpsS apdn-bn sN- ]nbpw cmP-ti-J-c\pw
kw`m-j-W-n. Hcp ]mnbn ]s-Sp-m cmP sN- ]nsb Wn-p-I-bmWv.
]t, sN- ]n t]mIm Iqm-p-n-. hncp-n ]s-Sp-p ]e {]ap-J-cpsS t]cp
]d-n-p-IqSn Abm Ipep-p an-. CXv cmP-ti-J-cs\ ipWvTn-]n-Sn-n-p-p. \n
ImWp Xc-n Xms\mcp Pnam-\ Fv ]n tiJ-c-t\mSv Xpd-p-]-d-bp-p. \K-cns Im]-Syhpw \mSyhpw hi-an-m Xs amm {ian- Fv Abm Xop-]-dbp-p. Fm AXn shp-hn-fn-mWv cmP-ti-J-c t]mIp--Xv. ]ns `mcXn {]th-in-pp. Ahfpw IpSpw-_-ns A-n-\-\p-k-cnv Pohn-m `m-hns\ t{]cn-n-p-p.
]t, X\nv tPmen-X-cm-sap ]dv tZhIn ]n Imcy-amWv sN-]nv ]d-bm-\p-Xv. C\nbpw tPmen Xc-am-bn-s-n Cu hoSpw IpSpw-_hpw Dt]-nv kzw {Kma-ntev aS-p-sav Abm `oj-Wn-s-Sp-p-p. Fgp-]Xp hb-mb A\pw Bdp DS-n-d-pIfpw Abmsf B{in-bp Ign-bp--h-cm-Wv. tNnbpw A\p-P-nbpw Xn-ep kvt\l_w s]mn-p-I-f--Xp-sIm-mWv tZhIn X\nv tPmen \Im-Xv F Imcyw sN]n-v a\-n-em-bn-cn-p-p. sN- ]n ]pd-tp t]mb-tm tZhIn IS-p-h-cpp. Atm `mcXn Ipnsb Dd-m Xmcm-p-]m-Sn-sm-n-cn-p-I-bm-bn-cp-p. Xmcm-p-tIv
tZhIn Akz--bm-Ip-p. Iptd \mfmbn `mcXn XtmSv kv\lw ImWn-p-n-s
]cmXnbpv tZh-In-v. sN- ]n-bpsS tPmen-mcyw s]sv icn-bm-hn-sv tZhIn
Adn-bn-p-p. tPmen icn-bm-bn-s-n `mhv hoSp-hn-p-t]m-Ip-sa `mc-Xn-bpsS ]cm-XntbmSv hfsc Ae-k-am-bmWv tZhIn {]Xn-I-cn-p--Xv. Ahn-tSv thep-n F the-mc {]th-inv ^b-ep-I \Ip-p. Fm Ah t\mm\pw tZhIn Xm-dm-Ip-n-. cpZn-hkw eohm-sWv Hm^o-kn Adn-bn-m thep-n-sb Nw-sI-p-p. Pm\In {]th-inv
tdmkn F hfp-]-n-bpsS kSw Adn-bn-p-p. AXns CW-bmb ]q-dns\ tZhIn
ap\n-kn-m-en-nsb Gn--Xn-\p-tijw AXv tamn-sm-n-cn-p-I-bm-W-s{X. Pm\-In-bpsS
IpSpw-_-s-p-dnv tZhIn tNmZn--dn-bp-p. ]n-Wn-bnepw a-fpsSbpw `m-hn-sbpw
Imcyw t\mn-\-S-p-Xv henb Bizm-k-am-sW-m-bn-cpp Pm\-In-bpsS adp-]-Sn. a
F acp-n-s-n ]ecpw Xqn--p-t]m-tbt\ Fm-Wv Pm\-In-bpsS A`n-{]m-bw. A
A-s\bpw `mcXn sN- ]n-sbbpw Pm\In `m-hn-s\bpw Dt]-n-m Hcn-epw
Xm-dm-In F kXyw tZhIn a\-n-em-p-p.
Aw 3
tZh-In-pn ss\cm-iyhpw Ak-ly-Xbpw ]cm-P-b-t_m-[hpw sImv hnn-\np-Ibm-Wv. ImcWw, Ahv Hcp Iv Fgp-Xn-shv `m-hn-t\m-sSmw t]mbn-cn--bm-Wv
`mcXn. "Hcp `mcy {]hn-t-Xv Rm {]hnp' FXmWv Ah-fpsS Fgp-n
tZh-Insb Ghpw {]tIm-]n-n hmIyw. thep-n--tbmSv hopw eohn\v Fgp-Xn-sm-Spm tZhIn ]d-bp-p. `mc-Xnsb A\p-Iq-env kwkm-cn Pm\-Insb Ah hon \nv
]pd-m-p-p. tZhIn AkpJw ImcWw tPmenp t]mIp-n-s--dn IrjvW-Wn
Akz--\m-Ip-pv. `mcXn {Kma-nse `m-hns sImp-ho-n F{X Zpcn-X-n-em-bncnpw Fp Dulnv Abm k-S-s-Sp-p. Ah cmP-ti-J-cs\ hnfnp hcp-p-p. cmPti-J-c-s\ tPmen-sbm-p-an-msX BtLm-jnp \S-p--Xns\ FXnp-pv tZhIn. `mc-XnbpsS hon t]mbn Fn-s\-sb-nepw Ah-fpsS a\-p-am--W-sav Ah cmP-ti-J-c-t\mSv
]d-bp-p. AXns\ sN-]n FXnp-I-bm-sW-n Xncnpw FXn-W-sa-mWv cmPti-J-cs ]w. sN-]n-sb Dt]-nv `mcXn Xs-b-Sp-tv hcp-sa-mWv tZhIn
Atmgpw {]Xo-n-p--Xv.
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Aw \mev
thep-n--tbmSv kwkm-cn-p-I-bmWv am[-hn-b-. `mc-Xnsb Xncn-p-sIm-p-h-cm
t]mb cmP-ti-J-c AhnsS Iqp-Im-tcm-sSmw tNv hg-p-m-p-Ibpw aZy-]nv Dmb
kwLj-n sN-]n sIm-s-Sp-Ibpw sNp-p. sIme-]m-X-I-p-n\v Abm
t]meokv ]nSn-bn-ep-am-bn-p-v. Pbn-ense aIs Ah--tbmv k-S-s-Sp am[-hn-b-bpsS Acn-Intev tZhIn IS-p-h-cp-p. cmP-ti-J-cs\ Pmay-n-en-d-m Ah henb
Dm-l-sampw ImWn-p-n-. `mcXn Pbn-p-shpw Xm tXmp-shpw tZhIn HSp-hn
A-tbmSv k-Xn-p. ImcWw `mc-Xn-bpsS `mhnt\m-sSm--ap PohnXw Ah sXcs-Sp--XmWv icn. B\w FXv Ah-c-h Xocp-am-\n-p--Xm-Wv. tZh-In-Xv a\-n-embn-. B\w kz-ambn t\Sp--Xn\p ]Icw ap--h-cpsS B\w \in-n-m-\mWv Xm
{ian--sXv tZhIn Xncn--dn-p. AXns ^e-amWv Ctm A\p-`-hn-p--Xv. Cu Ipg--fp-sS-sbms ImcWw aqp-\-c Xs amXm-]n-Xm-fmsWv tZhIn Xpd-p-]-d-bp-p.
Hcp kv{Xop Inm-hp Ghpw henb m\hpw [\hpw sFiz-cyhpw tamhpw hnhm-lPo-hn-X-am-sWv `mcXn Fgp-Xnb In-ep-m-bn-cp-p. am{X-a `m-hns ac-W-tijw
Zmcn-{Zy-n-em-p-t]mb `Xr-Ip-Spw-_s Xon-tm-p-I-bmWv Xs `mhn-Po-hn-X-sav `mcXn
Xocp-am-\n-n-cn-p-p. B hmp-I tZh-Insb Bg-n kzm[o-\n-p. Xm C{X-Im-ehpw
ths-p-sh B\w kzbw kzoI-cn-m Ah Xocp-am-\n-p-p. ]Tn-hpw DtZymKhpw kap-Zm-b-nse ta-bp-sams a\p-jys Icp-smen am{X-am-Wv. ]dn-s-dn-bm
hm ]ucp-jhpw kv{XoXzhpw AXn-\p-n IpSn-sIm-p-p-v. Ah \ne-hn-fn-p-tm
\mw adp-]-Sn-\I-Ww. As-n AXv IqSp-s]m-nv ]pd-p-Nm-Spw. AXn-\m DtZymKw cmPnshv Xm C\n IpSpw-_-Po-hn-X-n-tev IS-p-I-bm-sWv tZhIn Xpd-p-]-d-bp-p. AXptIv am[-hn-b t_m[w-sIp hogp-p.
cwKw 2
tZhIn t]mIm-s\m-cpn \np-p. Pm\-In-tbm-SmWv bm{X tNmZn-p-Xv. Pm\-InbmWv Ahv `mhn-Po-hn-X-n-\p amKw ]d-p-sIm-Sp-p--Xv. Ap-hsc Xs them-c-\m-bn-cp thep-n-sb `m-hm-m tZhIn Xocp-am-\n-p-p. Abm-tfm-sSmw
asmcp Pohn-X-n-tev Ah \S-p-t]m-Ip-Xv t\mn ]nXmhpw Pm\-Inbpw \ng-ep-t]mse
\np-tm \mSIw Ah-km-\n-p-p.

{]iv\-\m-SIw
ae-bm-f-nse BZys {]iv\-\m-S-I-am-bmWv I\yI Icp-X-s-Sp--Xv. t{]mw t
F-dn-b-s-Sp {]iv\-\m-S-I- kaq-l-nse {]iv\--fmWv \mS-I-cq-]-n Ac-n-sen-p--Xv. ]e-tmgpw IpSpw-_-nse kw`-h-hn-Im-k--tfmSv tNmWv kmaq-lnI {]iv\ Cu \mS-I- ssIImcyw sNp-I. sl{SnIv C_vsk F \mS-I-Ir-mWv
{]iv\-\m-S-I--fpsS {][m\ {]tbm-m-hv. At-l-ns tUmkv lukv F \mSIw
Cq--nse {][m\ IrXn-bmbn IW-m-p-p. kv{XohmZ {]m-\s BZy-ambn \mS-In-tev B\-bn IrXn-Iq-Sn-bmWv tUmkv lukv. I\yI F \mSIw CtX-t]mse
DtZym-K--I-fmb kv{XoI-fpsS am\-knI {]iv\-sf Ac-n-se-n-m-\mWv {ian--Xv.
sshhm-lnI PohnXw \ntj-[n--s-Sp kv{XoI-fpsS kmaq-lnI {]iv\--fmWv Cu \mSIw
ssIImcyw sNp--Xv.

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3. em-evan
kn F {ioI-WvT \mb
kn F {ioI-WvT \mb ( P\\w. 1928 Nhd, sImw. acWw 1976 Unkw_ 17)
B[p-\nI aebmf \mSI{]m\ns BNmcym\ob\mWv kn.F.{ioIWvT
\mb. aebmf \mSIn _unIhpw Bib]chpamb ]pXnb hgn shnpd
BfmWv Atlw. IuapZn hmcnI, IuapZn Zn\{Xw, tZi_p hmcnI, tIcf`qjWw
FnhbpsS ]{Xm[n]cmbn {]hnp. sNdpIYI FgpXnbnpsnepw \mSIIrv
F\nebnemWv Ctlw {]ikvX\mbXv. Im\koX, emevan,
kmtIXw,
\hSw, B I\n XncpXv, Gnse ]ip, a[phn[p, knqcsmv, Xnfp av,
]nnq, ]pfnbnec t\cyXv Fn-h-bmWv {][m\ IrXn-I.
At-l-ns kmtIXw, emevan, Im\koX Fo IrXn-I cmam-b-Ws
Bkv]-Z-am-nb cN-\-I-fm-Wv. Ch \mS-I-{Xbw F-dn-bsSp-p. cma\pw evaW\pw
Atbmybn \np h\hmkn\p t]mIp k`hpw Zi-cY hnjm-Z-hp-amWv
kmtIXnse {]tabw. h\-hm-km-\-cw cmas knlm-k-\m-tcm-l-Whpw koXm-]-co--Whp-amWv Im\koX ssIImcyw sNp--Xv. Cu \mSIn\v 1962-se kmlnXy AmZan
AhmUv e`np. Fgp]XpIfnemWv {ioIWvT \mbcpsS {]knamb \mSI{Xbnse
kmtIXhpw emevanbpw {]knoIrXamhpXv. Cu \mSIns Bibn
Achn, 1977- CtX t]cns Hcp Nen{Xhpw kw-hn[m\w sNbvXnpv. Fw.]n.
t]m km\w t\Snb \mSIamWv \hSw.
em-evan F Cu \mS-I-n cmh-W koXsb e-bn-tev Xn-sm-p-h-Xn\p tij-ap-mb kw`-h- A\m-h-cWw sNp-p. koXsb tXSn l\p-am e-bn-sep--tXm-sS-bmWv \mS-I-n\v XpS-am-hp--Xv. l\p-am e-bn \S-nb ]cm-{I-a-W cmh-Ws cmP-[m-\n-bn N-bm-Ip-p. Cu \mS-I-nse \mb-I-m-\-pXv cmhW-\m-Wv. cm-k-cm-Pm-hmb cmh-Ws\ tIh-e-samcp {]Xn-\m-b-I-\m-b Ah-X-cn-n-p--Xv.
adnv hodpw Icp-p-ap [otcm-Zm \mb-I-\m-bm-Wv. sFiz-cyhpw ku-cy-hp-ap--sXmw
ev kz-am-Ww Fm-in-p tZim-`n-am-\nbpw ku-cym-cm-[-I-\p-amb Hcp cmPm-hm-bmWv. ]t,Fm kz-m-scbpw Cu apt--n IqsS \ndp-m cmh-W-\m-bn-. As\
]mmXy \mS-I-ssi-en-bn-ep ]qW-amb Hcp Zpc--\m-S-I-ambn em-evan amdp-p.

kv{XoPn-X-\-, {ioPn-X-\mWv cmh-W.

cmh-Ws k`m-a--]-n-en-cpv hncq-]m- kp]miz, AXn-Im-, C{-Pnv

XpS-n-b-h l\p-ams em-{]-th-i-\-s-p-dnv N-sN-p k`-nemWv \mSIw
Bcw-`n-p--Xv. Hcp-Im-ev e-p-m-bn-cp {]Xm]w Ah N-sN-p-p. e-bpsS
bp-ssi-enbpw X{hpw Agn-p-]-Wn-b-W-sa-mWv C{-Pn-ns A`n-{]mbw. ]S-bm-fnIpw bp-X-{-pw hm[Iyw _m[n-n-cn-p-p Fm-W-t-l-ns ]cm-Xn. ]gb
hnP-b-e-lcn tamn- I-gn-p-Iq-Sn-bm hopw ]Xn-\m-bncw hjw X]w-sNbvXv ]pXnb
in-I t\tS-n-h-cp-sav C{-Pnv hywKy-ambn cmh-Ws\ ]cn-l-kn-p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
shdp-samcp Ipc-s ]cm-{I-as C{Xbpw Kuc-h-n ImtW--Xn-s-m-bn-cpp Atl-ns A`n-{]m-bw. Hcp-Zm-l-c-W-n-eq-sS-bmWv At-l-aXv hy-am-p--Xv. ]v {Xnte-I Iog-Sn e-bn-se-nb cmh-W tIXv A\--c-h Ipw`o\knsb a[p F cmk Xn-sm-p-t]m-bn-cn-p-p-sh-m-bn-cp-p. cm-ks\ tXSn cmh-W a[p-]p-cn-bn-sen-sb-nepw Ah Hfn-p-I-f-p. HSp-hn cmh-W a[p-hn\v amp-\In cp-t]-cp-sSbpw
hnhmlw \S-n-sm-Spv A\p-{K-lnp hnp. Ipw`o-\kn tIWp-]-d--Xp-sImp am{X-a-,
Kuc-h-s Imcy-taXv \nm-c-amb Imcy-taXv Fv cmh-W-\\v \mbn Adn-bm-sav kqNn-nm-\mWv hncq-]m- Cu kw`hw kqNn-n--Xv. cmh-Ws B HuNn-Xyt_m[w Cu Imcynepw {]hn-p-sav Atlw {]Xym-in-p-p. Hm-a--nse Cu N e-bpsS
]pcm-X\ Ncn-{X-n-tepw cm-k-hw-i-ns hwi-ip-n-bn-te-p-samw hnI-kn-p-p-v.
tZham-tcm-tSv e ]nSn--S-nb tijw asmcp bp-n e \jvS-sv ]mXm-f-n-semfn amey-hms ]p{X-\mWv a[y-h-bvk-I-\mb kp]miz. B amey-hms {]Xn-Im-c-amWv
cmh-W-\mbn hfv AP-X t\Sn-b-Xv.
Xs k`-bn shv koXm-]-c-lWs \ymbo-I-cn-p-sImv cm-k-N-{I-hnbmb cmh-W ]dXv Xm kv{XoPn-X-\ Fpw {ioPn-X-\mWv Fp-amWv. aqp temIn-sebpw Znhy kp-cn-I Xs A-]p-c-n-ep-v. Ah Xs hocm-`n-am-\-n-Ifmb ]p{Xm-cpsS Aam-cp-amWv A]-k-c-kp--cn-bmb cw`-bpsS ZnhyemhWyw cm-k\v A{]m-]y-asv Xm ImWn-p-sIm-Sp-p. lnam-e-b-]miz-n \nv tZh-]-Xnsb {]m]n--Xn-\m `oI\mSIw/ Xnc-Y

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c-amb im]-ta--hm-n-b-Xm-sW-nepw AXv tamln-mXn-cn-p-Xv cm-kIp-e-n\v A]-am-\am-sWv hniz-kn-p--h-\mWv cmh-W. tZh-]-Xnp Xpey-ambn {]]--n-ep GI
kp-cn-bmWv koX. Ah ebvp tN IukvXp-`-am-Wv. aqp temI--fn Xpey-am-bsXm-sbpw ebvv Ah-Im-i-s--Xm-sWv cmh-W hniz-kn-p-p.
ssh{i-h-Ws ]pjv]-I-hn-am\w, {_m-hns t]m-, inhs N{-lmkw Fmw
e-bpsS Ae-m-c-am-bn-cn--W-sav cmhW \n-bn-p. Ima-t[\phns\ _emm-c-ambn
sImp-h-m Ipg--fp-m-Ip-sav Iv AXn-s\-am-{Xta cmh-W e-bn-tev sImph-cm-Xn-cp-n-p-q. koXsb Xnsmp -h-cp-Xv cmh-W kv{XoPn-X(kv{Xosb Iogvs-Spp--h)-\mbn-, {ioPn-X-(sFiz-cys kz-am-p--h)\m-bn-mWv. sFiz-cyhpw Aem-c-fpw e-p--Xm-I-bm temI-nse Ghpw henb sFiz-cyhpw Ae-m-c-hp-amb
koXbpw ev Ah-Im-i-s--Xm-sWt B A]-l-c-W-n\v AY-ap-q. AXm-Is cmk-hw-i-n-\p-Xs A`n-am-\-I-c-am-hp-Ibpw sNpw. hwi-t{i-b-ns t]cn cmh-W Xs
ssItb--sf \ymbo-I-cn-p-Xv C-s\-bm-Wv.
cmas ]S-p-d-mSpw l\p-ams em-aZ-\hpw hm\-c-tk-\-bpsS kap-{Z-tk-Xp-\namWhpw cmas [oc-N-cn-X-hp-samw N-sN-p thf-bnemWv cmh-W kZ-n-tev IS-ph-cp--Xv. AtXmsS Np NqtS-dn. hm\-c--Ssb Fn-s\-bmWv t\cn-tS-Xv F X{w
cmh-W\pw kZ-kycpw Btem-Nn-p-p. e-bpsS bp-X-{- ]g-In-tmbn Fv C{-Pnn\v Bt-]-ap-v. in-sb-m-tfsd _pn-bmWv bpw Pbn-n-pI Fv bphm-hmb
Atlw hmZn-p-p. AXn-\m koXsb sImp-I-f-bp-I-bmWv _pn Fv \ntZ-inpIbpw sNp-p. koX-bpsS incv cmas apn-se-n-p-I. AtXmsS cma t_m[-c-lnX-\m-Ipw. ]ns bpta thn-h-cn-. CXp-tI cmh-W {]l-kvX-t\mSv A`n-{]m-b-am-cm-bpp. CXv bp-X-{-a Fpw X{-bp--amWv Fp-am-bn-cpp {]l-kvXs ]cn-lm-kw. ap
t]mwh-gn-I-fn-s-n am{Xta X{-bpw ]b-mhq Fm-bn-cpp At-l-ns A`n-{]m-bw.
AXp-sIm-p-Xs cmh-Ws bi-n\v Cu \ntZiw If--am-Ip-sapw {]l-kvX kqNn-np-I-bm-Wv. hm\-c--S-bpsS Xm-e-n-Xn-b-sv a\-n-em-m cmh-W hn`o-j-Ws\
At\z-jn-p-p. hm\-csc t\cn-Sm-\p t]Sn-sIm-mtWm koXsb sImp-I-f-bm I]nXv Fp tNmZnv cmh-W C{-Pn-ns\ ]cn-l-kn-p-papv. ieyw Hgn-hm-m sImpI-f-b-emWv \ amK-sa-m-bn-cpp C{-Pn-ns adp-]-Sn. sImp-Ip-p-v ]qm-sb
sImp-I-f-bp--Xm-Wtm ktmjw Fm-W-Xn\v cmh-W \Ip adp-]-Sn. koX ]qmsbtmse-bm-sW kqN\ Cu hmIy-n-ep-v. cmh-W koXsb A{Xbpw \naehpw
kp-c-hp-am-bmWv ImWp--Xv. am{X-a C{-Pn-ns A`n-{]mbw Ipn-I-fpsS kwkm-cwt]mse A]-Iz-am-sW [z\nbpw cmh-Ws ]cn-lm-k-n Hfn-n-cn-p-p.
koXsb cma\v G]np sImSp-pI F [mnI kao-]-\-amWv hn`o-j-W D]tZ--in-p--Xv. cmas Znhyinsbnbpw [mnI in-sb--n-bp-ap hnh-c-W- cmhW\v Hpw cpNn-p-n. Xm t\Sn-b-sXmw tNmZn-p-tm Xncn-psImSpp-I-bn-spw
Fmw Hcp hns A`n-am\w hos-Sp--Xns- `m-K-ambn t\Sn-b-Xm-sWpw cmh-W
A`n-am-\n-pp. esb D-cn-psImv cm-k-Pm-XnbpsS A`n-am\w hos-Sp-p-Ibmbncpp Xm. Cv cm Fhn-sSbpw B-Z-cn--s-Sp-p. CXv al-mb t\-at Fv
cmh-W hn`o-j-W-t\mSv tNmZn-p-p. Fm cma-\m-Is t\SpI am{X-a am{X-a Dt]-nm\pw i-\m-sW--dn-bn-p-I-bm-bn-cp-p adp-]-Sn-bmbn hn`o-j-W. X\np Xfn-I-bn
shp \Inb kmtI-Xhpw sNtmepw cma ssIh-Sn-bp-I-bm-Wp-mb-Xv. Ah-Im-i-s
e cmh-W Iog-Sn Ah-Im-i-s kmtIXw cma ssIshSnp. t\--fn am{Xw
Xmev]cyw ImWn-p-Xv al-Xz-sa--m-Wv hn`o-j-Ws kqN\. XymK-n-eqsS al-Xz-ntep \op cma \mSpw \K-chpw _fpw, HSp-hn koX-sb-tmepw Dt]-npXmWv cmaIY. B XymK-ns amK-n-te-mWv hn`o-j-W hnc Nqp--Xv.
koXsb cma\p XncnsI kan-m-\mWv hn`o-jW \nt-iw. cma AP-\pw AhXmc]pcp-j-\p-am-sW-v hn`o-j-W DWn-pp. Fm Ccw [tm]-tZ-i-
cmh-W\v ckn-p-n-. Xs Hmtcm t\tbpw cm-k-h-ns A-`n-am-\-ambn
Dbn-m-p-Ibm-bn-cpp cmh-W. ]mXm-f-n A`bw tXSn Pohn Hcp ]oUnX hw,
AXnse Idp Hcp sNdp X]-p-sImpw Cm-i-n-sImpw t\Snb kz-Xp-y-amb
sImm-c-fpw AXn--e-m-c-amb AXn-hn-in-jvT h-kvXp-fpw hyn-Ifpw ChnsS tcma--P\-I-amb A\p-`-h--fm-bn-am-dn-bn-cn-p-p. Xs kzcw ]cp-j-am-bXv X\np ]d-bm-\p-Xv
A{]n-b-k-Xy--fmIbmem-sWv hn`o-j-W adp-]Sn ]d-bp-p. hmZ-sf adp sImv
{]Xn-tcm[{]h-\--fn-tes-Sm cmh-W hn`o-j-W-t\mSv Bh-iy-s-Sp-p. X\np
hn{i-an--W-sapw hn`o-jW {]`m-jWw ad--W-sa-n A]w hoW ao-W-sapw cmh\mSIw/ Xnc-Y

