III Sem BA Malayalam Core Course Drama and Thirakkadha On07Dec2015
III Sem BA Malayalam Core Course Drama and Thirakkadha On07Dec2015
III Semester
CORE COURSE
(CU CBCSS)
UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT
SCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATION
544
UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT
SCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATION
STUDY MATERIAL
BA MALAYALAM
III SEMESTER
CORE COURSE
Xm-dm-n-bXv
tUm. Pao AlvaZv
(Akn. s{]m^k,
Kh. tImtfPv ae-pdw)
Lay out : Computer Section, SDE
\mSIw/ Xnc-Y
Reserved
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samUyq 1
samUyq 2
temI-\m-S-I-th-Zn-bpsS B[p-\nI Lw
20
samUyq 3
36
samUyq 4
\mSIhpw kn\nabpw
49
\mSIw/ Xnc-Y
Page 3
\mSIw/ Xnc-Y
Page 4
samUyq 1
o
D
Page 5
Page 6
{]l-k-\-
{]l-k-\- F Hcp {]tXyI lmky-\m-SI k{-Zmbw ae-bm-f-n-tev IS-p-hcp-Xv ]mmXy kzm[o\w hgn-bm-Wv. kn hn cma]n--bmWv Ccw \mS-I- cNn--hcn {]ap-J. Cwojv \mS-I-Ir-p-fmb sjdn-UWpw tKmUv kvanpw {^v \mSI
Irmb tamfn-tbbpw kn. hn. sb kzm[o-\n-n-p-v. N{-apJohnemkw (1884), F {]lk\w Ah-X-c-W-X-e-nepw {in--s-p. kwkvIrX kwKoX \mS-I-{]-m-\--fn \np
thdn cwKm-h-X-c-W-am-bn-cpp AXv. a-hn-em-kw, Ipdp-n-mIfcn, XpS-nb {]l-k-\-fpw
kn. hn bptS-Xm-bn-p-v. {]mtZinI Po-hnXcoXn-Ifpw Cwojv hnZym-`ym-k-ns KpW-tZm-jfpw tNv bph-X-e-ap-dsb Gsd BIjn ae-bmf {]l-k-\--fn C. hn IrjvW]nbpsS cN-\-Ifpw apn-em-Wv. Ihn-X-t-kv, s]-c-ip-\m-Sv Fo cN-\-I Cp--n
s]Sp-p. F. ]n sN- \mb, Sn F tKm]n-\m-Y \mb, PKXn F sI BNmcn XpSn-b-hcpw {]l-k-\-c-N-\-bn kw`m-h-\-I-fn-p.
kwKoX \mS-I-
]mkn Xntb--dns kzm[o-\-^-e-ambn cq]-s Xangv kwKoX \mS-I- tIc-f-nep-S-\ofw Ifn-p-h-n-cp-p. IeymW cma- skv, cmapUp skv XpS-nb Xangv \mSI I\n-I Kpte_m-h-en, ]mkn efn-Xmw-Kn, tImh-e Ncn-Xw, \-X-m Fo \mS-I-
Ah-X-cn-n-p. tIc-f-ns hS- {]tZ-i--fn IWm-S-I-n \np \mS-I-I--\nIfpw \mS-I- Ah-X-cn-n-n-cp-p. lpn hoc-s kZm-cm-a AXn {][m-\-am-Wv. Chbvp-mb kzm[o-\X Xan-gv\m-S-I-sf A\p-I-cnv ae-bmf kwKo-X-\m-S-I- cNn-p-hm
{]tNm-Z-\-am-bn. sI kn tIi-h-]n--bpsS kZm-cma F ae-bmf kwKo-X-\m-S-I-amWv CXn
BZy-t-Xv. kmln-Xy-Kp-W-nepw kwKo-X-Kp-W-nepw Cu \mSIw kwKo-X-\m-S-I--fpsS
Iq-n anI-hp--Xm-Wv. Sn kn ANyp-X-ta-t\ms kwKoX ss\j[w, Fcp-h-bn N{I-]mWn
hmcn-b-cpsS lcn-{ NcnXw, cpmw-KZ Ncn-Xw, hn-b-m Ncn-Xw Fo \mS-Ifpw
sImo- Xc-Is adn-bmm \mS-Ihpw kwKo-X-\m-S-I--fpsS an-emWv Ah-X-cn-n--s--Xv.
hS- tIc-f-n hnZzm ]n tIfp-\m-b-cpw, Ip-av Ihn-Ifpw Cu taJ-e-bn {]i-kvXcm-bn-cp-p. tZiob kzmX{y ka-c-hp-ambn _-s ]cm-ai- kwKo-X-\m-S-I-th-Zn-bntev sImp-h-Xv tIfp-\m-b-cm-Wv. ]mZpI ]m-`n-tj-Iw \mS-I-amWv CXn {]tXyIw ]cmain-t--Xv. tIc-f-nse PmXn-hy-h--s-Xnsc ]m-\m NcnXw F \mS-Ihpw
Atlw cNn-p. alm-Ihn Ip-a-ns kwKo-X-\m-S-I-amWv _me-tKm-]m-e. 1882 tIc-fha hen-b-tIm-bn--p-cms A`n-m-\-im-Ip-fw XPa Xncp-h-m \mcm-b-W-n F
\Ss t\Xr-Xz-n at\m-tam-l\w \mS-I-I-\nbmWv Ah-X-cn-nXv. 1930 kzman {_{h-X Ipam-c-\m-ims IcpW F Imhyw kwKo-X-\m-S-I-amn Ah-X-cn-n--Xv tIc-f-n-ep-S\ofw {in--s-p.
\mSIw/ Xnc-Y
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hni-Z-]-T-\-n\v
1. CuUn-kv cmPmhv. tkmt^m-okv
hnh\w kn sP tXmakv
{Kov \mSIw
e`y-amb sXfn-hp-I shv temI-nse Ghpw BZys \mSIthZn {InkvXphn\p
ap]v 534 GYkn \Sncp Zpc\mSI acam-Wv. B \mSIacfnse
hnPbnbmbncp sXkv]nkv BWv AdnbsnpXn hv BZys \S\pw
\mSIIrpw. GYknse At{Imt]mfoknse UtbmWnkkv Xndn hmbncpp
{KopIm \mSI AhXcnnncpXv. Cu UtbmWnkkn 14000 t]v \mSIw
ImWm kuIcyw Dmbncpp. ChnsS A`n\bnp thZnsb Hmkv{S FmWvhnfnncpXv. {Kov \mSIsf {][m\ambpw aqv Xcn hn`Pnncnpp.
Zpc\mSIw({SmPUn), Bt]lmky \mSIw (sk-b), ip`my \mSIw(tImaUn)
FnhbmWv- Ah. CXn Zpc\mSIfmWv hninamb \mSIcq]ambn IcpXsphXv
CukvInekv,
tkmt^mIvfokv,
bqdnnUnkv,
Acnkvtm^\nkv
XpSnb
AhnkvacWobcmb \mSIIrpfpsS kmn[yw {]mNo\ bh\ \mSIthZnsb
\mSIIebpsSbpw kmlnXynsbpw khImeamXrIbmn. {]mNo\ {Kokn
{SmPUnIfpw tImaUnIfpw Hcpt]mse t{]mml\amPnpIbpw hnIknpIbpw
sNbvsXnepw {SmPUnIfmWv ]nevmev IqSpX kamZcWobfmbnoXv.
{Kop{SmPUnI hnhn[ cq]fn ]nevme \mSIkmlnXys kzm[o\nnpv.
s]mbnIvkv F AXn{][m\amb {Kw cNn Acnkvtmn F bh\NnI
{SmPUnbnse CXnhrmWv ]ca{]m[m\yw Iev]npXv. {SmPUnbnse aqpXcw
sFIyw AXymt]nXamsWv Acnkvtmn {]kvXmhnnpv. kabw kw_n
sFIyw BWv Ahbn HmatXv. cmatXv e]camb sFIyamWv. apmatXv
{Inbmwins sFIyw.
]mmXy \mSI Ncn-{X-nse Fm-e-sbpw anI Zpc--\m-SIamWv CuUn-kv
cmPm-hv. {Kov \mS-I-Ir-mb tkmt^m-okv BWv CXv cNn--Xv. _n kn 465 GXkn-\Sp-p sImtfm-k-kn-emWv tkmt^m-okv P\n--Xv. bphm-hm-bn-cn-p-tm Xs Iem-cwKv {]th-in-p. _n kn 480 t]jy-m-tcmSv hnP-bn {Kop-Im BtLm-j-]-cn-]m-Sn-IfpsS `mK-ambn \S-nb \rtm-hn tkmt^m-okv {][m\ Iem-Im-c-\mbn ]s-Spp. tkmt^m-okv cNn Ggp \mS-I--fn Ghpw {]kn--amb aqsw CuUn-kv
\mSIw/ Xnc-Y
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Iqm-p-Ip-fp P\n kn sP tXmakv As B{K-l-{]-Imcw bmtIm-_mb k`m]p-tcm-ln-X-\m-Im\mWv Hcp-n-b-sX-nepw hnip--hkv{Xw Xnc-kvI-cnv \mS-I-cw-Kv kPo-ham-hp-I-bm-Wp-m-b-Xv. \mS-I-im-kv{X-s-Ip-dn-p \ncq-]-W-, hntZ-i-\m-S-I--fpsS XPa-I, kzX-{-\m-S-I- Fn-s\ aqv taJ-e-I-fn-emWv ae-bmfn\v kn sP bpsS
kw`m-h-\-I. Db-cp bh-\nI (1950) BWv \mS-I-\n-cq-]-W--fn {]ap-J-am-b-Xv. ]mmXy
\mS-I-th-Zn-bnse ]pXnb ]co--W- ae-bm-f-n\v ]cn-N-b-s-Sp-p--Xn kn. sP ]ph-ln-p. Ch Fs {]nb-]p-{X, [nm-cn-bpsS ImX Fo {K- kmlnXy kmaqlnI cwK--fn Nm-hn-j-b-am-bn. Ah hopw hcp-p, 1128 ss{Iw 27, item-an, B
a\p-jy \o Xs, hnj-hr-w Fn-h-bmWv {]kn \mS-I-. 1128 ss{Iw 27 ae-bm-fnse BZy ]co-W \mS-I-ambn Adn-b-s-Sp-p. {Kov {SmP-Un-Isf ae-bm-f-n\v ]cn-Nb-s-Sp-pI F ey-tmsS Bn-K-Wn, CuUn-kv, enkn-kv{Sm XpS-nb \mS-I-
hnh\w sNbvXp. B[p-\nI \mS-I-ns ]nXm-hmb C_vsk s Z tKmv F
\mSIw `qXw F t]cn-emWv hnh\w sNbvX-Xv. tamfn-tb-bpsS ]nip-s Ieym-Ww,
NmIv ktlm-Z-c-m-cpsS IoS-P-w Fn-hbpw kn sP bpsS hnh\ \mS-I--fn s]Spp.
Acn-tm-n Xs \mS-I-hn-i-I-e-\-n\v amXr-I-bmbn kzoI-cn-Xv tkmt^m-okns CuUn-kv cmPmhv F \mS-I-s-bm-Wv.
Zpc\mSI k]w
Fm {Kov Zpc\mSIfpw anpIsf ASnm\amn cNnsnph
bmbncpp. AXnse tI{IYm]m{Xw BZymhkm\w Hn\p]ndtI Hmbn Zpcfm
thbmSsSph\mbncpp.
km[mcW
a\pjytcm
{]mKev`yhpw
kz`mhsshinyhpap hynI XfpsS kz`mhnep GsXnepsamcp Zu_eyw
(sltajy) aqew ]cmPbsSpIbpw ]cnlmkycmbnocpIbpw AhcpsS PohnXw
]qWamb
XIbn
IeminpIbpw
sNp
IYbmWv
{SmPUnbn
Nn{XoIcnmdpmbncpXv. CuUnkv cmPmhns IYbmWv DtamZmlcWw. {Kov
Zpc \mSIfn Hcp-k-a-bv thZnbn aqv {][m\ A`nt\Xm am{Xta
Dmbncppq. Hmtcm IYm]m{Xv A\pkcnv Cu A`nt\Xm apJwaqSn
AWnbpIbmbncpp ]Xnhv. am{Xhpa \mSIfn kv{XoIp]Icw ]pcpjm kv{Xo
thjn A`n\bnpIbmbncpp. Zpc \mSI Iv hnImcXcfnXcmbnocp
t{]IcpsS lrZbfn hnImchntcN\w (Imknkv) \Spp FmWv
{SmPUnIsf hymJym\npsImv {KsagpXnb Acnkvtmn tcJsSpnbnpXv.
CukvIn-ekv BWv {Kon Pohn-n-cp BZy Zpc--\m-S-Irv. asmcp
Zpc\mSIIrmbncp tkmt^mokv {In.ap. 465 GYkn P\np.
CukvInekns\
At]nv
\mSILS\bnepw
hnImknepw
\mSImynepw
anIhbmbncpp
tkmt^moknsd
\mSI.
tkmt^mokmWvthZnbn
IYm]{XfpsS Fw cn \npw aqmn DbnbXv. Ctlnsd Ghpw
{]knamb Zpc\mSIamWv CuUnkv cmPmhv. hpa Hm^v {Smokv, Ce{m, ^ntemI
sskv, APmIvkv XpSnbh tkmt^mokns ap {][m\ \mS. {In.ap. 480 - Ifn
P\n asmcp {Kov Zpc\mSIIrmbncpp bqdnnsUkv. kzm`mhnIX Bbncpp
Atlnsd \mSIp {][m\ KpWw. a\ximkv{X]camb kao]\neqsS
t{]Isc cknnm Atlns \mSIv Ignncpp. aoUnb, Asknkv,
lntmssevkv, Bs{Uman, Ctbm, ssktm]vkv FnhbmWv- bqdnnsUknsd
{][m\ \mSI.
CukvInekv, tkmt^mokv, bqdnnsUkv Fnh {Kov \mSInse
{XnaqnI Fv AdnbsSpp.
\mSIw/ Xnc-Y
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CS-b sImm-c-n-tev B\-bn--s-p. Ah clkyw shfn-s-Sp-p-hm Iqmn-bn-. a\w kln-m-\m-hmsX h-tm ]d-bm-sa-m-bn. Ipn teb-n-t-Xm-sWv
k-Xn-p. ]t, Ipnsb Xs Gn-Xv cmn-bm-sWpw shfn-s-Sp-n. _mnsbms kzw `mcy-tbmSv tNmZnp a\-n-em--W-sav A`yYn-p. ad-p-sh-m-\m-hm
hn[w kXyw shfn-stm tbmm \ne-hn-fnv InS--d-bn-te-tm-Sn. sIn-qn Bl-Xy-sN-bvXp. ]ndsI HmSn-h CuUn-kv IXIv Nhp-n-sm-fnv AI-p-I-Sv hmfp-sImv
Ib- apdnv `mcysb \ne-p-In-S-n. Atm-tgpw Ah acn-n-cp-p. B Zpc--\m-b-I
`mcy-bmb Asb Iptd-t\cw t\mn-bn-cp-p. ]ns, s]sv AZr-iy-amb GtXm in-bmbm Iog-S--sv tbmm--bpsS DSp-p-S-h-bnse ]nv Ducn-sb-Spv kzw In
Ipn-bn-d-n. Hcp ]pcp-j sNm Acp-Xm--sXmw sNbvXp-t]mb Rm `qan-bnse
ImWm sImm-hp--sXmpw ImWm sIm-cp-Xm--h-\m-sWv hne-]nv hopw
hopw Iv Ipn-sm-n-p. In \n Hen-n-d-nb cw apJv hmsm-gp-In.
CuUn--ns\ I P\- `bv HmSn-a-d-p. Afn-b t{Ib hv CuUn--ns\ Aca-\-bn-tev Iqn-sm-p-t]m-Ip--tXmsS \mSIw Ah-km-\n-p-p.
\mS-I-kw-{Klw
Page 11
cwKw cv
{Itbm-Wns kw`m-j-W-tm-sS-bmWv cwKw Bcw-`n-p--Xv. CuUn-kv Xn-em-tcm]n Ipw tIhew Ahm-kvX-hw -am-{X-am-sWv Abm P\--tfmSv BW-bn-Sp-p. Ahn-tSv
IS-p-h CuUn-kv {Itbm X\n-s-Xnsc KqVm-tem-N\ \Sn F Btcm-]Ww
ISp `mj-bn Bhn-p-p. Abm {Itbm-Wns ]nXm-hns ac-W-s-p-dnv
tNmZyw sNp-p. Av CtX Xntd-kn-bmv Pohn-n-cp-npw Fp-sImv Xs t]cv ]dn F tNmZy-n\v {Intbm-Wn\v adp-]-Sn-bp-m-bn-cp-n-. AhX-n hg-p-m-Ipp. Xs \nc-]-cm-[nXzw sXfn-bn-m-\m-ImsX {Intbm Ipg-p--Xn-\n-S-bn Ahn-tSv
CuUn--ns `mcy-bm-bn-am-dnb cmn {]th-in-p-p. shdpsX hg--Sn--cp-sXpw
{Intbm ]d-bp--XmWv icn-sb-p-am-bn-cpp tbmm-kvXm-bpsS ]w. AtXmsS CuUnkv XWp-p-p. tIm]-nepw im-X-bn-ep-ap CuUn--ns Cu AXn-ssh-Im-cn-I-XbmWv At-l-ns Zpc--Im-c-W-sav {Intbm kqNn-n-p-p-v. {Intbm t]mbtijw CuUn-kv dmWn-bp-ambn kwkm-cn-th Xs `m-hn-\p-mb shfn-]m-Sn-s\-p-dnp kw`-h- Ah shfn-s-Sp-p-p. Ccw shfn-]m-Sp-I hniz-kn--cp-sX-m-bncpp ]d--Xns Npcp-w. ImcWw kzw `mhv aIs ssIbm sIm-s-Sp-sa-mbn-cp-tm {]h-N-\w, ]t, Atlw ac-W-s-tXm bm{X-n-S-bn sIm-kw-L-ns
ssII-fm-epw. (A-c-samcp IY-bmWv Xo_vkn {]N-cn-n--s-n-cp-Xv). ]v, B {]hN\w Dm-b-k-a-bv P\n Ipns\ Imen Xpf-bnv _nv hnP-\-amb ]h-X-n
ac-W-n\v hnp-sIm-Sp-p-shpw dmWn shfn-s-Sp-n. AXn-\m Xntd-b-ns shfn-]m-Sp-Isf- Hcp shfn-]mSpw hniz-kn--cpXv FmWv tbmm--bpsS D]-tZ-iw. ebqkv cmPmhv
sIm-s aqq-p-s]-cp-hgn Xo_vkn-te-p hgn ]ncn-bp--Xn\v sXmp-ap-m-sWpw B
kw`hw \S-Xv Xm Xn_vkn-se-p--Xns Znh-k-p apm-sWpw Adn--tXmsS
CuUn-v IqSp-X kwi-bm-ep-hm-Ip-p. ebq-kns cq]-`m-h-fpw IqsS-bp--h-cpsS ASbm-f-fpw CuUn-v tNmZnv a\-n-em-p-p. "Dbcw IqSn. Xe shn-t]mse \cv GItZiw A-sb-tmse' F tbmm--bpsS adp-]-Sn-bn ]eXpw AS-n-bn-p-v. AtXmsS
CuUn-kv BsI XIp-t]m-Ip-p. cmPm-hns kwL-n \nv c-s Hcp ]S-bmfn
Xncnv Xo_vkn-se-n-b-tm knwlm-k-\-n CuUn--ns\ I-tXmsS Hcp Bn-S-b\mbn amdn cmPyw hnp-t]m-sbpw dmWn shfn-s-Sp-n. AtXmsS B Bn-S-bs\ ImW-Wsa-mbn CuUn--n-\v. tbmm-kvX-tbmSv kzw `qX-Im-e-N-cnXw CuUn-v hni-Zo-I-cn-pp. sImdn-n-se s]mfn-_-kmWv A, A tUmdn-kvImcn satdm-nbpw. Hcp hncp-n
shv Nm-Xn-bmWv A\m-YXzw shfn-s-Sp-n-b-Xv. HSp-hn A-\--am-c-dn-bmsX sU^n-bntep t]mbn. AhnsS shmWv As\ sImv Asb hnhmlw sNp-sa {]h-N\w
BZy-ambn tI-Xv. Ahn-sS-\np t]mcp-tm-gmWv ebqkv acn \m-h-e-bn-se-p--Xv.
