PRECAST SEGMENTAL BOX GIRDER BRIDGE MANUAL PUBLISHED BY . POST-TENSIONING POI - PRECAST/PRESTRESSED INSTITUTE CONCRETE. INSTITUTE. 75 W. Jackson Blvd. 7 tem Si 4a es LTS. Jechaon ate Foca e758Copyright ©1978 By Presrseed Coneret Institute ond Post Tensloning Institute Al rohts reserved. This book oF any part thereof tay not be repreduced in any form without the ‘writtan permission of the Prestresed Concrete I [Mitts and the Post-Tensioning Institute Printed in USA. Procsst Segmantal Box Girder Bridge Manus!‘TABLE OF CONTENTS. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT. «20+. FOREWORD. . (CHAPTER 1, DEVELOPMENT OF PRECAST SEGMENTAL BRIDGE CONSTRUCTION....2..+-. 1 1.1 INTRODUCTION 1 12. TYPES OF PRECAST SEGMENTAL CONSTRUCTION . : a 13 ADVANTAGES OF PRECAST SEGMENTAL BRIDGE CONSTRUCTION. a 1.4 ALTERNATE DESIGN PROPOSALS. cess we 3 15 APPLICABILITY OF PRECAST SEGMENTAL CONSTRUCTION... : 8 118 APPLICATIONS OF PRECAST SEGMENTAL CONSTRUCTION IN NORTH AMERICA... © 6 7 9 18.1 Lieve River Bridge, Quabec «+>. . 1182 Bear River Brdgo, Digby, Nova Seotia oe 1183 JFK Memorial Causway, Corpus Christ, Texas : 1164 Muscatatuek River Bridge, North Vernon, Indiand «20.2. 185 Vall Pass Bridges, Colorado... 2.00 Sena) 1188 —_Kishwaukeo River Bridge, Winnebago County, nos - IIININD 0 1167 Sugar Crovk Bridge, Parke County, Indiana..-....-scsccccscusseuesecessesee 10 188 Turkey Run Bridge, Parke County, ndiana. css. sos 10 1989 Pennsylvania State Univesity Test Track Bridge... EN a9 18.10 Other Procat Segmental Bridge In Planning, Design snd Construction... s..s... 11 (CHAPTER 2, CONSIDERATIONS FOR SEGMENT DESIGN .. , +33 24° GENERAL... ecesse : 13 22 PRINCIPAL DIMENSIONS OF SEGMENTS ...... tiene 18 23 DETAIL DIMENSIONS OF SEGMENTS ...2..+.sc+seeseeseee se 18 24 PIER AND ABUTMENT SEGMENTS. ...-.2..2.ecesc00e foes 16 25 _ POST-TENSIONING TENDONS... fecsinsetirsesee 25.1 Generel UINININIIEINIIS ” 252 Permanent Pos Tenioning 7 253 Temporary PostTensioning 20. c.ss seuss 254 Layout of Port Tensioning Tendane Int 26 MILD STEEL REINFORCEMENT CAGE ....... : 27 SHEAR KEYS. vocseeseeentiessneeeneen 28 EPOXY JOINTS CHAPTER 3, ANALYSIS OF PRECAST SEGMENTAL BOX GIRDER BRIDGES ...2..0..2.0002+ 27 BA GENERAL... esccssecsecseesserserssees oD 32 DEVELOPMENT OF PRELIMINARY BRIDGE DETAILS .....2.20+0+00 2 32:1. Soloctionof Span Arrangement...» 322 Abutment Deals nneneen 323 Pier Detls : 324 Horizontal end Vertical Curvature, 325 Bearing Debals.cvseessevveeweve 33. LONGITUDINAL ANALYSIS .......00000s0000 23:1 Erection Moments...0.. 