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W B{K-ln-p-p. cmh-W tIhew ]nSn-p--dn-m-c-\mb cm-k-N-{I-hnbspw

D-X-amb kwKo-X-t_m[w Imp-kq-n-p klr-Z-b-\m-sWpw Cu k`w tLmjnp-p-v. inh kvtXm{Xhpw hoW-\m-Z-hp-ambn Dbp-\np et-iz-c alm-\mb
Iem-Im-c Xs.
koXsb cma\v hnp-sIm-Sp-m-\p hn-`o-jW \ntiw cmh-W-p kzoIm-cy-a-s-n
ebvp thn X\np s]mcp-Xm-\pw acn-m\pw km[y-asp-Xs hn`o-j-W Adn-bnp-p. [w ssIhn ebpw kXys Im Cfn-p cm-k-q-hpw s]mcp-Xn-a-cnm-\p BZi--fmbn X\np tXmn-bn-n-sv hn`o-j-W Ddp ]d-bp-p. Pohnm\pw acn-m\pw aqeyhpw B-Zihpw thWw F \n_w hn`o-j-W-\p-v. [ \ncX-amb \oXn-]m-e-\-amWv cmPy-c--m-h-iy-sa-v hn`o-j-W Hmn-n-p-I-bm-Wv. Xs
BZiw e-sbtm kmtI-X-satm D ]cn-[n-I-p-d-amsWpw CXmWv Fs PohnX-aq-ey-sfpw Atlw {]Jym-]n-p-p. Cs\ cmhW hn`o-jW kwhmZw Hcp Ln cv BZi- Xn-ep kwLj-am-bn-o-cp-Xp ImWmw. cmPy-\oXn [m-[njvTn-X-am-I-W-samWv hn`o-j-W hmZn-p--Xv. B \oXn-bpsS am\-Z--am-Is cmPymXnn-I-p-d-ap imiz-X -am-\-Z--hp-am-Wv. B BZi-np thn acn-m\pw Pohnm\pw Xm Xm-dm-sWv hn`o-j-W Adn-bn-p-p. BZiw Dd-np \n-m\p Xs
amw XsXp am{X-a-spw AXn-eqsS X\nv A\p-bm-bn-Ifpm-hp-sapw hn`o-j-W ]dbp-p. AXns\ "hn`o-jW amw' Fv cmh-W ]cn-l-k-tmsS hnfn-p-p. amXm-]n-Xm Hm-sW-nepw Xm ]nXm-hmb ]pekvX aljn-bpsS amhpw cmh-W A-bmb
ssII-kn-bpsS cmk amhpw kzoI-cn-n-cp--Xmbn hn`o-j-W Hmn-n-p-p. hn`o-jW- [-am-n-eqsS k-cn-p-p. AXmWv hn`o-jW apt-w-. Fm, A[ ]Yn-eqsS cmh-W apt-dp-I-bm-Wv.
cmw A-n cmh-Ws k`m-a--]-n- shv AXn-Im-, hncq-]m-,
C{-Pnv Fnh- hm\-c--S-bpsS X{--sf--n N-sN-p-I-bm-Wv. C{-Pnns {_mkv{X-tav acnp hoW hm\-c-S Cv hopw Pohnv s]mcp-Xm hn-cn-pp F
IuXpI hm hncq-]m- ]d--tm, C{-Pnv ""AS-cn N i{Xp Cfn-p-sImv
Fgp-tv hcnI F{X A]-lm-kyw. bp-n-ep IuXp-Iw-Xs Ipd-p-t]m-Ipp''
FmWv {]Xn-I-cn-p-Xv. CXns clkyw Nmc-m- a\-n-em-n-bn-ptm F C{-Pnns tNmZy-n\p adp-]-Sn-bmbn hncq-]m- ]d-bp-Xv kp-tj-W F hm\-c hm\-c-S-bnse sshZy-\m-sWpw arX-k-o-h\ hnZy B hm\-cp hiapsp-am-Wv. B hnZy
cm-k-mn-S-bn-ep sshZy-mpw Adn-bm-sapw Fm- B Huj-[ cm-kmp e`y-a-spw kp]miz kqNnnp-p. cmk PmXn-Isf ImWp-tm B
Znhyu-j-[- Hfn-p-I-f-bp-sa-pw, Nne-tm \inp t]msbpw hcmsapw kp]miz
hnh-cn-p-p. Ans\ B \mep-Xcw Znhyu-j thsp cmh-W Xocp-am-\n-n-cn-mw,
apv Ima-t[-\p-hns\ thsp Xocp-am-\n--Xp-t]mse. ]c-t{]-c-W-bn-eqsS Ima-t[-\p-hn
\npw A`ojvSw knn-m AXv {]tbm-P-\-I-c-am-hn-sv Iv cmh-W Ima-t[-\p-hns\
Dt]-n-p-I-bm-bn-cp--t{X. Ans\ Ima-t[-\p-hn-s\mw Cu Znhyu-j-[n-Ifpw ebvp
thsv cmh-W Icp-Xn-b-Xmbn kp]miz-\ hnh-cn-p-p.
bp--f-n \npw apdn-thv Xf cmh-W cwK-tp hp. ZpxJn-X\pw
{Iq-\p-amb cmh-W X\np ]nb NXn-sb-n kqNn-n-p-sImv "Hcp hwis \in-nm B hwi-nt\ Ignbq' FmW ]d-bpXv. cWm--W-n shv hn`o-j-W ]kw
F Bbp[w cmh-Ws t\s-dn-bp-p. cmh-W AXns\ XSp-p-s]m-Sn-bm-n-sb-nepw
tX-n Xfn-cppt]mbn. ImcWw, Xs ktl-Z-c Bbp[w Xs t\scs
{]tbm-Kn-tm F thZ-\-bm-bn-cpp cmh-W-\v. Hcp hwis \in-n-p-hm, B hwins _e-Zu_ey- Nqn-m-Wn-p-sIm-Sp-m B hwi-n ]nd Hcmt Ignbq FmWo hmp-I-fpsS [z\n. cm-k-hw-i-n ]nd hn`o-j-W cma-]w tNv
cm-k-hw-is ]cm-P-b-s-Sp-m-\p D]m-b- ]d-p-sIm-Sp-pI am{X-a, kabw
t\mn ISp Bbp-[- cmh-W-s\-Xn-cn {]tbm-KnpIbpw sNp-p. CXv cmhWs\tmse-bp ]cm-{I-an-sb-tmepw Xfn--f-bp-p. hn`o-j-W-\n-m-bn-cp-s-n
cm-k-hw-is ]cm-P-b-s-Sp-m cma\v Ign-bpambn-cp-n- F ]cn-lm-khpw cmhWs Cu hmp-I-fn-epv.
hn`o-j-W cma-]w tN-tXmsS hn`o-jW ]Xv\nbmb kca t\m-p-n-bm-bn-cp-p. cm{Xnbn kca Hbvv ]w sImfpn tIm- ISv i{Xp-v kqN-\-I sImSp--Xmbn Ip]n-Sn--s-n-cpp. C{-Pn-ns \ntia\p-k-cnv kc-a-s-Xncn \S]SnI B-cw-`np Ignp. ZpxJn-X-bmb kca cmh-W-k-aw hv A`bw bmNn-p-p. hncq]m-s tNmZywsN-en\mSIw/ Xnc-Y

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s\mw Ah \ntj-[m-nemWv adp-]Sn ]dbpXv. sNbvX sXn\v Ah cmh-W-t\mSv amt]-n-p. Atm hncq-]m cmPm-hns ZmnWyw Ch Aln-p-n Fv XS-bp-p.
HSp-hn cmh-Ws HuZmcytmsS Ahsf atm-Z-cnsb Gn-p-I-bm-Wv sNp-Xv. kca
atm-Z-cn-bpsS kwc--bnemWv ]noSvIgn-bp--Xv.
Ipw`I sIm-s--Xmbn hncq-]m-, cmhWs\ Adn-bn-p-p. Xs ]Ip-XnbmWv \jvS-s--sX t_m[w cmh-Ws\ thZ-\n-n-p-pv. C{-Pnv cmhWs\ kam-[m\n-n-p-p. hm\-c--S-bn ]IpXnsb Acnp hogvn eva-Wt\m-tS Ipw`-I
cmas\ I-tXmsS t{Im[-hnjvS\mbn Atm-t-m--Sp-p-I-bm-Wp-m-b-Xv. Xopw Dd-ap-W-cm-sX-bm-bn-cp-p, Dd--{`m-n-em-bn-cpphs{X Ipw`-Is bpw. Cu h-\-I
cmh-Ws\ ZpxJn-X-\m-n. Xs-m _e-hm-\m-bn-cpp B ktlm-Z-c F-tlw Hmp.
bp--f-n-te--bptm \Xp ]d-bm t]mepw Av X\n-m-bn- Fv cmh-W
]-m-]-m-]np. DW-s Ipw`-I cmh-Ws sNbvXnsb FXnn-cp-p.
{]l-kvX\pw ssk\y-nse hoc-mcpw acn-npw Xs Adn-bn-m Ime-Xm-akw hcp-nbXn ITn-\-ambn Abm {]Xn-tj-[n-p. {Iq-\mb cmh-W am\y Kpcp-hn-s\tmse Xs
D]-tZ-in-m-\mtWm `mhw Fv Ipw`-I-t\mSv tNmZn-p-pv. HSp-hn tPyjvT-\mWv
tZi-s-mfpw cmPy-s-mfpw X\nv hep-sXp ]dv Hbvv ]S--f-n-tep IpXnp-I-bm-bn-cpp Ipw`-I. Atcw \smcp hmp ]d-bmt\m hnP-bm-am-iw-kn-mt\m
t]mepw cmh-W\p km[n-n-. AtXmmWv Abm ZpJnp--Xv.
aqma--n C{-Pn-ns t\Xr-z-n Xs ssk\yw apt-dp hm
cmh-Ws\ kpjvS\m-pp. `uXnI kpJ- Akz--X-bn-te-mWv a\p-jys\ \bnpI F kp]miz cmh-Ws\ D]-tZ-in-p-p. A[ym--X-bn-eqsS t\Snb _ew apgp-h
km{am-Pyhpw kpw kpJhpw kzcq-]n-m-\m-bmWv sNe-h-gn--Xv. CsXmw Ctm
]mgvsN-e-hmbn amdn-bn-cn-p-p. Cu hmp-I cmh-Ws\ AKm-[-ambn kv]in-p-p.
"Xs PohnXw Hcp ]mgvsN-e-hm-bn-cptm' F Bg-n-ep tNmZyw cmh-W Dds
tNmZnp-p. sFiz-cy-ns in cmh-W\v \jvS-s--Xmbn kp]miz a\-n-em-p-p.
inh-`--m-cn {][m-\n-bmb Xm inhm-jvtSm-ciXw F a{w D]m-knp in-t\-Sn-bh-\m-sWpw Xm ]-Nm-acw ]mSp-tm inh-Xm-WvU-h-ns apdpIn Xmfw DW-cp-pshpw cmh-W Ah-Im-i-s-Sm {ian-p-p-v. sFiz-cy-\jvSw ]n-bn-p-s-n
koXsb cma\v XncnsI sImSp-m AXv ]cn-l-cn-m-\m-Iptam Fp-t]mepw cmh-W
tNmZn-p-t]m-Ip-p-v. kp]mi-\m-Is AXn\v ]cn-lmcw aqfp-n-, am{X-a Imes\ sh
in cmh-W\v Cv C F Zpc--kXyw {]Jym-]nv hnc-an-p-I-bmWv Abm sNp--Xv.
AtXmsS cmh-W ]m-m-]-n-tev \S--Sp-p-p.
l\p-am XI Xmgn-I-pSw ]mm-[nIw `wKn-tbmsS ebvp tN sFiz-cytm-sS ]pXpnWn-bm cmh-W B{K-ln-p. AXnp thn abs\ hcp-m cmhW `rXys\ Ab-n-cn-p-I-bm-Wv. `rXy aS-nhv ab ]mXm-f-n-tep t]msbpw
Pohn-n-cn-p--Xn\v sXfn-hp-I-fn-spw Adn-bn-p-p. CXv in]-\nn-Xn-p Ah-k-c-asv kp]mi cmh-Ws\ Hmn-n-p-p. CXp tI-tm s]mfn Xmgn-I-pSw Xs
Ip-Iv A{io-I-c-am-sWpw, e-bn-ep in]n-I ]Wn XpS-cs Fpw ab-\-ptm ]Wn-p-d-Xom-sapw cmh-W \nt-in-p-p. e-bnse in]n-I-sfmw bpn- sIm-s--Xmbn kp]miz Adn-bn-p-p. CXp tI-tm- ZpxJw apg-p i_vZtmsS cmh-W tNmZn-p tNmZy-am-Wn-Xv. "A{Xbvp iq\y-amtbm e' F bmYmYyw
Atm-gmWv cmh-W a\-n-em-p--Xv. ap--\mb amey-hm BK-X-\mbn bp-nse
]cm-P-b-km-[yX {]Jym-]n-p-tXmsS cmh-W-a-\v ]qhm-[nIw Akz--am-Ip-p. C{-Pnp-IqSn sIm-s--tXmsS cmh-Ws \n-lm-bX ]qW-am-Ip-p. Fm bp hnP-b--fpsSbpw BXy-n-I-amb ^ew ]cm-P-b-am-sW kXyw Hman-n-m thn am{X-amWv Fmhcpw acn-npw Xm am{Xw Ah-ti-jn-p-Xv Fv \ncm-i-tbmsS amey-hm ]d-bp-p. cmhW cpw I]nv bp-cw-K-tv t]mIp--Xn-\p-apv Ah-km-\-ambn aWvtUm-Z-cnsb
ImWp-p. atm-Z-cn-bp-am-bp kw`m-j-W-n B A\n-hmcy ]cm-P-b-ns CS
tImw. cmh-W Xs PohnXw Hcp ]mgvs-e-hm-bn-cptm F tNmZyw atm-Z-cntbmSpw tNmZn-p-p-v. atm-Zcn At-ls kam-[m-\n-n-m {ian-p-p. cmh-W\v
in \Ipw Fv aWvtUm-Zcn Icp-Xnb \nIp-`n-e-bpsS kao-]-p-sh-p-Xs Ah AwK]-\m A]-am-\n--s-Sp-p. e-bpsS Ah-km-\s ipnbpw Cm-Xmbn F kqN\ Cu
cwKw \Ip-p. As\ ]c-Zm-c-sf (ap--hcpsS `mcy-am) A]-am-\n--Xns in cmhW A\p-`-hn-p-p. AtXmsS Xs PohnXw Hcp ]mgvNn-e-hm-bn-cpp F kXyw cmh-W\v
t_m[y-s-Sp-p.
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samUyq 3
tIc-f-ns {]mtZ-inI \mS-I-]m-c-cyw
Nhn-p-\m-SIw
bqtdmn {]Nmcnep "Hmd' F kwKoX\mSIns tIc-fob ]ImWv"Nhnp \mSIw'. ayIme bqtdmnse \mSIcq]sf DSnepw AhXcWnepw
A\pIcnv tIc-f-ose {InkvXp-a-X-hn-izm-kn-I cq]sSpnbXmWv Cu ZriyIemcq]w.
IYIfnbnse Nne {]tXyIXIfpw Nhnp\mSIn\pv-. sImSpq apX Aepg
htcbp s{sIkvXhnSbnemWv
CXv {]NmcnencpXv-. hocck {][m\amWv
Nhnp\mSInse IYI. ss__nfn\ntm {InkvXvob Ncn{Xn\ntm D
IYIfmWv- Nhnp \mSIn {][m\ {]ta-b-. "Imd am \mSI'amWv- Chbn
Ghpw {]ikvXw. XpnIsXnsc Ipcnipbpw \Snb Imdevam N{IhnbpsS
IYbmWnXv-. IfcnsInbmWv- Nhnp\mSI ]cnioe\w. Kpcphns\ 'Amhn' Fp
hnfnpp. A`n-\-bsm apt ]TnnpXv- Bbp[m`ymkfmWv-. Nhnp\Msi
n ]mpIfmWv IqSpX. ]mp]mSn NphSphv- A`yknpXn\v- sNmnbmw FmWv]dbpI. kwKoXw, A`n\bw, \rw, kw`mjWw, Xmftaf Fnhsbms
tNXmWv- Nhnp\mSIw. sN, ssIaWn Fo hmZyfpw CXn D]tbmKnpp.
]mp ]mSm ]nWn KmbIcpmIpw.
t]mpKokpImcpsS hchn\ptijamWv- Cu Ie tIcfn cq]w sImXv.
DZbwt]cq kp\ltZmkn\p tijw s{sIkvXthXcamb hnizmkm\pjvTm\fn \np
]pXphnizmknIsf AIn\ndpm\mbn ]e \nbafpw Ii\ambn ]menph
]ptcmlnXm \nbnp. tIcfobamb BtLmjfnepw Iemcq]fnepw ]pXphnizmkn
I Xmev]cyw ImWnpXp XSbm ]pXnb BtLmjfpw Iemcq]fpw sshZnI
NnsSpn. s{sIkvXh]pcmhr
B[mcamnbp \mSIcq]w CXns `mK
ambmWv krnsXv. ImdamNcnXw, Pt\mhmNcnXw Fns\bp GXm\pw
\mSIfmWv AhXcWn\mbn FgpXsXv.
XangpIe `mjbmWv- Nhnp\mSIfn A[nIhpw D]tbmKnpXv. ]eII
\ncnb AcpIfn AhXcnnpXn\memIWw Xps]mfn Fpw CXn\p
t]cpv.