AhnsS shp-mb hg-n Hcp kwL-hp-ambn Gp-ap-p-Ibpw ]e-scbpw sImp-Ibpw
sNbvXn-p-v. Iq-n Hcp Xe-\-c hr-{]-`p-ap-m-bn-cp-p. AXv ebq-km-bn-cp-s-n
hn[n X\n-s-Xn-cp-X-s. C\n Cm-cy-n Hcp sXfn-hp-Iq-Snsb _mn-bp-q. Av t]mcm-n-\n-S-bn c-s ]m-f-m-c. Abm Bn-S-b-\mbn ae-s-cn-hp-I-fn-ep-s-m-Wtm
]d-b-s-Sp--Xv. Abm-fmWv ebqkv sIm-m-cm-emWv h[n--s-Xv F IY Xo_vkn
]c-n-b-Xv. Abmsf hnfn-p-h-cpn kXy-a-dn-bp-I-Xs hgn F CuUn-kv Xocp-am-\n-p-tXmsS cmw cwKw Ah-km-\n-p-p.
cwKw 3
cwKv tbmm-kvXm-bmWv XpS--n kwkm-cn-p--Xv. CuUn--n\v \ a\-pJ-an-sv Ah ]uc-P-\-sf Adn-bn-p-p. AtX kabw sImdn-n \np ZqX hcpp. CuUn--ns\ sImdn-nse cmPm-hm-m P\- B{K-ln-p-pv F hnhcw
Adn-bn-m-\mWv Ah hcp--Xv. Ahn-Ss cmPm-hm-bn-cp t]mfn-_-kns ac-Whmbpw Ah -A-dn-bn-p. CuUn--kn\v Cu hm Bizm-k-I-c-am-bn-cp-p. ImcWw
Xs bYmY ]nXmhv t]mfn-_kv BsW-m-bn-cp-tm Atlw hniz-kn-n-cp--Xv. ]nXmhns LmX-I-\m-bn-ocpw Xms\ {]h-N\w CtXmsS s]mfn-p-shv Atlw kam-[m-\np. kzw aI-\mb Xs ImWm-Xmb hnj-a-n-emWv Atlw ac-W-s-Xv F-Xn-\m
\mSIw/ Xnc-Y
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cwKw 4
D-cmw
Page 13
2. kz]v\-hm-k-h-Zw (`mk)
]cn-`mj h-tm \mcm-b-W-ta-t\m
`mk
kwkvIrX \mS-I-I-hn-bmWv `mk. Imfn-Zm-k\pw apt Pohn-n-cp-p-shv Icp-X-sSp-p. {InkvXp-hjw Hv cv \qm-p-I-fmWv `mks Imew FmWv A\p-am-\w. ImfnZm-k-t]mepw Nne-k-`--fn `mks\ A\p-I-cn-n-pv Fp- ]d-b-s-Sp-p. 23 \mS-I
Atlw
cNn-n-p-v.
]Xn-\-tm-fta
Is-n-bn-p-q.
`mk
F
]q{]knamb
\mSIImcs\pdnv
]pcmX\Imew
apXte
]e
`mcXobcpw
]cmainncpsnepw AtlntXmbn Hscm IrXnt]mepw e`yambncpn. Xncp-h-\-]pcw ssIsb-gpv {K-im-e-bnse DtZym-K--\m-bn-cp tUm.Sn KW-]Xn imkv{Xn-I
1909 Zn-W-tI-c-f-nse ]-\m-`-]p-c-n-\-Sp-p aW-en-c aT-n \nv `mks
]p \mS-I- Is-Sp-p. Bbneyw Xncp-\m cmPm-hns `c-W-Im-e-mWv (860 1880)
kz]v\-hm-k-h-Zw \mSIw Is-Sp-p--Xv.
tIcf]mWn\nbpsS A`n{]mbn {InkvXzw Hmw \qmn\ptijamWp
`mkIhn PohnncpXv. kz]v\hmkhZns aqeIYbpsS {]mbw KWnmWv Atlw
Cu A`n{]mbn FnbncnpXv. KpWmVy cNn, ep]vXambntmsbp
hnizknsSp
_rlXvIY
F
ss]imN{]mIrX{Knepw
AXns
kwn]vXcq]amb tkmatZh`s IYmkcnmKcw F kwkvIrXIrXnbnepw
kz]v\hmkhZnse \mbI\mb DZb\almcmPmhns hniZamb PohnXIYIfpv.
KpWmVy Hmw \qmn Pohnncp kmXhml\s kaImeo\\mbncpp FXmWv
tIcf]mWn\nbpsS A\pam\n\v ASnm\w.
Xs
Imhyaoamwkbn
cmPtiJc
F
`mc-Xob
Be-m-cn-I
kz]v\hmkhZs `mks cN\bmbn GSpp ]dbpp. ImfnZmk\pw _mW\pw
`mks\pdnv {]kvXmhnnpXn\m, Ahv apmbncpp `mk PohnncpsXv
A\pam\nmw. `mks {]XnmbuKcmbWw F \mSInse Hcp ]Zyw,
{InkvXphjmcw`n\Spp
Pohnncp
AiztLmjs
_pNcnXs
B{ibnpXn\m AiztLmj\p tijhpw, iq{ZIs 'arISnIw' `mks
"Zcn{ZNmcpZ" F A]q\mSIs B{ibnpXmbn IcpXsSpXn\m
iq{ZI\p ap]pw BbncnWw Atlns Imew. Cu kqN\Isf B{ibnv,
s]mXphjmcw`n\p tijw, \memw \qmn\pdw Atlw PohnncpXmbn
A\pam\nsSpp.
KW-]Xn imkv{Xn-I-fm Is-Sp--s \mS-I-smw s]mXphmb ]e
{]tXyIXIfpv. D]tbmKnncnp `mj, \mSIw XpSp \mn tmIns cq]w,
awKfmNcWns {Iaw, \mSIw Ahkm\nnp `cXhmIyns LS\, Fm
IrXnIfnepw
ImWmhp cmP{]iwk
XpSnbh
ap kwkvIrX\mSIfpsS
s]mXpkz`mhfn
\np
thdnp\np.
]mWn\nbpsS
NnIp
app
ImetXpt]mse `mjbnse {]mIrXmwiw {]ISambncpp. ]e tmIfpw AmsStbm
AtX ssienbntem Hne[nIw {Kfn {]Xyambncpp. AXp IqSmsX,
kwkvIrXnse ]pcmX\\mSI ]npScp ]Xnhn\p hn]coXambn, Chbnsemnepw
\mSIIrns t]cpmbncpn. Fm 13 \mSIfn Hv, `mktsXv
khkXamb
kz]v\hmkhZw
Bbncpp.
\mSIp
s]mXphmbp
cN\mssienbpw kz]v\hmkhZw Ahbn HmbncpXpw ]cnKWnv, 13 \mSIfpw
`mktXmsWv KW]Xn imkv{Xn hmZnp. `mks Ghpw t{ijvTamb IrXnbmbn
]cnKWnsSp ]pcmX\kwkvIrX\mSIamWv kz]v\hmkhZw AYhm kz]v\\mSIw.
Fstpambn \spt]msbv hnizknncp Cu cN\bpsS Hcp {]Xn 1910
tIcfn \npw IsSpsp. tIcf]mWn\n F.B. cmPcmPh GXm\pw
hjpn Xs aqe\mSIIrXnbpsS GItZiw bYmXYamb Hcp aebmfw
Xa cNnpIbpmbn. `mk\mSI ]cntim[n \ncq]Im Ahsb Hmbn
Xobnsednspw kz]v\hmkhZw am{Xw B AKv\n]cosb AXnPohnspw Hcp
IY {]kvXm-hn--s-n-pv.
\mSIw/ Xnc-Y
Page 14
]meIY
Page 15
kz]v\-hm-k-h-Zw
As\ ssI-em-nb `mcy-bmb hmk-h-Z--tbm-sSmv kkpJw hmgsh hcmPyw apmepw BcpWn F i{Xp Iog-S-n. Abmsf Pbn-m Zi-I F aK-[-cm-Pmhns klmbw AXym-h-iy-am-bn-cp-p. AXn\p ]t, Zi-Is ktlm-Z-cn-bmb ]Zvam-hXnsb DZ-b-tk-\ hnhmlw Ign--Ww. Fm hmk-h-Z Pohn-n-cns DZ-b\ AXn\p
Xm-dm-hp-I-bp-an-. ]m-h-Xn-bm-Is asmcp {]nb-bp hk-cm-P-t\msSmw Pohn-p-I-bpan-. Cu {]Xn-kn ]cn-l-cn-m a{n-am-cmb buK--cm-b-W\pw cpaWzm\pw hmk-h-Z
acn-p-t]mbn F sIp-IY sa\v hmk-h-Z--bpsS A\p-a-Xn-tbm-sS-s cmPmhpw
]Zvam-h-Xnbpw Xn-ep hnhmlw \S-m ]cn-]m-Sn-bn-Sp-p. buK--cm-b-W k\ym-knthjw [cnv Ah-n-cm-Py-kv{Xo-bpsS thjw [cn hmk-h-Z-bpambn t]mIp-p. Ahsf
Xs ktlm-Z-cn-bm-sW hymtP\ ]Zvam-h-Xn-sb-s Gn-p-Ibpw sNp-p. As\
cmPmhv ]Zvam-h-Xnsb hnhmlw Ign-p-Ibpw i{Xp-hns\ tXm]nv cmPyw hos-Sp-p-Ibpw
sNp--tXmsS Imcy- Ie-n-s-fn-bp-p.
Hm-aw
\mSIw/ Xnc-Y
Page 16
cmw Aw
DZym-\-n ]pIfnp Xf hmk-h-Z-bpw ]Zvam-h-Xnbpw Xn-ep kw`m-j-Wtm-sS-bmWv cmw cwKw Bcw-`n---Xv. hmk-h-Z ]Zvam-h-Xn-bpsS ku-cys ]pIgvp-p. ]Zvam-hXn D-bn-\n-bnse alm-tk-\-s\-dn-b-s-Sp {]tZym-Xs `mcym-bm-hm
t]mIp--h-fmWv Fv AYw-shv kwkm-cn-sh Ahfpw h-cm-Pm-hmb DZ-b-\\pw
Xnep hnhmlw Dd-p-I-gnp F hnh-c-amWv hmk-h-Z-bvp e`n-p--Xv. AXp-tIv
hmk-h-Z--bpsS a\v Ccp-fp-p-v.
aqmw Aw
\memw Aw
Bcy-h-k--I F hnZq-j-I\pw cmPmhpw Xn ]qtmw Npn--d-m-\n-d-pXpw hmk-h-Z-bpw ]m-h-Xnbpw Ah-sc-v ad-p-\np-Xpw Atm-gp-mb
Nne Xam-i-Ifpw tN Hcp cwK-am-Wn-Xv. DZ-b-\-cm-Pm-hn\v hmk-h-Z-sb ad-m-\m-Ip-n
F-Xns kqN-\-I-fmWv {][m-\-ambpw Cu cwK--fn shfn-hm-Ip--Xv. cmPm-hns\ Hfn-pIm-Wp-tm-tgpw hmk-h-Z-bvp Io-cp-s]m-Sn-bp-p-v. Fm-eXv ]qsmSn In-te--XpsIm-m-sW-mWv Ah Iw ]d-bp--Xv. AXn-\n-S-bn hnZq-j-I, ac-W-s hmk-h-Z-sb-bmtWm ]pXp-`m-cy-bmb ]Zvam-h-Xn-sb-bmtWm cmPm-hn\v IqSp-X {]nbw F tNmZy-ap-bnv IpSp-p-p. BZyw Hcp-cw ]d-bm hnk--Xn DZ-b-\-cm-Pmhv KXy--c-an-msX
"]Zvam-hXn kp-cnbpw k-X-bp-am-sWpw am[p-cy-cq-]-Kp-W- XnI--h-fm-sWpw
Fnepw X\nv hmk-h-Z--bn Bg-n ]Xn-p-t]mb a\-ns\ Xncn-s-Sp-m Ignbp-n Fpw k-Xn-p-p.' (tmIw 4) CXp-tIv hmk-h-Z-bpw ]Zvam-h-Xnbpw Hcpt]mse ktm-jn-p-p-v. cPmhv hnZq-j-I-t\mSpw AtX tNmZyw tNmZn-p-p. ]m-hXn
kp-cn-bm-sW-nepw {]nbw hmk-h-Z--tbm-SmWv, ImcWw hmk-h-Z CS-bvn-Sbvv
X\nv CjvSw-t]mse hn`-h- `n-m Xcp-sa-mWv hnZq-j-Is D-cw. Cu Xam-itIv cmPmhv Nncn-p-Ibpw Cu adp-]Sn hmk-h-Z--tbmSv ]d-bp-sav Adn-bmsX ]d-p-t]mhp-Ibpw sNp-p. hmk-h-Z--sb-p-dn-p Hcp Xami tI-tm-tgpw cmPmhv ]gb Imen-tev Adn-bmsX aS-n-tm-b-Xm-bn-cp-p. (tmIw 5). ZpJw If-bp-hm-\mWv Xm
t{]as \p-h-fn-b-Xv. ]t, AXp-sImpw ian-msX Xs kSw hfp-h-cn-I-bmW-tm. acn-p-t]mb {]nb-P-\--tfm-Sp IS-m-Sp-I Io-cp-hmp hop-hm-\mWv DeIns \Sv Fv cmPmhv hne-]n-pp. (tmIw 6) kSw Xom ]Zvam-hXn cmPm-hn-\-Sptv sNp-p. Fm hmk-h-Z--sb-tmse, ]qsmSn In hoWmWv Xm
IcXv F Iw Bhn-p-I-bmWv cmPmhv (tmIw 7) ]pXp-s]-mb ]Zvam-hXn
kXy-a-dn-m Ic-p-t]mIpw F-Xp-sIm-mWv cmPmhv Cs\ Iw ]-d-bp--Xv.
Amw Aw
kz]v\ hmk-h-Zw F \ma-n\v B[m-c-amb AwK-am-Wn-Xv. AXn-I-Tn-\-amb Xeth-Z-\-bm hnj-an-p-I-bmWv ]Zvam-h-Xn-sbpw Ah hmk-h-Z-sb ImWm B{K-lnp-p-shpw Ctm s]mbvIm-Kr-l-n hn{i-a-n-emsWpw Hcp tXmgn Adn-bn-p-tXm-sS-bmWv kw`hw Bcw-`n-p-Xv. hmk-h-Z IY-I ]dv ckn-n-p-tm thZ\
ad-p-a-tm. ]t, AtX ka-b-mWv cmPm-hn\v `mcym-kw-K-n\v B{K-l-ap-Zn-p--Xv. cmPIp-amcn s]mbvIm--Kr-n-em-sW hnhcw shv hnZq-j-I cmPm-hns\ Atmv B\-bn-pp. s]mbvIm-Kr-l-n-tep Ib-dm-s\m-cp-sh taem-n \nv DXnp-hoW tXmc-Ws
Iv hnZq-j-I ]mm-sWv IcpXn `b-p-p. (XpSv \S-m-\n-cn-p kz]v\-Zr-iytmSv Cu ambm-\p-`hw tNp-a-\-n-emmw) Fm ]m-hXn AhnsS hn-n-sv
cmPm-hn\v a\-n-em-bn. ImcWw hncn Npfn-n-n-. InS Ipgn-n-n-, s\n-bn-en acpns Id Xe-bn-W-bn ]n-bn-n-, tcmKnv thZ-\-b-dn-bm-Xn-cn-p-hm-\p taem-p-I
Xqn-bn-n-n-. am{X-a, tcmKn-bmb Hcm A{X s]sv InS--hn-s-gp-tv t]mhp-I-bp-an
(tmIw 4). AXn-\m AtX InS--bn cmP-Ip-am-cnsb Aev]-t\cw Imn-cn-m-\mWv
\mSIw/ Xnc-Y
Page 17
Aw Bdv
Xh-W-m-cn-bmb hnP-bbpw lcn-m-c\pw Xn-ep kw`m-j-W-tmsS cwKw Bcw`n-p-p. bpw Pbn-p-h cmPmhv Btcm tLmj-hXn F hoW hmbn-p i_vZw tIv
hmk-h-Z-m-kvar-Xn-bm ]pf-In-X-\m-Ip-p. \a-Zm-Xo-cs h-p-Sn-en \nmWv
Abmv B hoW e`n--Xv. AsX-Spv aSn-bn sh-tXm-Sp-IqSn cmPmhv t_m[wsIp hogpp. {ipXn-kp-J-tm-Sp-IqSn hmk-h-Z--bpsS aSn-bnepw amdnepw hn{i-an \o Infn-I s]mSnbp-Xn Xp-ambn sImSnb h\-n hkn--sX-ns\ Fv cmPmhv hoW-tbmSv tNmZnpp (tmIw 1). Ac-s-n hln-pw apdpn sIn-n-Sn-pw oWn-p-tm amdn
tNv Xtem-Snbpw Fssmn hnc-th-f-I-fn hne-]npw \ns aop t\cv ]pn-cnp-sIm-p kwkm-c-fpw Fmw \o ad-p-I-f-tm Fv \n-bn-m hoW-tbmSv
cmPmhv ]cm-Xn-]-d-bpp (tmIw 2). ]cn-p-]-nb hoWsb \m-n-sb-Sp-m inev]nsb
Gn-pp hnZq-j-I.
hmk-h-Z-bpw amXm-]n-Xm--fmb alm-tk-\\pw BwKm-c-h-Xnhpw ]d--b kiI cmPm-hns\ ImWm hn-cn-p-p. Ahsc k-cn-m cmPmhv ]vZam-h-Xn-sbbpw
Iqp-p-v. aI-fpsS Zpa-c-W-hm-b-dn amXm-]n-Xm- FmWv ]d-bpI Fv cmPmhn\pw ]Zvam-h-Xnpw Bi--bp-v. cmPmhv Xn-sm-p-h--Xm-Wtm aI-sf. "B\-bp-n Fs tXmn-p, kzw a-sf-tmse Fnpw Rm ]cn-N-cn-p, Fs aIsf
A]-l-cn-p, Ahsf Imp-c-n-m F\nv Ign--Xp-an- Atm-sgmpw aa-X-hnv s]cpam-dm Rm aI-fpsS ac-W-hm tIpw aa-X-tbmsS hkn-p-p. Imc-Ww, h-cmPyw
XncnsI e`n-p--Xn\v \nan--am-bXv AXm-Wtm' FmWv cmPm-hns kt-iw. (tmIw 8)
"]Xn-\mdv A-]p-c-kv{Xo-I-fn aq-h-fmb \K-c-n\v ]c-tZ-h-X-bm-b A-dm-Wnv kpJw-Xs-b-tbm Fv cmPmhv At\z-jnp (tmIw 9). Bcv Bsc-bmWv ac-W-n \nv cnm Ign-hp--h, Ibs]mn InW-n-tep ]Xn-p IpSs Bcv XS-bpw, DeIw Hcp
ImSp-t]m-se-bmWv Imem-Imew AXp shn-sh-Sn-m-p-p, hopw apf-p-b-cp-p. (tmIw 10)
FmWv lcn-m-c cmPm-hns\ Biz-kn-n-p--Xv. C\n-sb-{X-Pw P\n-mepw hmk-h-Zsb ad-m Ign-bn-sv cmPmhv kmy-s-Sp-p-p.
\mSIw/ Xnc-Y
Page 18
\mSIw/ Xnc-Y
Page 19
samUyq 2
temI-\m-S-I-th-Zn-bpsS B[p-\nI Lw
tdmam km{amPytmsSmw {InkvXpaXw bptdmv apgph hym]nXv \mSIIebpsS
Xfbvp ImcWambnop. s{sIkvXhk` aXhnizmknIsf A`n\bn \np
hnepIbpmbn. B ImeLnse bqtdm]y \mSImhXcWw kmaqlnImtLmj
fnepw {]`pm AXnYnImbn Hcpnbncp kXvImckZpIfnepap kwKoXm
em]\tmSp IqSnb \r\rXyfnepw HXpn\np. AXn\m A`n\bn\p
thnbp \mSIcN\ \maam{Xambn. anI \mSI kmlnXy IrXnI F
\nebnemWv Am-ev {insXv. a[yImev \mSImhXcWw XpSnbXv s{sIkvXh
tZhmebfpsS Dnembncpp. ]noSv AXp ]naptp amdn. Nefn
_qv kvtPpI {IaoIcnv \mSI AhXcnnp ]Xnhpapmbncpp. KnUv
lmfpIfpw \mSIthZnIfmbn amdn.
tdmamkm{amPyns ]X\n\pw \thmm\Imen\panSbnep GXmv ]v
\qmpI bqtdm]y \mSIthZnbpsS PoWImeLambncpp. a[yImev bptdmnse
\mSIthZnbnepmb FSpp]db kw`hhnImkw s{sIkvXh aXhnizmktmSv
_s 'andn t' bpsS Bhn`mhhpw {]NmchpamWv. Cu hn`mKnsSp
\mSIIrXnIfpw \mSImhXcWfpw aXhnizmk{]NmcWn\v klmbIambncpp.
ss__nfnse AZv`pXIYI {]tabamp andn tbpsS AhXcWw FmbnSpw
Hcpt]mse Iem]cambncpn. AhbpsS `mjbnepw cN\mcoXnbnepw AhXcWcoXnbnepw
kw`hn ]cnWmaw tZiobkz`mhap \mSIfpsS Bhn`mhn\v hgnsXfnp.
andn tItfmsSmwXs andn tIfpw Acnsen. I\yIm]p{X\mbn {InkvXp
P\nXv, {XnXz hnizmkw XpSnb Kl\fmb Znhyclkysf B[mcamnbp
hbmWv andn tI. kZvKpWfpw ZpKpWfpw IYm]m{Xfmbn hcp samdmenn
tIfpw Cmev AhXcnnp hp. CeqUpIfmWv asmcn\w. Hcp \mSIw thZnbn
\Sptm cnSbnep kabv AhXcnnpXn\pXmWv CeqUv.
CXv \mSIw XpSpXn\paptm ]ntm thWsanepw AhXcnnmhpXmbncpp. ap
Iem]cn]mSnInSbnepw hncppInSbnepw CeqUn\v thZn Hcpnbncpp.
s{sIkvXhk`bpsS A\p{KltmsS hf a[yIme \mSIIebvsXncmb Nne
{]Xntj[fpw Amepmbn. A[ym]Icpw A`n`mjIcpaSnb _pnPohn
hKamWv AXn\v t\XrXzw \evInbXv.
\thmm\ \mSIw
Page 20
Page 21
XpSnbh.
B[p\nI
PohnXn
B\p`hthZyamb
s]mcptSpIfmWv
Akw_\mSIm[mcw. am\hcminbpsS 'almt\' hcpnh Zpcfpw
temIbpfpw krn AkvXnXzkakyIfmWv Ccw \mSIfn Gdnbpw Ipdpw
N sNsSpXv. bqPo Abs\kvtImbpsS ImmarKw, ItkcI Fnh Cu
KWn {itbamWv. Akw_\mSIfpsS Iqn {]ikvXnbmPn tKmtZmsb
Imv (shbvnwKv t^m tKmtZm) F \mSIw kmaph s_nt-XmWv. t\m_
km\w t\Snb Cu IrXn temInse an `mjIfntepw hnh\w sNsnpv.