s]mdmp \mSIw
]memSns X\Xp Iemcq]amWv s]mdmp\mSIw. \qm-p-I ]g--ap Iem-cq-]am-Wn-Xv. Xangv kwkvIm-cneqsS tIc-f-n-se-nb \mS-I-cq-]-am-Wv s]mdm-v. Xangv \mp-\mSI Bimam-cmWv CXv Ctmgpw A`y-kn-n-p--Xv. tIc-f-nse ZenXv PmXn-hn-`m-K--fn
s]-h-cpsS \mSy-I-em-cq-]w-Ip-Sn-bmWv s]mdm-p-\m-S-Iw. Ipdh -Ipdn, Nme Nmen, Ihd -Ihdn, amnf- amnfn XpSn hnhn[ PmXnmsc {]Xn\n[oIcnv
Bthjhpw s]thjhpw tNmWv Cu Ie AhXcnnpXv. Hmtcm PmXnmcpw
AhcpsS Ipesmgnens\ {]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn-p Imcy--fpw IY-Ifpw thZn-bn
AhXcnnpw.
sNdpansmdmn Ifn XpSpXp apX Ahkm\w hsc sNdpanbpw sNdp-a\pw
apdhpw Nqepambn kvtPn ImWpw. ]mSp hoW s\v tiJcnpIbmWp sNdpan. sN,
Xmfw, lmtamWnbw, arZwKw XpSnb hmtZym]IcW s]mdm-n D]-tbm-Kn-pp.
GXp PmXnmcpsS s]mdmp\mSIamtWm AhcpsS PmXn, `mj, kwkvmcw,
PohnX\nehmcw Ch ImWnIv a\nemmw. Nme- Nmen thjn
am{XamWv ]pcmWIYIsf AhXcnnpXv. cm{Xn 9 apX cmhnse 6 aWn hsc \Sp
Cu Ifnbn kv{XoI thjw sImdn, adnv kv{Xothjw ]pcp-j-\mWv AWn-bp-I. ]v
]mW PmXnbn s]h am{XamWv Cu Ie Ah-X-cnnncpXv. Cv Fm PmXnmcpw
Ifnppv. Imem-\p-kr-X-amb am-fpw Ifn-bn-ep-m-bn-p-v. t]meokpImc t]meokp
thjn cwK{]thiw sNpXv CXn-\p-Zm-l-c-WamWv. Xd-hm-Sp-I-tfm-S-\p-_-n-mWv Ifn
\S-p-I. GXp hopImp thnbmsWm IfnpXv B hopImscbpw ssZhsbpw
kvXpXnpsImv ]mp ]mSnfnpw.
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Imcn \mSIw
\mtSmSnIfpw AhKWnshcpamb Imme kapZmbns tamlfpsSbpw
ss\cmiynsbpw {]I-S-\--fmWv "Imcin \mSIw' (Imm-cn-n-\m-SIw, ImcpIfn
Fpw CXv Adn-b-s-Spp) F X\Xp \mSI Iemcq]n ImWpXv. tIcfn
aqv hyXykvX ssienIfn Immcin\mSIw AhXcnnpp. Id, hnXpc, t]cbw
XpSnb {Kma{]tZifn aethS hn`mKn s]hcpw, Bn, s\SpamSv
FnhnSfn IpdhcpamWv Cu \mtSmSn Iemcq]w AhXcnnph. kaqln CXv
sNepnb kzm[o\w aqew ap kapZmbn s]hcpw CXn BIrcmbn. Ctm
Xncph, ]fw, FnhnSfn \mb, Cugh kapZmbnephcpw CXn
kohambn ]sSpppv.
aethScn \nmWv ImcminbpsS Dhw Fv IcpXpp. IpdhcpsS CSbn
IpdnIfn \npw Imcmin DSseSpp Fpw ]dbsSppv. sX
coXnb\pkcnp Acn \rw Nhpn Immnam Imms\ Bhmlnpw. Ip
]hpambn kZkycpsS CSbn\np Imm {]thinptXmsS XpSambn.
ineqsS
am{Xw
{]XysSp
Xpcm\pw
Imm\pw
Xnep
tNmtZymcfneqsSbmWv IYbpsS Bcw`w. \mnse AgnaXnItfbpw A\oXnIsfbpw
Imm tNmZyw-sN-pp. Ccw \a-fpw Bt]lmky IYIfpw CSIev Cu
AhXcWw IemImcs at\m[a\pkcnv
Bkzm-Zy-I-c-amIpp.
Imm\pw
Immnamcpw Xnep \a kw`mjWfneqsSbmWv D]IYIfpsS AhXcWw. aqv
apX Ap hsc aWnqdpI Ah-X-cWw \otmw. cwK koIcWfnmsXbpw
lmtamWnbw, Knd, Cemfw, arZwKw, FnhbpsS AISntbmSpw IqSn \Sp
Cu Ie \rw, kwKoXw, A`n\bw FnhbpsS Da tNcphbmWv. Imm Idp
XpWnbpSppp. Icn ]qinb apJv Npmv sImv shfp ]pnI CSpp.
Immnv ]ehWnep thj [cnmw. thS, Ipdh, tImamfn, Imnse
ISph XpSnb av IYm]m{XfpsS thjhpw efnXamWv. Ign \qmns
Bcw`n Xangv kwKoX\r\mSIfpsS kzm[o\^e-ambn Cu Iemcq]w IqSp-X
Ah-X-c-W-`wKn t\Sn. Fgp]XpIfpsS cmw ]IpXnv tijapmb DWhv Ctmgpw
\ne\nevIppv. aptXmfw Immcin \mSI kwL Ctm tIcfn
{]hnppv.

kmaq-lnI cmjv{Sob {]iv\- \mS-I--fn

kmaqlnI
]cnjvIcWn\v
\mSIs
Bbp[ammsav
sXfnbn
\mSIIrpfmbncpp hn. Sn. `XncnmSv, Fw. ]n. `XncnmSv, sI. ZmtamZc, hn.
IrjvW Xn XpSnbh. \qXncn kapZmbnse A\mNmc Xpdp Imnsmv
hn. Sn. cNn 'ASpfbn \nv Actv' (1930) aebmf \mSI kmlnXynse
shn tcJIfnsemmWv. Fw. ]n `XncnmSns 'EXpaXn' (1939), sI. ZmtamZcs
']m_mn' (1938) Fnhbpw \mSIs Bib{]NmcWns D]m[nbmn amn.
]{Xm[n]cpw sNdpIYmIrpambncp C. hn. IrjvW]nbmWv \mSIs Hcp
kmlnXy {]m\ampXn BZyImev henb ]p hlnXv. 'koXmevan' (1926),
'cmPm tIihZmkv' (1929), '{]Wboj' (1932), '_n. F. ambmhn' (1933). 'hnkvarXn'
(1933), 'ambm am\pj' (1934), 'hnhmlw' (1935), 'Cchnpnn' (1934),
's]cip\mSv' XpSnbhbmWv Atlns \mSI. C. hn. sb XpSv 1940
hscbp Imen\nSbvv Htsd \mSIIrp cwKsn. Ncn{X\mSIfpw
kmaqlnI\mSIfpambncpp Chbn Gdnb]pw. F. ]n. sN \mb (an
{]Wbw, teUn tUm, h\cmPIpamcn, {]WbPmw_hm, Bwt_mw_v, se^v\v
\mWn), Sn. F. tKm]n\mY \mb (]nncn {]m\w), tNe\mv ANypXtat\m,
Fw. ]n. inhZmktat\m, XntmSnb, PKXn F. sI. BNmcn, ssI\nc
]Zva\m`]n (thepn Zfh, Ime{znbnse Iev] ]mZ]w), A Xpcm, I\
IrjvWtat\m, sshtemnn {io[ctat\m, ssI\nc Ipamc]n, atmp
Ipamc, F. hn. IrjvWhmcnb, C. Fw. tImhq, sI. ]Zva\m` \mb, hn. IrjvW
Xn XpSnb Htsd \mSIIrpfmWv 1930-I apX 1950-I hscbp ZiIfn
cwKp {]thinXv.
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\mS-I-q-m-bva-I
\mSIw P\{]nbamb kmlnXycq]ambnoXpw \qdpIWn\p \mSIIrXnI
cwKphXpw 1940 50 ZiIfnembncpp. Htsd ]coW Actdnb Cu
ImeLn \mSI cN\ Kuchtadnb Iem kmlnXy {]h\ambn. aebmfnse
Ghpw anI \mSIIrp ISphXpw Cu ImebfhnemWv. F. IrjvW]n
(`Kv\`h\w, I\yI, _em_ew, A\pcRvP\w, apSpapX, AgnapJtv), Pn.
icn (kv-t\lZqX), kn. F. {ioIWvT \mb (\hSw), sI. kptc{
(_en), ]pfnam\ ]ctaizc ]n (kaXzhmZn), ssI\nc Ipamc]n (t{]a ]cnWmaw,
AKv\n]co), ssI\nc ]Zva\m`]n (bh\nI, hn[n a]w, AKv\n]RvPcw), kn. sP.
tXmakv (1128- s{sIw 27, Ah hopw hcpp), Sn. F. tKm]n\mY \mb (]qmcn,
{]Xn[z\n, AIhpw ]pdhpw, ]cnhcvc\w, arKw, \nemhpw \ngepw, \ngevq v), CStcn
tKmhn \mb (IqpIrjn), Fw. tKmhn (\o a\pjys\ sImcpXv), Gcq hmkptZhv
(PohnXw Ahkm\npn), Fkv. F. ]pcw kZm\ (Hcm IqSn I\mbn), sI. Sn.
aplZv (CXp `qanbmWv, shfnw hnft\zjnpp, Nph LSnImcw, Idh ]ip),
XntmSnb (PohnXw, {]khnm A), sNdpImSv (XdhmSnw, kv-t\l_),
HmwtNcn (Cu shfnw \npXmWv), tXmn `mkn (\nsfs IayqWnmn,
ktcznv, apSnb\mb ]p{X). ]n. tIihtZhv (Rm\nyqWnmhpw, a{nbmsmt,
XkvIckwLw, \o acnp, \mSIIrv, aptmv, sIm\pw sImow Hv, HmWukv,
agbpw IpSbnpw), s]m\vIpXw hcvn\ (]qP, t{]a hnhw, tPXm, kzcvKwv
\mWnpp, hgn Xpdp, hnidnp Impth, Rms\mc[nImWv), XIgn inhicn
(tXmn), sshw aplZv _jo (IYm_oPw), Fkv. sI. s]mmv (A), Imcq
\oeIWvT]n (apw s]pw, Xo sImp IfncpXv), \mKhn B. Fkv. Ipdpv
(tahm amWnIyw, B`nPmXyw, s]men Zo]w, kaXzw) XpSnb \mSI IrpfpsS
Imeambncpp CXv.
temI \mSIhpambp ]cnNbw Cu ImeLn \mSIkmlnXynse
]cnh\p ImcWambn. slnIv C_v-ks kzm[o\X F. IrjvW]nbpsS
\mSIfn ImWmw. Amciq\yamb ^enX tIv s]mnncnemWv \mSIw F
[mcW amm IrjvW]nbpsS \mSIp Ignp. C_v-k\nv k{Zmbns
kzm[o\X ]noSv hym]-I-ambn aebmf \mSIfn {]XysSm XpSn. ]pfnam\
]ctaizc ]n 'kaXzhmZnbneqsS' bqtdm]y FIv-kv{]j\nkhpw, kn. sP. tXmakv
FnIv \mSI thZnbpsS kev]fpw AhXcnnp. IayqWnv ]mnbpsS
kmwkvImcnI{]NcWns `mKambn DZbwsNbvX ImbwIpfs sI. ]n. F. kn.
\mSIkwLhpw Ahp thn tXmn `mkn FgpXnb \mSIfpw P\{]oXnbnepw
{]Nmcnepw Ncn{Xw krnp. "\nsfs IayqWnmn' t\Snb P\{]oXn aebmf
\mSINcn{Xnse
A]qhkw`hamWv.
194060
ImeLw
\mSIthZnbpsS
]qmeambncpp. \mSI kwLfpw {KmaoW \mSI{]hm\fpsamw tNv
\mSIs P\IobhXvIcnXv Cu ImebfhnemWv. kn. F. {ioIWvT \mb, Pn.
ic]n, Imhmew \mcmbWWn FnhcmWv Fgp]XpIfn \ho\ \mSIns
apJy{]tbmmfmbn Dbp hXv. \mSIfcn {]m\hpw \ho\ \mSIn\p
in]Ip. 1967 HmKn imkvXmwtImbn Pn. icnbpsS ]cn{ia^eambmWv
BZys \mSIfcn \SXv. kn. F. Bbncpp IfcnbpsS Ubd. Fkv. cmam\pPw,
]n. sI. thWpp \mb, Pn. Achn, AWn, Fw. hn. tZh
XpSnbhscmw Ifcnp ]nn {]hnp.
kn. F. {ioIWvT \mbcpsS "kmtIXw', "emevan', "Ien', Pn. icnbpsS
"`cXhmIyw', "_n', "Idp ssZhs tXSn', "IncmXw', Imhmew \mcmbWWncpsS
"Ah\h IS', "ssZhm', "kmn', "Xncphmgnm', B. \tc{{]kmZns
"ku]WnI', "Cc', "shnbmgvN', "]Snpc', hbem hmkptZh ]nbpsS "AKv\n',
"IptNeKmY', "hcthev]v', Sn. ]n. kpIpamcs "ZnWmb\w', F. {]`mIcs "]penPw',
]n. _meN{s "]mhw Dkvam', ]n. Fw. XmPns "ISp', "Nqf', a[p amdpsS "IenKpe'
XpSnbh B[p\nI ae-bmf \mSIkmlnXynse anI cN\IfmWv.

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ae-bmf \mS-I-th-Zn-bpsS ]pXnb apJw

1980, 1990 ZiIfn bphmfmb H-\-h[n t] \mSIcwKp kPohambn.
B[p\nI \mSIs hyXykvXambn hn]peoIcnm\mWv Ah {ianXv. ]n Fw XmPv, ]n.
_meN{, cmaN{ samtIcn, Jm Imhn F. iin[c, Pb{]Imiv Ipfq, ]n F
Fw l\o-^v, kXojv. sI. kXojv, knhnIv N{, sI. hn. {ioP, Fw kPnX XpSnbh
DsSp \ncbmWXv. kmlnXycq]w F \nebn Cv hfscb[nIw hmb\m
\mSIn\nsmWv {]km[\cwKp \np hyamIpXv. hfscpdp \mSI
am{Xta {]knoIcnppapq. hmWnPy \mSIkwL, {]mtZinI IemkanXnI,
ss^ BSvkv skmssknI, AtaNz \mSIkwL Imkv Xntb XpSnbh
]g-b-Xp-t]mse kPohasnepw \mSIw Ah-X-cn-n-m\pw Fgp-Xm\pw ImWm-\p-ap henb
kZv Ctmgpw tIc-f-n-epv FXv Bizm-k-I-c-am-Wv.

kv{Xo] \mS-I-thZn

FgppImcnbmtbm
kwhn[mbnIbmtbm,
\Snbmtbm
s]mXpaetvhcm\mhp kmlNcyw ]v aebmfn kv{Xov- Av Cm-Xn-cp--Xn-\m ]smXmw
\qmns Ahkm\Imes aebmfnkv{XobpsS icoc`mj, hkv{X[mcWw, hnZym`ymkw
XpSnb kmaqlykmlNcy kzm`mhnIambpw \mSIthZnbn In-. Av
sslhkv{XoI sdubnSpXpw taevapp [cnpXpw thjwsIembn ImWpIbpw
aqhtcmSv- _lpam\anmbvabmbn IcpXpIbpw sNbvXp. BZyambn du AWnXn\vkn hn Ipncmas `mcysb "FhnsSbmsWSn \o BSm t]mIpXv-... DuscSn AXv-....
Bmcn, DnIsfse Ipmbanp \SmSn \obpw?' Fv A hgp]dXv kn
tIih "PohnXkac'n hnhcnppv-. IemImcnItfmSv kaq-l-n-\p ]phpw B
hmp-I-fn ImWmw. Cu kmlNcyfpsS ]m--e-n- thWw BZyIme
kv{Xo\mSIcN\Isf ]cntim[ntXv-.
BZy aebmf \mSIIrXn FgpXnbXv- Ipnpp XnbmWv-. AmXhmkw
\mSIw 1065 amnSbvp {]knoIcnsp. aebmfnse BZy kv{Xo\mSIcNbnXmhpw
AhcmWv-. ]mhcpsS AmXhmksn kwkvIrX\mSIfpsS amXrIbn
FgpXs Hcp \mSIamWv- AmXhmkw. XnbpsS \mSIw kmlnXycknIp
hmbnm am{Xap IrXnbmbn HXpntmbn. Ipnpp XnbpsS AmXhmk
n\p tijw \mSIcN\ \Snb asmcp kv{Xo, kp`{Zmp\w FgpXnb tXmbvmSvCmhbmWv-. Ames ae-bmf\mSIcN-\IfpsS CSbn kp`{Zmp\n\p
{]m[m\yapv-. almIhnIfmb sImSpq Xpcmm am{Xta AXn\papv- Ac
nep \mSI cNnncppq. cwKNe\, A`n\bw Fnhsbpdnv- IrXyamb
\nti Cu \mSIn ImWmw. ]Izamb \mSIcN\mcoXn kp`{Zmcvp\n
kzoI-cn-n-cn-pp. Cu \mSIw Ica\ tIihimkv{Xn kwkvIrX ntev- hnh \w
sNbvXp. \mSIcN\bpw \mSIthZnbpmIp amfpw tXmmSv- Cmhsbbpw
kzm[o\nnpv-. ]ptcm-K-a\ \mS-I-{]-m-\-ns apt--m-ev Htsd kv{XoI aebmf \mS-I-th-Zn-bn-se-n. \ne-q Bbn-j. sI ]n F kn efn-X, imm-tZ-hn, ko\v
XpSnb t]cp-I A`n-\-b-cw-Kv And-b-s-p.
F]-Xp-Ip tijw ae-bm-f-nse kv{Xo\m-S-I-thZn kPo-h-am-bn. kmd tPmk^v
t\XrXzw \Inb am\p-jn, A`n-t\{Xn XpS-nb thZn-I-fn-eqsS Htsd \mS-I- kv{XoIfpsS tass-tbmsS Ah-X-cn-n--s-p. kv{XobpsS {]iv\-fpw ]Z-hn-Ifpw Ah-X-cn-np-I, kv{XobpsS kmn[yw Adn-bn-pI Fo cp ey- kv{Xo \mS-I-th-Zn-p-mbn-cp-p. B[p-\n-Im-c tIc-fob \mS-I-th-Zn-bn kPn-X, {ioP Bd-tm-p-Ic XpS-nb
kv{Xo \mS-I-{]-h-I hfsc anI-hp ]co--W- Cu cwKv \S-n-sm-n-cn-p-pv. kv{Xo {]iv\--tfm-sSmw ZenXv, ]cn-nXn {]iv\-fpw Cv Ah-X-cn-n--s-Sp-p.

tdUntbm \mS-I-

tIhnp {]m[m-\y-ap \mS-I--fmWv tdUntbm \mS-I-. BIm-i-hm-Wn-bpsS

{]Nm-cWw tIc-f-n {]tXy-I-ambpw `mc-X-n s]mXp-shbpw tdUntbm \mS-I--fpsS
hn kzoIm-cy-Xp Imc-W-am-bn. AJn-teym tdUntbm \mS-tIm--h-n ]e-tmgpw
tIc-f-amWv ]pc-kvIm-c-v Al-am-b-Xv. ]qW-ambpw i_vZs B{i-bn-p-\np--Xn\m \mS-I-nse Blm-cy, BwKn-I, kzmXznI hn`m-K- Cu \mS-I-cq-]-n Dm-hn-.
am{X-a \mS-I-nse Acw LS-I-qSn hmNn-Im-`n-\-b-n-eqsS {]I-Sn-n-t-Xmbpw hcpw. cwK-k-o-I-c-W-nse e-]-c-amb ]e ]cn-an-Xn-Ifpw i_vZw-sImv adn-I-Sm-\mIpw FXv tdUntbm \mS-I--fpsS {][m\ km[y-X-bp-am-Wv. kn sP tXma-kv, sI Sn
apl-Zv XpS-nb \mS-I-Ir-p- ae-bm-f-nse {]apJ tdUntbm \mS-I--fpsS IqSn cNbn-Xm--fm-Wv. ae-bm-f-nse {][m\ kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-Ifpw tdUntbm \mS-I-cq-]-n {]t]Ww sN-s-n-p-v.
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sXcphp \mS-I-
sXcphns\ Acmn P\t_m[\w eywhpsImv Actdp \mSIamWv
sXcp-hp-\m-SIw. {]tab]camb Bibhn\nabamWv sXcphp\mSIw eyampXv. \mSIw,
\S, t{]I Fo aqv LSIv sXcphp\mSIthZnbnepw th{X _w
Dmbncnpw. Fm AXv AIf \mSIntXn \nv hyXykvXambncnpw. ImcWw,
\mSIw
ImWm
Xocpam\nsnbhc
sXcphp\mSIns
t{]I.
P\qtmSp kwhZnm ]mInep cN-\bpw kwhn-[m-\hpw A`n-\-b-hp-amWv sXcphp-\m-S-I-n Bh-iyw. sXcphntem P\ hpw t]mbpancnp CSfntem \mSIw
AhXcnnp k{Zmbw ]papXse Dmbncpp. andn \mSI, andn
\mSI, tImtaUnbm Zmcvtm] XpS-nb bqtdm]y kv{Sov \mSI Fn-h-sbmw
sXcp-hp-I-fn-emWv Ah-X-cn-n--s-Xv. Cybnse sXcpqv, hoYn\mSIw Fnhbpw
CqnsSpp. ]e \mSpIfn \nehnepmbncp \mtSmSn \mSIthZnI
sXcphp\mSIthZnbpsS
{]mNo\cq]fmWv.
hmNnIw,
BwKnIw
Fo
A`n\bcoXnImWv sXcphp\mSIn {]m[m\yw. kmXznIm`n\bn\v km[yXI
IpdhmWv.
Fm
Blmcymwin
Nne
DsmepI
\Snbnpv.
cwKkma{KnItfm thj`qjmZnItfm A[nIw D]tbmKnpnsnepw t{]Iv
A]cnNnXcmb IYm]m{Xsftbm hkvXpsftbm AhXcnnptm \tZim-I
thj [cnmdpv.
kaImenI sXcphp\mSIfn anXpw P\Iob {]tm`fpambn _s
hbmWv. hnhm\c djybnse \mSI {]hIcmWv B[p-\nI sXcphp\mSIns
BZy hm. andn _qs^, Zv kvtmanMv H^v Zv hn ]mekv, Zv tUm apXembh
Cu KWn s]Spp. Xpdmb Acn P\Iobamb ASnbcmhiyfpw
P\Iob{]tm`w eyamnbp t_m[\hpw \ndthpXn\pthn AhXcnnp
hbmWv sXcphp\mSIfn Gsdbpw. APnv-t{]mv, \yqkv t] Xnsb, Kdn Xnsb,
Chnkn_n Xnsb apXembh Cu KWnsSpp. P\sf ImWnIfmbn
Inmhp GXp {]tZihpw 'sXcphv' F ]ZwsImv IpdnsSpp. \So\SmcpsS
kmaqlnI {]Xn_XbmWv sXcphp\mSIs ssNX\yhmpXv. km`n-I-amb
\mSI {]tabn\mWv {]m[m\yw; \So \Sm.
cwKkoIcW`mcanmXpw A`nt\XmfpsS icoc`mjsImp km[npXpw
P\Iob {]m\sf t]mjnnpXpamb HmWv sXcphp\mSIw. cwKPwKafnm
\mSIthZn F AYn 'hkvXpclnX \mSIthZn' Fv tSmw tXmakv ({_n) Xs
\mSIthZnv t]cnncnpXv {imlamWv. kaImenI {]iv\ P\nSbn
AhXcnnv Ahsc t_m[hmmcmpI F eyamWv Cybnse _mZ kmcns
'aqmw \mSIthZn' (tXUv Xntb-) pXv. Ipcnins hgn, AtmgnI, kqnpI, Poh hnetbdnbXmWv, ]Stbmw, Cy\hbpsS hI am\, t`mm t`mm
apXembh P\{i ]nSnp]nb aebmf sXcphp\mSIfmWv. tIcf imkv{XkmlnXy
]cnjns IqmbvabpsS ^eambn \nch[n sXcphp\mSI Dmbnpv.
IpSn\o{]Siv\w, sXmgnenmbva, sXmgn kacns \ymbhnNmcw, s]ap-w, _methe, BZnhmknIptaep ssItbw, hne-h[-\-hv, hKo-b-X, ab-p-]-a-cpv
hn]pI, kwkvImc aen\oIcWw XpS-nb {]ta-b-sf ap\n-dpn Htsd \mSI
kwL- [mcmfw sXcphp Ah-X-c-W- Ctm \S-n-sm-n-cn-p-p-v.
"\mSIw Ins Ie' F {Kn Sn.]n. kpIpamc tIcfn AhXcnn
sXcphp\mSI `qcn]hpw sXcphpaqe \mSI Bbncppshv A`n-{]m-b-s-Sp-p.
AXXv sXcphns kz`mhns\mv cwK`mjbn NnsSp \SnnsXmWv Cu
A`n{]mbw sImptinpXv. kaImenIamb sXcphp\mSIn\pw `mcXnse
Zicq]Ifnsemmb 'hoYn'pw _apsv Nne kwkvIrX ]nXm ]dbmdpv.
Fm, "Cp ImWp coXnbnep sXcphp\mSIns ]mccyw djy
tkmjyenpIfn \nmWv Bcw`nXv; AXv Cu \qmns khntij krnbmIpp' FmWv Cy sXcphp\mSI {]m\nse ckmnbmb k^vZ livanbpsS
hnebncp.

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hni-Z-]-T-\-n\v

1. ssZh-m
Imhmew \mcm-bW
- -]-Wn-

Imhmew \mcmbWWn

aebmfnse B[p\nI \mSIthZnsb \hoIcn \mSImNmcy\mWv Imhmew

\mcmbW]Wn. \mSIIrv, Ihn, kwhn[mbI, sskmnI Fns\bpw
hynap{Z
]Xnnnpv.
tIcf
kwKoX\mSI
AmZanbpsS
Ay\mbpw
tkh\a\pjvTnnpv. 1975- tIcf kmlnXy AmZan ]pckvImcw \mSIN{Iw F
IrXnv e`np. 2007- ]`qj ]pckvImcw \evIn cmPyw Ctls BZcnp. 2009-
htm ]pckvImchpw e`np. Bepg Pnbnse Ip\mnse Nmebn
IpSpw_mwKambn P\n Imhmew \mcmbW]WncpsS A tKmZhbpw A
Ippevan AbpamWv. IcwKambn BZyw A`n`mjIhrn kzoIcnsnepw
]noSv- \mSIntesntp. Ipnmew apX kwKoXnepw \mSIeIfnepw
Xev]c\mbncpp. kwKoX{][m\amb \mSIfmWv BZyImev Imhmew FgpXnbXv.
Nen{Xkwhn[mbI\mb Achn, \mSIIrmb kn.F. {ioIWvT \mb, Ihn Fw.
tKmhn, Ihn A]Wn Fnhcpambp kulrZw \mSIcwKspdnp
Kuch]qamb At\zjWv t{]cW \evIn.
tIcfnse \mtSmSnIeIsfpdnv- Imhmew KthjWw \Snbnpapv-. tIcf
kwKnX \mSI AmZanbpsS sk{Idnbpw (1961-1971) tkm]m\ns \mSI kanXnbmb
Xncphcns kv-Ym]I UbdIv-Sdpw Bbn-cpp. kmn, Ah\h IS, ssZhm,
Icnpn, Xnct\mw, t{]aciv-an, `qXw, XncpapSn, tImbv-a, sXsw, acpInSmn XpSn
Ccp]Xntesd \mSIfpw IpnImbn Ipmn, NoNcw XpSn Av- \mSIfpw
cNnp. `mktXpssS Ht\Iw \mSI aebmfntev- hnh\w sNbv-Xnpapv-.
tkm]m\n\pthn ]Xns\ntesd \mSIfpw tIcf Iemaew, ImfnZmk AmZan,
\reb Cukv-sXnIv- skmsskn, \mjW kv-Iq H^v- {Uma, bq\nthgv-knn H^v- hnkvtImWkn (Atacn) Fns\ Htsd kv-Ym]\p thn ]ntesd
\mSIfpw kwhn[m\w sNbv-Xp. Ghpw \ aebmf \mSIcN\bv-pff tIcf kmlnXy
AmZan AhmUv-, IpnIpthnbpff \mSIcN\bv-pff tIcf kwkv-Ym\ kmlnXy
Ckv-nyqv- AhmUv-, ay{]tZiv- Khsns ImfnZmk km\w Fn-hbpw t\Sn.
Imhmens BZyIme \mSI kwhn[m\w sNbvXXv s{]m^. Ipamch,
Nen{X kwhn[mbI Pn. Achn FnhcmWv. ]nevme\mSI Fmw Imhmew
XsbmWv kwhn[m\w sNbvXXv.

X\Xp \mS-I-thZn

hmWnPy\mSIns\mw B[p\nI ]coW\mSI cwKsnbXv 1970-I

apXemWv. CXn-\p-Zm-l-c-W-amWv X\Xp \mSIthZn. t\mhenepw sNdpIYbnepw IhnXbnepw
Nn{XIebnepsamw
Dmb
B[p\nIXbpsS
`mKambmWv
\mSInepw
Cu
]cnh\apmbXv. kn. F. {ioI-WvT \mb, Pn.icn, Imhmew FnhcpsS
cN\IfmWv aebmf \mSIthZnbpsS cq] `mh ioes amnadnXv. X\Xv \mSIthZn
F Bibw kn. FntXv Bbncpp. 1967 imkvXmwtImbn \S BZy \mSI
fcnbn Fw. tKmhn BWv X\Xv \mSIthZn Hcp Nm hnjbambn AhXcnnXv.
aebmfnbpsS B`mhambn amdm \mSIw F Iemcq]n\p km[nnnspw ae-bmf
\mSIthZnbpsS thcpI \psS ]mccyne F-XmWv AXn\p ImcWsapw
Ahp tXmn. Cu Nnbn \nmWv X\Xp\mSIthZn F Bibw cq]sSpXv.
ChnsS X\Xv F hmn\v "{]mtZinI kmwkvImcnI ss]XrIw' FmWv hnh.
tIcfns kamb cwKIem]mccyn \nv Duw ssIhcnv hfcp Hcp
\mSIthZn Fs\ bmYmyammw FmWv X\Xp\mSI thZnbpsS At\zjWw.
IqSnbmw, IYIfn XpSnb mn cwKIeIfpsSbpw Xnd, sXw XpSnb
A\pjvTm\Iemcq]fpsSbpw Immcnn t]mep \mtSmSn\mSI cq]fptSbpw
khntijXbmb ssieoIrXamb A`n\bcoXnbmWv X\Xp\mSIthZnbpsS kucy
imkv{X]camb ASnd. IqmpIpfv tN asmcp \mSIfcnbn kn.F.
{ioIWvT \mb {]kvXpX kevspdnv {]_ahXcnnpIbpw Xm cNn Ien
F \mSIw AhXcnnpIbpw sNbvXp. Pn. Achn\mWv Ien kwhn[m\w sNbvXv
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AcntenbXv. Imhmens "Aht\m IS'bpw "ssZhmdpw' BWv ]noSv X\Xv

\mSIthZnsb t]mn hepXmnbXv. X\Xp\mSIthZn F Bibn\v- Hcp AhXcW
k{Zmbw F \nebn Poh \InbXv- ImhmeamWv-. C_v-k\npcoXn ]npS
aebmf\mSIthZnbn KpW]camb ]cnWmaw X\Xp \mSIthZnbneqsSbmWv {]ISambXv.
Imm-cnn \mS-Iw, s]mdm-v, IWymIfn XpS-nb \mS Ie-I-fn \npw ]S-b-Wn,
sXw, Xnd, apSn-tbv XpS-nb A\p-jvTm\ Ie-I-fn \npw cma-\m-w, IqSn-bm-w, IY-Ifn
XpS-nb Ie-I-fn \npw Awi- kzoI-cn-p-sIm-mWv X\Xv \mSIw Nn-s-Sp--Xv.
tIc-f-ns khn-ti-j-amb Xmf kwKoX \r ]mc--cy--sfbpw \mtSmSn ]pcm-hr--sfbpw BJym-\-L-S-\-tbmSv ka-\z-bn-n-mWv \mS-I-c-N-\bpw Ah-X-c-Whpw \nh-ln-s-Sp--Xv. AtXm-sSmw Ipcp-tm-e, \ndw, \ne-hn-fv XpS-nb tIc-fob Blm-cy-co-XnIfpw \mS-I-ns Ah-X-c-n\v B{i-bn-p-p. s\Sp-apSn thWp, {iocm-a, apcfn, \tc-{{]-kmZv XpS-nb kn\nam \S-m X\Xp \mS-I-th-Zn-bn-eqsS hfp-h A`n-t\-Xm--fm-Wv.

ssZh-m
ae-bm-f-n Atm-f-ap-mb \mS-I--fn\nv cN-\-bnepw Ah-X-c-W-nepw
hyXy-kvXX ]penb \mS-I-amWv ssZh-m. tIc-f-nse {]mtZ-inI t{X--fnse
\mS ssZh-{]-Xn-jvT-I-sf-bmWv ssZh-m Fv hnfn-p--Xv. ]mmXy \mSI kt-X-fn \np hnSp-X, Ah-X-c-W-nse emfn-Xyw, IrXy-amb Hcp thZn-bpsS A`mhw Fo
LS--fn-emWv Ap-h-sc-bp-mb \mS-I--fn \nv ssZh-m hyXym-k-s-SpXv. cN-Isb-m-f-[nIw Ah-X-c-W-n-emWv Cu \mSIw hyXy-kvXX ]pep--Xv. IrXy-amb Hcp
IYtbm BZn-a-[ym--tfm Cm {]ta-b-amWv ssZh-m-dn-ep--Xv. CXpw Ap-h-sc-bpmb \mS-I--fn\n-p hyXn-N-e-\-am-bn-cp-p. \mSy-[an-bmb A`n-\-b-n-\mWv Cu
\mS-I- apJy-]-cn-K-W\ \Ip--Xv. \mSIw cwK--h-X-cn-n-m A`n-t\-Xm-v
{]tXyI ]cn-io-e-\- Bh-iy-am-Wv.
X\Xp \mS-p A\p-tbm-Py-amb {KmaoW ]m--e-n-ep \mS-I-amWv ssZhm. Cu \mS-I-nse {][m\ IYm-]m-{X--fn-sem-mb tImamfn tIc-f-nse an X\Xp
\mS-I--fnepw ImWp Awi-am-Wv. ImWp--sXmw FSp--Wn-bp-Ibpw Pohn-Xs hfsc
lmkym--I-ambn ImWp-Ibpw {][m\ kwL--\-cw-K--fn \mb-I-Xz-]-Z-hn-bn-te-p-b-cpIbpw sNp Cu tImam-fn-bmWv Ah-X-c-W-n-sebpw {][m\ LS-Iw. Ime IWn-bm,
i, shfn--m-Sv, _p Fn-h-cmWv \mS-I-nse ap apJy IYm-]m-{X-. \mS-I-KXnsb \nb-{n-pXv kq{X-[m-c-\m-bmWv Ime IWn-bm {]Xy--s-Sp--Xv. ssZh-m
A, tZhn F k]hpw AXns\ Np--n-bp Pohn-Xhpw B k]-ns tI{_n-p-hmbn hn-p _nw_-fpw am-n-sv F IYm-]m-{X-hp-ambn B ann\p tNbpw kh-tij Xmf-L-S-\-bp-ambn tNmWv ssZh-m F \mSIw Bkz-Zn-s-Sp--Xv.

Zriyw Hv
Nph ]v, Xncn-bn hnf-v, \nd-]-d, ]qm-ew, ]qp-e, Ipcp-tme XpS-nb
\mtSmSn hkvXp--fpsS hn\ym-k-amWv \mS-I-ns cwKm-hn-jvImcw \nh-ln--s-n-cn-p-Xv. _me-th-j-m-c \r-p-h-Sp-I-tfmsS Ac-n-se-p-tm \mS-I-am-cw-`n-p-p. AjvSZn-Kv]m-e-m-scbpw kZ-n-s\bpw hn-p-p. CXv `mk kwkvIr \mS-I-]m-c--cys A\pk-cn-p-sIm-m-Wv. ssZh-m F Ifn CXm XpS-pp F Adn-bn-tm-sS-bmWv \mSIw
Ac-t-dp--Xv. Ime IWn-bm DSp-p-sImn kwL-am-bmWv {]th-in-p--Xv. IY-Ifnbnse Xnc-t\m-s A\p-kva-cn-npw hn[w Xnc-o-e-]n-Snv AXn\p ]nn \nmWv A`nt\-Xm- thZn-bn-se-p--Xv. Xnc-o-ev ]nn \nv Ae-p-sI-tm-Sp-IqSn hmn
Fp-p. ]no-SmWv is hc-hv. i Bth-i-tmsS hm-nsb t\mm {ianp-p. ]t, Xnc-o-e-m A\p-h-Zn-p-n-. Ime IWn-bm-cpsS apm-bnv (A\p-hmZw)
Inn-bmte Xnc-oe amq. apmbnv hcp-Xp hsc amn " Duw s]cp amWn-Iy-tsS, DS-bmSb-epw amn Rm\tm' Fv ]mp-]m-Sp-p. Fnv ImeI-Wn-bms\
hnv kZ--en-dn am-n-Wn tami-a-sv kaYn-p-p. shfn--m-Sns Ac-t-amWv ]ns. amWn-Iy--tsS ]Icw am-nsb thZn-b-tev sImp-h--Xn
Abmv \oc-k-ap-v.
\md-b-e-p amn Ch \mnse hep-Xtm
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Iqd-b-e-p\v amn Ch IpSn-bnse hep-Xtm F ]mp-]mSn amn AXn\v

adp-]-Sn-\Ip-p. shfn--m-Sns Nphv apv Xm Aen shfp-n-p-sIm-Spmw Fm-bncpp am-n-bpsS asmcp ]cn-lm-kw. ]n-Wn-bn \nv _ps HmS-p-g hnfn
tIp-p. tbmKn-bpsS an {]th-in-p _ps\ i-s\m-gnsI Fm-hcpw tNv
kzoI-cn-p-p. _ps apJs ssZh-tX-Pv Iv am-n-b-Sw ab-n-tm-Ip-p-v.
AXv \mp-ssZ-h-amb amWn-Iys am\w-sI-Sp--em-sWv i.
DSs\ shfn--mSv Xpn-smv {]th-in-p-p. ]mp-]m-Sn-bmWv {]th-i-\w. an
hnv apf-msX t]ms, a\-n kvt\lw apf-bvmsX t]ms, a\p-jy-k--Xn, BSp-am-Sp-kXn ]nd-bvmsX t]ms'' Fv i]n-p-p. shfn--m-Sns Ien-b-S-tW Fv {]mYn-psImv Ime IWn-bm shfn--m-Sns\ ian-n-m {ian-p-p. shfn--mSv Xfp hogpp. _p Ip-Xp-d-p-p. _ps\ Cuiz-c-\m-p--Xn-s\-Xnsc i hmZn-pp.
Fm tImam-fn--p-cms\ ssZh-am-m-sav Ime IWn-bm ]d ka-b-mWv
tImam-fn--p-cm Fgp--p--Xv. t{]-I-cpsS ]n\n-c-bn-eqsS \rw sNbvXp-sImmWv hc-hv. ssZh-am-Imtam F At] Xp-cms apn shpp Ime IWn-bm.
Fm XmXs ssZh-am-bm aXn FmWv is A`n-{]m-bw. shfn--m-Sns ]npW-bp-apv AXn-\v. Ag-Ip am-nsb ssZh-am-n-bm aXn Fmbn tImam-fn--pcm. i-\mWv ssZh-am-tI-Xv F Imcy-n AhnsS Hcp hg-p-X-s \S-p-p. HSphn kzbw ssZh-ambn {]Jym-]nv i tkm]m-\-n {]th-in-p--tXmsS Hmw
Zriyw Ccp-fp-p.
Zriyw cv
Hmw Zriy-nse AtX hnem-k-n shfn-w-]-c-p-tm Ime IWn-bm,
shfn--m-Sv, tImam-fn, amn Fn-h Xfn-cn-p-I-bm-Wv. _p-\m-Is Hcp am-hp-anmsX [ym\-n-en-cn-m-Wv. hnipw Zmlhpw sImv Xfn-cn-pp Ah-sc-mw. sh-an-.
A]w AIse ImWp Pew Ah ASp-tp sNp-tm AIp t]mIp-p. i
tNs\ ssZh-am-n-bnpw IjvS-m-Sns ka-bv IqS-\nm Bfn F-hv a\-nem-Ip-p. i ssZhs hnfnp tIWnpw ^e-an-. DSs\ Nmm-e-m--Sn-p-p. hnfshmw Icn-p-t]m-Ip-p. HSp-hn Ah _ps\ ssZa-h-ambn {]Jym-]n-p-p. ""]Sp-Imew
Xmm _p-\p-Wt... _p ssZhw RsS ssZhw...'' Fp ]mSn--fns i
shZn-bn-tev IS-p-hv Ahsc No-]-d-bp--tXmsS cmw Zriyw Xocp-p.
Zriyw aqv
Xnc-o-e-m tkm]m-\-n\p ]nn Xncn-oe ]nSn-n-cn-p-p. _p ssZhw
\psS ssZhw Fp ]mSn-smv i\pw _p-\p-sam-gn-sI-bp Fm IYm-]m-{X-fpw
thZn-bn-se-p-p. i Ip]n-X-\mbn "\nn-s\Sm' Fv Bt{Im-in-p-tm "\nnsSm' Fv Xmfw-sIm-p-I-bmWv IWn-bm. _p Xp-cms\ ssZh-am-n-b-tXmsS amWnIys IjvS-m-Sp-I-sfmw Xop. ]mSw IXn-cn-p, hnf-hn-p, a\-n kvt\lw apf-bn-p.
Am-bn-cp-t amWnIyw Imn ]d-p-t]m-bn-cp-t-t\. _p Xp-cms\ ]mSn `Pn-m\mWv Ctm Fm-h-cp-sSbpw ]pd-m-Sv. `P-\-m-cs\ ImWp-n-. _ps ]Icw Hcp Ins\-bmWv Dm-n-sh-n-cn-p-Xv Fv Xnc-oe amp-tm ImWp-p. Fm-hcpw Ins\
[ym\n-n-cn-p-tm-gmWv Xfp-sImv _p {]th-in-p--Xv. ssZhw hn-cn-p-pshpw shw sImSp--W-sapw i ]d-bp-tm "`P\ Ign-bWw' F -a-dp-]-Sn-bmWv
Ime IWn-bm sImSp-p--Xv. ssZh-am-sW-n t]mepw `P-\-I-gn-bmsX Xpn shw
sImSp-n-s-mbn IWn-bm. ]qP XpS-csh _p shw-In-msX ]nSv acn-p-p. acW-s _ps\ ssZh-ambn Gs-Spv i ad-bp-p. _p \In-b-XmWv Isp
]dv Ip-ssZ-hs ]mp-]mSn ]pIgvn ap IYm-]m-{X-fpw ad-bp--tXmsS \mSIw Ahkm-\n-p-p.