(IS\n cmaIrjvW\mWv aebmfn XPpa sNbvXnpXv.) Ccp]Xmw \qmnse
\mSIcwKv ]pXnb Ne\ krn asmcp FgppImc AkvXnXzhmZnbmb sjs\
BWv. AkvXnXzhmZ]camb am\pjnI{]iv\ Nn{XoIcnp B \mSI a\pjy
PohnXnse Nne sshIrXsfbpw Akm[mcW {]iv\sfbpw Nn{XoIcnpp.
themcnI (Z sabvUvkv) BWv \ DZmlcWw. \mSIw \mSIobamIcpsXpw
AXneqsS BhnjvIcnsSp PohnXkXyfpw Xzfpw BkzmZIsc [cnnpI
FXmbncnWw \mSIns eysapw A`n{]mbs s_tSmUv s{_lvXv FnIv
\mSIw Fsmcp \mSIcq]w BhnjvIcnpIbpw AXn\p tbmPn \mSI FgpXn
AhXcnnpIbpw sNbvXp. t{]I\v Acnse kw`htfmSp hnImc]camb
kmoIcWw DmIcpsXpw _unIamb A\yhXvIcWw \ne\nn hnai\m
Iambn hnebncpm IgnbWsapw {_lvXv kzw cN\IfneqsS sXfnbnp. kmaqlnI
amn\v t{]Is\ t_m[hm\mm\p {]IS\thZnbmWv Atln\v Acv.
{Xns]\n Hmd, tImtjy Nmv kn, skvkzm\nse \ kv{Xo, ]pnebpw
innSnbpw, aZ ItdPpw AhcpsS aIfpw XpSnb A\h[n \mSIfneqsS {_lvXv Xs
knmw BhnjvIcnp.
Page 22
bYm-XY thZn
alm-`m-cX cmam-bW ]pcmW IY-I-fn \nv amdn kmaq-lnI {]iv\-sf \mS-In-tev sImp-h--tXmsS \mS-I-cwKw dnb-env ssien-bntev am-s-p. 1886 apX 1930
hscbp Imev Ccpqtdmfw \mSI cNnsp. kwKoX\mSIw Iem]cambn
A[x]Xn ImeLnemWv kzman {_{hX, Ipamc\mims IcpW (1930) \mSI
cq]n AhXcnnXv. XXv^eambn kwKoX\mSIthZnbn ]pXnb Ne\fpmbn.
{]Kev`cmb
IemImcmcpsS
t\XrXzn
]pXnb
\mSImhXcWfpmbn.
aebmf\mSIcwKv Nnbp s{]m^j\enkn\p -XpSwIpdnXv -ISbvmhq-IppIrjvW-]WncmWv. Ap-IfnIgnRm BdmwIfn kanXns coXn \Snemn
bXpw bntlamWv. Hmnd theppn, sk_my Ipp-Ipp `mKhX, tXhec
Ip]n, XncphmSn ]mp]n, ]mpfc IrjvWIpn \mb, B.]n.
tIih]n XpSnb \Sm t]scSpXpw Cu ImebfhnemWv.
Page 23
hni-Z-]-T-\-n\v
1. Iqp-Irjn
CStcn tKmhn \mb
Iqp-Irjn IYm-kw-{Klw
Aw 1, cwKw 1
IY-bnse {][m\ IYm-]m-{X-amb {io[-\-c\m-b-cpsS hoSns ]qap-J-amWv BZy-cw-Knse kw`-h--fpsS CSw. thep F Cugh Irjn-m-c {io[-cs\ ImWm hn-cn-pp. {io[-c \mb-cpsS Abmb evan-b thep-hn\v Ccn-m ]mb- \Ip-p. apv
[mcmfw \nehpw hcp-am-\-hp-ap Xd-hm-Sm-bn-cpp AsXv Ah-cpsS kw`m-j-W-n sXfnbp-p-v. Imc-W-h-m km-Znv apX-emWv Xd-hmSv \ne-\n-dp-n-b-Xv. B kar-n-ap-gp-h
Imc-W-h-m-tcm-sSmw t]mhp-Ibpw sNbvXp. AXp-tI-p-sImv {io[-c IS-p-h-cp-p. A
A\p-P kpIp-am-cs\ DtZym-K-n\v ]d--b-m {io[-c-t\mSv Bh-iy-s-Sp-p-v.
Fm A\p-Ps\ Hcp Irjn-m-c-\m--W-sa-mWv {io[-cs a\-n-en-cn-v. Ihn-X-sb-gpnepw hmb-\-bnepw am{Xw Xm]-cy-ap sNdp--m-c-\mWv kpIp-am-c. Ahs\ ]Wnsms Inptam F thep-hns kwibw tIv kpIp-am-c {]th-in-p-p. Ah\pw
DtZym-K-s-mfpw ]Wn-sN-p-h-\mWv B{K-lw. IpSn-bm-mv ]m-`qan e`n-npw henb
Pn-I Ctmgpw Ipep--an-m-Xn-cn-p-I-bm-Wv. CS-cm Atmgpw hnj-a-n Xs.
IpSn-bmamv `qan-In-m kacw sNbvXXpw Ah-cm-bn-cp-p. amn-f-p-Sn-bm-m-tcmSv \mw
tNcp-Xv icn-b Fsms-bp kpIp-am-cs A`n-{]mbw tIv Ah B Fv
Fmtbm Fv tPyjvT\pw Ipp-Im-c\pw kwi-bn-p-p-v. AXv icn-sh-p-sImv ktlmZcn ]mh-Xnbpw cwK-s-p-p. amn-f-p-Sn-bm-m A[zm-\n-mWv C{X-Im-ehpw \mb
Pn-amsc ]pen-bXv FmWv {io[-cs A`n-{]m-bw. Ah-cpsS IpSn-bm-\mb A_q-_-
amnf \-h-\m-sWpw Abm-fpsS A[zm-\w-sIm-mWv Cu Xd-hmSv C{Xbpw Imew ]n-Wnbn-msX Ign-p-t]m-b-sXpw evan-b Hmp-p-v. thep-hns \new XmgvmWv InSp--Xv. AXn-\m shw Hgn-p-t]m-Ip-n-. shp s\smw Nop-t]m-Ip-p.
sXm-Sp-mWv A_q-_- amn-f-bpsS \new. AXn-eq-sS-bmWv thep-hns ]mSs shw
Hgp-n--f-tb--Xv. AXn\v amn-f-bpsS ]mS-ns Acn-In-eqsS Hcp tXmSv Iodm thep
{ian-p-p. \ne-ns bYmY A[n-Imcn {io[-c \mb-cm-b-Xn-\m At-l-ns kXw-th-W-sa-mWv A_q-_--dns \ne-]m-Sv. B k-X-n-\m-bmWv thep hn-cn-p--Xv.
A_q-_- X\nv \ne-ns Ah-Imiw Inm-\mbn {io[-cs Am-h-\p-ambn tIkn-emWv. CXp tI-tm "amn-fbpw lnphpw F-X {]iv\w, Irjn-m-c\pw Irjn-m-c\pw
Ftmgpw tNcpw. FXnIn Ftmgpw Pn--bmWv ' Fv {io[-c kpIp-am-cs\ KpW-tZmjn-p-p. A_q-_--dn-t\m-sSmw tNv ]Wn-sb-Sp-m Xm-dmtWm Fv kpIp-am-ct\mSv {io[-c tNmZn-p-p. amnf acym-Zv s]cp-am-dn-bm X\np k-X-am-sW-m-bncpp kpIp-am-cs adp-]-Sn. thepw {io[-c\pw IqSn A_q-_--dns\ Ip kwkm-cn-m
]pd-s-Sp--tXmsS cwKw Ah-km-\n-p-p.
\mSIw/ Xnc-Y
Page 24
cwKw 2
A_q-_--dns hoSmWv cwKw. 60 hb-p \mS amn-f-bmWv A_q-_-. {io[cs\ I-bp-Ss\ Xss Am-h-\mb Imc-W-h app-Ip-n-p-sh ]cm-Xn-bmWv A_q-_ ]d-bp--Xv. am{X-a-, aI-\mb _mp \mSp-hn-n-cn-p-p. tIm]m-Ip-e-\m-bmWv A_q-_ \np-Xv Fv Ahv a\-n-em-bn. \mb-m-cpsS ]m-m-cmb Xsf \nc-cw
D]-{Z-hn-p-I-bmWv Imc-W-h sNp--Xv. Ctm Xma-kn-p hoSv Hgn-p-sIm-Sp-m
IqSn t]m F-bm tIkv \In-bn-cn-p-I-bm-Wv. \ne-sam-gn-p-sIm-Sp-m-\p tIv
thsd, t]m-cp-am-bp IpSn-bn-cnv tIn ]pc-sbm-gn-p-sIm-Sp-m-\p hn[n DS hcpw.
aIs \mSp-hn-S, `mcy-bpsS tcmKw, hnhm-l-{]m-b-sa-nb aI, hj-m-e-am-bnpw hnnd-m ]m Ah Fmw-IpSn Bbn A_q-_- BsI Akz--\m-Wv. AXn-Yn-Isf
Iv aI Bbnj ]pd-tv hcp-p. A_q-_--dns tZjyw Iv ]cn-`-h-s {io[-ct\mSv ""Rfv tZky-s-n-n-, tZky-s-Sq-ey. tZtkymw Xtm-sjms \n-v-Xm.
Ptaymv.'' Fm-bn-cpp A_p-_--dns {]Xn-I-c-Ww. Abm-fpsS Dn \nd
kShpw {]Xn-tj-[hpw apgp-h B hmp-I-fn-ep-v.
Pn-bm-bXv Xs Ipw-sIm- Fmbn-cpp {io[-cs ]w. Imew amdn, Xfpw
Cv IjvS-n-em-Wv. Ime-n-\-\p-k-cnv tbmPnv hXpw {]hn-m-\mWv {io[-c
hcp-Xv. {io[-c-sbpw A_q-_--dn-sbpw \new cp Znn-em-bn-m-Wv. CS-mWv thephns \new. Fmw-IqSn tNv Hcp-anv Irjn-bn-d-mw. A_q-_--dn-sbpw thep-hn-sbpw
Ipn-I-tfm-sSmw {io[-c\pw kpIp-am-c\pw IqSn tNm ]Wnpw BfmIpw hnfhpw
IqSpw. AXmWv Iqp-Ir-jnbpsS saw. \ne-ns Af-hn-\-\p-k-cnv hnfhv ]p-sh-mw.
Atm Ahn-tSv \ym IS-p-h-cpp. Abm CXv Am-hs\ Xm-\p Hcp N-Smn(IphnZy)bm-sWv ]cn-l-kn-p-I-bmWv sNp--Xv. Am-h-\p-thn A_q-_--dp-ambn
tIkp \S-p BfmWv \ym. Ahsc Xn Xn--emWv Abm-fpsS Dt-iyw. {io[cs Bibw \m-sbv A_q-_--dn\pw tXmp-p. ]t, Pn-bpsS Irjn-bn-S-n
hnf-hn-d-n-bm ]IpXn Pnp t]mtI-n-h-cp-sav \ym ap-dn-bnp \Ip-p-ap-v.
Abmsf skbvm-s\v (]nimNv) Bbnj Ifn-bm-p-p. \msf hn[n-]-d-bp t]m-cp-ambp IpSn-bn-cn-p-tIv Hp-Xom-m-\mWv \ym hn-cn-p--Xv. AXn\v Xs
ssIbn Imin-sv A_q-_- ]dsmgn-bp-p. HSp-hn KXy--c-an-msX Bbn-j-bpsS
ame-sb-Spv \ymv sImSp-p-p. CsXmw Iv thep-hn\v ipWvTn-h-cp-p-v. ItmcpsS Icfv shn-n\v Xs s\-t--Sp-t Fv Abm \m-tcmSv ap-dn-bnv
\Ip--tXmsS Ah _em-_-n\v apXn-cp-p. {io[-c \Sp-p-\nv AXp XS-bp-tm
cmw cwKw Ah-km-\n-p-p.
cwKw 3.
Iqp-Irjn Bcw-`n-p. Bbn-jbpw kpIp-am-c\pw tNmWv \ne-sam-cp-p--Xv.
AhX-n sNdnb ]cn-`-h--tfmsS Bcw-`n ASpw {]W-b-ambn hnI-kn-p-p. AtXmsSmw {io[-c hc-p-S-p-Ibpw thephpw A_q-_-dpw Ip-]q-p-Ibpw sNp-p-v.
kpIp-am-cs s] ]mh-Xnbpw Abpw tPmen-sN-p-p-v. Fm-hcpw tNv Bm-ZtmsS ]mp-]m-Sn-bmWv Irjn--Wn-I sNp--Xv. aX PmXn kulr-Z--fpsS Iqp-Ir-jnIqSn-bmWv \S-p-Xv. AhnsS ]qh-ssh-cm-Ky-fpw AI-e-fpw Cm-Xm-Ip-p. ]c-kv]c
kvt\l-n-sbpw kulr-X-n-sbpw ]pXnb Xfn-cp-I \mn-Sp-p.
Aw 2
cwKw 1
\mS-I-nse lmky-cw-K-am-Wn-Xv. ]d-tm-S \mb F hr\pw hmcn-b-cp-amWv
IYm-]m-{X-. Ftmgpw ]c-kv]cw Ie-ln-p Cu IYm-]m-{X--fn-eq-sS-bmWv \mnse ap
Ah--Ifpw kw`-h-hn-Im-k-fpw \mS-I-Irv hc-n-Sp--Xv. Iqp-Irjn \mbn hnf-bppv F hm Ah ssIam-dp-p. Ien-Im-ev ZpjvSammWv KpW-ap-m-hpI
Fm-WA AXn\v \mb-cpsS {]Xn-I-c-Ww. AXn-shf B]-m-sWv hmcycpw k-Xn-pp. Ah-cpsS kwkm-c-n-\n-S-bn-tev \ymcv IS-p-h-cp-p. \mb-cpsS abn-e-q-cnsb
ImWm-Xm-b-Xn\v tIkp-sIm-Sp-m-\mWv \ym-cpsS D]-tZ-iw. B kZ-n-tev \mS-I-nse
asmcp hn-\mb t]mcpw IS-p-h-cp-p. Iqp-Irjn s]mfn--W-sav \mep-t]-cpw-IqSn XXzn k-Xn-p-p. AtXmsS A_q-_--dp-am-bp Hp-Xov th F t]m Xocpam-\n-p-p. {io[-c\m-bs-Xnsc tIkp-sIm-Sp-m hmcycpw Xm-dm-Ip-p.
\mSIw/ Xnc-Y
Page 25
cwKw 2
cp If-]-dn-m-cn-I-fmb Nn-bp-sSbpw \oen-bp-sSbpw kw`m-j-Ww.\mn km[mcW
]Wn--e-s-m-tfsd kpJhpw Iqenbpw Iqp-Ir-jn-bn-epv ]t, Iqp-Ir-jn--Wnv
t]mI-cp-sXv t]m Ahsc hne-n-bn-cn-p-I-bm-Wv.amn-fbpw lnphpw hyh--bn-msX
Cd-p I-n ]Wn-p-t]m-I-cp-sXv Icp-Xp If-]-dn-m-cn-I-fp-ap-v. Nne ]Wnmsc hmcycpw apS-n-bn-p-v. HSp-hn aqp-t]-cp-sSbpw IpSpw-_-nse Fm AwK-fpw
]Wn-n-d-pI Fv Xocp-am-\n-p-Ibpw Fm-hcpw Hcp-anv I-n-en-dn If ]dn-pIbpw sNp-p. Atm ]mSp ]mn Kmn-kvXp-Xnbpw tZiob t_m[hpw DW-cp-p-v.
cwKw 3
A_q-_--dns hoSv Hgn-n-m-\p D-c-hp-ambn P]vXn-m hn-cn-p-p. \mS-Inse hnIm-c-`-cn-X-amb Hcp cwK-am-Wn-Xv. A_q-_--dn\v tap-ta ]co--W--fmWv ]S-h \Ip--Xv. Bbnj hfn-h-ep-Xm-nb sNSn-I-tfmSpw ]q-tfmSpw bm{X tNmZn-pp. Ime-anm Ime-p-s]-p Hcp agbpw Dv. kpJ-an-msX InS-p Dsb FpsNpw F hnj-a-n-emWv Bbn-jbpw A_q-_--dpw. ]pXnb hoS-t\z-jn-m t]mb
\ym shdp-ssI-tbm-sS-bmWv Xncn-p-h-cp--Xv. AtXmsS B IpSpw_w BsI hnj-a-n-emIp-p. IpSn-sbm-gn-n-m Bao\pw t]mcpw cwK-s-p-p. Hcp Hp-Xon\v \ym
{ian-p-p. {io[-c \mb-cpsS \new t]mv hnp-sIm-SppI F-XmWv Hp-Xov.
AXn- Abmv Cncn Ip-v. am{X-a Ctm \S-p Iqp-Irjn XIm\pw
AXp-Xs hgn. Fm AXv A_q-_- k-Xn-p-n-. {io[-c Xs hniz-kn-mWv
AhnsS Irjn-bn-d-n-b-Xv. hnfhp Xocpw-apt AXv asm-cmv ssIam-dp-Xv hnizm-k-h-\-bm-Wv. AXp k-Xn-n-s-ntem Xma-kn-p hoSv Hgn-tb-nbpw hcpw. BsI [a-k--Sn-embn Abm. t]m A_q-_- Hcp Im^-dns\ klm-bn-p--Xn \ockw ]dbpp. AXp-tI-v, Bcm Im^ Bcm Cmw Fv HSp-s \mfnte Xncnbq F ]cn-lmk-amWv A_q-_- ]d-bp--Xv. Bbnj _mms\ t]mIm \n_-n-p-p. Ftmm
tamtf t]mhpI F ]nXm-hns tNmZy-n\v Dcw \Ip-Xv Ahn-tSv Ib-dn-h-cp
{io[-c-\m-Wv. "\v Htc I-nendn Irjn-sN-m-sa-nev Hcp taq-c-p-n Xmakn-p-Ibpw sNmw' Fm-bn-cpp Abm-fpsS {]Jym-]-\w. Dsb sImp-t]m-Im a-epambn thep-hn-t\m-sSm--amWv {io[-c h-Xv. A_q-_--dn-s\bpw hop-Im-scbpw kzw
honse AwK--sf-tm-se-bmWv {io[-c sImp-t]m-Ip--Xv. P]vXn-sN-m h Bao
{io[-cs\ A`n-n-p-p. AXn\v {io[-c ]d-bp adp-]Sn {it-b-amWv "kzw ktlm-Zcs\ s]cp-h-gn-bn-en-d-n-hn-Sp Pn-Xz-amWv \oNw. \n-fp-sSbpw Fsbpw hb-ns IpI-m-c-\mWv Pn'
Aw 3
cwKw 1
]d-tm-S \mbcpw hmcn-bcpw hopw Ip-ap-p-p. {io[-c\m-b Ins\
tamjvSnp F I-tkv sImSp--Xns t]cn ]d-tm-S \mbsc t]meokv Xnc-bp-Ibm-Wv. AXns kq{X-[m-c-\mb \ymsc Xncp \S-p-I-bm-W-bm. Ahn-tSv t]m
IS-p-h-cp-p. IqsS \mSp-hn _mp-hp-ap-v. ]pXnb thj-nepw `mh-n-epamWbm.
_mp A{X-Im-ehpw t_mws_-bn-em-bn-cp-p. Ahn-sS-shv Nne Xo{h-hmZ hyn-I-fp-ambn
Abm ]cn-N-b-s-n-p-v. AXns Nne Bi-b- Abm-fn-en-tm-gp-v. {io[-c\m-b
Xs _msb ]nv hoSpw ]dpw Xn-sb-Sp-n-cn-pp FmWv Abmsf Btcm sXn-cn-n-n-cn-p--Xv. Ctm t]m-cpsS IqsS-bmWv _mp-hp--Xv. _mms\ ]n--hsc Xm
shdp-sX-hn-Sn F _mp {]Xn--sN-p-p. t]meokv tj-\n \nv hcp \ymsc
Ah Ip-ap-p-p. I-tkv sImSp--Xn\v aqv t]meo-kp-Im-cn\nv \ s]S Innbn-p-v. ]t, AXv hcpw-h-gnv hoWp ]n-b-Xm-sWmWv \ym ]d-bp--Xv.
cwKw 2
kpIp-am-c\pw thephpw kwkm-cn-p-\np-n-S-tv _mp IS-p-h-cp-p.
thephpw {io[-c\pw tNv _mms\ NXn-Xv tNmZyw-sN-m-\mWv Abm hcp--Xv. Ime
\ym-cp-sSbpw \cn-hm-b t]m-cp-sSbpw he-bn s]-Xp-sIm-mWv Abm C-s\sbms kwkm-cn-p-Xv FmWv thep-hns ]w. _mp-hm-Is lnp- apkvenw
sshcm-Ky-ns Bi-b-]-c-amb `mj-bn-emWv kwkm-cn-p--Xv. Iqp-Ir-jn-b-Sw _msb
]-m-\p hnZy-bm-sW-mWv _mp ]d-bp--Xv. Xm Hcp bYmY apkven-am-sWpw
X\nv Hcp lnp-hns hon _m-bp-m-hm ]mSn-spw _mp ]d-bp-p. apkven-an\v
`b-an-s-pw, Hcnte acnq Fpw, X-fpsS \nes s\v Xm kzbw sImbvsX-Sppw
Fpw shp-hn-fn-p-sImv _mp t]mIp-p.
\mSIw/ Xnc-Y
Page 26
cwKw 3
{io[-c\m-b-cpsS hoSv. Bbnj ZpxJn-X-bm-Wv. A k-S-ns ImcWw At\z-jnp-p. _mm-s\bpw Dm-s\-bp-samw \-hw t\m-W-sat Bbn-jp ]d-bm-\p-q.
Bbnj B hon Xp Inp ]cn-K-W-\-bnepw kuI-cy-nepw ktm-j-h-Xnbpw
kwXr-]vX-bp-am-Wv. am{X-a Xp-thn {io[-c\m-b-cpsS honse BNm-c-t]mepw
amn-sh-p-Xv Ahsf Akz--bm-p-p-ap-v. Fm _mp \mn-se-n-bnpw Ahsftbm _m-sbtbm ImWm hcmsX t]m-cns hon IqSn-b-XmWv Ah-fpsS k-S-fpsS bYmY Imc-Ww. Ah {io[-c\m-bs-Xnsc kwkm-cn-Xpw apw Ah kpIp-am-c\n \nv Adn-bp-Ibpw sNbvXn-cn-p-p. F-s\-sb-nepw _mp-hns\ Hp ImW-Wsapw Ah-t\mSv Imcy--fpsS \nP-n-Xn Adn-bn--W-sapw Ahp-v. ktlm-Z-cs
a\w amp-hm Ah-t\m-sSmw Xma-kn-m-\mWv Ah-fpsS ]pd-m-Sv. AXp-tI-p-sImp {]thin-p A_q-_-dpw aI-fpsS ]-m-bn-cp-p. t]mIp-tm _mp-hn-t\mSv CXp-IqSn ]db-W-sapw A_q-_- Adn-bn-p-p. ""Hm Ckvem-an-tev hXv Fs tam\m-bn-m-Wv.
Adn-bm-\p-Xv Adn-n-mWv Hcnmw {]hn-p-I. ]ns Hm shf sImpwpw tIp.
Hm shX-m t]mW shf sImmXs Hm\v sIevn-. ap-tmcv shX-Xv shXtmXs sImp-qpw ]d-t-tv''
cwKw 4
_mp-hns GImw-Kkw`mjWw am{X-amWv Cu cwK-v. _pns\ (hn{K-l-sf)
Bcm-[n-p--h-tcmSp ]I-bmWv Ahs kw`m-j-W-n apgp-h. apkvenw-I-tfmSv t\cnv
Gp-ap-m Ign-bm--Xp-sIm-mWv NXn-{]-tbm-K- \S-p-Xv Fv Ah Nnn-p-p.
t]m-bmWv Ahs ImgvN-m-Sn icn-bmb apkvenw. Xs t\Xr-Xz-n Ckvem-anse
Fm bphm-fpw Hn-p-sav Ah kz]v\w ImWp-p. Ingp Nph-n-cn-p-p. Ckvemans sImSn-b-S-bmfw Db-cp-I-bm-Wv. Ahn-izm-kn-I-fpsS cw Nnn m]n-m t]mIp
Ckvem-ans temI-amWv Abm-fpsS {]Xo-. In ssIbn-se-Spv AXn-t\mSv Nncn-p-p.
Ien-sImv hndp hndp t]mIp-p.
cwKw 5
{io[-c\m-b-cpsS hoSns Ing-p-`m-K-p-shv cm{Xn _mphpw Bbn-jbpw Ip-app-I-bm-Wv. XtmSv kwkm-cn--cp-sXpw Xm \ns _mp-sh-s-p-amWv Ahs BZy
{]Xn-I-c-Ww. \ns aqp \c B X-tbmSv kwkm-cn-m-\mWv Xm h-sXv Ah ]dbp-p. ]t, Bbnj XS-bp-p. Fm \ns BZyw Fp Bt{Im-inv Ah Bbn-jbpsS Igp-n ]nSn-p-p. apv Xm Ifn-p-tcw In Xn Igp-n-epmb hSp
Ahs ssIbn XS-bp-p. Bbnj B kw`hw Hman-n-p-tm Ah CXn-I-hyXm
aqV-\m-Ip-p. Ah Dm-bp-sSbpw _m-bp-sSbpw Zb-\o-b-nXn hnh-cn-p-p. AtXmsS
_mp Zp_-e-\m-Ip-p. Bcpw klm-bn-m-\n-m Imev klm-bn {io[-c\m-bsc
sXn--cn-p-shpw CXn-s\mw ]nn Ifn t]msc \-h-\mbn Icp-Xn-sbpw _mphn\v a\-n-em-Ip-p. Iqp-Ir-jn-bpsS s]mcp Ah _mp-hns\ ]Tn-n-p-p. AtXmsS
_mp-hns\ ]nSn-Iq-Sn-bn-cp sNIp-m hnp-t]m-Ip-p. cp-t]cpw D-sb-Im-Wm t]mIp-tXmsS cwKw Ah-km-\n-p-p.
Aw 4
cwKw 1
B[m-c-sa-gpv Hm^o-kv. \ym Fgp-Xp-I-bm-Wv. Ahn-tSv t]m IS-p-hv
_mp ]n-p-sh hm Adn-bn-p-p. _mp-hn\v hoSv Fgp-Xn-sm-Sp-m thn-bp
apsm-cp--mbn Ah \S-nb ]W-an-S-]m-Sns t]cn X-am-Ip-p. cp-t]cpw
hg-p-IqSn ]ncn-bp-p.
cwKw 2
hmcn-bcpw ]d-tm-S \mbcpw. cp-t]cpw t]meokv tj-\nse ZpcnXw ]d-mWv
XpS-p--Xv. _mphpw IqSn {io[-c\m-b-cpsS hon-emWv Xmakw F-XmWv asmcp
hm. am{X-a ]d-tm-S\m-b-cpw Ctmh-cp-Xv {io[-c\m-b-cpsS hon\n-m-Wv.
amn-fm-cm-sW ]d-n-sm, Fsmcp shSnpw hrn-bp-amWv A_q-_--dn\pw IpSpw-_n\pw FmWv Ctm Abm-fpsS A`n-{]m-bw. Iqp-Ir-jn-s-Xn-scbpw amn-f-ams-Xnscbpw C\n Xms\mpw ]d-bn-spw Abm BW-bn-Sp-p. "\ny-mv ]d-p. AXn\t Rm D Imsims sNe-hmn cmta-iz-cp t]mbn Ipfnp sXmgpXv t]mXv'
Fmbn ]d-tm-S. am{X-a A_q-_--dns \ne-n-\-cn-I-ep Xs ]mSv NocIrjnbn-dn Iqp-Ir-jn-tbm-sSmw tNcm\pw Abm Xocp-am-\n-p-p. "Rm\pw Btem-Nn-s'
FmWv hmcy.
\mSIw/ Xnc-Y
Page 27
cwKw 3
Ah-km\ cwK-am-Wn-Xv. Iqp-Ir-jn-bpsS Ifw. s\--q-m-c- Hcn-S-v. Bbnj
s\v Im-n-Sp-I-bm-Wv. ]mh-Xn-bmWv hoin-sm-Sp-p--Xv. kpIp-am-c-\p-am-bp {]W-bns kqN-\-I Ah ]p-sh-p-p. \ymcpw t]mcpw Xn tIkm-bn. _mp-hp-ambp Icm-dns t]cn t]mv A_q-_--dns hoSv Xncn-p-sIm-Sp-t-n-h-p. ]t,
A_q-_- B hon-tev t]mIp-n-, ]Icw {io[-c \mb-cpsS ]d-n Xs ]pXnb
hoSv shp-I-bmWv Abm. A{Xbpw karn Iqp-Ir-jn-bn\nv Dmbn FmWv
AXnse kqN-\. ]pXnb hoSp-m-n-bm Imm-s\bpw Iqn ]mh-Xnsb ImWn-p-sIm-Spm hcpw F asmcp kqN-\bpw Bbnj \Ip-p. kpIp-am-c\v s\v Im-n-Sm
Bbnj hoin-sm-Sp-p-p. thephpw {io[cpw hcp-p. ]Xn-hn Ihn s\p-mbn
FXn Bizm-k-apv Fm-hpw. thep-hns s\v IW-n\v hoXw-sh-p-p. _mnh s\n Adp-]Xv iX-am\w {io[-c\pw \m]Xv A_p-hn\pw F IW-mWv A_q-_ shp--Xv. kam-kaw ]p-sh-Ww F-Xm-bn-cp-nt hyh Fv {io[-c Hmann-p-p. ]t, Pn-amv Ah-cln-p IqSp-X sImSp-Ww Fv ]d-bp-Xv _mphm-Wv. am{X-a, ]Xn-hn\p hn]-co-X-ambn Pn Iqp-Ir-jn-bn ]Wn-sb-Sp-n-p-ap-v. "Pnsbbpw IpSn-bm-s\bpw \fv \mSp-I-S-o-te. ChnsS Ctm a\p-jy-m-ct Dq. hnpw
Ipw \n-sS-bm. ]cn-N-bhpw \nv. kam-k-aw-Xs F\nv IqSp-X- em`am. \n-bn Ihnv Rms\-Sp-n' Fm-bn-cpp AXn\v {io[-cs adp-]-Sn. AXv kpIp-am-c\pw
k-Xn-p-p. Iqp-Ir-jn-bn km-nI em`w am{X-a kmap-Zm-bnI em`-hp-ap-mbn Fv
\mS-I-Irv Cu Ah-km-\-cw-Kv {]Jym-]n-p-p. AXp-sIm-mWv "R-fn-n-cp FS-h-csmw RXs sImn-bn-p' Fv {io[-c ]d-bp--Xv. aX-]-c-amb hnm-\-nepw
\S-nepw \v Iqp-Irjn thWw. ]t, \new ]mI-s-n-n Fpw {io[-c hyk-\np-p. a-tbm-sSbpw Hcp-a-tbm-sSbpw Imn-cn--Ww. Cv Iqp-Ir-jn-bn-ep-mb kar-nt]mse ASp ]pIn-en kar--amb Hcp ]pXnb Xe-ap-dsb \mw hnf-bnpw Fv {io[-c
{]Xn--sN-p-p.
AXp-tIv s\Sp-hon-Sp-Xv kpIp-am-c\pw Bbn-j-bp-am-Wv. ImcWw ASp Xe-ap-dbpsS {]Xn-\n-[n-I-fm-Wtm Ah. am{X-a kap-Zm-b-n Htsd {]iv\-p Imc-W-amIp {]W-b-nse tPmSn-I-fp-am-Wv. Ahsc t\mn A_q-_- ]d-bp "]S-tm-t\, C\n
CXn-s\m Hcp hgn' F henb tNmZy-n- \mSIw Ah-km-\n-p-p. B tNmZyw
bYmY-n ]S--h-t\m-S-, \mSIw ImWp Hmtcm a\p-jy-tcm-Sp-am-Wv.
\mSIw/ Xnc-Y
Page 28
F IrjvWn
2. I\yI
F IrjvW-]n
\mSIkw{Klw
Aw 1
Xncph\]pcs ]cnjvIrXhpw Ia\obhpamb "am[ho kZ\'nemWv \mSIw
kw`hnpXv. Krl-\m-Y\pw \mbn-I-bp-amb IrjvW--Wn-cpw am[-hn-b-bpw kwkm-cn-psIm-n-cn-p-p. apv ]e bmX-\-Ifpw A\p-`-hn--Xm-sWnepw Dd--i-co-c-ap BfmWv
]Wn-. am[-hn-b 60 mw hb-nepw buh-\-bp-bpw Ipeo-\-bp-am-Wv. kzw kzp-fpsS hn]-\-bp-sSbpw hne-bp-sSbpw Imcyw kwkm-cnv Ah aI-fmb tZh-In-bpsS ]pXnb
`mh-am--s-p-dnv N-sN-p-p. aIv Ctm Hn-t\mSpw Xm]-cy-an-. 35 hb-mb
aI km DtZym-K--bm-Wv. Ah-fpsS iw_-f-n-emWv IpSpw_w Ign-bp--Xv. tPmennS-bn Ahsf hnhm-lw-I-gn--b-m t]mepw amXm-]n-Xm- {in-n-n-. kzw A\p-Pn-bmb `mc-Xn-tbmSv At-b-s kvt\l-ap-m-bn-cp tZhIn ]t, Ctm Ah-tfm-Spt]mepw AI ]men-p--Xn amXm-]n-Xm- Bi-m-Ip-e-cm-Wv. the-m-cn-bmb Pm\Insb hnfnv Imcy-sa-m-sWv Ah At\z-jn-p-p. Pm\-Inpw tZh-In-bpsS `mh-amw
]nSn-In-n-bn-n-. tZhIn cm{Xn Dd-n \ns-gp-tv Dds s]mn--c-bm-dpv F hnh-cwam{Xw Ah-dn-bmw. `mc-Xn-bpsS hnhmlw Ign--Xn\p tij-amWv tZh-Inv Cs\ am-fp-m-bXv F kqN\ Pm\In \Ip-p. tZh-In-bpsS `mh-am--n\v ]cn-lm-c-ambn Hscmsm-cw a{-hmZw \S-n--fbmw FmWv IrjvW--Wn- A`n-{]m-b-s-Sp--Xv. Pm\In
t]mb-tijw Ahn-tSv aI cmP-ti-J-c IS-p-h-cp-p. cmP Fp-hn-fn-p Abm
sNdp--m-c-\mWv. tZhIn km-Zn-p-sIm-p-h-cp--Xn \nv BtLm-j-]qhw Pohn-pI
F-Xp-am-{X-amWv Abm-fpsS tPmen. as-s-nepw tPmentbm I-h-Stam sNp-Xv shdpsX-bm-sWv Abm A`n-{]m-b-s-Sp-p. aIs CjvS-v Hcp AWp-t]mepw FXn-cp\nm--h-cmWv A-\--am. am{X-a sNdn-b-Ip-n-sb-tmse Ah cmPs\ Xmtem-en-pIbpw sNp-p. hen-b-h-enb DtZym-K--cpsS a-fp-ambn Iqp-IqSn Nop-I-fnpw aZy-]npw
\S-p aIs\ AXn t{]mm-ln-n-p-I-bmWv amXm-]n-Xm-. cmP Atm IS-p-hXv Afn-b (`mc-Xn-bpsS `mhv) sN- ]n-sb-Ip-dnv Ipw-]-d-bm-\m-Wv. `mc-Xn-bpsS
`m-hmb sN- ]n {Kmao-W-\m-Wv. Abmv Xncp-h-\--]pcw \K-c-n Fsnepw km tPmen Xc-s-Sp-n-sm-Sp-m-sav tZhIn hmKvZm\w \In-bn-cp-p-shnepw AXv ]men-m-\m-bn-n-. Abm-fpsS s]cp-am-hpw Pohn-X-co-Xn-Ifpw kz`m-hhpw tNepw
tImehpw am[-ho-k-Z-\-nse At-hm-kn-Iv tbmPn Xc-n-e. Hcp knK-c-p-IqSn henm Abm-fpsS kz`m-hs cmP-ti-J-c IW-n\v ]cn-l-kn-p-p. ]mn-\-S-m
Bbn-c--W-n\v cq] Nne-hm-p Abmv sN-]n Imn-Ip-Sn-m t]mepw
ImeW Nne-hm-m--Xn {]Xn-tj-[-ap-v. Cm-cy-n am[-hn-b acp-a-Is\ D]-tZ-in-msav Xocp-am-\n-v thZn-bn \nv t]mIp-p. Ahn-tSv am[hn {]th-in-p-p. NS ico-camWv Ah-fp-tS-Xv. \ncmi _m[n apJ-`m-h-. Ieym-W-hn-cpp Ignv hcn-I-bm-Wv.
\mSIw/ Xnc-Y
Page 29
Page 30
Aw \mev
thep-n--tbmSv kwkm-cn-p-I-bmWv am[-hn-b-. `mc-Xnsb Xncn-p-sIm-p-h-cm
t]mb cmP-ti-J-c AhnsS Iqp-Im-tcm-sSmw tNv hg-p-m-p-Ibpw aZy-]nv Dmb
kwLj-n sN-]n sIm-s-Sp-Ibpw sNp-p. sIme-]m-X-I-p-n\v Abm
t]meokv ]nSn-bn-ep-am-bn-p-v. Pbn-ense aIs Ah--tbmv k-S-s-Sp am[-hn-b-bpsS Acn-Intev tZhIn IS-p-h-cp-p. cmP-ti-J-cs\ Pmay-n-en-d-m Ah henb
Dm-l-sampw ImWn-p-n-. `mcXn Pbn-p-shpw Xm tXmp-shpw tZhIn HSp-hn
A-tbmSv k-Xn-p. ImcWw `mc-Xn-bpsS `mhnt\m-sSm--ap PohnXw Ah sXcs-Sp--XmWv icn. B\w FXv Ah-c-h Xocp-am-\n-p--Xm-Wv. tZh-In-Xv a\-n-embn-. B\w kz-ambn t\Sp--Xn\p ]Icw ap--h-cpsS B\w \in-n-m-\mWv Xm
{ian--sXv tZhIn Xncn--dn-p. AXns ^e-amWv Ctm A\p-`-hn-p--Xv. Cu Ipg--fp-sS-sbms ImcWw aqp-\-c Xs amXm-]n-Xm-fmsWv tZhIn Xpd-p-]-d-bp-p.
Hcp kv{Xop Inm-hp Ghpw henb m\hpw [\hpw sFiz-cyhpw tamhpw hnhm-lPo-hn-X-am-sWv `mcXn Fgp-Xnb In-ep-m-bn-cp-p. am{X-a `m-hns ac-W-tijw
Zmcn-{Zy-n-em-p-t]mb `Xr-Ip-Spw-_s Xon-tm-p-I-bmWv Xs `mhn-Po-hn-X-sav `mcXn
Xocp-am-\n-n-cn-p-p. B hmp-I tZh-Insb Bg-n kzm[o-\n-p. Xm C{X-Im-ehpw
ths-p-sh B\w kzbw kzoI-cn-m Ah Xocp-am-\n-p-p. ]Tn-hpw DtZymKhpw kap-Zm-b-nse ta-bp-sams a\p-jys Icp-smen am{X-am-Wv. ]dn-s-dn-bm
hm ]ucp-jhpw kv{XoXzhpw AXn-\p-n IpSn-sIm-p-p-v. Ah \ne-hn-fn-p-tm
\mw adp-]-Sn-\I-Ww. As-n AXv IqSp-s]m-nv ]pd-p-Nm-Spw. AXn-\m DtZymKw cmPnshv Xm C\n IpSpw-_-Po-hn-X-n-tev IS-p-I-bm-sWv tZhIn Xpd-p-]-d-bp-p. AXptIv am[-hn-b t_m[w-sIp hogp-p.
cwKw 2
tZhIn t]mIm-s\m-cpn \np-p. Pm\-In-tbm-SmWv bm{X tNmZn-p-Xv. Pm\-InbmWv Ahv `mhn-Po-hn-X-n-\p amKw ]d-p-sIm-Sp-p--Xv. Ap-hsc Xs them-c-\m-bn-cp thep-n-sb `m-hm-m tZhIn Xocp-am-\n-p-p. Abm-tfm-sSmw
asmcp Pohn-X-n-tev Ah \S-p-t]m-Ip-Xv t\mn ]nXmhpw Pm\-Inbpw \ng-ep-t]mse
\np-tm \mSIw Ah-km-\n-p-p.
{]iv\-\m-SIw
ae-bm-f-nse BZys {]iv\-\m-S-I-am-bmWv I\yI Icp-X-s-Sp--Xv. t{]mw t
F-dn-b-s-Sp {]iv\-\m-S-I- kaq-l-nse {]iv\--fmWv \mS-I-cq-]-n Ac-n-sen-p--Xv. ]e-tmgpw IpSpw-_-nse kw`-h-hn-Im-k--tfmSv tNmWv kmaq-lnI {]iv\ Cu \mS-I- ssIImcyw sNp-I. sl{SnIv C_vsk F \mS-I-Ir-mWv
{]iv\-\m-S-I--fpsS {][m\ {]tbm-m-hv. At-l-ns tUmkv lukv F \mSIw
Cq--nse {][m\ IrXn-bmbn IW-m-p-p. kv{XohmZ {]m-\s BZy-ambn \mS-In-tev B\-bn IrXn-Iq-Sn-bmWv tUmkv lukv. I\yI F \mSIw CtX-t]mse
DtZym-K--I-fmb kv{XoI-fpsS am\-knI {]iv\-sf Ac-n-se-n-m-\mWv {ian--Xv.
sshhm-lnI PohnXw \ntj-[n--s-Sp kv{XoI-fpsS kmaq-lnI {]iv\--fmWv Cu \mSIw
ssIImcyw sNp--Xv.
\mSIw/ Xnc-Y
Page 31
3. em-evan
kn F {ioI-WvT \mb
kn F {ioI-WvT \mb ( P\\w. 1928 Nhd, sImw. acWw 1976 Unkw_ 17)
B[p-\nI aebmf \mSI{]m\ns BNmcym\ob\mWv kn.F.{ioIWvT
\mb. aebmf \mSIn _unIhpw Bib]chpamb ]pXnb hgn shnpd
BfmWv Atlw. IuapZn hmcnI, IuapZn Zn\{Xw, tZi_p hmcnI, tIcf`qjWw
FnhbpsS ]{Xm[n]cmbn {]hnp. sNdpIYI FgpXnbnpsnepw \mSIIrv
F\nebnemWv Ctlw {]ikvX\mbXv. Im\koX, emevan,
kmtIXw,
\hSw, B I\n XncpXv, Gnse ]ip, a[phn[p, knqcsmv, Xnfp av,
]nnq, ]pfnbnec t\cyXv Fn-h-bmWv {][m\ IrXn-I.