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2. cmhpn
]n Fw XmPv
XmPv
]n. Fw. BentmbbptSbpw sI. Sn. BkybptSbpw ]p{X\mbn 1956 P\p. 3- \v
tImgntmv P\np. KpPdmn sslkvIqfnepw Kpcphmbqc tImfPnepambncpp
hnZym`ymkw. {]ikvX \mSIIrmb sI.Sn. aplZmWv Amh. AtlntXn
\nv hyXykvXamb Hcp \mSI kev]amWv XmPn\v DmbncpXv. XmPns\ Gsd
{itb\mnb \mSIw ASnbcmhsbpSsgpXnb s]cpd(1977)bmWv. Ccp]Xmw
hbnsegpXnb
B
\mSIw
ASnm\
P\hKns
BIpeXIfptSbpw
{]Xntj[ntbpw iamb hnfw_cambncpp. sImnbdnbnm s]cpd ImWmv
kzw s\v sImn \mSIn\p XpSw Ipdnp kq{X[mc\n XpSn Htsd [oc
\qX\]coW Cu In\mSInepmbncpp. XpSv I\emw F
\mSIsagpXn. s{_lvXntbpw t{KmtmhvkvInbptSbpw \mSIktXtfmSv B_w
]pep AXni\msbmcp \mSIIrns\bmWv I\emw aebmfn\v km\nXv.
s]cpdbpw I\emhpw kwhn[m\w sNbvXXv sI.B.taml Zmkv Bbncpp. cmhpn,
IpSp AYhm hniphs thZmw, ]mhm \mSv FnhbmWv XpSph
AXniamb XmPv \mSI. Xem\p\nv Hcp hmbpan, tacntemdkv,
IpSnI, IsIv, kzImcyw Fnhbpw XmPns {itbamb cN\IfmWv. cmhpn
ISsWnbn IpSpn \cInphs IYbmWv. aebmfnse Icpp cm{ob
\mSIfnsemmWnXv. ]nWnbmWv PohnXns ASnm\ {]iv\samWv IpSp
hnfw_cw sNpXv.
Hcp `mKv s{]m^jW \mSIfpw adp`mKv kmam\y P\Xbn
\nIp\n X\Xp ]coWfpw in{]m]n Hcp LnemWv XmPv sauenIhpw
Iem]cambn HuXyw ]pepXpamb \mSIfpambn cwKphXv. sXcphp \mSI
{]m\ns inbpw skucyhpw aebmf \mSIn HmPtmsS ]Inb
XmPns\ \mSI \ncq]I 'tIcfnse k^vZlivan' Fv hntijnnnpv.
k^vZlivanbpsS Htsd sXcphp\mSI tIcfn AhXcnnpXn\v t\XrXzw
sImSpnpXv XmPv BWv. ]nevmev IhS \mSIfntepw kn\nabntepw
Xncnp. Gtgmfw s{]m^jW \mSIfpw FgpXn. kn\naIv XncYbpw
cNnnpv. sI.Sn.aplZns krn, CXp `qanbmWv Fo \mSIfneqsS \S F
\nebnepw XmPv Xs Ignhv {]ISnnp. Ddw, Hmppthm \, Hgn Nnbn
DWcp ]I XpSnb Nne IhnXIfpw Ctlw cNnp. Blzm\w, bph[mc Fo
amknIIfpsS hnMv FUndpambncpp. Dbcpw Rm \mSmsI (1985) ]n kn 369 (1987)
Fn-h-bmWv XmPv kw`m-j-W-sa-gp-Xnb kn\n-a-I. tZim`nam\n Un knfntbpw
]ptcmKa\ IemkmlnXykwLntbpw kPoh {]hI\pambncpp. I\emw F
\mSIn\v tIcf kwKoX \mSI AmZan ]pckvmcw (1979) IpSpbvv 1983-se
sNdpImSv in kvamcI AhmUv Fnh e`np. 1990 Pqsse. 29- \v apn\memas
hbn Acnp.

cmhpn

Hcp ih-tLm-j-bm-{X-tbm-sS-bmWv \mSIw Bcw-`n-p--Xv. t]mIp t]mn-emWv

Ah cmhp-nsb ImWp--Xv. X ih-a-S-n\v t]mhp-I-bm-sWpw \mdn-p-S-nb ihw
DSs\ AS-bv-W-sapw kwL t\Xm-hmb i-c Bh-iy-s-Sp--Xn\p apn-eqsS ]e-hw
cmhpn \Sp ad-bp-p. HSp-hn ihwXs Fgp-tv "Hss thKw Ipgn-n-StW' F`yYn-p-tm \mp-Im t]Snv HmSn-a-d-bp-p. "Pohn-m Hcp hgnbpw ImWmsX IS-msc-smv s]mdp-Xn-ap-nbm hnjw Ign-Xv. `mKy-n\v Nmthw sNbvXp. Fnpw IjvS-mSv
Xocp-n-tm' Fm-Wv ih-ns ]cm-Xn. kwL-t\-Xm-hmb i-c Xncn-p-h-cp-p.
cmhpn acn-m-sX, ac-W-an-msX FhnsStbm Ign-bp {`m-\mWv cmhpn FmWv ic ihtmSv cmhp-n-sb-p-dnv ]d-bp-Xv. X-fpsS ZpJ-pw Zpcn-X-pw apnsems Abm s]s-v sX-fnbpw Ifn-bm-pw-t]mse Nncnv \npw. Fm Xs
thKw Icn-p-I-f-b-W-sa-mbn ihw. AXp-t]mepw cmhpn apS-p-sa-mbn i-c. ImcWw
"FXnns {]hm-N-I-\mWv cmhpn'. HSp-hn i-c cmhp-n-bpsS IY-]-d-bp-I-bm-Wv.
bphm-hmb cmhpn cwK-s-p-p. ]mS-p ]Wn-p-t]mhp-I-bmWv tPmen. An-s\-bn\mSIw/ Xnc-Y

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cns Iptm-a\ \ym `qan-bn-m Irjn-msmw `qan \Ipp F Adn-bnp

tIp-p. cmhp-n-bpsS Nm-Xn-bmb Ipp HmSn-hv Xpw `qan e`n-mtem
F kz]v\w ]p-sh-p-p. Atm-gmWv Nncn-p-sImv Imcy- hcp--Xv. kzIm-cy-ambn
Xs hop-ap--s--W-sa-mWv Imcy-s Adn-bn-v. cmhp-n-bpw Ip-phpw {]Xo-tbm-sS, {]mY-\-tbmsS Imcy-s hop-ap--tv \S-p-p.
Imcy-s hoSmWv cmw cwKw. AhnsS ]ecpw kzIm-cy-ambn hn-p-v. Aq-n Pmfy-X-tbmsS cmhp-nbpw Ip-phpw Ib-dn-bn-cn-p-p. ]pg--c-bnse s]mp-t]mep av In-W-sa-mWv cp-t]cpw B{K-ln-p--Xv. Is-m--{Xbpw \new t\mn
Iptm-a\ \ymv Ip-I-g-p-shpw AXn-\m C\n Hcp anp XpS-m t]mhp-I-bmsWpw Imcy- hv Adn-bn-p-p. Zqsc ImWp ae-b-Sn-hm-c-nse Xcn-ip-\new Fmhpw IqSn hoXnp Xcp-I-bm-sWpw Imcy- Iqn-tp. sXm-Sp Znhkw XsbmWv scPn-kvt{S-j. cmhp-n-bpw Iqcpw hfsc {]Xo--tbmsS Xncn-p-t]m-Ip-p.
cPn-kvt{S-j Ignv B[m-chpw ssIbn ]nSnv h-cp cmhpn-bn-emWv aqmw
cwKw Bcw-`n-p--Xv. kuP-\y-ambn Innb \ne-ns tcJ Iv hdo-Xn\v Ic-n-emWv hcp-Xv. ]v ]qtmw hen-w-Iq-m Iptm-a\ \ym IpSn-bn-d-nb Ij-I-\mWv hdo-Xv.
ag-sImv ]\nv Ipv acn-p-t]mbn Av. Av IpSn-bn-d-nb Pn Cv IpSn-bn-cp-p-sX-n\v Fv Btem-Nn-nv Hcp Bi Ahn-S-bn ]S-cp-p-sh-nepw cmhpn Bm-Zn-tev Ahsc Xncn-s-n-p-p. Atm-gmWv Imcy- IS-p-h-cp--Xv. Innb `qan
Fp-sN-m t]mIpp F Imcy-s tNmZy-n\v Irjn-sN-p-samWv Ah-cpsS adp]-Sn. ]t, ]Wn-bm-bp-[--sf-hn-sS, hns-hn-sS, hf-sa-hn-sS.... B\ X Ap-n-\ptm
tXmn Xcm {]bm-kw. AXpw App Xcpw. am{X-a-, C{Xbpw hne-bp Hcp B[mcw
kqn-m-\p kpc-n-X-amb epw \ym-cpsS hoSp-X-s-bm-sWpw Imcy-
]dv hniz-kn-n-p-p. As\ Fm-h-cp-sSbpw B[mcw ssI-em-p-p. Irjn-ev anp sIp-hm\pw AtXm-sSmw Zm\-io-e-s\v t]cp tIn-p-hm\pw Htc kabw
Ign \ym-cpsS _pnsb Imcy- {]iw-kn-p-p. Zm\-ambn Innb \nev Zm\-ambn
Innb hnp-hn-Xv Irjn-sNbvXv hnf-hp-mb cmhp-n-bn-emWv aqmw cwKw Ah-km-\n-p-Xv.
AXns XpS-bmWv \memw cwKw. sImm Xm-dmbn \ns _mn \nv ISw
Xncn--S-m-\p t\mo-kp-ambn Bsf-p-p. Pohn-X-n _mns ]Sn Nhn-m
cmhpn Aw-hn-p-\ns-bmWv \ym-cpsS NXn hy-am-Ip--Xv. Ij-I-cpsS t]cn
Zm\w Nmn-sb-gp-Xnb `qan _mn ]W-bw-shv temsW-Spv \ym I-\n-anv XpS-n.
]Ww Xncn--S--Xp-an-. _m[y-X-h-cp-Xv cmhp-n-sb-tm-ep Ij-Iv. tcmjw aqv
cmhpn kzw hnf-\n-e-n\v Xosm-Sp-p-p. Ip-p-hmWv P\-sf im-cm-p--Xv.
Iptm-a-\-\-ym-cpsS XpWn-an-ns DZvLm-S-\-ns A\ukvsav tInpw A\m-Xn-cn-p cmhp-n-bn Amw cwKw Bcw-`n-p-p. `qan Zm\w Innb Ij-Ismw
ann ]Wn-sIm-Sppw F hmKvZm\w tIv t]mIp--h cmhp-nsb hnfn-p-p-v. ]t,
cmhpn AhtcmSv s]mn-s-dn-p-p. ]Wn-v B-sf-sb-Sp-p--h Af-sh-Spp Nc-SpsImv Hmtcm ]Wn-m-c-s\bpw Igp-p-ap-dpn sImp kz]v\w-Iv cmhpn Ip-phn\v ]Wnp t]mtI F ap-dn-bnv \Ip-p-v. ]t, \ym-v `qan XncnsI
sImSpv ann ]Wn-p-t]m-hp-I-b-msX ISw Xom Ij-Iv thsd amK-ap-m-bncp-n-. `qan Irjn-sN-m-\p--X Fpw ]Wbw shm-\p--XmWv Fp-ap ]pXnb
]mTw Ipp cmhp-nsb ]Tn-n-p-p. ISw hmpI F-XmWv ]pXnb Ime-ns
]Wn FmWv cmhpn a\-n-em-p--Xv. As\ Xsbpw aI-\mb sImp-tI-i-h-s\bpw
Hcp anI IS-m-c-\m-tW F {]mY-\-tbmsS cmhpn ISw-hm- tPmenv Xm-dm-Ip-tXmsS \mS-I-ns aqn Hcp `mKw Ah-km-\n-p-p.
Bdmw cwK-n cmhpn hr-\mWv. aI sImp-tI-i-hs\ ISw-hm-m {]m]vX\m-m-\p ]cn-{i-a-n-emWv Abm. Fm ISw-hm-n-p-e cmhp-n-bpsS aI\v
ISw \Im Bcpw Xm-dm-hp-n-. Hcm ISw hmn-bn-s-n Abm-fpsS ]Icw thsdbm-sc-nepw ISw hmpw. AXn-\m, ISw hmt k`-n Xs hm-Ww FmWv
aI tIi-hs\ cmhpn ]Tn-n-p-Xv. Ggmw cwK-n-emWv cmhp-n-bpsS Xs ISns {]Xy-b-imkv{Xw apgp-h {]Jym-]n-p--Xv. acym-Z-bmWv ISw hmp--h\pw sImSpp--h\pw th Da KpW-sav Xtm-Sv Ak-a-bv ISw XncnsI tNmZn-m h-htcmSv cmhpn ]d-bp-p. ISw hmp-I, IS-msc ImWp-tm Hgn-p-am-dpI, Ah-cpsS
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apn sNp-s]-m \qdp D]mbw ]dv hniz-kn-n-p-I, hopw ISw hmpI CsXms-bmWv Pohn-X-nse Ghpw kpJ-ap GmSv Fv cmhpn Ip-p-hn-t\mSv ]d-bpp. IS-ns \qem-am-e-bn s]v Xncn-bp-tm-gmWv Pohn-X-n\v Hcp-d-p-m-hpI Fpw
cmhpn Ip-p-hns\ hniz-kn-n-p-p. ISw amn-shp a\p-jy-s\mcp Pohn-X-ta-bn Fv
aI tIi-hs\ cmhpn ]Tn-n-p-p. sNp--hp am{Xw KpW-ap GI sXmgnepw
ISw hm-em-Wv. CXns em`w taSn-m Hcp Iptm-a-\-\-ymcpw hcn Fpw cmhpn
aIs\ ]Tn-n-p-p-v. HSp-hn Ip-p-hns aq-a-I An-Wnsb tIi-h\v s]mtem-Nn-p-d-n-p-p. kv{Xo[-\-ambn Bbn-c-sm-p-dp-nI ]d Ip-p-hn-t\mSv ]Xn-\mbn-c-sm-p-dp-n-I-bmWv cmhpn Bh-iy-s-Sp--Xv. ]t. Hcp-dp-nI sdmw, ]Xn-\m-bncw
ISw. As\ Pohn-X-n-sem-cn-epw hom-\m-hm IS-_--m-cmbn cmhp-nbpw Ipphpw amdp-p.
Fmw cwK-n Imew A]w-IqSn hfp. tIi-h\pw An-Wnbpw a-tfm-sSmv
ISw-hmn Pohn-p-p. Ip-p-hns\ tPmen-bn \nv \ym ]ncn-p-hn-p. Pn-\-ymcpsS BkvXn h[n-p-sIm-n-cn-p-p. ISw F Ifn-tm-p-sImv Abms-Xnsc
bp-nXs-bmWv cmhp-n. Ipp am{Xw cmhp-nsb KpW-tZm-jn-p-p. AXn-\n-Sbn IS-m-c-\p-am-bp-mb Hcp ASn-]n-Sn-nsS tIi-h Abmsf sImp-p. tIi-hs\
t]meokv ]nSn-s hnh-c-a-dnv AnWn Xqn-m-hp-p. CsXmw Inpw \nhn-Im-c\mbn AXn\v ]npW ]mSp-I-bmWv cmhp-n. Hcp \ IS-m-c-\mbn Xs aIs\ hfm\m-b-Xn Abm A`n-am-\n-p-p.
HXmw cwK-n t]c-pn cm[ hfn-cn-p-p. ISw Hgn-p-Iq-Sm-\m-hm Hm-bncn-pp F ]mTw hmbn-p-IbmWv Ah. cmPy- Xn-ep ISw cmPym-c _-fpsS am\-Z-WvU-am-Ip ]pXnb Ime-ns {]Xn-\n-[n-bmWv cm[. Xqp-a-c-n-te-dp-tm
tIi-hs Ah-km-\s B{Klw aI ]Tnp hf-cWw Fm-bn-cp-p. cm[sb A]w
Acn ISw-hm-m Abho-n-tev ]d--bp \np-tm-gmWv chn F sNdp--m-c
hcp--Xv. cm[-bpsS Imap-I-\m-W-bm. tPmen-p sX \ndpn _mn \nv temsWSpv I-S-\nam-W--\n XpS-m-\p Gm-Sn-emWv chn. cm[sb Abmv sIn-psIm-Sp-m-\p tbmKy-X-bp-sv cmhpn a\-n-em-p-p. ]t, ]IpXn ]Wta _mv
\Iq. ]IpXn as-hn-sS-\n-s-nepw ISw hm-Ww. HSp-hn cm[sb Pmay-ambn \ndpn
Iptm-a-\-\-ym-cn \nv ISw hmm chnbpw cm[bpw Xocp-am-\n-p-p. ]mw cwKn chn-bpsS I\n _mp-Im P]vXn-sN-bvXp-shv hnhcw cmhpn Adn-bp-p. chnbpsS sNdnb I-S---\np apn Xs Iptm-a-\-\-ym hen-sbmcp I-S-^m-IvSdn
Bcw-`n-p. AhnsS e--W-n\v I-S-bmWv Hcp Znhkw D]m-Zn-n-p--Xv. am{X-a ]{Xn ]c-kyhpw. AXn-\n-S-bn chn-bpsS "sNmS' Bcp hmm-\m-Wv. Pmay---amb
cm[sb P]vXn sNbvXv Gs-Sp-m Iptm-a-\-ymcpw ]cn-hm-c-fpw cwK-s-p-p.
Iptm-a\ \ymv ]nSn-sIm-Sp-msX C{Xbpw Pohn cmhp-nsb IpSp-m-\p Ahkcw Imn-cn-p-I-bm-bn-cpp Abm. "coXn-tb-Xm-bmepw a\p-jy IS-m-c-\m-bm aXn' sb cmhp-n-bpsS knmw A\p-k-cn-p-Itb cm[v \nhr-n-bp-m-bn-cp-p-q.
]t, cmhpn cm[sb A\p-{K-ln-m-s\ hymtP\ Igpp apdpn sImp-p. aX-ta-Xmbmepw a\p-jy \m-bm aXn F ]mc-cy aqeys apX-em-fnw F-s\-bmWv adnn-Sp-Xv Fv \mSIw ImWn-Isf t_m[n-n-p-I-bmWv Cu Ay-cw-Kw.
IS-ns Xocm--Y-bmWv cmhpn ]p-sh-p--Xv. Imjn-I hymh-km-bnI hyh-bn Nqjn-X-\m-Ip ASn-m\ hKw Adn-bmsX IS-m-c-\m-Ip ka-Im-enI Ah-I-fmWv \mS-I-ns bYmY {]ta-bw. Pnbpw apX-em-fnbpw Htc Nqj-W-hy-h-bpsS
A[n-Im-cn-I-fm-Wv. ]Ww kaw ISw F ]pXnb \mWy-hy-h--bn ISw Hcp {]Xy-b-imkv{X-ambn amdp-p. {IUnv ImUp-Ifpw sU_nv ImUp-Ifpw hcp--Xn\pw apmWv Cu
\mSIw Fgp-X-s-Sp-Xv Ftm-Ww.

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kXojv sI. kXojv.

3. tdmkvtacn ]d-bm-\n-cp-Xv
kXojv sI kXojv

F]XpIfnepw
sXmqdpIfnepw
ae-bmf
\mSIcwKsnb
bph
\mSI{]hIcpsS IqnsemcmfmWv kXojv sI. kXojv. IYmcN\, XncYmcN\
Fo taJ-eIfnepw {]hnppv. \mSIns `mjbn \hoIcWw Bhiyapv
Fv hnizknpbmfmWntlw. tImgntmSv FcnmemWv P\nXv. tImgntmSv
Imgv Xntb {Kqns m]ImwKamWv. tIcf kmlnXy AmZan ]pckvImcw
"]Z{]iv\nSbn Ahfpw Abmfpw' F \mSIn\v e`np. CStcn ]pckvImcw,
"tdmkvtacn ]dbm\ncpXv' F \mSIn\v _lssd tIcf Bvkv sk AhmUv.
IemjmP AhmUv, sNdpImSv AhmUv, in AhmUv, tIcf kmlnXy AmZan
]pckvImcw Fo ]pckvImcfpw e`n-n-p-v. {][m\ \mSI "Zn amkvIv, AYhm
A`n\\ sImv Fs\ hnipammw' "sImpkz]v\fpsS Xpcm' (Zn tKmUv
Hm^v kvtam Xnvkv F IrXnsb Ahew_np cNnX]mTw) "]Z{]iv-\nSbn
Ahfpw Abmfpw', "tdmkv-tacn ]dbm\ncpXv-' "CeI a ]q ]' "sNmhv".
Xntb- sSIvv, bph-P-t\m-h \mS-I- Fnh FUnp sNbvXp.

\mS-I-kw-{Klw

kvt\l-n-sbpw kl-\-n-sbpw {]Xo-I-amb I\ym-a-dn-b-ns tacn F

t]cn \nv XpSn kqN-\-I-fn-eq-sSbpw ]p BJym-\--fn-eq-sSbpw hnI-kn-p \mSI-amWv "tdmkvtacn ]d-bm-\n-cp-Xv'. tacn-bpsS a-fmb tacn sPbn, tacn-tPm-bvkv, Btacn, tdmkvtacn Fn-h-cn-eqsS kvt\l-n-sbpw ]oU-\-n-sbpw ka-Im-en-Im-h--Isf
\mSIw t\cn-Sp-p. {_lvXn-b \mS-I-k-]-n-eq-nb cN-\-bm-WnXv. sshIm-cn-IX ]c-amh[n Ipdv hkvXp-X-Isf ImWn-I-fn-te-s-n-p tUmIyq-sadn coXn-bn-ep \mS-I-k]-amWv s{_lvXn-t-Xv. FnIv Xntb- Fm-WnXv Adn-b-s-Sp--Xv. \mSIw Iv BkzZn-m am{X-ap--X Fpw ImWn-Isf {]tNm-Zn-n-p cmjv{Sob LSIw \mS-I-n\v
A\n-hm-cy-am-sWpw s_tmUv s{_lvXv hniz-kn-p-p. AXv cN-\-sbbpw A`n-\-bsbpw Ah-X-c-W-tbpw \nb-{n-p-sImt km[y-am-hq. AXn sshIm-cnI {]I-S-\-tfmsS Bkzm-Zy-I-c-am-Ip \mS-I-s-m-tf-sd, hnai-\m--I-ambn kZ-n-t\mSv CS-s]-Sp
\mS-I-amWv FnIv Xntb-. ImWn-I IYm-]m-{X--fmbpw IYm-]m-{X- ImWn-I-fmbpw
Cu \mS-I-n cq]w {]m]n-p-Xv ImWmw. ]mm-Xy-hpw ss__n ]m--e-ap--Xpamb Ah-X-c-W-co-Xn-bmWv tdmkvtacn \mS-I-n-ep--Xv. \mS-I-{Kq-mWv IYsb \bn-p--Xv.
Ah Nne k`fn IYm-]m-{X--fmbpw Nne-thf ImWn-I-fmbpw amdp-p.
{]mcw` cwKv {]Xy--s-Sp {Kqv AwK- sNm-bv-fpsS Ip-I-fnse Xnf-fpw ImgvN-Ifpw Ah-X-cn-nv ]pXnb A-cow krjvSn-p-p. B hnNn-{X-cw-KtmWv \tc- (BJym-Xmhv) IS-p-h-cp--Xv. ss__n-fnse BZw l IY-bpsS ]p\-cmhn-jvI-c-W-n-eqsS \ Xn, ]m]w ]pWyw, kv{Xo ]pcp-j XpS-nb a\pjy [mc-WIsf \mSIw ]p\-kr-jvSn-p-p. ]m]-ns {]Xo-I-amb khpw Cu cwK-n {]Xy-s-Sp-p-v. k-ns t{]c-W-bm hne--s I\n `n BZapw lbpw ssZh-tIm]-n\v Cc-bm-Ip-p. thZ-\-I-fpsS Ib-amb `qan-bn-tev ssZhw Ahsc hen-s-dn-bp-p.
kv{XobpsS K`-]o-U, bmX-\, Imaw, \n-lm-b-X Fnh Adp-Xn-bn-msX XpS-cp-sapw
ssZhw i]n-p-p. Cu im]-ns XpS-bmbn kZ-n \nv A`-bw-tXSn Hcp
s]Ipn (tdmkv tacn) \mS-Iw-I-fn-p--hn-S-bn-tev ]ms-p-p. \mS-I-ns
sshIm-cn-Imwiw \jvS-s--Xn \ncm-i-cmb A`n-t\-Xm- Ahsf ImWn-In-S-bn Ccpp-p. X\n-p-]n-dsI HmSn-h-cp Bsctbm `b-sv Hfn-m {ian-p B s]Ipn
]t ImWn-I-fnepw Xs th-m-sc-bmWv ImWp--Xv. HSp-hn Ah \mS-I-\-S-cn-sem-cmfmbn amdm Xp\n-bp-p. ]ns IY Ah-fn-te-v, tacn-bn-tev IqSp-am-dp-I-bm-Wv. tacn-bpsS
Ncn{Xw Io-cp-sIm-mWv Fgp-s-n-p--Xv. Io-cn PohnXw apnb An tacn, s\pIodnc-bp tNn-bmb Btacn, {]mY-\-I-fn thZ-\-Isf \bn I\ym-kv{Xo-bmb
tNn kn tacn tPmbvkv, Nph sXcp-hmb Imam-n-]p-cs Ccp apdn-I-fn-sem-n
\c-Inp Xocp tNv tacn sPbv Bcn \nmWv Xs IY ]d-tb-Xv Fv tdmkvta-cn
Dds tNmZn-p-p.