At-l-ns kmtIXw, emevan, Im\koX Fo IrXn-I cmam-b-Ws
Bkv]-Z-am-nb cN-\-I-fm-Wv. Ch \mS-I-{Xbw F-dn-bsSp-p. cma\pw evaW\pw
Atbmybn \np h\hmkn\p t]mIp k`hpw Zi-cY hnjm-Z-hp-amWv
kmtIXnse {]tabw. h\-hm-km-\-cw cmas knlm-k-\m-tcm-l-Whpw koXm-]-co--Whp-amWv Im\koX ssIImcyw sNp--Xv. Cu \mSIn\v 1962-se kmlnXy AmZan
AhmUv e`np. Fgp]XpIfnemWv {ioIWvT \mbcpsS {]knamb \mSI{Xbnse
kmtIXhpw emevanbpw {]knoIrXamhpXv. Cu \mSIns Bibn
Achn, 1977- CtX t]cns Hcp Nen{Xhpw kw-hn[m\w sNbvXnpv. Fw.]n.
t]m km\w t\Snb \mSIamWv \hSw.
em-evan F Cu \mS-I-n cmh-W koXsb e-bn-tev Xn-sm-p-h-Xn\p tij-ap-mb kw`-h- A\m-h-cWw sNp-p. koXsb tXSn l\p-am e-bn-sep--tXm-sS-bmWv \mS-I-n\v XpS-am-hp--Xv. l\p-am e-bn \S-nb ]cm-{I-a-W cmh-Ws cmP-[m-\n-bn N-bm-Ip-p. Cu \mS-I-nse \mb-I-m-\-pXv cmhW-\m-Wv. cm-k-cm-Pm-hmb cmh-Ws\ tIh-e-samcp {]Xn-\m-b-I-\m-b Ah-X-cn-n-p--Xv.
adnv hodpw Icp-p-ap [otcm-Zm \mb-I-\m-bm-Wv. sFiz-cyhpw ku-cy-hp-ap--sXmw
ev kz-am-Ww Fm-in-p tZim-`n-am-\nbpw ku-cym-cm-[-I-\p-amb Hcp cmPm-hm-bmWv. ]t,Fm kz-m-scbpw Cu apt--n IqsS \ndp-m cmh-W-\m-bn-. As\
]mmXy \mS-I-ssi-en-bn-ep ]qW-amb Hcp Zpc--\m-S-I-ambn em-evan amdp-p.
Page 32
c-amb im]-ta--hm-n-b-Xm-sW-nepw AXv tamln-mXn-cn-p-Xv cm-kIp-e-n\v A]-am-\am-sWv hniz-kn-p--h-\mWv cmh-W. tZh-]-Xnp Xpey-ambn {]]--n-ep GI
kp-cn-bmWv koX. Ah ebvp tN IukvXp-`-am-Wv. aqp temI--fn Xpey-am-bsXm-sbpw ebvv Ah-Im-i-s--Xm-sWv cmh-W hniz-kn-p-p.
ssh{i-h-Ws ]pjv]-I-hn-am\w, {_m-hns t]m-, inhs N{-lmkw Fmw
e-bpsS Ae-m-c-am-bn-cn--W-sav cmhW \n-bn-p. Ima-t[\phns\ _emm-c-ambn
sImp-h-m Ipg--fp-m-Ip-sav Iv AXn-s\-am-{Xta cmh-W e-bn-tev sImph-cm-Xn-cp-n-p-q. koXsb Xnsmp -h-cp-Xv cmh-W kv{XoPn-X(kv{Xosb Iogvs-Spp--h)-\mbn-, {ioPn-X-(sFiz-cys kz-am-p--h)\m-bn-mWv. sFiz-cyhpw Aem-c-fpw e-p--Xm-I-bm temI-nse Ghpw henb sFiz-cyhpw Ae-m-c-hp-amb
koXbpw ev Ah-Im-i-s--Xm-sWt B A]-l-c-W-n\v AY-ap-q. AXm-Is cmk-hw-i-n-\p-Xs A`n-am-\-I-c-am-hp-Ibpw sNpw. hwi-t{i-b-ns t]cn cmh-W Xs
ssItb--sf \ymbo-I-cn-p-Xv C-s\-bm-Wv.
cmas ]S-p-d-mSpw l\p-ams em-aZ-\hpw hm\-c-tk-\-bpsS kap-{Z-tk-Xp-\namWhpw cmas [oc-N-cn-X-hp-samw N-sN-p thf-bnemWv cmh-W kZ-n-tev IS-ph-cp--Xv. AtXmsS Np NqtS-dn. hm\-c--Ssb Fn-s\-bmWv t\cn-tS-Xv F X{w
cmh-W\pw kZ-kycpw Btem-Nn-p-p. e-bpsS bp-X-{- ]g-In-tmbn Fv C{-Pnn\v Bt-]-ap-v. in-sb-m-tfsd _pn-bmWv bpw Pbn-n-pI Fv bphm-hmb
Atlw hmZn-p-p. AXn-\m koXsb sImp-I-f-bp-I-bmWv _pn Fv \ntZ-inpIbpw sNp-p. koX-bpsS incv cmas apn-se-n-p-I. AtXmsS cma t_m[-c-lnX-\m-Ipw. ]ns bpta thn-h-cn-. CXp-tI cmh-W {]l-kvX-t\mSv A`n-{]m-b-am-cm-bpp. CXv bp-X-{-a Fpw X{-bp--amWv Fp-am-bn-cpp {]l-kvXs ]cn-lm-kw. ap
t]mwh-gn-I-fn-s-n am{Xta X{-bpw ]b-mhq Fm-bn-cpp At-l-ns A`n-{]m-bw.
AXp-sIm-p-Xs cmh-Ws bi-n\v Cu \ntZiw If--am-Ip-sapw {]l-kvX kqNn-np-I-bm-Wv. hm\-c--S-bpsS Xm-e-n-Xn-b-sv a\-n-em-m cmh-W hn`o-j-Ws\
At\z-jn-p-p. hm\-csc t\cn-Sm-\p t]Sn-sIm-mtWm koXsb sImp-I-f-bm I]nXv Fp tNmZnv cmh-W C{-Pn-ns\ ]cn-l-kn-p-papv. ieyw Hgn-hm-m sImpI-f-b-emWv \ amK-sa-m-bn-cpp C{-Pn-ns adp-]-Sn. sImp-Ip-p-v ]qm-sb
sImp-I-f-bp--Xm-Wtm ktmjw Fm-W-Xn\v cmh-W \Ip adp-]-Sn. koX ]qmsbtmse-bm-sW kqN\ Cu hmIy-n-ep-v. cmh-W koXsb A{Xbpw \naehpw
kp-c-hp-am-bmWv ImWp--Xv. am{X-a C{-Pn-ns A`n-{]mbw Ipn-I-fpsS kwkm-cwt]mse A]-Iz-am-sW [z\nbpw cmh-Ws ]cn-lm-k-n Hfn-n-cn-p-p.
koXsb cma\v G]np sImSp-pI F [mnI kao-]-\-amWv hn`o-j-W D]tZ--in-p--Xv. cmas Znhyinsbnbpw [mnI in-sb--n-bp-ap hnh-c-W- cmhW\v Hpw cpNn-p-n. Xm t\Sn-b-sXmw tNmZn-p-tm Xncn-psImSpp-I-bn-spw
Fmw Hcp hns A`n-am\w hos-Sp--Xns- `m-K-ambn t\Sn-b-Xm-sWpw cmh-W
A`n-am-\n-pp. esb D-cn-psImv cm-k-Pm-XnbpsS A`n-am\w hos-Sp-p-Ibmbncpp Xm. Cv cm Fhn-sSbpw B-Z-cn--s-Sp-p. CXv al-mb t\-at Fv
cmh-W hn`o-j-W-t\mSv tNmZn-p-p. Fm cma-\m-Is t\SpI am{X-a am{X-a Dt]-nm\pw i-\m-sW--dn-bn-p-I-bm-bn-cp-p adp-]-Sn-bmbn hn`o-j-W. X\np Xfn-I-bn
shp \Inb kmtI-Xhpw sNtmepw cma ssIh-Sn-bp-I-bm-Wp-mb-Xv. Ah-Im-i-s
e cmh-W Iog-Sn Ah-Im-i-s kmtIXw cma ssIshSnp. t\--fn am{Xw
Xmev]cyw ImWn-p-Xv al-Xz-sa--m-Wv hn`o-j-Ws kqN\. XymK-n-eqsS al-Xz-ntep \op cma \mSpw \K-chpw _fpw, HSp-hn koX-sb-tmepw Dt]-npXmWv cmaIY. B XymK-ns amK-n-te-mWv hn`o-j-W hnc Nqp--Xv.
koXsb cma\p XncnsI kan-m-\mWv hn`o-jW \nt-iw. cma AP-\pw AhXmc]pcp-j-\p-am-sW-v hn`o-j-W DWn-pp. Fm Ccw [tm]-tZ-i-
cmh-W\v ckn-p-n-. Xs Hmtcm t\tbpw cm-k-h-ns A-`n-am-\-ambn
Dbn-m-p-Ibm-bn-cpp cmh-W. ]mXm-f-n A`bw tXSn Pohn Hcp ]oUnX hw,
AXnse Idp Hcp sNdp X]-p-sImpw Cm-i-n-sImpw t\Snb kz-Xp-y-amb
sImm-c-fpw AXn--e-m-c-amb AXn-hn-in-jvT h-kvXp-fpw hyn-Ifpw ChnsS tcma--P\-I-amb A\p-`-h--fm-bn-am-dn-bn-cn-p-p. Xs kzcw ]cp-j-am-bXv X\np ]d-bm-\p-Xv
A{]n-b-k-Xy--fmIbmem-sWv hn`o-j-W adp-]Sn ]d-bp-p. hmZ-sf adp sImv
{]Xn-tcm[{]h-\--fn-tes-Sm cmh-W hn`o-j-W-t\mSv Bh-iy-s-Sp-p. X\np
hn{i-an--W-sapw hn`o-jW {]`m-jWw ad--W-sa-n A]w hoW ao-W-sapw cmh\mSIw/ Xnc-Y
Page 33
Page 34
s\mw Ah \ntj-[m-nemWv adp-]Sn ]dbpXv. sNbvX sXn\v Ah cmh-W-t\mSv amt]-n-p. Atm hncq-]m cmPm-hns ZmnWyw Ch Aln-p-n Fv XS-bp-p.
HSp-hn cmh-Ws HuZmcytmsS Ahsf atm-Z-cnsb Gn-p-I-bm-Wv sNp-Xv. kca
atm-Z-cn-bpsS kwc--bnemWv ]noSvIgn-bp--Xv.
Ipw`I sIm-s--Xmbn hncq-]m-, cmhWs\ Adn-bn-p-p. Xs ]Ip-XnbmWv \jvS-s--sX t_m[w cmh-Ws\ thZ-\n-n-p-pv. C{-Pnv cmhWs\ kam-[m\n-n-p-p. hm\-c--S-bn ]IpXnsb Acnp hogvn eva-Wt\m-tS Ipw`-I
cmas\ I-tXmsS t{Im[-hnjvS\mbn Atm-t-m--Sp-p-I-bm-Wp-m-b-Xv. Xopw Dd-ap-W-cm-sX-bm-bn-cp-p, Dd--{`m-n-em-bn-cpphs{X Ipw`-Is bpw. Cu h-\-I
cmh-Ws\ ZpxJn-X-\m-n. Xs-m _e-hm-\m-bn-cpp B ktlm-Z-c F-tlw Hmp.
bp--f-n-te--bptm \Xp ]d-bm t]mepw Av X\n-m-bn- Fv cmh-W
]-m-]-m-]np. DW-s Ipw`-I cmh-Ws sNbvXnsb FXnn-cp-p.
{]l-kvX\pw ssk\y-nse hoc-mcpw acn-npw Xs Adn-bn-m Ime-Xm-akw hcp-nbXn ITn-\-ambn Abm {]Xn-tj-[n-p. {Iq-\mb cmh-W am\y Kpcp-hn-s\tmse Xs
D]-tZ-in-m-\mtWm `mhw Fv Ipw`-I-t\mSv tNmZn-p-pv. HSp-hn tPyjvT-\mWv
tZi-s-mfpw cmPy-s-mfpw X\nv hep-sXp ]dv Hbvv ]S--f-n-tep IpXnp-I-bm-bn-cpp Ipw`-I. Atcw \smcp hmp ]d-bmt\m hnP-bm-am-iw-kn-mt\m
t]mepw cmh-W\p km[n-n-. AtXmmWv Abm ZpJnp--Xv.
aqma--n C{-Pn-ns t\Xr-z-n Xs ssk\yw apt-dp hm
cmh-Ws\ kpjvS\m-pp. `uXnI kpJ- Akz--X-bn-te-mWv a\p-jys\ \bnpI F kp]miz cmh-Ws\ D]-tZ-in-p-p. A[ym--X-bn-eqsS t\Snb _ew apgp-h
km{am-Pyhpw kpw kpJhpw kzcq-]n-m-\m-bmWv sNe-h-gn--Xv. CsXmw Ctm
]mgvsN-e-hmbn amdn-bn-cn-p-p. Cu hmp-I cmh-Ws\ AKm-[-ambn kv]in-p-p.
"Xs PohnXw Hcp ]mgvsN-e-hm-bn-cptm' F Bg-n-ep tNmZyw cmh-W Dds
tNmZnp-p. sFiz-cy-ns in cmh-W\v \jvS-s--Xmbn kp]miz a\-n-em-p-p.
inh-`--m-cn {][m-\n-bmb Xm inhm-jvtSm-ciXw F a{w D]m-knp in-t\-Sn-bh-\m-sWpw Xm ]-Nm-acw ]mSp-tm inh-Xm-WvU-h-ns apdpIn Xmfw DW-cp-pshpw cmh-W Ah-Im-i-s-Sm {ian-p-p-v. sFiz-cy-\jvSw ]n-bn-p-s-n
koXsb cma\v XncnsI sImSp-m AXv ]cn-l-cn-m-\m-Iptam Fp-t]mepw cmh-W
tNmZn-p-t]m-Ip-p-v. kp]mi-\m-Is AXn\v ]cn-lmcw aqfp-n-, am{X-a Imes\ sh
in cmh-W\v Cv C F Zpc--kXyw {]Jym-]nv hnc-an-p-I-bmWv Abm sNp--Xv.
AtXmsS cmh-W ]m-m-]-n-tev \S--Sp-p-p.
l\p-am XI Xmgn-I-pSw ]mm-[nIw `wKn-tbmsS ebvp tN sFiz-cytm-sS ]pXpnWn-bm cmh-W B{K-ln-p. AXnp thn abs\ hcp-m cmhW `rXys\ Ab-n-cn-p-I-bm-Wv. `rXy aS-nhv ab ]mXm-f-n-tep t]msbpw
Pohn-n-cn-p--Xn\v sXfn-hp-I-fn-spw Adn-bn-p-p. CXv in]-\nn-Xn-p Ah-k-c-asv kp]mi cmh-Ws\ Hmn-n-p-p. CXp tI-tm s]mfn Xmgn-I-pSw Xs
Ip-Iv A{io-I-c-am-sWpw, e-bn-ep in]n-I ]Wn XpS-cs Fpw ab-\-ptm ]Wn-p-d-Xom-sapw cmh-W \nt-in-p-p. e-bnse in]n-I-sfmw bpn- sIm-s--Xmbn kp]miz Adn-bn-p-p. CXp tI-tm- ZpxJw apg-p i_vZtmsS cmh-W tNmZn-p tNmZy-am-Wn-Xv. "A{Xbvp iq\y-amtbm e' F bmYmYyw
Atm-gmWv cmh-W a\-n-em-p--Xv. ap--\mb amey-hm BK-X-\mbn bp-nse
]cm-P-b-km-[yX {]Jym-]n-p-tXmsS cmh-W-a-\v ]qhm-[nIw Akz--am-Ip-p. C{-Pnp-IqSn sIm-s--tXmsS cmh-Ws \n-lm-bX ]qW-am-Ip-p. Fm bp hnP-b--fpsSbpw BXy-n-I-amb ^ew ]cm-P-b-am-sW kXyw Hman-n-m thn am{X-amWv Fmhcpw acn-npw Xm am{Xw Ah-ti-jn-p-Xv Fv \ncm-i-tbmsS amey-hm ]d-bp-p. cmhW cpw I]nv bp-cw-K-tv t]mIp--Xn-\p-apv Ah-km-\-ambn aWvtUm-Z-cnsb
ImWp-p. atm-Z-cn-bp-am-bp kw`m-j-W-n B A\n-hmcy ]cm-P-b-ns CS
tImw. cmh-W Xs PohnXw Hcp ]mgvs-e-hm-bn-cptm F tNmZyw atm-Z-cntbmSpw tNmZn-p-p-v. atm-Zcn At-ls kam-[m-\n-n-m {ian-p-p. cmh-W\v
in \Ipw Fv aWvtUm-Zcn Icp-Xnb \nIp-`n-e-bpsS kao-]-p-sh-p-Xs Ah AwK]-\m A]-am-\n--s-Sp-p. e-bpsS Ah-km-\s ipnbpw Cm-Xmbn F kqN\ Cu
cwKw \Ip-p. As\ ]c-Zm-c-sf (ap--hcpsS `mcy-am) A]-am-\n--Xns in cmhW A\p-`-hn-p-p. AtXmsS Xs PohnXw Hcp ]mgvNn-e-hm-bn-cpp F kXyw cmh-W\v
t_m[y-s-Sp-p.
\mSIw/ Xnc-Y
Page 35
samUyq 3
tIc-f-ns {]mtZ-inI \mS-I-]m-c-cyw
Nhn-p-\m-SIw
bqtdmn {]Nmcnep "Hmd' F kwKoX\mSIns tIc-fob ]ImWv"Nhnp \mSIw'. ayIme bqtdmnse \mSIcq]sf DSnepw AhXcWnepw
A\pIcnv tIc-f-ose {InkvXp-a-X-hn-izm-kn-I cq]sSpnbXmWv Cu ZriyIemcq]w.
IYIfnbnse Nne {]tXyIXIfpw Nhnp\mSIn\pv-. sImSpq apX Aepg
htcbp s{sIkvXhnSbnemWv
CXv {]NmcnencpXv-. hocck {][m\amWv
Nhnp\mSInse IYI. ss__nfn\ntm {InkvXvob Ncn{Xn\ntm D
IYIfmWv- Nhnp \mSIn {][m\ {]ta-b-. "Imd am \mSI'amWv- Chbn
Ghpw {]ikvXw. XpnIsXnsc Ipcnipbpw \Snb Imdevam N{IhnbpsS
IYbmWnXv-. IfcnsInbmWv- Nhnp\mSI ]cnioe\w. Kpcphns\ 'Amhn' Fp
hnfnpp. A`n-\-bsm apt ]TnnpXv- Bbp[m`ymkfmWv-. Nhnp\Msi
n ]mpIfmWv IqSpX. ]mp]mSn NphSphv- A`yknpXn\v- sNmnbmw FmWv]dbpI. kwKoXw, A`n\bw, \rw, kw`mjWw, Xmftaf Fnhsbms
tNXmWv- Nhnp\mSIw. sN, ssIaWn Fo hmZyfpw CXn D]tbmKnpp.
]mp ]mSm ]nWn KmbIcpmIpw.
t]mpKokpImcpsS hchn\ptijamWv- Cu Ie tIcfn cq]w sImXv.
DZbwt]cq kp\ltZmkn\p tijw s{sIkvXthXcamb hnizmkm\pjvTm\fn \np
]pXphnizmknIsf AIn\ndpm\mbn ]e \nbafpw Ii\ambn ]menph
]ptcmlnXm \nbnp. tIcfobamb BtLmjfnepw Iemcq]fnepw ]pXphnizmkn
I Xmev]cyw ImWnpXp XSbm ]pXnb BtLmjfpw Iemcq]fpw sshZnI
NnsSpn. s{sIkvXh]pcmhr
B[mcamnbp \mSIcq]w CXns `mK
ambmWv krnsXv. ImdamNcnXw, Pt\mhmNcnXw Fns\bp GXm\pw
\mSIfmWv AhXcWn\mbn FgpXsXv.
XangpIe `mjbmWv- Nhnp\mSIfn A[nIhpw D]tbmKnpXv. ]eII
\ncnb AcpIfn AhXcnnpXn\memIWw Xps]mfn Fpw CXn\p
t]cpv.
s]mdmp \mSIw
]memSns X\Xp Iemcq]amWv s]mdmp\mSIw. \qm-p-I ]g--ap Iem-cq-]am-Wn-Xv. Xangv kwkvIm-cneqsS tIc-f-n-se-nb \mS-I-cq-]-am-Wv s]mdm-v. Xangv \mp-\mSI Bimam-cmWv CXv Ctmgpw A`y-kn-n-p--Xv. tIc-f-nse ZenXv PmXn-hn-`m-K--fn
s]-h-cpsS \mSy-I-em-cq-]w-Ip-Sn-bmWv s]mdm-p-\m-S-Iw. Ipdh -Ipdn, Nme Nmen, Ihd -Ihdn, amnf- amnfn XpSn hnhn[ PmXnmsc {]Xn\n[oIcnv
Bthjhpw s]thjhpw tNmWv Cu Ie AhXcnnpXv. Hmtcm PmXnmcpw
AhcpsS Ipesmgnens\ {]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn-p Imcy--fpw IY-Ifpw thZn-bn
AhXcnnpw.
sNdpansmdmn Ifn XpSpXp apX Ahkm\w hsc sNdpanbpw sNdp-a\pw
apdhpw Nqepambn kvtPn ImWpw. ]mSp hoW s\v tiJcnpIbmWp sNdpan. sN,
Xmfw, lmtamWnbw, arZwKw XpSnb hmtZym]IcW s]mdm-n D]-tbm-Kn-pp.
GXp PmXnmcpsS s]mdmp\mSIamtWm AhcpsS PmXn, `mj, kwkvmcw,
PohnX\nehmcw Ch ImWnIv a\nemmw. Nme- Nmen thjn
am{XamWv ]pcmWIYIsf AhXcnnpXv. cm{Xn 9 apX cmhnse 6 aWn hsc \Sp
Cu Ifnbn kv{XoI thjw sImdn, adnv kv{Xothjw ]pcp-j-\mWv AWn-bp-I. ]v
]mW PmXnbn s]h am{XamWv Cu Ie Ah-X-cnnncpXv. Cv Fm PmXnmcpw
Ifnppv. Imem-\p-kr-X-amb am-fpw Ifn-bn-ep-m-bn-p-v. t]meokpImc t]meokp
thjn cwK{]thiw sNpXv CXn-\p-Zm-l-c-WamWv. Xd-hm-Sp-I-tfm-S-\p-_-n-mWv Ifn
\S-p-I. GXp hopImp thnbmsWm IfnpXv B hopImscbpw ssZhsbpw
kvXpXnpsImv ]mp ]mSnfnpw.
\mSIw/ Xnc-Y
Page 36
Imcn \mSIw
\mtSmSnIfpw AhKWnshcpamb Imme kapZmbns tamlfpsSbpw
ss\cmiynsbpw {]I-S-\--fmWv "Imcin \mSIw' (Imm-cn-n-\m-SIw, ImcpIfn
Fpw CXv Adn-b-s-Spp) F X\Xp \mSI Iemcq]n ImWpXv. tIcfn
aqv hyXykvX ssienIfn Immcin\mSIw AhXcnnpp. Id, hnXpc, t]cbw
XpSnb {Kma{]tZifn aethS hn`mKn s]hcpw, Bn, s\SpamSv
FnhnSfn IpdhcpamWv Cu \mtSmSn Iemcq]w AhXcnnph. kaqln CXv
sNepnb kzm[o\w aqew ap kapZmbn s]hcpw CXn BIrcmbn. Ctm
Xncph, ]fw, FnhnSfn \mb, Cugh kapZmbnephcpw CXn
kohambn ]sSpppv.
aethScn \nmWv ImcminbpsS Dhw Fv IcpXpp. IpdhcpsS CSbn
IpdnIfn \npw Imcmin DSseSpp Fpw ]dbsSppv. sX
coXnb\pkcnp Acn \rw Nhpn Immnam Imms\ Bhmlnpw. Ip
]hpambn kZkycpsS CSbn\np Imm {]thinptXmsS XpSambn.
ineqsS
am{Xw
{]XysSp
Xpcm\pw
Imm\pw
Xnep
tNmtZymcfneqsSbmWv IYbpsS Bcw`w. \mnse AgnaXnItfbpw A\oXnIsfbpw
Imm tNmZyw-sN-pp. Ccw \a-fpw Bt]lmky IYIfpw CSIev Cu
AhXcWw IemImcs at\m[a\pkcnv
Bkzm-Zy-I-c-amIpp.
Imm\pw
Immnamcpw Xnep \a kw`mjWfneqsSbmWv D]IYIfpsS AhXcWw. aqv
apX Ap hsc aWnqdpI Ah-X-cWw \otmw. cwK koIcWfnmsXbpw
lmtamWnbw, Knd, Cemfw, arZwKw, FnhbpsS AISntbmSpw IqSn \Sp
Cu Ie \rw, kwKoXw, A`n\bw FnhbpsS Da tNcphbmWv. Imm Idp
XpWnbpSppp. Icn ]qinb apJv Npmv sImv shfp ]pnI CSpp.
Immnv ]ehWnep thj [cnmw. thS, Ipdh, tImamfn, Imnse
ISph XpSnb av IYm]m{XfpsS thjhpw efnXamWv. Ign \qmns
Bcw`n Xangv kwKoX\r\mSIfpsS kzm[o\^e-ambn Cu Iemcq]w IqSp-X
Ah-X-c-W-`wKn t\Sn. Fgp]XpIfpsS cmw ]IpXnv tijapmb DWhv Ctmgpw
\ne\nevIppv. aptXmfw Immcin \mSI kwL Ctm tIcfn
{]hnppv.
Page 37
\mS-I-q-m-bva-I
\mSIw P\{]nbamb kmlnXycq]ambnoXpw \qdpIWn\p \mSIIrXnI
cwKphXpw 1940 50 ZiIfnembncpp. Htsd ]coW Actdnb Cu
ImeLn \mSI cN\ Kuchtadnb Iem kmlnXy {]h\ambn. aebmfnse
Ghpw anI \mSIIrp ISphXpw Cu ImebfhnemWv. F. IrjvW]n
(`Kv\`h\w, I\yI, _em_ew, A\pcRvP\w, apSpapX, AgnapJtv), Pn.
icn (kv-t\lZqX), kn. F. {ioIWvT \mb (\hSw), sI. kptc{
(_en), ]pfnam\ ]ctaizc ]n (kaXzhmZn), ssI\nc Ipamc]n (t{]a ]cnWmaw,
AKv\n]co), ssI\nc ]Zva\m`]n (bh\nI, hn[n a]w, AKv\n]RvPcw), kn. sP.
tXmakv (1128- s{sIw 27, Ah hopw hcpp), Sn. F. tKm]n\mY \mb (]qmcn,
{]Xn[z\n, AIhpw ]pdhpw, ]cnhcvc\w, arKw, \nemhpw \ngepw, \ngevq v), CStcn
tKmhn \mb (IqpIrjn), Fw. tKmhn (\o a\pjys\ sImcpXv), Gcq hmkptZhv
(PohnXw Ahkm\npn), Fkv. F. ]pcw kZm\ (Hcm IqSn I\mbn), sI. Sn.
aplZv (CXp `qanbmWv, shfnw hnft\zjnpp, Nph LSnImcw, Idh ]ip),
XntmSnb (PohnXw, {]khnm A), sNdpImSv (XdhmSnw, kv-t\l_),
HmwtNcn (Cu shfnw \npXmWv), tXmn `mkn (\nsfs IayqWnmn,
ktcznv, apSnb\mb ]p{X). ]n. tIihtZhv (Rm\nyqWnmhpw, a{nbmsmt,
XkvIckwLw, \o acnp, \mSIIrv, aptmv, sIm\pw sImow Hv, HmWukv,
agbpw IpSbnpw), s]m\vIpXw hcvn\ (]qP, t{]a hnhw, tPXm, kzcvKwv
\mWnpp, hgn Xpdp, hnidnp Impth, Rms\mc[nImWv), XIgn inhicn
(tXmn), sshw aplZv _jo (IYm_oPw), Fkv. sI. s]mmv (A), Imcq
\oeIWvT]n (apw s]pw, Xo sImp IfncpXv), \mKhn B. Fkv. Ipdpv
(tahm amWnIyw, B`nPmXyw, s]men Zo]w, kaXzw) XpSnb \mSI IrpfpsS
Imeambncpp CXv.
temI \mSIhpambp ]cnNbw Cu ImeLn \mSIkmlnXynse
]cnh\p ImcWambn. slnIv C_v-ks kzm[o\X F. IrjvW]nbpsS
\mSIfn ImWmw. Amciq\yamb ^enX tIv s]mnncnemWv \mSIw F
[mcW amm IrjvW]nbpsS \mSIp Ignp. C_v-k\nv k{Zmbns
kzm[o\X ]noSv hym]-I-ambn aebmf \mSIfn {]XysSm XpSn. ]pfnam\
]ctaizc ]n 'kaXzhmZnbneqsS' bqtdm]y FIv-kv{]j\nkhpw, kn. sP. tXmakv
FnIv \mSI thZnbpsS kev]fpw AhXcnnp. IayqWnv ]mnbpsS
kmwkvImcnI{]NcWns `mKambn DZbwsNbvX ImbwIpfs sI. ]n. F. kn.
\mSIkwLhpw Ahp thn tXmn `mkn FgpXnb \mSIfpw P\{]oXnbnepw
{]Nmcnepw Ncn{Xw krnp. "\nsfs IayqWnmn' t\Snb P\{]oXn aebmf
\mSINcn{Xnse
A]qhkw`hamWv.
194060
ImeLw
\mSIthZnbpsS
]qmeambncpp. \mSI kwLfpw {KmaoW \mSI{]hm\fpsamw tNv
\mSIs P\IobhXvIcnXv Cu ImebfhnemWv. kn. F. {ioIWvT \mb, Pn.
ic]n, Imhmew \mcmbWWn FnhcmWv Fgp]XpIfn \ho\ \mSIns
apJy{]tbmmfmbn Dbp hXv. \mSIfcn {]m\hpw \ho\ \mSIn\p
in]Ip. 1967 HmKn imkvXmwtImbn Pn. icnbpsS ]cn{ia^eambmWv
BZys \mSIfcn \SXv. kn. F. Bbncpp IfcnbpsS Ubd. Fkv. cmam\pPw,
]n. sI. thWpp \mb, Pn. Achn, AWn, Fw. hn. tZh
XpSnbhscmw Ifcnp ]nn {]hnp.
kn. F. {ioIWvT \mbcpsS "kmtIXw', "emevan', "Ien', Pn. icnbpsS
"`cXhmIyw', "_n', "Idp ssZhs tXSn', "IncmXw', Imhmew \mcmbWWncpsS
"Ah\h IS', "ssZhm', "kmn', "Xncphmgnm', B. \tc{{]kmZns
"ku]WnI', "Cc', "shnbmgvN', "]Snpc', hbem hmkptZh ]nbpsS "AKv\n',
"IptNeKmY', "hcthev]v', Sn. ]n. kpIpamcs "ZnWmb\w', F. {]`mIcs "]penPw',
]n. _meN{s "]mhw Dkvam', ]n. Fw. XmPns "ISp', "Nqf', a[p amdpsS "IenKpe'
XpSnbh B[p\nI ae-bmf \mSIkmlnXynse anI cN\IfmWv.
\mSIw/ Xnc-Y
Page 38
kv{Xo] \mS-I-thZn
FgppImcnbmtbm
kwhn[mbnIbmtbm,
\Snbmtbm
s]mXpaetvhcm\mhp kmlNcyw ]v aebmfn kv{Xov- Av Cm-Xn-cp--Xn-\m ]smXmw
\qmns Ahkm\Imes aebmfnkv{XobpsS icoc`mj, hkv{X[mcWw, hnZym`ymkw
XpSnb kmaqlykmlNcy kzm`mhnIambpw \mSIthZnbn In-. Av
sslhkv{XoI sdubnSpXpw taevapp [cnpXpw thjwsIembn ImWpIbpw
aqhtcmSv- _lpam\anmbvabmbn IcpXpIbpw sNbvXp. BZyambn du AWnXn\vkn hn Ipncmas `mcysb "FhnsSbmsWSn \o BSm t]mIpXv-... DuscSn AXv-....
Bmcn, DnIsfse Ipmbanp \SmSn \obpw?' Fv A hgp]dXv kn
tIih "PohnXkac'n hnhcnppv-. IemImcnItfmSv kaq-l-n-\p ]phpw B
hmp-I-fn ImWmw. Cu kmlNcyfpsS ]m--e-n- thWw BZyIme
kv{Xo\mSIcN\Isf ]cntim[ntXv-.
BZy aebmf \mSIIrXn FgpXnbXv- Ipnpp XnbmWv-. AmXhmkw
\mSIw 1065 amnSbvp {]knoIcnsp. aebmfnse BZy kv{Xo\mSIcNbnXmhpw
AhcmWv-. ]mhcpsS AmXhmksn kwkvIrX\mSIfpsS amXrIbn
FgpXs Hcp \mSIamWv- AmXhmkw. XnbpsS \mSIw kmlnXycknIp
hmbnm am{Xap IrXnbmbn HXpntmbn. Ipnpp XnbpsS AmXhmk
n\p tijw \mSIcN\ \Snb asmcp kv{Xo, kp`{Zmp\w FgpXnb tXmbvmSvCmhbmWv-. Ames ae-bmf\mSIcN-\IfpsS CSbn kp`{Zmp\n\p
{]m[m\yapv-. almIhnIfmb sImSpq Xpcmm am{Xta AXn\papv- Ac
nep \mSI cNnncppq. cwKNe\, A`n\bw Fnhsbpdnv- IrXyamb
\nti Cu \mSIn ImWmw. ]Izamb \mSIcN\mcoXn kp`{Zmcvp\n
kzoI-cn-n-cn-pp. Cu \mSIw Ica\ tIihimkv{Xn kwkvIrX ntev- hnh \w
sNbvXp. \mSIcN\bpw \mSIthZnbpmIp amfpw tXmmSv- Cmhsbbpw
kzm[o\nnpv-. ]ptcm-K-a\ \mS-I-{]-m-\-ns apt--m-ev Htsd kv{XoI aebmf \mS-I-th-Zn-bn-se-n. \ne-q Bbn-j. sI ]n F kn efn-X, imm-tZ-hn, ko\v
XpSnb t]cp-I A`n-\-b-cw-Kv And-b-s-p.
F]-Xp-Ip tijw ae-bm-f-nse kv{Xo\m-S-I-thZn kPo-h-am-bn. kmd tPmk^v
t\XrXzw \Inb am\p-jn, A`n-t\{Xn XpS-nb thZn-I-fn-eqsS Htsd \mS-I- kv{XoIfpsS tass-tbmsS Ah-X-cn-n--s-p. kv{XobpsS {]iv\-fpw ]Z-hn-Ifpw Ah-X-cn-np-I, kv{XobpsS kmn[yw Adn-bn-pI Fo cp ey- kv{Xo \mS-I-th-Zn-p-mbn-cp-p. B[p-\n-Im-c tIc-fob \mS-I-th-Zn-bn kPn-X, {ioP Bd-tm-p-Ic XpS-nb
kv{Xo \mS-I-{]-h-I hfsc anI-hp ]co--W- Cu cwKv \S-n-sm-n-cn-p-pv. kv{Xo {]iv\--tfm-sSmw ZenXv, ]cn-nXn {]iv\-fpw Cv Ah-X-cn-n--s-Sp-p.
tdUntbm \mS-I-
Page 39
sXcphp \mS-I-
sXcphns\ Acmn P\t_m[\w eywhpsImv Actdp \mSIamWv
sXcp-hp-\m-SIw. {]tab]camb Bibhn\nabamWv sXcphp\mSIw eyampXv. \mSIw,
\S, t{]I Fo aqv LSIv sXcphp\mSIthZnbnepw th{X _w
Dmbncnpw. Fm AXv AIf \mSIntXn \nv hyXykvXambncnpw. ImcWw,
\mSIw
ImWm
Xocpam\nsnbhc
sXcphp\mSIns
t{]I.
P\qtmSp kwhZnm ]mInep cN-\bpw kwhn-[m-\hpw A`n-\-b-hp-amWv sXcphp-\m-S-I-n Bh-iyw. sXcphntem P\ hpw t]mbpancnp CSfntem \mSIw
AhXcnnp k{Zmbw ]papXse Dmbncpp. andn \mSI, andn
\mSI, tImtaUnbm Zmcvtm] XpS-nb bqtdm]y kv{Sov \mSI Fn-h-sbmw
sXcp-hp-I-fn-emWv Ah-X-cn-n--s-Xv. Cybnse sXcpqv, hoYn\mSIw Fnhbpw
CqnsSpp. ]e \mSpIfn \nehnepmbncp \mtSmSn \mSIthZnI
sXcphp\mSIthZnbpsS
{]mNo\cq]fmWv.
hmNnIw,
BwKnIw
Fo
A`n\bcoXnImWv sXcphp\mSIn {]m[m\yw. kmXznIm`n\bn\v km[yXI
IpdhmWv.
Fm
Blmcymwin
Nne
DsmepI
\Snbnpv.
cwKkma{KnItfm thj`qjmZnItfm A[nIw D]tbmKnpnsnepw t{]Iv
A]cnNnXcmb IYm]m{Xsftbm hkvXpsftbm AhXcnnptm \tZim-I
thj [cnmdpv.
kaImenI sXcphp\mSIfn anXpw P\Iob {]tm`fpambn _s
hbmWv. hnhm\c djybnse \mSI {]hIcmWv B[p-\nI sXcphp\mSIns
BZy hm. andn _qs^, Zv kvtmanMv H^v Zv hn ]mekv, Zv tUm apXembh
Cu KWn s]Spp. Xpdmb Acn P\Iobamb ASnbcmhiyfpw
P\Iob{]tm`w eyamnbp t_m[\hpw \ndthpXn\pthn AhXcnnp
hbmWv sXcphp\mSIfn Gsdbpw. APnv-t{]mv, \yqkv t] Xnsb, Kdn Xnsb,
Chnkn_n Xnsb apXembh Cu KWnsSpp. P\sf ImWnIfmbn
Inmhp GXp {]tZihpw 'sXcphv' F ]ZwsImv IpdnsSpp. \So\SmcpsS
kmaqlnI {]Xn_XbmWv sXcphp\mSIs ssNX\yhmpXv. km`n-I-amb
\mSI {]tabn\mWv {]m[m\yw; \So \Sm.
cwKkoIcW`mcanmXpw A`nt\XmfpsS icoc`mjsImp km[npXpw
P\Iob {]m\sf t]mjnnpXpamb HmWv sXcphp\mSIw. cwKPwKafnm
\mSIthZn F AYn 'hkvXpclnX \mSIthZn' Fv tSmw tXmakv ({_n) Xs
\mSIthZnv t]cnncnpXv {imlamWv. kaImenI {]iv\ P\nSbn
AhXcnnv Ahsc t_m[hmmcmpI F eyamWv Cybnse _mZ kmcns
'aqmw \mSIthZn' (tXUv Xntb-) pXv. Ipcnins hgn, AtmgnI, kqnpI, Poh hnetbdnbXmWv, ]Stbmw, Cy\hbpsS hI am\, t`mm t`mm
apXembh P\{i ]nSnp]nb aebmf sXcphp\mSIfmWv. tIcf imkv{XkmlnXy
]cnjns IqmbvabpsS ^eambn \nch[n sXcphp\mSI Dmbnpv.
IpSn\o{]Siv\w, sXmgnenmbva, sXmgn kacns \ymbhnNmcw, s]ap-w, _methe, BZnhmknIptaep ssItbw, hne-h[-\-hv, hKo-b-X, ab-p-]-a-cpv
hn]pI, kwkvImc aen\oIcWw XpS-nb {]ta-b-sf ap\n-dpn Htsd \mSI
kwL- [mcmfw sXcphp Ah-X-c-W- Ctm \S-n-sm-n-cn-p-p-v.
"\mSIw Ins Ie' F {Kn Sn.]n. kpIpamc tIcfn AhXcnn
sXcphp\mSI `qcn]hpw sXcphpaqe \mSI Bbncppshv A`n-{]m-b-s-Sp-p.
AXXv sXcphns kz`mhns\mv cwK`mjbn NnsSp \SnnsXmWv Cu
A`n{]mbw sImptinpXv. kaImenIamb sXcphp\mSIn\pw `mcXnse
Zicq]Ifnsemmb 'hoYn'pw _apsv Nne kwkvIrX ]nXm ]dbmdpv.
Fm, "Cp ImWp coXnbnep sXcphp\mSIns ]mccyw djy
tkmjyenpIfn \nmWv Bcw`nXv; AXv Cu \qmns khntij krnbmIpp' FmWv Cy sXcphp\mSI {]m\nse ckmnbmb k^vZ livanbpsS
hnebncp.
\mSIw/ Xnc-Y
Page 40
hni-Z-]-T-\-n\v
1. ssZh-m
Imhmew \mcm-bW
- -]-Wn-
Imhmew \mcmbWWn
X\Xp \mS-I-thZn
Page 41
ssZh-m
ae-bm-f-n Atm-f-ap-mb \mS-I--fn\nv cN-\-bnepw Ah-X-c-W-nepw
hyXy-kvXX ]penb \mS-I-amWv ssZh-m. tIc-f-nse {]mtZ-inI t{X--fnse
\mS ssZh-{]-Xn-jvT-I-sf-bmWv ssZh-m Fv hnfn-p--Xv. ]mmXy \mSI kt-X-fn \np hnSp-X, Ah-X-c-W-nse emfn-Xyw, IrXy-amb Hcp thZn-bpsS A`mhw Fo
LS--fn-emWv Ap-h-sc-bp-mb \mS-I--fn \nv ssZh-m hyXym-k-s-SpXv. cN-Isb-m-f-[nIw Ah-X-c-W-n-emWv Cu \mSIw hyXy-kvXX ]pep--Xv. IrXy-amb Hcp
IYtbm BZn-a-[ym--tfm Cm {]ta-b-amWv ssZh-m-dn-ep--Xv. CXpw Ap-h-sc-bpmb \mS-I--fn\n-p hyXn-N-e-\-am-bn-cp-p. \mSy-[an-bmb A`n-\-b-n-\mWv Cu
\mS-I- apJy-]-cn-K-W\ \Ip--Xv. \mSIw cwK--h-X-cn-n-m A`n-t\-Xm-v
{]tXyI ]cn-io-e-\- Bh-iy-am-Wv.
X\Xp \mS-p A\p-tbm-Py-amb {KmaoW ]m--e-n-ep \mS-I-amWv ssZhm. Cu \mS-I-nse {][m\ IYm-]m-{X--fn-sem-mb tImamfn tIc-f-nse an X\Xp
\mS-I--fnepw ImWp Awi-am-Wv. ImWp--sXmw FSp--Wn-bp-Ibpw Pohn-Xs hfsc
lmkym--I-ambn ImWp-Ibpw {][m\ kwL--\-cw-K--fn \mb-I-Xz-]-Z-hn-bn-te-p-b-cpIbpw sNp Cu tImam-fn-bmWv Ah-X-c-W-n-sebpw {][m\ LS-Iw. Ime IWn-bm,
i, shfn--m-Sv, _p Fn-h-cmWv \mS-I-nse ap apJy IYm-]m-{X-. \mS-I-KXnsb \nb-{n-pXv kq{X-[m-c-\m-bmWv Ime IWn-bm {]Xy--s-Sp--Xv. ssZh-m
A, tZhn F k]hpw AXns\ Np--n-bp Pohn-Xhpw B k]-ns tI{_n-p-hmbn hn-p _nw_-fpw am-n-sv F IYm-]m-{X-hp-ambn B ann\p tNbpw kh-tij Xmf-L-S-\-bp-ambn tNmWv ssZh-m F \mSIw Bkz-Zn-s-Sp--Xv.