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Icn J\n-I-fpsS \mSmb s_m-\-l-n-bnse \new-]-Xn-m-dmb Hcp ^mIvSdn tImtgvkn-emWv tacn-bpsS IpSpw_w Xma-kn-p--Xv. hrn-lo-\hpw Icn-]n-Sn--Xp-amb {Kma-am-W-Xv.
`mcy tacnbpw \mev s]a-fpw Hcp aI-\p-a-S-p--XmWv tPmkv sNdn-bm F J\n-sm-gn-emfn-bpsS Zcn{ZIpSpw-_w. tPmkv sNdn-bms Pohn-X-n-tev ]Xn-t\-gm-as hb-n-emWv tacn ISp-h-cp--Xv. apJv Ftmgpw hnjm-Z-am-Wv. A-am-cpsS apJw Ftmgpw C-s\-bm-sW-mWv
\mS-I-kw-L-ns A`n-{]m-bw. \nXyw IpSn-p-hv tacn-sbbpw a-sfbpw D]-{Z-hn-p kz`m-hm-c-\mWv tPmkv sNdn-bm. cm-as aI tacn-sP-bn Hcp {Sv ss{Uh-dpsS IqsS Hfntm-Sn. Xmtm-n-cw ImWn Ah-tfm-Sp shdp-p-am-bmWv sNdn-bm Pohn-p--Xv. ^mZ
tPm De-l-ms \n_--n aqm-as aI tacn-tPm-bvkns\ aT-n tNp.
^mZ Ahsf m\-kv\m\w sNn-p-tm Htsd Ipcn-ip-I Ah-fn-tev ]Xn-pXpImWmw. ssZh-hn-fn-b adnv Zmcn-{Zy-ns \ne-hn-fn-bmWv Ahv I\ym-kv{Xo-bpsS Ipmbw
\In-bXv Fv tacn Xpd-p-]-d-bp-p. Cf-b-h tdmkvtacn anSp-n-bm-Wv. sNSn-Ifpw ]qfpw
Ahv Poh-\m-Wv. tacnv tdmkvtacn Hcp Ipm--n-fn-t]m-se-Wv. GI-a-I tPm sNdnbm Ftmgpw hmb-\-bnepw \mS-Iw-I-fn-bn-ep-am-Wv. GI BXcn \mS-Iw-I-fnp \S-p--Xn
amXm-]n-Xm-v ]cm-Xn-bp-v. Ahs Iqp-Im-cnbmb ]qP-tbmSv BWp-sf kqn--Wsapw `qan-bn-tm sIm-cp-Xm--h-cpsS ssII-fn-em-sWpw tacn D]-tZ-in-p-p. \mS-Imw
Zmcn-{Zy-sa ]pXnb Xnbdn tPm ]qPtbmSv Xam-i-bmbn ]d-bp-p. a\pjy lrZ-bw-sIm-smsX Bbp-[w-sImpw tNmc-sImpw kwkm-cn-p Ah--bn bpPo Ab-\-kvtIm-hns
Im-ar-Kw-t]m-ep \mS-I--fmWv Ifn-t-Xv FmWv Ahs A`n-{]m-bw. CXv Cu \mS-In CS-bvnsS IS-p-h-cp sNm-bv F _nw_-tmSv tNp hmbn-m-hp--Xm-Wv.
]nXm-hns Zp\-S-nepw aZ-\--fnepw tPmWn\v Aaj-ap-v. sNdn-bm\v Ftmgpw tacn-sbp-dnv kwi-b-am-Wv. Xm\-dn-bmsX AhnsS Bscm-stbm hp-t]m-Ip-pv Fm-W-bmfpsS ]cm-Xn. tPm ^mZ De-l-ms apJ-m-b-bm-sWv Abm-sf-tmgpw ]d-bpw. Xs
No-hn-fnbpw aZ-\hpw tacn kln--W-sa-mWv Abm-fpsS ]nSn-hm-in. ImcWw `qan-tbmfw
an-t--h-fmWv s]v. apdn-I Ftmgpw Xqp-hm-cn-sm-n-cn-p tacn temI-amsI
amen\yw \nd-bp--Xn Ftmgpw ]cm-Xn-]-d-p-sIm-n-cn-p-p. J\n-bn Znh-k-q-env
Bsf-sb-Sp-p-p-sv tIv tPmen--t]--m tPm Xm-dm-Ip-p. ]t, Ah
J\n-bnse `mcn tPmen sNp--Xn-t\mSv ktlm-Z-cn-ampw Abvpw tbmPn-n-. AXn-\pth Icpv Ah-\n Fm-W-h-cpsS A`n-{]mbw "Chn-Ss Xocm Zpcn-Xhpw A-n-bpsS
Iocpw F\nv Icp-vX-cm-Xn-cn-n' Fm-W-hs adp-]-Sn. sNdn-bm cm{Xn Iqp-Im-cpambn B hon aZy-]n-p-Xv ]Xn-hm-Wv. \mn hop-an-d-nb sNm-bv {^mns
Imhm-c djo-Z-en-bpsS aI Pmkvans\ sImp-Xnp F hm ]c-p-p.
J\n-bn ]Wn-sb-Sp-p tPmWn\v kl-{]-h-I-cpsS ]cn-lmkw kln-m-\m-bn. ktlm-Z-cn-am-scbpw hon sNdn-bm-t\m-sSmw IpSn-m-s\-p Iqp-Im-scbpw tNv
\mp-Im ]e IY-Ifpw sa\-p-m-n-bn-cp-p. HSp-hn a-\-inv Ah A{I-a-tWm-pI-\m-hp-Ibpw sNp-p. AtXmsS J\n-bnse sXmgn \jvS-am-bn. sNdn-bm IqSp-X IqSpX sXn-tev \on-sm-n-cp-p. tPm hopw \mS-I-cw-Kv kPo-h-am-bn. ]qPv Aht\m-Sp kulrZw {]W-b-n-tev hgn-am-dp kqN-\-I Ah \Ip-p. Fm
sXm-Sp cwKv \Kcw Iog-S-p sNm-bv \Sp-tdm-n-env ]qPsb ISn-p-Iodn
sImp-X-p-p. HcmgvN ss{Uh Nu[-cn-bp-sS IqsS \K-c-n Id-n-\-S sNdn-bm
thiy-I-fpsS sXcp-hmb Imam-n-]p-c-p-shv aI tacn-P-bn-\ns\ Ip-ap-p-p. Cu
hm-I tIv tPm Xf-cp-p.
Hcp {InkvXp-akv cm{Xn-bn Iqp-Im-tcm-sSmw IpSnp hiw-sI sNdn-bm Dd-sh
kplr-p-sf tacnsb IS-p-]n-Sn-m {ian-p-p. CXn\p kmn-bmb tPm sNdnbms\ sImm-\-Sp-p-p. DWp-t]mb sNdn-bm tPmWns\ ASn-s-nepw ASn-tbpXv tacn-m-Wv. AtXmsS tacn ac-W-s-p. sNdn-bm tacnsb kmcn-bn sIn-q-p-p.
CXp-Iv tPmWns ka-\n-e-sXn. sNdn-bm Bta-cn-bn-emWv Ctm Ip-sh-n-cn-p-Xv. FXnp tPmWns\ Abm an--h-i-\m-n. Bta-cn-bpsS Imap-I-\mb BZn-Xyt\mSv Ah bm{X-]-d-bp-p. tPmbvkv tacn aT-n \nv Xncp-hkv{Xw Dt]-np c-sp-sh hm-bp-am-bmWv ^mZ hcp--Xv. honse Acp-a-bmb Ipm-Sns\ Adpv hncpp--tijw sNdn-bm Bta-cnsb D]-{Z-hn-m hcp-p. kln-sIv Btacn sNdn-bms\
sImp-p.
C{Xbpw IY ]d--Xn-\p-tijw, tdmkv tacn-bmbn A`n-\-b--Xns taa-Isf FSpp-]-d-p-sIm-mWv \Sn thZn-bn-se-p--Xv. \mSIw Ah-km-\ns asmcp s]Ipn
tdmkvta-cn-sb-tmse c-bvmbn \ne-hn-fn-p-sImv thZn-bn-tev HmSn-sb-p-p. s]Ipn-I A\p-`-hn-p ]oU-\hpw sNm-bv-sf-tmse Ahsf th-bm-Sp A[n-Im-chpw
Ah-km-\n-p-n F kqN-\-bmWv Cu \mS-Imyw \Ip--Xv.
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samUyq 4
\mSIhpw kn\nabpw
eIme_amb
cwKIebmWv
\mSIw.
Fm,
kmtXnIhnZy
ASnm\amnbmWv kn\nabnse Hmtcm Ne\hpw km[yamnopXv. t{]I\pw
IYm]m{Xfpw Xnep t\cnp kwthZ\n, \mSImhXcWw Hmtcm {]mhiyhpw
hyXykvXambnocpp. apIqdmbn Nn{XoIcnp Nen{XZriy kmtXntIm]
IcWfneqsS Nn{XoIcnpXn\m kwhn[mbIs ImgvNmSn kn\na BkzZnm
t{]I \n_nXcmbn amdpp. \mSIt{]I kzX{cpw, kn\namkzmZI Hcp
]cn[nhsc Imgvsmw \othcpamWv FYw. cwKthZnbpsS ]cnanXnIfpw
`mhZriyfpsS A`mhhpw \mSInse eImehymJym\v AXncpI Xop
pv. \mSImhXcWs Iymadbn ]In kn\nabmbn AhXcnnm AXv
\mSItam, kn\natbm Bhn. \mSIns cwKkev] n\pdtv kzX{ambn
\om Ne-n-{X-n\v IgnbpIbpan. \mSIw Ftmgpw ham\n AhXcnn
sSpIbpw Hmtcm {]mhiyhpw thdnp \nevpIbpw sNpp. kn\nabn, `qXImes
ham\Imeamn sXncnnpIbmWv sNpXv.
\mSIm`n\bhpw kn\nam`n\bhpw Xnepw hyXymkapv. Ivtfmkv, anUv tjmv,
temMv tjmv XpSnb ktXfneqsS \Ss 'Ne\fm'Wv Iymadbn ]IpXv.
_ntlhnb BIvnmWv kn\nabnteXv. AtXkabw, \mSIn ka{Khpw, AW
khpamb A`n-\-b-amWv \S ImgvNhpXv. BZna[ymamb A`n\bktXhpw
IYmktXhpamWv \mSInepXv. kn\namNn{XoIcWw, ensbpw \So\Smcp
sSbpw e`yX A\pkcnv skuIcy]qhw \Sm Ignbpw. ]noSv t]mv s{]mU
hneqsS, IYmss\ccyw krnsSppIbmWv sNpXv. kp\nnXamb Hcp
LS\bpw {Inbbpw A`n\b Pm{KXbpw \mSIn\v A\nhmcyamWv. Hcp {]mhiyw,
]mfnbm AtX cwKw hopw AhXcnnm\mhn. Fm kn\nasb kw_nnS
tmfw, do-tSneqsS F{X {]mhiyw thWsanepw A`n\bw jqv sNmhpXmWv.

ae-bmf kn\n-a-bpsS IY
1895 Unkw_ 28-\mWv eqanb ktlmZcm ]mcoknse Hcp It^bn temInse
BZys Nen{X s{]mP {]Zi\w \SnbXv. Bdp amkp tijw, 1896
Pqsse Ggn\v {]Zi\w Cybnepw Bcw`np. eqanb ktlmZcmcpsS klmbnbm
bncp amcnbkv sknbdmbncpp Cybnse {]Zi\n\p ]nn.
Ccp]Xmw
\qmns ]ndhntbmsS Cybnse {][m\ ]Wfnsemw Nen{X{]Zi\
Bcw`np. 1906- tImbqcnse t]m hnkv F sdbnth DtZymK\mWv
tIcfnse BZy {]Zi\w \SnbXv. 1907- Cu Imqmc hmdpn tPmk^v (sI.
Uyp. tPmk^v) B hjs Xrq ]qcn\v tIc-f-nse BZys Nen{X
{]Zi\w \Sn. AtlamWv tIcfnse Nen{X{]Zi\ hyhkmbns BZy-hyn-bmbn AdnbsSpXv. tdmb FIvkn_ntkv F tIcfnse BZy
{]Zi\\n m]nXpw AtlamWv. Cu I\nbpsS IognemWv ]noSv BZyIme
XntbdpIfmb Xrq tPmkv, tImgntmSv tUhnk Fnh m]nsXv. BZy
Cy Nen{Xamb cmPm lcn{ (1913) {]Zi\n 12 hjp tijw, 1925-emWv
tIcfn BZy Xntb hXv. tImgntmSv {Iu. Xrq cmah (1930), Xrq
tPmkv (1931), Xncph\]pcw Nn{X (1931) Fnhbpw BZyIme XntbdpIfmWv. Cwojv,
lnn, Xangv `mjmNn{Xfmbncpp Ahn-S--fn {][m\ambpw {]ZinnXv.
1928 \hw_ 7- \v aebmfnse BZy (\ni) Nn{Xamb hnKXIpamc ]pdndn.
AKkvXoizcv P\n tPmk^v sN Um\ntb F sP. kn. Um\ntb Bbncpp
hnKXIpamcs kwhn[mbI\pw \nmXmhpw. Xncph]pcv Zn Im]ntm Xntbdnembncpp Nn{Xns BZy {]Zi\w. sImw, Bepg, Xrq, Xetcn, \mKtImhn
XpSnb efnepw Nn{Xw {]Zinnspshnepw Nn{Xn\v apSpapX
Xncnp]nSnm\mbn.
Cu
]cmPbtmSpIqSn
Um\ntben\v
Xs
pUntbm
ASp]qtnhp.
BZy
aebmfNn{Xns
Aacmc
F
\nebvv
Um\ntbens\bmWv aebmfkn\nabpsS ]nXmhv Fv hnfnpXv. aebmf kn\nabnse
]ctamX _lpaXn \IpXv sP.kn Um\ntbens t]cnemWv.
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aebmfnse
cmasbpw
Ahkm\tXpamb
\niNn{Xw
1931-
{]Zi\ns\nb ammhbmWv. kn.hn. cma ]nbpsS ammh
F Ncn{X t\mhens\ ASnm\amn aZncminmc\mb ]n.hn. dmhp BWv Nn{Xw
kwhn[m\w sNbvXXv. 1936- Sn.B. kpcw m]n tkew tamtU XntbkpImcm
XmsNs _me BWv aebmfnse BZy iNn{Xw. \KtImhn kztZinbpw
A aebmfnbpambncp F. kpcw ]n 1929- FgpXnb hn[nbpw annv \mbcpw
F IYsb ASnm\amn Nn{Xw kwhn[m\w sNbvXXv ]mgvkn hwiP\mb sjhm{Imw
sXNvImv F Fkv. s\mWnbmWv. apXpIpfw cmLh ]n XncYbpw kw`mjWhpw
Km\fpw FgpXn. 1938 P\phcn 10-\v Nn{Xw XntbdpIfnsen.
1950- Bdp aebmfNn{X ]pdphp. \X, kv{Xo, iin[c, {]k,
N{nI, tNn Fo Nn{Xfn DZbmbpsS \X {]Zi\hnPbw t\Snbtm
apNn{Xsfmpw {insn. 1951- aebmfkn\nabnse BZy kqlnv
PohnX\uIbpssS Bdp Nn{X ]pdphp. sI. hn. tIminbpw Ipmtmbpw
DZbm pUntbm tI{amn BcwYn sI BUv sI Ibnkns _m\dn \nn
PohnX\uI sI. shphmWv kwhn[m\w sNbvXXv. Xnp-dnin kpIp-am-c \mb, t{]w\ko, kXy XpS-nb kq mdp-I Cu ]Xn-m-n-emWv DZbw sImp--Xv.
aebmfkn\nabnse \mgnImb \oepbn ]pdndnbXv 1954- emWv. Sn.sI. ]copn
kmln_v \nn Nn{Xw kwhn[m\w sNbvXXv ]n. `mkvIc\pw cmap Imcympw tNmWv.
XncY, Ombm{KlWw, Km\, Iemkwhn[m\w XpSn aebmfkn\nabpsS Fm
taJeIfnepw
amn\v
XpSan
Nn{Xambncpp
\oepbn.
anI
aebmfNen{Xn\p cm{]XnbpsS shnsaU t\Sn BZyambn tZiob]pckvmcw
t\Snb aebmfNn{Xsa _lpaXnbpw \oepbnen\p kzw.
Cybnses BZys \ntbmdnbennIv Nn{Xw tIc-f-n 955- ]pdph
\yqkvt] t_mbv BWv.
tImtfPphnZymnI tNp cq]w \Inb BZiv
Ieman \nn Nn{Xw kwhn[m\w sNbvXXv AhcnXssbmcmfmb ]n. cmaZmkmWv.
\yqkvt] t_mtbmSp IqSn kmaq-lnI hnjb ssIImcyw sNp \nch[n Nn{X
\nnsp.
{]apJ
kmlnXyIrXnIfpw
Cu
Imebfhn
Nen{Xfmbn
Bhnjvcnsp. kvt\lkoa, \mbcp ]nSn ]penhmev, cmcn F ]uc, ]mSm
ss]nfn, cnSgn, Dmp, `mKho\nebw, NXpcwKw Fo Nn{X tZiobXen
hsc {insp. aebmfnse BZy If Nn{Xamb Iw s_ tImv 1961-
]pdndn. aebmfkn\nam Ncn{Xn \mgnIpIfmb \nch[n Nn{X
Adp]XpIfn ]pdndn. `mKho\nebw (1964), HmSbn \nv, sNo, apdsv (1965),
Ccpns Bmhv (1967) Fo Nn{X CXn FSpp ]dtbhbmWv. 1965-se Ghpw
\ kn\nabvIp Cy {]knUns kph N{Iw sNo t\Sn. Hcp ZntWy
kn\nabvv BZyambn Cu AwKoImcw e`npXpw CXneqsSbmWv. kzmX{ym\c
Cybnse kmaqlnI {]iv\ N sNbvX Nn{Xfmbncpp 60-Ifn IqSpXembpw
\nnsXv. kwKoXn\pw Cu ImeLnse Nn{Xfn henb {]m[m\yw
e`nncpp. sI.Fkv. tkXpam[h, cmap Imcymv, Ipmtm, ]n. kp{_aWyw
Fnhcmbncpp Cmes Nne {][m\ kwhn[mbI.
aebmfkn\na Cybnse anI CUkv{Snbmbn amdnbXv 1970- ItfmsSbmWv.
\nch[n Ignhp kwhn[mbIcpw kmtXnI{]hIcpw Cu Imebfhn cwKphp.
^nenw Cnyqv, ^nenw ss^\mkv tImtdj Fo m]\fpsS {]h\w
Nen{X]T\n\pw \nmWn\pw IqSpX Ahkc krnp. kwm\
Nen{X]pckvImc 1969- Bcw`nXpw Cu \thmm\n\p klmbIambn.
aebmfkn\nabpsS Cu ]p\pWn\p XpSw IpdnXv 1970- ]pdndnb ]n. F.
tat\ms Hmfhpw XochpamWv. Fw.Sn. hmkptZh \mbcpsS XncYbpw anI
kmtXnIXbpw Nn{Xs anIhpXmn. kamckn\na Fsmcp t{iWnbpsS
XpSn\pw Cu kn\na ImcWambn. temInse Xs anI kwhn[mbIcpsS
]nIbnsSp ASq tKm]meIrjvW kzbwhcw F Nn{XneqsS cwKphXv
1972-emWv . kwm\-tZiob ]pckvImc hmcnqnb kzbwhcw AtZiobXen
Ghpa[nIw {ins Cy Nn{Xfnsemmbncpp.
Fw.Sn. hmkptZh \mbcpsS kwhn[m\ \nlWn \nmeyw 1973-
]pdndn. anI Nn{Xn\pw A`nt\Xmhn\pw (]n.sP. BWn) D tZiob]pckvm
c Cu Nn{Xw t\Sn. Dcmb\w F hnJymX Nn{XneqsS 1974-emWv Pn. Achn
cwK{]thi\w \SnbXv. Cy kamcNen{XcwKv Ghpa[nIw kw`mh\I
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\Inb kwhn[mbIcmbncpp Achn\pw ASqcpw. 1975- ]pdndnb sI.Pn.