Zriyw Hv
Nph ]v, Xncn-bn hnf-v, \nd-]-d, ]qm-ew, ]qp-e, Ipcp-tme XpS-nb
\mtSmSn hkvXp--fpsS hn\ym-k-amWv \mS-I-ns cwKm-hn-jvImcw \nh-ln--s-n-cn-p-Xv. _me-th-j-m-c \r-p-h-Sp-I-tfmsS Ac-n-se-p-tm \mS-I-am-cw-`n-p-p. AjvSZn-Kv]m-e-m-scbpw kZ-n-s\bpw hn-p-p. CXv `mk kwkvIr \mS-I-]m-c--cys A\pk-cn-p-sIm-m-Wv. ssZh-m F Ifn CXm XpS-pp F Adn-bn-tm-sS-bmWv \mSIw
Ac-t-dp--Xv. Ime IWn-bm DSp-p-sImn kwL-am-bmWv {]th-in-p--Xv. IY-Ifnbnse Xnc-t\m-s A\p-kva-cn-npw hn[w Xnc-o-e-]n-Snv AXn\p ]nn \nmWv A`nt\-Xm- thZn-bn-se-p--Xv. Xnc-o-ev ]nn \nv Ae-p-sI-tm-Sp-IqSn hmn
Fp-p. ]no-SmWv is hc-hv. i Bth-i-tmsS hm-nsb t\mm {ianp-p. ]t, Xnc-o-e-m A\p-h-Zn-p-n-. Ime IWn-bm-cpsS apm-bnv (A\p-hmZw)
Inn-bmte Xnc-oe amq. apmbnv hcp-Xp hsc amn " Duw s]cp amWn-Iy-tsS, DS-bmSb-epw amn Rm\tm' Fv ]mp-]m-Sp-p. Fnv ImeI-Wn-bms\
hnv kZ--en-dn am-n-Wn tami-a-sv kaYn-p-p. shfn--m-Sns Ac-t-amWv ]ns. amWn-Iy--tsS ]Icw am-nsb thZn-b-tev sImp-h--Xn
Abmv \oc-k-ap-v.
\md-b-e-p amn Ch \mnse hep-Xtm
\mSIw/ Xnc-Y
Page 42
\mSIw/ Xnc-Y
Page 43
2. cmhpn
]n Fw XmPv
XmPv
]n. Fw. BentmbbptSbpw sI. Sn. BkybptSbpw ]p{X\mbn 1956 P\p. 3- \v
tImgntmv P\np. KpPdmn sslkvIqfnepw Kpcphmbqc tImfPnepambncpp
hnZym`ymkw. {]ikvX \mSIIrmb sI.Sn. aplZmWv Amh. AtlntXn
\nv hyXykvXamb Hcp \mSI kev]amWv XmPn\v DmbncpXv. XmPns\ Gsd
{itb\mnb \mSIw ASnbcmhsbpSsgpXnb s]cpd(1977)bmWv. Ccp]Xmw
hbnsegpXnb
B
\mSIw
ASnm\
P\hKns
BIpeXIfptSbpw
{]Xntj[ntbpw iamb hnfw_cambncpp. sImnbdnbnm s]cpd ImWmv
kzw s\v sImn \mSIn\p XpSw Ipdnp kq{X[mc\n XpSn Htsd [oc
\qX\]coW Cu In\mSInepmbncpp. XpSv I\emw F
\mSIsagpXn. s{_lvXntbpw t{KmtmhvkvInbptSbpw \mSIktXtfmSv B_w
]pep AXni\msbmcp \mSIIrns\bmWv I\emw aebmfn\v km\nXv.
s]cpdbpw I\emhpw kwhn[m\w sNbvXXv sI.B.taml Zmkv Bbncpp. cmhpn,
IpSp AYhm hniphs thZmw, ]mhm \mSv FnhbmWv XpSph
AXniamb XmPv \mSI. Xem\p\nv Hcp hmbpan, tacntemdkv,
IpSnI, IsIv, kzImcyw Fnhbpw XmPns {itbamb cN\IfmWv. cmhpn
ISsWnbn IpSpn \cInphs IYbmWv. aebmfnse Icpp cm{ob
\mSIfnsemmWnXv. ]nWnbmWv PohnXns ASnm\ {]iv\samWv IpSp
hnfw_cw sNpXv.
Hcp `mKv s{]m^jW \mSIfpw adp`mKv kmam\y P\Xbn
\nIp\n X\Xp ]coWfpw in{]m]n Hcp LnemWv XmPv sauenIhpw
Iem]cambn HuXyw ]pepXpamb \mSIfpambn cwKphXv. sXcphp \mSI
{]m\ns inbpw skucyhpw aebmf \mSIn HmPtmsS ]Inb
XmPns\ \mSI \ncq]I 'tIcfnse k^vZlivan' Fv hntijnnnpv.
k^vZlivanbpsS Htsd sXcphp\mSI tIcfn AhXcnnpXn\v t\XrXzw
sImSpnpXv XmPv BWv. ]nevmev IhS \mSIfntepw kn\nabntepw
Xncnp. Gtgmfw s{]m^jW \mSIfpw FgpXn. kn\naIv XncYbpw
cNnnpv. sI.Sn.aplZns krn, CXp `qanbmWv Fo \mSIfneqsS \S F
\nebnepw XmPv Xs Ignhv {]ISnnp. Ddw, Hmppthm \, Hgn Nnbn
DWcp ]I XpSnb Nne IhnXIfpw Ctlw cNnp. Blzm\w, bph[mc Fo
amknIIfpsS hnMv FUndpambncpp. Dbcpw Rm \mSmsI (1985) ]n kn 369 (1987)
Fn-h-bmWv XmPv kw`m-j-W-sa-gp-Xnb kn\n-a-I. tZim`nam\n Un knfntbpw
]ptcmKa\ IemkmlnXykwLntbpw kPoh {]hI\pambncpp. I\emw F
\mSIn\v tIcf kwKoX \mSI AmZan ]pckvmcw (1979) IpSpbvv 1983-se
sNdpImSv in kvamcI AhmUv Fnh e`np. 1990 Pqsse. 29- \v apn\memas
hbn Acnp.
cmhpn
Page 44
Page 45
apn sNp-s]-m \qdp D]mbw ]dv hniz-kn-n-p-I, hopw ISw hmpI CsXms-bmWv Pohn-X-nse Ghpw kpJ-ap GmSv Fv cmhpn Ip-p-hn-t\mSv ]d-bpp. IS-ns \qem-am-e-bn s]v Xncn-bp-tm-gmWv Pohn-X-n\v Hcp-d-p-m-hpI Fpw
cmhpn Ip-p-hns\ hniz-kn-n-p-p. ISw amn-shp a\p-jy-s\mcp Pohn-X-ta-bn Fv
aI tIi-hs\ cmhpn ]Tn-n-p-p. sNp--hp am{Xw KpW-ap GI sXmgnepw
ISw hm-em-Wv. CXns em`w taSn-m Hcp Iptm-a-\-\-ymcpw hcn Fpw cmhpn
aIs\ ]Tn-n-p-p-v. HSp-hn Ip-p-hns aq-a-I An-Wnsb tIi-h\v s]mtem-Nn-p-d-n-p-p. kv{Xo[-\-ambn Bbn-c-sm-p-dp-nI ]d Ip-p-hn-t\mSv ]Xn-\mbn-c-sm-p-dp-n-I-bmWv cmhpn Bh-iy-s-Sp--Xv. ]t. Hcp-dp-nI sdmw, ]Xn-\m-bncw
ISw. As\ Pohn-X-n-sem-cn-epw hom-\m-hm IS-_--m-cmbn cmhp-nbpw Ipphpw amdp-p.
Fmw cwK-n Imew A]w-IqSn hfp. tIi-h\pw An-Wnbpw a-tfm-sSmv
ISw-hmn Pohn-p-p. Ip-p-hns\ tPmen-bn \nv \ym ]ncn-p-hn-p. Pn-\-ymcpsS BkvXn h[n-p-sIm-n-cn-p-p. ISw F Ifn-tm-p-sImv Abms-Xnsc
bp-nXs-bmWv cmhp-n. Ipp am{Xw cmhp-nsb KpW-tZm-jn-p-p. AXn-\n-Sbn IS-m-c-\p-am-bp-mb Hcp ASn-]n-Sn-nsS tIi-h Abmsf sImp-p. tIi-hs\
t]meokv ]nSn-s hnh-c-a-dnv AnWn Xqn-m-hp-p. CsXmw Inpw \nhn-Im-c\mbn AXn\v ]npW ]mSp-I-bmWv cmhp-n. Hcp \ IS-m-c-\mbn Xs aIs\ hfm\m-b-Xn Abm A`n-am-\n-p-p.
HXmw cwK-n t]c-pn cm[ hfn-cn-p-p. ISw Hgn-p-Iq-Sm-\m-hm Hm-bncn-pp F ]mTw hmbn-p-IbmWv Ah. cmPy- Xn-ep ISw cmPym-c _-fpsS am\-Z-WvU-am-Ip ]pXnb Ime-ns {]Xn-\n-[n-bmWv cm[. Xqp-a-c-n-te-dp-tm
tIi-hs Ah-km-\s B{Klw aI ]Tnp hf-cWw Fm-bn-cp-p. cm[sb A]w
Acn ISw-hm-m Abho-n-tev ]d--bp \np-tm-gmWv chn F sNdp--m-c
hcp--Xv. cm[-bpsS Imap-I-\m-W-bm. tPmen-p sX \ndpn _mn \nv temsWSpv I-S-\nam-W--\n XpS-m-\p Gm-Sn-emWv chn. cm[sb Abmv sIn-psIm-Sp-m-\p tbmKy-X-bp-sv cmhpn a\-n-em-p-p. ]t, ]IpXn ]Wta _mv
\Iq. ]IpXn as-hn-sS-\n-s-nepw ISw hm-Ww. HSp-hn cm[sb Pmay-ambn \ndpn
Iptm-a-\-\-ym-cn \nv ISw hmm chnbpw cm[bpw Xocp-am-\n-p-p. ]mw cwKn chn-bpsS I\n _mp-Im P]vXn-sN-bvXp-shv hnhcw cmhpn Adn-bp-p. chnbpsS sNdnb I-S---\np apn Xs Iptm-a-\-\-ym hen-sbmcp I-S-^m-IvSdn
Bcw-`n-p. AhnsS e--W-n\v I-S-bmWv Hcp Znhkw D]m-Zn-n-p--Xv. am{X-a ]{Xn ]c-kyhpw. AXn-\n-S-bn chn-bpsS "sNmS' Bcp hmm-\m-Wv. Pmay---amb
cm[sb P]vXn sNbvXv Gs-Sp-m Iptm-a-\-ymcpw ]cn-hm-c-fpw cwK-s-p-p.
Iptm-a\ \ymv ]nSn-sIm-Sp-msX C{Xbpw Pohn cmhp-nsb IpSp-m-\p Ahkcw Imn-cn-p-I-bm-bn-cpp Abm. "coXn-tb-Xm-bmepw a\p-jy IS-m-c-\m-bm aXn' sb cmhp-n-bpsS knmw A\p-k-cn-p-Itb cm[v \nhr-n-bp-m-bn-cp-p-q.
]t, cmhpn cm[sb A\p-{K-ln-m-s\ hymtP\ Igpp apdpn sImp-p. aX-ta-Xmbmepw a\p-jy \m-bm aXn F ]mc-cy aqeys apX-em-fnw F-s\-bmWv adnn-Sp-Xv Fv \mSIw ImWn-Isf t_m[n-n-p-I-bmWv Cu Ay-cw-Kw.
IS-ns Xocm--Y-bmWv cmhpn ]p-sh-p--Xv. Imjn-I hymh-km-bnI hyh-bn Nqjn-X-\m-Ip ASn-m\ hKw Adn-bmsX IS-m-c-\m-Ip ka-Im-enI Ah-I-fmWv \mS-I-ns bYmY {]ta-bw. Pnbpw apX-em-fnbpw Htc Nqj-W-hy-h-bpsS
A[n-Im-cn-I-fm-Wv. ]Ww kaw ISw F ]pXnb \mWy-hy-h--bn ISw Hcp {]Xy-b-imkv{X-ambn amdp-p. {IUnv ImUp-Ifpw sU_nv ImUp-Ifpw hcp--Xn\pw apmWv Cu
\mSIw Fgp-X-s-Sp-Xv Ftm-Ww.
\mSIw/ Xnc-Y
Page 46
3. tdmkvtacn ]d-bm-\n-cp-Xv
kXojv sI kXojv
F]XpIfnepw
sXmqdpIfnepw
ae-bmf
\mSIcwKsnb
bph
\mSI{]hIcpsS IqnsemcmfmWv kXojv sI. kXojv. IYmcN\, XncYmcN\
Fo taJ-eIfnepw {]hnppv. \mSIns `mjbn \hoIcWw Bhiyapv
Fv hnizknpbmfmWntlw. tImgntmSv FcnmemWv P\nXv. tImgntmSv
Imgv Xntb {Kqns m]ImwKamWv. tIcf kmlnXy AmZan ]pckvImcw
"]Z{]iv\nSbn Ahfpw Abmfpw' F \mSIn\v e`np. CStcn ]pckvImcw,
"tdmkvtacn ]dbm\ncpXv' F \mSIn\v _lssd tIcf Bvkv sk AhmUv.
IemjmP AhmUv, sNdpImSv AhmUv, in AhmUv, tIcf kmlnXy AmZan
]pckvImcw Fo ]pckvImcfpw e`n-n-p-v. {][m\ \mSI "Zn amkvIv, AYhm
A`n\\ sImv Fs\ hnipammw' "sImpkz]v\fpsS Xpcm' (Zn tKmUv
Hm^v kvtam Xnvkv F IrXnsb Ahew_np cNnX]mTw) "]Z{]iv-\nSbn
Ahfpw Abmfpw', "tdmkv-tacn ]dbm\ncpXv-' "CeI a ]q ]' "sNmhv".
Xntb- sSIvv, bph-P-t\m-h \mS-I- Fnh FUnp sNbvXp.
\mS-I-kw-{Klw
\mSIw/ Xnc-Y
Page 47
Icn J\n-I-fpsS \mSmb s_m-\-l-n-bnse \new-]-Xn-m-dmb Hcp ^mIvSdn tImtgvkn-emWv tacn-bpsS IpSpw_w Xma-kn-p--Xv. hrn-lo-\hpw Icn-]n-Sn--Xp-amb {Kma-am-W-Xv.
`mcy tacnbpw \mev s]a-fpw Hcp aI-\p-a-S-p--XmWv tPmkv sNdn-bm F J\n-sm-gn-emfn-bpsS Zcn{ZIpSpw-_w. tPmkv sNdn-bms Pohn-X-n-tev ]Xn-t\-gm-as hb-n-emWv tacn ISp-h-cp--Xv. apJv Ftmgpw hnjm-Z-am-Wv. A-am-cpsS apJw Ftmgpw C-s\-bm-sW-mWv
\mS-I-kw-L-ns A`n-{]m-bw. \nXyw IpSn-p-hv tacn-sbbpw a-sfbpw D]-{Z-hn-p kz`m-hm-c-\mWv tPmkv sNdn-bm. cm-as aI tacn-sP-bn Hcp {Sv ss{Uh-dpsS IqsS Hfntm-Sn. Xmtm-n-cw ImWn Ah-tfm-Sp shdp-p-am-bmWv sNdn-bm Pohn-p--Xv. ^mZ
tPm De-l-ms \n_--n aqm-as aI tacn-tPm-bvkns\ aT-n tNp.
^mZ Ahsf m\-kv\m\w sNn-p-tm Htsd Ipcn-ip-I Ah-fn-tev ]Xn-pXpImWmw. ssZh-hn-fn-b adnv Zmcn-{Zy-ns \ne-hn-fn-bmWv Ahv I\ym-kv{Xo-bpsS Ipmbw
\In-bXv Fv tacn Xpd-p-]-d-bp-p. Cf-b-h tdmkvtacn anSp-n-bm-Wv. sNSn-Ifpw ]qfpw
Ahv Poh-\m-Wv. tacnv tdmkvtacn Hcp Ipm--n-fn-t]m-se-Wv. GI-a-I tPm sNdnbm Ftmgpw hmb-\-bnepw \mS-Iw-I-fn-bn-ep-am-Wv. GI BXcn \mS-Iw-I-fnp \S-p--Xn
amXm-]n-Xm-v ]cm-Xn-bp-v. Ahs Iqp-Im-cnbmb ]qP-tbmSv BWp-sf kqn--Wsapw `qan-bn-tm sIm-cp-Xm--h-cpsS ssII-fn-em-sWpw tacn D]-tZ-in-p-p. \mS-Imw
Zmcn-{Zy-sa ]pXnb Xnbdn tPm ]qPtbmSv Xam-i-bmbn ]d-bp-p. a\pjy lrZ-bw-sIm-smsX Bbp-[w-sImpw tNmc-sImpw kwkm-cn-p Ah--bn bpPo Ab-\-kvtIm-hns
Im-ar-Kw-t]m-ep \mS-I--fmWv Ifn-t-Xv FmWv Ahs A`n-{]m-bw. CXv Cu \mS-In CS-bvnsS IS-p-h-cp sNm-bv F _nw_-tmSv tNp hmbn-m-hp--Xm-Wv.
]nXm-hns Zp\-S-nepw aZ-\--fnepw tPmWn\v Aaj-ap-v. sNdn-bm\v Ftmgpw tacn-sbp-dnv kwi-b-am-Wv. Xm\-dn-bmsX AhnsS Bscm-stbm hp-t]m-Ip-pv Fm-W-bmfpsS ]cm-Xn. tPm ^mZ De-l-ms apJ-m-b-bm-sWv Abm-sf-tmgpw ]d-bpw. Xs
No-hn-fnbpw aZ-\hpw tacn kln--W-sa-mWv Abm-fpsS ]nSn-hm-in. ImcWw `qan-tbmfw
an-t--h-fmWv s]v. apdn-I Ftmgpw Xqp-hm-cn-sm-n-cn-p tacn temI-amsI
amen\yw \nd-bp--Xn Ftmgpw ]cm-Xn-]-d-p-sIm-n-cn-p-p. J\n-bn Znh-k-q-env
Bsf-sb-Sp-p-p-sv tIv tPmen--t]--m tPm Xm-dm-Ip-p. ]t, Ah
J\n-bnse `mcn tPmen sNp--Xn-t\mSv ktlm-Z-cn-ampw Abvpw tbmPn-n-. AXn-\pth Icpv Ah-\n Fm-W-h-cpsS A`n-{]mbw "Chn-Ss Xocm Zpcn-Xhpw A-n-bpsS
Iocpw F\nv Icp-vX-cm-Xn-cn-n' Fm-W-hs adp-]-Sn. sNdn-bm cm{Xn Iqp-Im-cpambn B hon aZy-]n-p-Xv ]Xn-hm-Wv. \mn hop-an-d-nb sNm-bv {^mns
Imhm-c djo-Z-en-bpsS aI Pmkvans\ sImp-Xnp F hm ]c-p-p.
J\n-bn ]Wn-sb-Sp-p tPmWn\v kl-{]-h-I-cpsS ]cn-lmkw kln-m-\m-bn. ktlm-Z-cn-am-scbpw hon sNdn-bm-t\m-sSmw IpSn-m-s\-p Iqp-Im-scbpw tNv
\mp-Im ]e IY-Ifpw sa\-p-m-n-bn-cp-p. HSp-hn a-\-inv Ah A{I-a-tWm-pI-\m-hp-Ibpw sNp-p. AtXmsS J\n-bnse sXmgn \jvS-am-bn. sNdn-bm IqSp-X IqSpX sXn-tev \on-sm-n-cp-p. tPm hopw \mS-I-cw-Kv kPo-h-am-bn. ]qPv Aht\m-Sp kulrZw {]W-b-n-tev hgn-am-dp kqN-\-I Ah \Ip-p. Fm
sXm-Sp cwKv \Kcw Iog-S-p sNm-bv \Sp-tdm-n-env ]qPsb ISn-p-Iodn
sImp-X-p-p. HcmgvN ss{Uh Nu[-cn-bp-sS IqsS \K-c-n Id-n-\-S sNdn-bm
thiy-I-fpsS sXcp-hmb Imam-n-]p-c-p-shv aI tacn-P-bn-\ns\ Ip-ap-p-p. Cu
hm-I tIv tPm Xf-cp-p.
Hcp {InkvXp-akv cm{Xn-bn Iqp-Im-tcm-sSmw IpSnp hiw-sI sNdn-bm Dd-sh
kplr-p-sf tacnsb IS-p-]n-Sn-m {ian-p-p. CXn\p kmn-bmb tPm sNdnbms\ sImm-\-Sp-p-p. DWp-t]mb sNdn-bm tPmWns\ ASn-s-nepw ASn-tbpXv tacn-m-Wv. AtXmsS tacn ac-W-s-p. sNdn-bm tacnsb kmcn-bn sIn-q-p-p.
CXp-Iv tPmWns ka-\n-e-sXn. sNdn-bm Bta-cn-bn-emWv Ctm Ip-sh-n-cn-p-Xv. FXnp tPmWns\ Abm an--h-i-\m-n. Bta-cn-bpsS Imap-I-\mb BZn-Xyt\mSv Ah bm{X-]-d-bp-p. tPmbvkv tacn aT-n \nv Xncp-hkv{Xw Dt]-np c-sp-sh hm-bp-am-bmWv ^mZ hcp--Xv. honse Acp-a-bmb Ipm-Sns\ Adpv hncpp--tijw sNdn-bm Bta-cnsb D]-{Z-hn-m hcp-p. kln-sIv Btacn sNdn-bms\
sImp-p.
C{Xbpw IY ]d--Xn-\p-tijw, tdmkv tacn-bmbn A`n-\-b--Xns taa-Isf FSpp-]-d-p-sIm-mWv \Sn thZn-bn-se-p--Xv. \mSIw Ah-km-\ns asmcp s]Ipn
tdmkvta-cn-sb-tmse c-bvmbn \ne-hn-fn-p-sImv thZn-bn-tev HmSn-sb-p-p. s]Ipn-I A\p-`-hn-p ]oU-\hpw sNm-bv-sf-tmse Ahsf th-bm-Sp A[n-Im-chpw
Ah-km-\n-p-n F kqN-\-bmWv Cu \mS-Imyw \Ip--Xv.
\mSIw/ Xnc-Y
Page 48
samUyq 4
\mSIhpw kn\nabpw
eIme_amb
cwKIebmWv
\mSIw.
Fm,
kmtXnIhnZy
ASnm\amnbmWv kn\nabnse Hmtcm Ne\hpw km[yamnopXv. t{]I\pw
IYm]m{Xfpw Xnep t\cnp kwthZ\n, \mSImhXcWw Hmtcm {]mhiyhpw
hyXykvXambnocpp. apIqdmbn Nn{XoIcnp Nen{XZriy kmtXntIm]
IcWfneqsS Nn{XoIcnpXn\m kwhn[mbIs ImgvNmSn kn\na BkzZnm
t{]I \n_nXcmbn amdpp. \mSIt{]I kzX{cpw, kn\namkzmZI Hcp
]cn[nhsc Imgvsmw \othcpamWv FYw. cwKthZnbpsS ]cnanXnIfpw
`mhZriyfpsS A`mhhpw \mSInse eImehymJym\v AXncpI Xop
pv. \mSImhXcWs Iymadbn ]In kn\nabmbn AhXcnnm AXv
\mSItam, kn\natbm Bhn. \mSIns cwKkev] n\pdtv kzX{ambn
\om Ne-n-{X-n\v IgnbpIbpan. \mSIw Ftmgpw ham\n AhXcnn
sSpIbpw Hmtcm {]mhiyhpw thdnp \nevpIbpw sNpp. kn\nabn, `qXImes
ham\Imeamn sXncnnpIbmWv sNpXv.
\mSIm`n\bhpw kn\nam`n\bhpw Xnepw hyXymkapv. Ivtfmkv, anUv tjmv,
temMv tjmv XpSnb ktXfneqsS \Ss 'Ne\fm'Wv Iymadbn ]IpXv.
_ntlhnb BIvnmWv kn\nabnteXv. AtXkabw, \mSIn ka{Khpw, AW
khpamb A`n-\-b-amWv \S ImgvNhpXv. BZna[ymamb A`n\bktXhpw
IYmktXhpamWv \mSInepXv. kn\namNn{XoIcWw, ensbpw \So\Smcp
sSbpw e`yX A\pkcnv skuIcy]qhw \Sm Ignbpw. ]noSv t]mv s{]mU
hneqsS, IYmss\ccyw krnsSppIbmWv sNpXv. kp\nnXamb Hcp
LS\bpw {Inbbpw A`n\b Pm{KXbpw \mSIn\v A\nhmcyamWv. Hcp {]mhiyw,
]mfnbm AtX cwKw hopw AhXcnnm\mhn. Fm kn\nasb kw_nnS
tmfw, do-tSneqsS F{X {]mhiyw thWsanepw A`n\bw jqv sNmhpXmWv.
ae-bmf kn\n-a-bpsS IY
1895 Unkw_ 28-\mWv eqanb ktlmZcm ]mcoknse Hcp It^bn temInse
BZys Nen{X s{]mP {]Zi\w \SnbXv. Bdp amkp tijw, 1896
Pqsse Ggn\v {]Zi\w Cybnepw Bcw`np. eqanb ktlmZcmcpsS klmbnbm
bncp amcnbkv sknbdmbncpp Cybnse {]Zi\n\p ]nn.
Ccp]Xmw
\qmns ]ndhntbmsS Cybnse {][m\ ]Wfnsemw Nen{X{]Zi\
Bcw`np. 1906- tImbqcnse t]m hnkv F sdbnth DtZymK\mWv
tIcfnse BZy {]Zi\w \SnbXv. 1907- Cu Imqmc hmdpn tPmk^v (sI.
Uyp. tPmk^v) B hjs Xrq ]qcn\v tIc-f-nse BZys Nen{X
{]Zi\w \Sn. AtlamWv tIcfnse Nen{X{]Zi\ hyhkmbns BZy-hyn-bmbn AdnbsSpXv. tdmb FIvkn_ntkv F tIcfnse BZy
{]Zi\\n m]nXpw AtlamWv. Cu I\nbpsS IognemWv ]noSv BZyIme
XntbdpIfmb Xrq tPmkv, tImgntmSv tUhnk Fnh m]nsXv. BZy
Cy Nen{Xamb cmPm lcn{ (1913) {]Zi\n 12 hjp tijw, 1925-emWv
tIcfn BZy Xntb hXv. tImgntmSv {Iu. Xrq cmah (1930), Xrq
tPmkv (1931), Xncph\]pcw Nn{X (1931) Fnhbpw BZyIme XntbdpIfmWv. Cwojv,
lnn, Xangv `mjmNn{Xfmbncpp Ahn-S--fn {][m\ambpw {]ZinnXv.
1928 \hw_ 7- \v aebmfnse BZy (\ni) Nn{Xamb hnKXIpamc ]pdndn.
AKkvXoizcv P\n tPmk^v sN Um\ntb F sP. kn. Um\ntb Bbncpp
hnKXIpamcs kwhn[mbI\pw \nmXmhpw. Xncph]pcv Zn Im]ntm Xntbdnembncpp Nn{Xns BZy {]Zi\w. sImw, Bepg, Xrq, Xetcn, \mKtImhn
XpSnb efnepw Nn{Xw {]Zinnspshnepw Nn{Xn\v apSpapX
Xncnp]nSnm\mbn.
Cu
]cmPbtmSpIqSn
Um\ntben\v
Xs
pUntbm
ASp]qtnhp.
BZy
aebmfNn{Xns
Aacmc
F
\nebvv
Um\ntbens\bmWv aebmfkn\nabpsS ]nXmhv Fv hnfnpXv. aebmf kn\nabnse
]ctamX _lpaXn \IpXv sP.kn Um\ntbens t]cnemWv.
\mSIw/ Xnc-Y
Page 49
aebmfnse
cmasbpw
Ahkm\tXpamb
\niNn{Xw
1931-
{]Zi\ns\nb ammhbmWv. kn.hn. cma ]nbpsS ammh
F Ncn{X t\mhens\ ASnm\amn aZncminmc\mb ]n.hn. dmhp BWv Nn{Xw
kwhn[m\w sNbvXXv. 1936- Sn.B. kpcw m]n tkew tamtU XntbkpImcm
XmsNs _me BWv aebmfnse BZy iNn{Xw. \KtImhn kztZinbpw
A aebmfnbpambncp F. kpcw ]n 1929- FgpXnb hn[nbpw annv \mbcpw
F IYsb ASnm\amn Nn{Xw kwhn[m\w sNbvXXv ]mgvkn hwiP\mb sjhm{Imw
sXNvImv F Fkv. s\mWnbmWv. apXpIpfw cmLh ]n XncYbpw kw`mjWhpw
Km\fpw FgpXn. 1938 P\phcn 10-\v Nn{Xw XntbdpIfnsen.
1950- Bdp aebmfNn{X ]pdphp. \X, kv{Xo, iin[c, {]k,
N{nI, tNn Fo Nn{Xfn DZbmbpsS \X {]Zi\hnPbw t\Snbtm
apNn{Xsfmpw {insn. 1951- aebmfkn\nabnse BZy kqlnv
PohnX\uIbpssS Bdp Nn{X ]pdphp. sI. hn. tIminbpw Ipmtmbpw
DZbm pUntbm tI{amn BcwYn sI BUv sI Ibnkns _m\dn \nn
PohnX\uI sI. shphmWv kwhn[m\w sNbvXXv. Xnp-dnin kpIp-am-c \mb, t{]w\ko, kXy XpS-nb kq mdp-I Cu ]Xn-m-n-emWv DZbw sImp--Xv.
aebmfkn\nabnse \mgnImb \oepbn ]pdndnbXv 1954- emWv. Sn.sI. ]copn
kmln_v \nn Nn{Xw kwhn[m\w sNbvXXv ]n. `mkvIc\pw cmap Imcympw tNmWv.
XncY, Ombm{KlWw, Km\, Iemkwhn[m\w XpSn aebmfkn\nabpsS Fm
taJeIfnepw
amn\v
XpSan
Nn{Xambncpp
\oepbn.
anI
aebmfNen{Xn\p cm{]XnbpsS shnsaU t\Sn BZyambn tZiob]pckvmcw
t\Snb aebmfNn{Xsa _lpaXnbpw \oepbnen\p kzw.
Cybnses BZys \ntbmdnbennIv Nn{Xw tIc-f-n 955- ]pdph
\yqkvt] t_mbv BWv.
tImtfPphnZymnI tNp cq]w \Inb BZiv
Ieman \nn Nn{Xw kwhn[m\w sNbvXXv AhcnXssbmcmfmb ]n. cmaZmkmWv.
\yqkvt] t_mtbmSp IqSn kmaq-lnI hnjb ssIImcyw sNp \nch[n Nn{X
\nnsp.
{]apJ
kmlnXyIrXnIfpw
Cu
Imebfhn
Nen{Xfmbn
Bhnjvcnsp. kvt\lkoa, \mbcp ]nSn ]penhmev, cmcn F ]uc, ]mSm
ss]nfn, cnSgn, Dmp, `mKho\nebw, NXpcwKw Fo Nn{X tZiobXen
hsc {insp. aebmfnse BZy If Nn{Xamb Iw s_ tImv 1961-
]pdndn. aebmfkn\nam Ncn{Xn \mgnIpIfmb \nch[n Nn{X
Adp]XpIfn ]pdndn. `mKho\nebw (1964), HmSbn \nv, sNo, apdsv (1965),
Ccpns Bmhv (1967) Fo Nn{X CXn FSpp ]dtbhbmWv. 1965-se Ghpw
\ kn\nabvIp Cy {]knUns kph N{Iw sNo t\Sn. Hcp ZntWy
kn\nabvv BZyambn Cu AwKoImcw e`npXpw CXneqsSbmWv. kzmX{ym\c
Cybnse kmaqlnI {]iv\ N sNbvX Nn{Xfmbncpp 60-Ifn IqSpXembpw
\nnsXv. kwKoXn\pw Cu ImeLnse Nn{Xfn henb {]m[m\yw
e`nncpp. sI.Fkv. tkXpam[h, cmap Imcymv, Ipmtm, ]n. kp{_aWyw
Fnhcmbncpp Cmes Nne {][m\ kwhn[mbI.
aebmfkn\na Cybnse anI CUkv{Snbmbn amdnbXv 1970- ItfmsSbmWv.
\nch[n Ignhp kwhn[mbIcpw kmtXnI{]hIcpw Cu Imebfhn cwKphp.
^nenw Cnyqv, ^nenw ss^\mkv tImtdj Fo m]\fpsS {]h\w
Nen{X]T\n\pw \nmWn\pw IqSpX Ahkc krnp. kwm\
Nen{X]pckvImc 1969- Bcw`nXpw Cu \thmm\n\p klmbIambn.
aebmfkn\nabpsS Cu ]p\pWn\p XpSw IpdnXv 1970- ]pdndnb ]n. F.
tat\ms Hmfhpw XochpamWv. Fw.Sn. hmkptZh \mbcpsS XncYbpw anI
kmtXnIXbpw Nn{Xs anIhpXmn. kamckn\na Fsmcp t{iWnbpsS
XpSn\pw Cu kn\na ImcWambn. temInse Xs anI kwhn[mbIcpsS
]nIbnsSp ASq tKm]meIrjvW kzbwhcw F Nn{XneqsS cwKphXv
1972-emWv . kwm\-tZiob ]pckvImc hmcnqnb kzbwhcw AtZiobXen
Ghpa[nIw {ins Cy Nn{Xfnsemmbncpp.
Fw.Sn. hmkptZh \mbcpsS kwhn[m\ \nlWn \nmeyw 1973-
]pdndn. anI Nn{Xn\pw A`nt\Xmhn\pw (]n.sP. BWn) D tZiob]pckvm
c Cu Nn{Xw t\Sn. Dcmb\w F hnJymX Nn{XneqsS 1974-emWv Pn. Achn
cwK{]thi\w \SnbXv. Cy kamcNen{XcwKv Ghpa[nIw kw`mh\I
\mSIw/ Xnc-Y
Page 50
Page 51
tUmIypsadn
I]nX IYbvp {]m[m-\y-an-m-Xpw hnh-c-Wm--Ihpw hnm-\-hn-\n-abw eyw
shp--Xp-amb Ne-n-{X--fmWv tUmIyq-sa-dn-I. temI-nse B[y kn\nam kwcw-` Xs tUmIyq-sa-dn-I-fm-bn-cp-p. Cv Cu Ne-n-{X-Ie kz-amb Hcp kmwkvIm-cnI
taJ-e-bmbn hnI-kn-n-p-v. IYmNn{XsfXpt]mse tUmIypsadn- {lkz
Nen{XtaJebnepw aebmfw {itb t\ ssIhcnnpv. aebmfnse {][m\s
IYmkwhn[mbIcn ]ecpw tUmIypsadn Nn{Xfpw kwhn[m\w sNbvXnpv. Chcn
Ghpw IqSpX Nn{X sNbvXXv ASq tKm]meIrjvW\mWv. Nn{XteJbvp
thnbpw ^nenw Unhnj\p thnbpw Atlw \nch[n tUmIypsadnI sNbvXp. Pn.
Achn, sI.B. taml\, inh FnhcmWv tUmIypsadnI [mcmfambn
sNbvXnp ap IYmNn{X kwhn[mbI. amXyp t]m, sI.sI. N{ XpSnbh Cu
taJebn {i tI{oIcnnphcmWv. tIcf kwm\ Nen{X hnIk\
tImtdj\pw ]nIv dntejkv hIppw Nen{X AmZanbpamWv tUmIypsadn
Nn{X
{][m\ambpw
\nnpXv.
{lkz
Nen{XtsSpnbnp
tZiob]pckvImc \nch[n XhW aebmfw Icamnbnpv.
XncY
Nen{Xn\mtbm
sSenhnj
t{]m{KmapImtbm
{lkzNn{Xn\mtbm
ZriyfpsS FgpXp tcJIsfbmWv- XncY Fp ]dbpXv. Hcp Zriyn
ASnbnp ew, kabw, IYm]m{X, iw, AwKNe\ XpSn AXnse
A\mSI kz`mhw hsc Hcp XncYbn Dsmncnpp. XncYI Nnetm
kzX{ambhtbm Asn ap kmlnXycq]sf A[nIcnsgpXnbhtbm Bhmw.
Nen{Xns cq]tcJ F \nev XncY, AXns\ B{ibnp \nnt
kn\nabvp thnbmWv XbmdmpXv. s_m, s^n\n, Ipdtkmh, AsWntbmWn
XpSnb almcYmcpsS XncYI kmlnXyta-IqSn DhbmWv.
Hcp XncY
\nch[n A (ko) Bbn hn`Pnncnpw. Asf XncNn{Xfpambn (tjmv)Bbn
hn`Pnncnpw. XncYbvv BZyw thXv IYtbm Asn {]tabw BWv. aqe
IYsb ko\pIfmn ampIbmWv thXv. IYsb \nch[n ko\pIfmpXn\v thn
ctm aqtm hcnIfn AXns Npcpw (h -sse) FgpXpp. Cu hsse\n\p
A\pkcnmWv
Hmtcm ko\pIfpw XmdmpXv. Cs\bpmIp XncYbn
kwhn[mbI, \So\Sm, kmtXnI hnZ, XncYmIrv
FnhcpsS Iqmb
NIfn Nne hyXymk hcpw. ChnsSbmWv- XncY tjmpIfmbn amdpXv.
km[mcWbmbn ko FgpXn XoXn\ptijamWv tjmpI Bbn hn`PnpXv. Hcp
IYbn D-S-nbnp Zriy-sf kw_n hniZoIcWtmsSmw IYbpsS {Iam-\pK-X-amb hfbpw hnImkhpw XncYbn {]Xn^enpp. XncY bYmY-n
HcpkmlnXy cq]a. Nn{XoIcnstS kw`hfpsS hniZoIcW BWv. Fm
{]Xn-`m-im-en-I-fmb kn\n-am-{]-h-I cNn-p XncYIv kmlnXykz`mhw
ssIhnpv.
Page 52
se\n cmtP{
Page 53
]pckvImc
1992
se
kwm\
Nen{X
]pckvImcwanI
Nn{Xw,
kwhn[mbI,\nmXmhv(ssZhns hnIrXnI F Nn{Xw), 1996 se kw\ Nen{X
]pckvImcw (anI P\{]nb,Iemapeyap Nn{Xn\pXv)- Ipew F Nn{Xn\v-,
IrXnI B Nph Imens Hmv (kvac-W-I), A\y, ag (Xnc-Y)
Page 54
cv
kp`{ZbpsS `mhv AhfpsS kvt\lclnXamb s]cpams hnainp.
N{tiJctat\m Xs `mcybpsS tcmKnItfmSv Hcnepw kwkmcnn. Xn \npw
Xs `mcysb AIp i{Xp F anemWv Atlw Ahsc IXv. kp`{Zbpw Xm\pw
X\nv Sn.hn. ImWpI, A\tym\yw ]pkvXI hmbnp tIfvn pI, \Sphm
t]mhpI, Imdn kmbm khmcn sNpI Chsbmambncpp B `mhns
taml. N{tiJctat\m Afp NnsSpnb Hcp PohnXssienbmWv
ioenphXv. hnhm-l-n-\p-apv Xm I\y-I-bm-bn-cp-p-shpw AXn-en-tm X\nv
ZpxJw tXmp-p-spw Ah Hcn- tat\m-t\mSv ]d-p. Xfp IpnI
DmhmXn tJZw {]ISnnncp tat\m HSphn AhfpsS hyXzw Hc\p{Klambn
IWmn. tcmKnIsf i]npsImncp B a\pjy HSphn Hcp tcmKnbmbn
amdnbtm kp`{ZbpsS Ipt_m[w Ahsf Akzbmn. Atlw Alnncp \oXn
]pecvp hm X\np Ignn Fv Ahp tXmn.
kymt\cp Ipfnp hcmbn \np apSnbngIfn hnctemSnptm Ah
imkv{XnI \oemw_cn Be]npXns\n Hmp. An-s\-bn-cn-s, N{-ti-J-c-tat\m tcmKn-bmbn ac-W-s-p. Hcp hn[hbvv A\ptbmPyamb hkv{X[mcWcoXn Ah
kzoIcnncpp. ]t, a[pcbvp t]mhptm ISpw \ndfnep ]p]pShI Ah
s]nbn ASpnshp. a[phn[phn\p ]pdsSp h[phns lrZbanSntmsS Ah
kmam\ HXpn. kpK{Zhy, appameI, Nph Ipsh B`cW
Fnh AWnp.
aqv
a[pc apnaqp hjptijw Hc]cnNnX`mhw ssIsmXmbn
kp`{Zbvv tXmn. Xm\pw A\amcpw Xmaknncp sInSw Hcp iniphnZymebambn
amdnbncpp. t{X Ipfhpw AXns ]mizn ]qnSnpw hnIrXambpw
nXnsNbvXncp aThpw Ah Ip. AXntev kp`{Z sNp Ibdn. DdSnI
AhnShnsSbmbn XIncpp. AS hmXnen ]eXhW apnbnpw Bcpw Xpdn.
imkv{XnIfpw IpSpw_hpw Cu ew Dt]nncnmsav Ahp tXmn. aSphm
]SnI Cdnbtm tKv Xpdv Hcp hrkv{Xo AhfpsS ASptv hp. AXv
m\mw_m Bbncpp. GItZiw AXp hbmbnmWpw B kv{Xov. ]t,
ImgvNbn Fgp]Xmbn Fp tXmnp sshIey kp`{Z m\ns
BIrXnbn Ip.
"Bcv ? m\w tNmZnp.
"Fs a\nembnt? Rm kp`{ZbmWv. \nssbmw imkv{XnIfn\np ]mp
]Tnm hncph." kp`{Z ]dp.
"kp`{Ztbm?" m\w tNmZnp.
"AsX imkv{XnI FhnsS? a[pcbn htm \n cp t]scbpw
ImWmsap IcpXn. apnaqp hj Ignv a[pc ImWpIbmWv. \nsbpw
imkv{XnIsfbpw Iv, ]noSv tlmen t]mbn Ipfnp Zi\w \Smsap
Xocpam\np." kp`{Z ]dp.
"\ns hchv sshIntmbn. imkv{XnI acnpt]mbn. ssSt^mbnUv Bbncpp.
acnnv GXmv Hcp hjw Ignncnpp." m\w ]dp.
"Rm ham\Semkn Intm?" kp`{Z AZv`pXw {]ISnnp.
"ham\Semkn ASnt ham\sampatm imkv{XnIfpsS
acWw. Atlw shdpsamcp `mKhX. t]scm ]Wtam kmZnphm `mKyapmbn.
Acnnp Pohnp. Acnnp acnp. IpnIfnmXns\]n Rm ]cmXnsSptm
Atlw ]dp. Fm injycpw F\np IpnI Xs. GXv B]XvLnepw Ah
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ag F kn\na
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