tPmPns kz]v\mS\hpw Gsd {insp. ]pXnsbmcp BJym\ssien Atlw Cu
Nn{XneqsS AhXcnnp. aebmf a[yhn kn\nabpsS s\SpwXqWpIfmbncp
`cX\pw ]cmP\pw {]bmWw F Nn{XneqsS cwKsnbXpw 1975- hemWv. XpSv
hyXykvXamb Nn{Xfpambn ISphhcmWv ]n.F. _ (I_\o\Zn Nphtm),
Pn. Fkv. ]Wn (GImIn\n), cmPohv\mYv (XW) XpSnbh. 1978- aebmfnse
BZy kn\namkvtIm]v Nn{Xamb Xtmfn Ap ]pdndn.
tIcfn
]ebnSfnepw
^nenw
skmssknI
Cu
Imebfhn
m]nsp. temIkn\nasbn t{]I IqSpX t_m[hmmcIphm Ccw
{]m\ klmbIambn. ASq tKm]meIrjvWs t\XrXzn 1965- Xncph
]pcv Bcw`n Nn{XteJ ^nenw skmssknbmWv tIcfnse BZy ^nenw skmsskn.
70-IfpsS Ahkm\tmSpw 80-IfpsS BZytmSpw IqSn A\h[n apJy[mcm kn\namm
cwKp hp. Iemtabpw P\{]oXnbpw Hcpt]mse kzamnb a[yhnkn\naIfpsS
hchv F]XpIfpsS XpStXmSpIqSnbmWv ae-bm-f-n-ep-m-hp-Xv. kamckn\na
bpsSbpw P\{]nbkn\nabpsSbpw CSbn \npXv FmWv a[yhn FXpsImv
AampXv. Achn, ASq, tPm F{_lmw Fnh kamckn\nabpsSbpw
`cX, ]cmP, sI.Pn.tPmv, taml Fnh a[yhn kn\nabpsSbpw sF.hn.
iin, kXy AnmSv, kn_n aebn, ^mkn, {]nbZi XpSnbh
P\{]nbkn\nabpsSbpw hmfmbncpp. aqn, tamlem Fo P\-{]n-b-\-S-m-cpsS
cwK{]thi\hpw 80- IfpsS BZyw Xs \Sp. kmaqlnIhpw cm{obhpw kmwkvImcnI
hpamb {]iv\ P\{]oXn ]nSnp ]p coXnbn AhXcnnm Ignp FXmWv
Cu ImeLnse Nn{XfpsS hnPbw. kmtXnI]cambpw 80- Ifnse Nn{X
apnp\np. ZntWybnse AZys 70 Fw.Fw kn\nabmb ]Stbmw 1982-epw
Cybnse BZys {Xnam\Nen{Xamb ssa Unb Ipnm 1984- epw ]pdndn.
aS chnh, ]n.Fkv. \nhmkv, thWp, a[p Amv, hn]nZmkv XpSnb Omb{Kml
Icpw tPmk, iymw, KpWmknv XpSnb ]mekwKoX hnZKv[cpw Cu
Imebfhn {itb Nn{X sNbvXp. {io\nhmk - kXy AnmSv IqpsIns
PohnXKnbmb anI ]e Nn{Xfpw 80-Ifn ]pdphp. 1988- ]pdn dnb, jmPn
F IcpWns ]ndhn Amcm{Xen Ghpa[nIw _lpaXnI hmcnqnb
Cy Nen{XamWv. sXmSp hjw sshw aplZv _jodns aXnepI F IY
ASq Nen{Xambn AhnjvIcnp. CtX hjw Xs ]pdndnb knnJv -em
IqpsIns dmwPn dmhv kv]onwKv aebmfnv asmcp {]tabssien Imgv shp.
1990- Cdnb s]cp F kn\n-a-bn-eqsS ktmjv inh F
temI{]ikvX Ombm{KmlIs IgnhpI aebmfnv e`n-p-Xp-Sn. 1993- ]pdndnb
^mknens aWnn{Xmgv Cy-bnse G-hp-a-[nIw `mjIfn dotav sNbvX Nn{X-ambn
hmgv-sp. 1996 -aebmfnse BZy tUm_n ocntbm Nn{Xw Imem]m\n
]pdndn. 1997- ]pdndnb cmPohv Aens Kpcp B hjs anI hntZi`mj
Nn{Xn\p HmkvIm ]pckvImcntep acnm\mbn Cybn \npw
XncsSp Nn{Xambncpp. P\{]nb kn\naI [mcmfambn Cdnb ImeLamWv
sXmqdpI. CtX-Im-ev tImaUn B Nn{X IqSpXembn CdnbXv aebmf
Nn{XfpsS Iemtasb Imcyambn _m[npshv hnebncpsSpp. knoJv em,
Ia, {]nbZi, kXy AnmSv, kn_n aebn, jmPn ssIemkv, ^mkn, jmPn
F. Icp, tPmjn Fnhcmbncpp Cu ImeLnse {]apJ kwhn[mbI.
aebmfkn\na Xmcm[n]Xyn\p IognembXpw ^mkv Atkmkntbj\pI kPoh
ambXpw 90-ItfmSp IqSnbmWv.
B-akme t{iWnbn hcp Nn{XfmWv 2000 apX 2010 hscbp
ImeLnepw IqSpXembpw ]pdphXv. 1993-se tZhmkpcns NphSp]n h
Xpcm Nn{Xfpw m]vnIv tImaUnbvv Gsd {]m[m\yw sImSp akme Nn{Xfpw
\nch[nbmWv. Fnepw cRvPnv, sn, em tPmkv XpSnb anIhp sXfnbn \nch[n
kwhn[mbIcpw Cu Zimn kwhn[mbI cwKtv hhcmWv.
2010- 2011
ImeLnemWv aebmfn \yqP-\-td-j F t]cn am-ns Ae DbXv.
Gsd {]iwkns {Sm^nv F Nn{XtmSp IqSnbmWv Cu amw Bcw-`n-Xv. BjnJv
A_p (tkmv Bv s], 22 ^osabn tImbw), entPm tPmkv s]ntcn (\mbI,
knn Hm^v tKmUv, Bta), Acp Ipam (tImvsSbn, Cu ASp Imev), kao
Xmln (Nmm Ipcniv), am[hv cmaZmk (tahnemkw), hn.sI. {]Imiv (_yqn^p,
{Snhm{Uw temUvPv) XpSnbh Ccw Nn{XfpsS hmfmbncpp. kwhn[mbI
\mSIw/ Xnc-Y

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cpsS Iqmbvabn \nans tIcf It^bpw Av kpcnIfpw anI kwcw`fm

bncpp. anI kmtXnInIhv AhImisSmhphbmbncpp ]pXpXeapd Nn{Xsf
nepw Ch aebmf kn\nasb \KctI{oIrXamn Fp hnai\hpw D-bn--s-p.
keow AlZv kwhn[m\w sNbvX BZmans aI A_p 2011- se anI hntZi`mj
Nn{Xn\p HmkvIm ]pckvImcntep acnm\mbn Cybn \npw XncsSp
sp.

tUmIypsadn
I]nX IYbvp {]m[m-\y-an-m-Xpw hnh-c-Wm--Ihpw hnm-\-hn-\n-abw eyw
shp--Xp-amb Ne-n-{X--fmWv tUmIyq-sa-dn-I. temI-nse B[y kn\nam kwcw-` Xs tUmIyq-sa-dn-I-fm-bn-cp-p. Cv Cu Ne-n-{X-Ie kz-amb Hcp kmwkvIm-cnI
taJ-e-bmbn hnI-kn-n-p-v. IYmNn{XsfXpt]mse tUmIypsadn- {lkz
Nen{XtaJebnepw aebmfw {itb t\ ssIhcnnpv. aebmfnse {][m\s
IYmkwhn[mbIcn ]ecpw tUmIypsadn Nn{Xfpw kwhn[m\w sNbvXnpv. Chcn
Ghpw IqSpX Nn{X sNbvXXv ASq tKm]meIrjvW\mWv. Nn{XteJbvp
thnbpw ^nenw Unhnj\p thnbpw Atlw \nch[n tUmIypsadnI sNbvXp. Pn.
Achn, sI.B. taml\, inh FnhcmWv tUmIypsadnI [mcmfambn
sNbvXnp ap IYmNn{X kwhn[mbI. amXyp t]m, sI.sI. N{ XpSnbh Cu
taJebn {i tI{oIcnnphcmWv. tIcf kwm\ Nen{X hnIk\
tImtdj\pw ]nIv dntejkv hIppw Nen{X AmZanbpamWv tUmIypsadn
Nn{X
{][m\ambpw
\nnpXv.
{lkz
Nen{XtsSpnbnp
tZiob]pckvImc \nch[n XhW aebmfw Icamnbnpv.

XncY
Nen{Xn\mtbm
sSenhnj
t{]m{KmapImtbm
{lkzNn{Xn\mtbm
ZriyfpsS FgpXp tcJIsfbmWv- XncY Fp ]dbpXv. Hcp Zriyn
ASnbnp ew, kabw, IYm]m{X, iw, AwKNe\ XpSn AXnse
A\mSI kz`mhw hsc Hcp XncYbn Dsmncnpp. XncYI Nnetm
kzX{ambhtbm Asn ap kmlnXycq]sf A[nIcnsgpXnbhtbm Bhmw.
Nen{Xns cq]tcJ F \nev XncY, AXns\ B{ibnp \nnt
kn\nabvp thnbmWv XbmdmpXv. s_m, s^n\n, Ipdtkmh, AsWntbmWn
XpSnb almcYmcpsS XncYI kmlnXyta-IqSn DhbmWv.
Hcp XncY
\nch[n A (ko) Bbn hn`Pnncnpw. Asf XncNn{Xfpambn (tjmv)Bbn
hn`Pnncnpw. XncYbvv BZyw thXv IYtbm Asn {]tabw BWv. aqe
IYsb ko\pIfmn ampIbmWv thXv. IYsb \nch[n ko\pIfmpXn\v thn
ctm aqtm hcnIfn AXns Npcpw (h -sse) FgpXpp. Cu hsse\n\p
A\pkcnmWv
Hmtcm ko\pIfpw XmdmpXv. Cs\bpmIp XncYbn
kwhn[mbI, \So\Sm, kmtXnI hnZ, XncYmIrv
FnhcpsS Iqmb
NIfn Nne hyXymk hcpw. ChnsSbmWv- XncY tjmpIfmbn amdpXv.
km[mcWbmbn ko FgpXn XoXn\ptijamWv tjmpI Bbn hn`PnpXv. Hcp
IYbn D-S-nbnp Zriy-sf kw_n hniZoIcWtmsSmw IYbpsS {Iam-\pK-X-amb hfbpw hnImkhpw XncYbn {]Xn^enpp. XncY bYmY-n
HcpkmlnXy cq]a. Nn{XoIcnstS kw`hfpsS hniZoIcW BWv. Fm
{]Xn-`m-im-en-I-fmb kn\n-am-{]-h-I cNn-p XncYIv kmlnXykz`mhw
ssIhnpv.

ae-bmf kn\n-abpw kml-Xy-cw-Khpw

Hcp kmlnXy IrXntbm \mS IYtbm kn\n-a-bmn amp--Xn\v A\p-h-\w,
A\p-cq-]Ww Fo t]cp-I ]d-bm-dp-v. AUm-]vt-j F hmns hnh-\-am-Wn-Xv.
asmcp coXn-bn ]d-m Fm A\p-h-\-fpw hnh-\-am-Wv. Hcp t^man \nv
asmcp t^man-tev Bi-bs am-em-W-Xv. sNdp-I-Y, t\mh, \mS-Iw, \mShm-sam-gn--Y,
Ncn-{X-kw-`hw, \mS]mv Fn-h-sbmw ae-bmf kn\n-amN-cn-{X-n Xnc-o-e-bn ImgvNs-n-bn-p-v.
aebmf kmlnXynse ]e {]apJcpw XncYIfneqsS kn\na F am[yans
hfv- klmbambn {]hnnpv-. Fw Sn hmkptZh \mb, ]n. ]cmP,
temlnXZmkv, {io\nhmk, cRvPn ]Wn, a[p apw, cRvPnv, thWp \mKhn
Fnh aebmfnse {]apJcmb XncYmIrpIfmWv. aebmf kn\nabpsS {]mcw`
ZibnXs kmlnXytmSp _w Bcw`nXmbn ImWmw.
aebmfnse
\mSIw/ Xnc-Y

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cmas Nn{Xamb ammh kn. hn. cma]nbpsS t\mhens\ B[mc-amn

hn. hn. dmhp hmWv kwhn[m\w sNbvXXv (1933). 1938 aebmfnse BZys iNn{X
amb _me ]pdphp. CXns BZy\nm Xmhmbncp F. kpc]n kn\nabvp
thn cNn "hn[nbpw annv \mbcpw' F IY ]cnjvcnpmbXmWv _me. 1940
]pdndnb m\mw_nI kn. am[h]nbpsS t\mhens A\pcq]WamWv. Aebmf
n BZyambn FgpXsXpw {]knoIcnsXpamb XncY A\pcms
`qXcmbcmsWv Fw. Sn. hmkptZh \mb ]dbpp. {]lv-fmZ apX lcn{,
`IptNe, i_cnae {io A, Dnbmcvv, {io Kpcphmbqc, Xtmfn HtX\
apXemb ]pcmtWXnlmksfbpw hS ]mpIsfbpw Bkv]Zamnbpw P\-{]nb kn\na-I-fp-m-bn.
1950 Xnpdnn kpIpamc \mbcpsS kv{Xo F \mSIs Bkv]Zamn AtX
t]cnep kn\na ]pdv hcnIbpmbn. \mSIs ASnm\amn aebmfnepmb
BZykn\nasbv CXns\ hntijnnmw. aebmfkn\nabpw kmlnXyhpambp ZrVamb
_w Bcw`npXv AXpIfpsS cmw ]IpXnbnemWv. 1957 apphnbpsS
]mSm ss]nfn F t\mh kn\nabmnsmv ]n. kp{_aWyw CXn\p XpSw
Ipdnp. XpSp \mep hjn\nSbn kmlnXys B[mcamn Ap
kn\naIv
Atlw
cq]w
\evIn.
Chbn
\mepw
apphnbpsS
t\mhepIfmbncpp. asmv XIgnbpsS cnSgnbpw. Adp]XpItfmsS kmlnXyIrXn
kn\nabmp {]hWX hym]Iambn. Ames {]apJcmb kwhn[mbIcpw
\nmXmfpw {]tabn\pthn ItmSnXv kmlnXyIrXnIfntemWv. cmap Imcymv,
sI. Fkv. tkXpam[h, hnkv, ]n. `mkvc, ]n. F. tat\m, Fw.IrjvW
\mb, ]n. kp{_Wyw XpSnb kwhn[mbIcptSbpw Sn. sI. ]copn, tim`\m
]ctaizc \mb, Fw.H. tPmk^v, chn XpSnb \nmXmfptSbpw Hpan
kn\naIfpw A\pcq]Wfmbncpp. sshw aplZv _jo, XIgn, Ddq_v, Fkv. sI.
s]mmSv, tIihtZhv, Fw.Sn hmkptZh \mb, ]mdpdv, s]mIpw hn, sI
kptc{, Pn hnthIm\, app hn , Im\w C. sP. , sambvXp ]Snbv, tXmn
`mkn, sI. Sn. aplZv XpSn aebmfnse {]ikvXcmb FgppImcpsS IrXnIsfms
kn\nabntep
ISphp.
an
kn\naIfptSbpw
XncYI
cNnXpw
kmlnXyImcmcmbncpp. Ipamc\mims IcpW, NpgbpsS caW Fo
Imhypw Amev Nen{Xmhnjvmcfpmbn. Adp]XpIfnepw Fgp]XpIfpsS
Bcw`nepw aebmfnepmb {itbamb Nn{Xsfms A\pcq]Wfmbncpp.
apSnb\mb ]p{X, sNo, `mKho\nebw, Ccpns Bmhv, apdsv, HmSbn\nv,
Xpem`mcw, Aizta[w, ImpIpcv, bn, ASnaI, ISmew, Hmfhpw Xochpw,
IptySn, hmgvthambw, A\p`h ]mfnI, Ac\mgnIt\cw, Ins,
IcImWmS, ]WnXocm hoSv Fnhsbms DZmlcWfmWv. Npcpn
aebmf kn\nabn kmlnXyw sImSnIpnhmW ImeLamWsXp ]dbmw. anI kn\na
krnm\p amKw {]ikvX kmlnXyIrXnsb B[mcampIbmsWsmcp NnXs
Amev cq]w sImpIbpmbn. kmlnXyns Cu h kzm[o\w aebmf

kn\nabn KpW]camb Gsd amp ImcWambn.

se\n cmtP{

aebmf kn\nabnse {]apJ kw-hn[mbI\pw XncYIrpamWv- se\n cmtP{.

P\{]nb Nn{XfpsS coXnsf D]tbmKsSpn kn\n-a-bpsS Iem-]-c-amb aqeyn\v{]m[m\yw
sImSpp
kw-hn[mbIcnsemcmfmWvAtlw.
Xncph\]pcs
DucqemWv- se\n cmtP{s P\\w. Xncph\]pcw bq\nthgvknn tImtfPn
]T\w. CS-Xp-] ]ptcm-K-a\ Bibv XncYbneqsS Atlw kmmXvImcw
\Im {ianpp. 1985 Cdnb "ao\amknse kqcy" F Nn{Xw B[p-\nI tIcf-nse PXz hncpt]mcms IyqWnv ImgvNmSneqsS t\mnmWp Nn{XamWv-.
agsb kKmIambn Xs Nn{Xfn D]tbmKsSpnbnp kw-hn[mbI\mWvcmtP{. ]smXmw \qmnse XncphnXmwIq cmPmhmbncp kzmXn Xncpmfns
PohNcn{Xamb "kzmXnXncpm" F Nn{Xw tZiob {i-t\-Sn. 1992 kw-hn[m\w sNbvX
"ssZhns hnIrXnI" Fw. apIps AtXt]cnep t\mhens\ Bkv]Zamn
bpXmbncpp. 2003 se "A\y" F Nn{Xw ssIImcyw sNpXv tIcfnse
A]ISIcamb hKob {[phoIcWsbmWv-.
{][m\ Nn{X- th\ (1981), Nnv
(1982), t{]w \kodns\ Imm\n (1983) ao\amknse kqcy (1985) agme taLw (1985)
kzmXn Xncpm (19870) ]pcmhrw (1988) hN\w (1989) ssZhns hnIrXnI (1992)
Ipew, ag(2000) A\y(2003) cm{Xnag (2007) aIcav (2010)
\mSIw/ Xnc-Y

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]pckvImc
1992
se
kwm\
Nen{X
]pckvImcwanI
Nn{Xw,
kwhn[mbI,\nmXmhv(ssZhns hnIrXnI F Nn{Xw), 1996 se kw\ Nen{X
]pckvImcw (anI P\{]nb,Iemapeyap Nn{Xn\pXv)- Ipew F Nn{Xn\v-,
IrXnI B Nph Imens Hmv (kvac-W-I), A\y, ag (Xnc-Y)

\jvS-s \oemw-_cn F sNdpIY

am[-hn-p-n-bpsS at\m-an, cpn-Wn-smcp ]mh-p-n Fo IYIfpw kn\n-a-bm-bn-pv. aqp `mK--fmWv \jvS-s \oemw-_cn F sNdp-I-Y-bvp-Xv. ae-bm-f-nse
kv{Xokz-Xz-I-Y-I-fnse {]apJ m\-ap IY-bm-Wn-Xv. am[-hn-p-n-bpsS ]e cN-\-sftmse
CXnepw Fgp-p-Im-cn-bpsS Bmwiw ImWmw.
\ssXtm tXSnsmp apnaqp hjpItijw a[pcbn
hsnbXmbncpp ikv{X{InbmhnZKvbmb tUm kp`{ZmtZhn. FmWp \sXv
F tNmZyn\v Xr]vXnIcamb Hcp adp]Sn ]dbm kp`{Zbvv Ignbpambncpn.
]stm Cu \Kcn hv A\p`hnpXo thZ\bpsS am[pcyw At\zjnp
am{XamWv HgnhpIgnhpI ]dv tcmKnItfbpw Bip]{Xn A[nIrXtcbpw kamizknnv
s{sUhsdqSn Hgnhmn Imdn Cu ZoLbm{Xbvv apXnXv. a[pc hnv a{Zmkn
]Tnncptmgpw ]noSv `mshmnv tImgntmv Pohnncptmgpw a[pcsb
\Kcw Hfnanb Hcp In\msht]mse kp`{Zbn Xn\np. ao\mn t{Xns
an\p AIffpw Xnetlmans XncnIfpw kybvp Xs Kpcp\mY Be]n
\oemw_cnbpw kp`{ZbpsS AIp NncRvPohnIfmbn hmWp. B kvacWIsf
]dnp\ophm AhfpsS `mhp ]etmgpw {ianp. B kvacWI Ahfn
Ahtijnptm Ah Xs kzamhpIbnsv Abm `bp. Xs kwKoXw
]Tnn {_mW bphmhns\n kp`{Z A]qhambn am{Xw kwkmcnp. Fnpw B
Kpcpinjy _ns Idp \ng AhfptSbpw `m hnsbpw \Sphn hoWp
InSp. tUm kp`{ZmtZhnbpw AhcpsS `mhmb N{tiJctat\m\pw BZiZXn
IfmsWp an{Xfpw ]cnNnXcpw ]ckyambn {]Jym]ntm kp`{Z B {]Jym]\s
FXnn. B {]Jym]\n kpn IsnbXpan. lrZbns HcmX
tImWn A\p`hs achntmsS Ah `mhpambn CWtNp. hnapJX
shfnsSpmsX Xs Hcp kh lnp kv{XobpsS KmlnI ISaI cmhpw ]Iepw
\ndthn. Fnpw `mhv ]cmXnsp.
imkv{XnI Ipfnmdp t{Xpfn Atlns tPynbpsS aIfpw
Xs kXoybpamb m\mw_mfpsS IqsS \ophm\ndnbXpw shw IpSnp
apnmgvtm imkv{Xn-I \onhv Xs s]mnsbSpv csSpnbXpw
Ah Hmnp. hnbn \\ knqcsmpw B IgpneWn H cp{Zmhpw
AhfpsS In\mhpIfn {]thinp. hnhmlnXbmbnpw B knqcsmv kvacWbn\ntm
kz]v\fn\ntm ampt]mbn. a[pcbnse t\{XtcmKhnZKv[\mbncpp kp`{ZbpsS
A. Xs IqpImcnI Hcp cmam\pPw imkv{XnIfpsS aTn t]mbn kwKoXw
]Tnpp Fp ]dtm kp`{Zbvpw B mn tNcphm Atlw A\phmZw
\evIn.
PvRm\w tImemSns apJmbbp Hcp s]Ipnbmbncpp. Ahkcw
Inptmsgmw Ah kp`{Zsb 'XSnn'sbp hnfnpIbpw ]cnlknpIbpw sNbvXp.
Xm DXIpePmXbmsW hkvXpX m\w \nccw kvt\lnXsb Hmnnp.
`mKhX hr\mbncnpsamWv kp`{ZbpsS A hnizknncpXv. ]pcmtWXn
lmkfn \nv Fgptph Hcp ]pcpj tIkcnbmWv aI-fpsS kwKo-Xm-[ym-]-I
Fv Xncn--dn--tXmsS A Akz--\m-bn. Ahfn hp IqSnb ]cnh\
Atlw Hmp. hmin ]nSnv aqp IpnXv, sshIptcw ]qameI NqSnbXv, ]pXnb
hkv{X[mcWcoXn, kkyt`mP\n\p Xmev]cyw.... Ch Hmtcmpw aI Kpcp\mYs\
t{]anncppshXns sXfnhmbn A\ptXmn. AtXmsS kp`-{Z-bpsS kwKo-X-]-T\w
Ah-km-\n-p-Ibpw Ahsf A a{Zm-kn saUn-kn\v tNp-Ibpw sNbvXp.
t{]ahnlzeamb a\pw sImv hnclnWnbmbn Ah AhnsS Pohnp.
]T\w Xo-tXmsS AhfpsS hnhmlw \Sphm A Xocpam\np. A
sXcsSp hc [\nI, DX hnZym`ymkaph. Ah {]Xntj[nn.
imkv{XnI Atmtgpw Xs A\chfmb m\s hnhmlw sNbvXp
Ignncpp. m\w P\n \m sXmt IpSpw_mwK Xocpam\npIgnXmbncpp
B _w. hnhmlnXbmb m\w ]pXnb ]ptNebpSpv It]mefn ]a
tXv kp`{Zsb ImWphms\n. Ah kpjSbmbn ImWsp. imkv{XnIp
XtmSp hmeysn m\w ]dbphm Bc`ntm kp`{Z AhfpsS hmb
s]mn.
\mSIw/ Xnc-Y

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cv
kp`{ZbpsS `mhv AhfpsS kvt\lclnXamb s]cpams hnainp.
N{tiJctat\m Xs `mcybpsS tcmKnItfmSv Hcnepw kwkmcnn. Xn \npw
Xs `mcysb AIp i{Xp F anemWv Atlw Ahsc IXv. kp`{Zbpw Xm\pw
X\nv Sn.hn. ImWpI, A\tym\yw ]pkvXI hmbnp tIfvn pI, \Sphm
t]mhpI, Imdn kmbm khmcn sNpI Chsbmambncpp B `mhns
taml. N{tiJctat\m Afp NnsSpnb Hcp PohnXssienbmWv
ioenphXv. hnhm-l-n-\p-apv Xm I\y-I-bm-bn-cp-p-shpw AXn-en-tm X\nv
ZpxJw tXmp-p-spw Ah Hcn- tat\m-t\mSv ]d-p. Xfp IpnI
DmhmXn tJZw {]ISnnncp tat\m HSphn AhfpsS hyXzw Hc\p{Klambn
IWmn. tcmKnIsf i]npsImncp B a\pjy HSphn Hcp tcmKnbmbn
amdnbtm kp`{ZbpsS Ipt_m[w Ahsf Akzbmn. Atlw Alnncp \oXn
]pecvp hm X\np Ignn Fv Ahp tXmn.
kymt\cp Ipfnp hcmbn \np apSnbngIfn hnctemSnptm Ah
imkv{XnI \oemw_cn Be]npXns\n Hmp. An-s\-bn-cn-s, N{-ti-J-c-tat\m tcmKn-bmbn ac-W-s-p. Hcp hn[hbvv A\ptbmPyamb hkv{X[mcWcoXn Ah
kzoIcnncpp. ]t, a[pcbvp t]mhptm ISpw \ndfnep ]p]pShI Ah
s]nbn ASpnshp. a[phn[phn\p ]pdsSp h[phns lrZbanSntmsS Ah
kmam\ HXpn. kpK{Zhy, appameI, Nph Ipsh B`cW
Fnh AWnp.
aqv
a[pc apnaqp hjptijw Hc]cnNnX`mhw ssIsmXmbn
kp`{Zbvv tXmn. Xm\pw A\amcpw Xmaknncp sInSw Hcp iniphnZymebambn
amdnbncpp. t{X Ipfhpw AXns ]mizn ]qnSnpw hnIrXambpw
nXnsNbvXncp aThpw Ah Ip. AXntev kp`{Z sNp Ibdn. DdSnI
AhnShnsSbmbn XIncpp. AS hmXnen ]eXhW apnbnpw Bcpw Xpdn.
imkv{XnIfpw IpSpw_hpw Cu ew Dt]nncnmsav Ahp tXmn. aSphm
]SnI Cdnbtm tKv Xpdv Hcp hrkv{Xo AhfpsS ASptv hp. AXv
m\mw_m Bbncpp. GItZiw AXp hbmbnmWpw B kv{Xov. ]t,
ImgvNbn Fgp]Xmbn Fp tXmnp sshIey kp`{Z m\ns
BIrXnbn Ip.
"Bcv ? m\w tNmZnp.
"Fs a\nembnt? Rm kp`{ZbmWv. \nssbmw imkv{XnIfn\np ]mp
]Tnm hncph." kp`{Z ]dp.
"kp`{Ztbm?" m\w tNmZnp.
"AsX imkv{XnI FhnsS? a[pcbn htm \n cp t]scbpw
ImWmsap IcpXn. apnaqp hj Ignv a[pc ImWpIbmWv. \nsbpw
imkv{XnIsfbpw Iv, ]noSv tlmen t]mbn Ipfnp Zi\w \Smsap
Xocpam\np." kp`{Z ]dp.
"\ns hchv sshIntmbn. imkv{XnI acnpt]mbn. ssSt^mbnUv Bbncpp.
acnnv GXmv Hcp hjw Ignncnpp." m\w ]dp.
"Rm ham\Semkn Intm?" kp`{Z AZv`pXw {]ISnnp.
"ham\Semkn ASnt ham\sampatm imkv{XnIfpsS
acWw. Atlw shdpsamcp `mKhX. t]scm ]Wtam kmZnphm `mKyapmbn.
Acnnp Pohnp. Acnnp acnp. IpnIfnmXns\]n Rm ]cmXnsSptm
Atlw ]dp. Fm injycpw F\np IpnI Xs. GXv B]XvLnepw Ah
\s klmbnpsav. Fnspmbn? ]gb injysmsbpw IpI FgpXn
X]menenp. Bcpw adp]Sn Abn. Bcpw ]Ww Abbvm an\sn. NnInpIqSn
]Ww XnIn." m\w CSdnb kzcn ]dp.
kp`{Z
m\ns\
Btjnp.
Znhktfmfw
IpfnmhcpsS
icocKambncpp m\n\v.
"Rm Fp klmbamWv sNbvXp XtcXv ?" Ah m\tmSv tNmZnp.

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"C\n Fp klmbamWv F\nmhiyw? Hpw th. Rm Atlhpambn BZyw

IelnXv kp`{Z ImcWambncpp. kp`{Zbvv am{Xta '[ymbman' ]TnnpsImSpnpp
Fv Atlw Hcn ]dp. AXp kzm`mhnIambpw Fs p`nXbmn. Fsbpw B
atlikvXpXn ]TnnWsap Rm At]np. \n\v AXv ]Tnphm\p ]IzXbn
Fv Atlw ]dp. AsX, kp`{Zm, \o Fs hnhmlns BZyLn shdpsamcp
i{Xphmbn amdn."
kp`{Z m\ns ssII Xs icocn \np [rXnbn amn tKn\p
t\p \Sp. "\o sXncnp. Hcnepw imkv{XnI FtmSp ]t`Zw ImWnnn."
Ah ]dp. tKv ASp t]mhptm kp`{Z Xncnp t\mn. bmsXmcp `mht`Zhpw
IqSmsX DdSnta m\w Hcp {]Xna IWs \nesImp. B kv{XobpsS
hntZzjns AeI ImneqsS kcnp Xs kv]inpsav kp`{Z `bp.
Ipfn Ignv ]pXnb hkv{X AWnv kp`{Z a[pcao\mn t{Xntep
t]mbn. ]ntZnhkw Xs a[pc hnv ashntSsnepw t]mhWsav Ahp tXmn.
X\np kz]v\w ImWm\p Ignhpw CtmsS \vSsphtm. Hcnsenepw Atlw
\oemw_cn Be]npXp tIphhm Xm F{X Imeambn B{Klnpp. kp`{Z
IpI XpSp. C\n Fn\pthn Xm PohnWw? CXphsc {]Xobn Pohnp.
C\nbtmtm?
]p]pShb [cnp sshcm`cWfpsS Xnfhpw t]do tZhokn[nbn sNp
\ntm kp`{Z \nb{Ww hnp tXncp. "Rm hn[hbmWv At." Ah
tZhntbmSv a{np. " Hcp h[phns\tmse Nap \nevppshnepw Rm Hcp
hn[hbmWv... amv XcnI."
s]smWv Ah B kp]cnNnX kzcw tIXv: "kp`{Zm, \o Ftm hp?"
Xncnpt\mnbtm Ahkv{Xw [cnv A[\Kv\\mb cmam\pPimkv{XnI Xs
kao]w \nevpp! \cIbdnb Npcp apSn. Igpn H cp{Zmw. s\nbn
knqcsmv. hnS amdnSw. amdnSnse Npcp tcmamhenbpw \cpIgnncpp.
kp`{Z Acp. imkv{XnIfpsS t{]XamtWm Xs t{]ahmbv]n BIr\mbn
CltemIsp aSnbncnpXv? kp`{Z bmsXmpw DcnbmSmsX B taml\cq]s
Dpt\mn.
"kp`{Z FmWv IcbpXv ? Fp ]n?" imkv{XnI tNmZnp.
"Ap acnpshv m\w ]dp. Rm AXv hnizknp." Ah ]dp.
"m\n\p {`mmWv. F{X NnInnnpw bmsXmcp t`Zhpan. _mwqcn
sImpt]mbn tjmv NnInIqSn \Sngnp." imkv{XnI ]dp. "bmsXmcp
kpJhpw A\p`hnphm F\np `mKyapmbn. Cpw IpnIsf ]mp ]Tnnpp.
Cpw AcnWnbn Ignbpp. kp`{Ztbm? kpJamtWm? `mhpw IpnIfpw kpJambn
Ccnptm?" imkv{XnI tNmZnp.
P\ Xsbpw imkv{XnIsfbpw kwibXntmsS t\mppshv kp`{Zbvv
tXmn. ap h epw t]mbn Atlns Hw Ccnm Ah Binp.
apnaqp hj Xm a\n Hfnnpsh hnImc Atls Adnbn
phm Ah Binp. Hcnsenepw Xs kvt\ls \n`bw {]Zinnphm, B
amdnSn apJw Nmbvp InSphm. "C kp`{Zm, Rm \ns tlmentep hcn.
\ns t]cns\ IfsSpphm Rm Cnpn" imkv{XnI ]dp. \ncns
hp ]mp sNbvX Imdn shv Xs Ahkm\s Icp\oamb Icn
Bcw`ntmgpw imkv{XnI kuayX ssIhnn. "\apv Hmtcmcppw Hmtcm
ISaIfpv. Ah \nhlnemWv PohnXeyw. \o \ns `mhns ktcv
IfpIpfncpXv. Rm DmZn\nbmb `mcysb ip{iqjnv ChnsSs PohnWw.
asmcp amKhpw Cu Pn \apv hn[nnn." Atlw ]dp.
\ncns ]nn nXn sNbvXncp Hcp sInSn\np s]sv \oemw_cn
cmK-ns AeI Dbp. AtX \nanjn BImin Hcp hnf N{e
{]XysXmbn kp`{Z Ip.

ag F kn\na
se\n cmtP{s kn\n-a-I-fpsS ncw ssienbn \np Hcp amamWv ag
F cN-\-bn-ep-Xv. am[-hn-p-n-bpsS 1993- {]knoIcn \s \oemw_cn F
sNdp-I-Ybvv
Nen{XmhnjvImcw
\SpIbmWv
se\n
Cu
Nn{XneqsS.
{][m\IYm]m{Xamb kp`{ZbpsS PohnXnse hnhn[ LfneqsSbmWv se\n
cmtP{ Iymad NennpXv.
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IuamcImev kwKoX Kpcphmb cmam\pPw imkv{XnIfn A\pcbmhpIbpw

hopImcpsS \n_{]Imcw N{tiJtat\m F [\nIs\ hnhmlw Ignv
PohnpIbpw sNtnthn h kp`{ZbmWv agbnse {][m\IYm]m{Xw. imkv{Xob
kwKoXn Xmev]cyap kp`{Z a[pcbn Xma-kn-p Imev kwKoXm`yk\
n\nSbnemWv Kpcphmb cmam\pPw imkv{XnIfpsS {]Xn-`-bn BIrbmbn Abmfn
A\pcbmhpXv. Cu _w hopIm AdntXmsS kp`{ZbpsS kwKoXm`yk\w
\np. ]noSv saUn- _ncpZw t\SnbtXmsS kp`{Z Iyq Fn\obdmb
N{tiJctat\ms (em) `mcybmbn. Xnc-p-]n-Sn Pohn-X-n-\n-S-bnepw Xs ]gb a[p-cPo-hn-Xhpw kwKo-Xhpw kp`-{Z-bpsS Hmabn \nd-bp-p.
tat\ms a\n
kp`{Zsbpdnv kwibapZntXmsS AhcpsS ZmXyPohnXw \cIXpeyambn. Cu
ZmXyn Hcp Ipn t]mepw P\nmXncpXv kp`{Zsb IqSpX thZ\nnp.
ZoLImes tcmKn\ptijw tat\m acnptXmsS kp`{Z Xs \sp t]mb
PohnXsbpw kwKo-X-sbpw imkv{Xn-Isfbpw tXSn a[pcbntev bm{XbmhpIbmWv.
IY-bnse C{Xbpw `mKv kn\n-a-p-thn Imcy-amb am-sampw Xnc--Y-bn hcp-n-bnn-. Fm kn\n-a-bpsS Zriy-`w-Kn-p-thnbpw kn\na F \ne-p Ah-X-c-W-`wKnpw thnbpw Imem-\p-kr-X-amb am- Xnc--Y-bn hcp-n-bn-p-v.
kn\n-a-bn IY \S-p-Xv a[p-cbvp ]Icw Xan-gv\m-Snt\mSv sXmp-\np Hcp
tIc-fob {Kma-n-em-Wv. kwbp--ha F \Sn-bmWv kp`-{Zbvv Poh ]I-Xv. kp`{Z
F t]cn\p ]Icw `{Z F \ma-amWv Xnc--Ym-Irv kzoI-cn--Xv. am[-hn-p-n-bpsS
_mey Iuam-c-Im-e--fpsS hnZq-c-mb B IYm-]m-{Xn\v \Im kwhn-[m-b-I
t_m[-]qhw {ian-n-cn-p-p. IY-bn \np hyXy-kvX-ambn `{Zbvv Ihn-X-sb-gp-Xp
s]Ip-n-bpsS {]W-b-`m-hhpw \In-bn-p-v. N{-ti-J-c-ta-t\m F IYm-]m-{X-n\v
kvt\l-q-Sp-X sImv ITn-\-ambn s]cp-am-dp at\m-hy-Xn-bm-\-ap Hcm-fpsS kz`mhw
\In-bXv kn\n-a-bpsS ]ncn-ap-dpw Iqm klm-bn-p-p. kmt-Xn-I-hn-Zy-I-fpsS
temIp Pohn-p a\p-jy-cpsS kwLj--tfmSv CXns\ Iqn-s-m {ian-Xv kn\n-abpsS {]ta-bs Iptd-qSn Imen-I-am-n. `{Z-bpsS A, A, m\mw-_m, imkv{XnI-fpsS Amh Fn-h-scmw hyn-Xz-ap IYm-]m-{X--fm-Wv. A- (kc-kzXn)sbbpw
A-s\ (am[-h\m-b)bpw ]qh-Ime {]W-b-m _n-p-Ibpw B {]W-b-ns
XW kzw aIp-\Im Ahp Ign-n F IYm-]-c-amb \n-lm-bX
krjvSn-p-Ibpw sNbvXp. imkv{Xn-I-fpsS Am-h-\mb sshIpWvT imkv{Xn-I Cu Xnc-Y-bnse AXn-i--\mb Zpc IYm-]m{XamWv. B\-sshZyw apX kwKo-X-n hsc A]mc-m-\-ap-m-bnpw i]n--s Pohn-X-ns Ib-n-d---fn aZy-e-l-cn-bn BSn-bp-ebp B IYm-]m{Xw kn\n-a-bnse {][m\ BIj-Wo-b-X-bmbn amdn. \ndsb kwKo-X-ap
A-co--amWv Xnc--Y-bn hc-p-sh-n-cn-p--Xv.
_mwq-cn \nv tIc-f-nse AXnn {Kma-amb inh-]pcw F kzw \mn-tev
Xnc-ns-p tUmIvS-dpsS IpSpw-_-n-emWv IY Bcw-`n-p--Xv. BZy-cw-K-p-Xs `{Z-sbp-Xv {ioIr-jvWs t^mtmbpam-bm-Wv. amwkm-lmcw thW-sav hmin-]n-Sn-p `{ZtbmSv AsXms Xmgv-Pm-Xn-m-cpsS `-W-am-sWv am[-h\m-b Ifn-bm-p-p. ]t
Xs Xmgv\-Pm-Xn-bn Iqn-bm aXn-sb-mWv `{Z-bpsS adp-]-Sn. cmw cwKv A XfpsS ]qh-Ime {]W-bm-\p-`-h-sbpw IpSpw_w Am-c-W-m Xd-hm-n \nv ]pd-mn-bXpw apw kvacn-p-p. C\n-sbm-cn-epw kzw \mn-te-n Fv BW-bn--h-\mWv
tUmIvS. ]t, A hoSpw ]dpw Xs t]cn- Fgp-Xn-sh-mWv acn-Xv F- hn-h-c-a-dn-tm am\-km--c-am-bn. ""thcp-I sImfp-n-h-en-pw... kzw an-te-p-Xs henpw. t]mt ]q'' Fm-W-t-l-ns ]w. `{Zbpw cmam-\pP imkv{Xn-Ifpw Xn-ep
{]Wbw hni-Z-amb cwK--fn-eqsS Xnc-Y ]In-sh-n-cn-p-p.
`{Z cmam-\p-P-hp-am-bp {]W-b-n \nv ]nam-dmXn-\m A\pmb lrZ-bkvXw-`\w shdpw A`n-\-bambn-cpp Fv ]noSv hr-k-Z-\-n shmWv A shfn-s-Spp-Xv. sshIpWvT imkv{Xn-I-fpsS `mcy, cmam-\p-P-ns A, `{Z NnIn-n-p
s]Ip-n, No^v tUmIvS, aI Kmb{Xn F Nn{X-Imcn Fo ]pXnb IYm-]m-{X-fpw
Xnc--Y-bn-ep-v.
t{X-n Xs ImWm h `{Zbvv IS-em-kn-se-gp-Xn-bmWv cmam-\pPw Imcy hni-Zo-I-cn-p--Xv. BZy-cm-{Xn-bn Xs Xs {]Wbw m\-tmSv cmam-\pPw Xpdp-]-d-p. Ap-sXms `mcy Xs i{Xp-hm-bmWv I-Xv. ssIbnIn-n-b-sXmw hen-s-dnbpw. GI-a-I t]mepw Xev X-ta-mWv acn--Xv. `{Z cmam-\p-Ps kzw \mn-tev
Wn-p-p. Fm m\-n-\p-thn B Bhiyw Abm Xnc-kvI-cn-p. X\n-pthn Hcn-qSn \oemw-_cn cmKw ]mSn--cm imkv{Xn-I-tfmSv `{Z Bh-iy-s-Sp-XmWv kn\n-a-bpsS ssam-Ivkv. Hcp \nanjw B t{XmWn cmaam-im-kv{Xn-I-fpsS
i_vZ-n \oemw-_cn cmKw Hgp-In-h-cp-Xmbn `{Zv tXmpp. Fm sXm-bn
A_pZw _m[n--Xn-\m X\n-n\n Hcn-epw ]mSm Ign-bp-I-bn Fv Atlw FgpXn
\Inb Ah-km-\s IS-em-kn hy-am-p--tXmsS `{Z \Sp-n-tm-Ip-p. Ia--]n GI-bm-bn-cn-p `{Z-bn kn\na Ah-km-\n-p-p.
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