0.00 ss cess eseusecoee 332 Creep Analysis 332.1 Creep Effects Resulting from Change of Statical System, 33.22 The Effect of Crep on Moments due to Support Sttements 334 35 36 aa 3323 3324 3325 3328 ‘Tho Effect of Creap in Reducing Restraint Forces due to Shrinkage. Determination ofthe Creep Factor Example Creep Factor Coleulitions. Influence of Creep on Super stctute Moments 33:3 Analysis for Superimposed Dead Load and Live Load, 33.4 Anaya for the Effects of Temperetre 335 ShearLag 335.1 3352 ‘Computer Analysis of Shear Lag i Single Celi Box Girder Bridges Consideration of Shear Lag in Bridge Designs 338 —Utimate Swength Analysis . "TRANSVERSE ANALYSIS cee 34.1 General 342 Principles 343 Symmetrical Box Girdor Loading » : 34.4 Antsymmetric! Loading 345 Evaluation ofthe Contributions of Transverse Bending, Lonsitadinal Bending and Torsion to Resistance of Antsymmetreat Loading ANALYSIS AND TRANSVERSE POST-TENSIONING OF DECK SLABS 25.1 Live Load Pus impact Analy 35.2 Transverse Post Tensioning of Deck Siabs [ANALYSIS AND CORRECTION OF DEFORMATIONS, 38.1 General 362 Anais 36.21 36.22 3623 263 Alignment 3631 3832 2633 3834 3835 Phase A Free Cantiver Intermediate Phases 8, 8" ‘Phase © ~ Final Continuous System... Correction of Datormstions |... Correction of Rotation Correction of Superimposed Curvature Example Alignment Caleulations, Notes on Alignment Calculation» COMPUTER PROGRANS 37.1 General 3.7.2 Souressot Computer Programs... CHAPTER 4. FABRICATION, TRANSPORTATION AND ERECTION OF PRECAST SEGMENTS FABRICATIONOF PRECAST SEGMENTS, : 451.4 General Contderstions 4a 42 43 4.12 Methods of Caring 4i20 4122 413 Formwork 434 Concrete “The Long Line iethod 2.22? ‘The Short-Line Method 3.15 Joint Surfaces In 4.8 Beating Aroas HANDLING AND TRANSPORTATION OF PRECAST SEGMENTS, METHODS OF ERECTION i . 43.1 Cranes 432 Winch and Beam : 433 Launching Gantry aes 434 Progrsive Pacing. mh 435 Erection Tolerances 438 Design of Piers and Stability During Construction 4 “aJ 438.1 Single SlondorPiets.c.20csseeseeseeeeees 4362 — Moment Resisting Piers... oe 51 GENERAL renee 52 _ STRUCTURE DIMENSIONS . cesiessiesietsetvenseeee 53 ORDER OF ERECTION....... ce 54 _ POST-TENSIONING DETAILS cose : 55 DESIGN REQUIREMENTS AND LOADING : 56 _ DESIGN PROCEDURE. 56.1 Step 1, Free Cantilever Ps Intl Cantilever Group i Post Tensioning 562 Step2. Completion of Tall Span Plus Continuity Group 2 Post Tensioning «+ 563 Step3. Completion of Center Span. 5.4 Step. Adation of Superimposed Dead Loss one 5 585 Step. Appliction of Live Load and Temperature Load : BBS Step6. Influence of Time. 566.1 Step Ga. Box Girder Dead Load Momant Reditrbution Gus to Gres 8662 Stop 6b. Post-Tensioning Momant Redistribution Due to Crees 568.3 Stop Ge. Erect of Press Lost. sse secs : 567 Step 7. Final Sess Control... 5B Step6. Calculation of Transverie Moments, ss. cs... APPENDIX... cororerereren [AA TENTATIVE DESIGN AND CONSTAUCTION SPECIFICATION FOR PRECAST SEGMENTAL BOX GIRDER BRIDGES ‘2 _ SUMMARY OF PRECAST SEGMENTAL CONCRETE BRIDGES IN THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA WITH CROSS SECTIONS . AB. NOTATION ....cseescesesseesseserssetensreeneneenee REFERENCES. : Extreme care hat boon taken to have data and Information i the Precst Segmental Box Gitder Bridge Manual at accurate as posible, However, 2 the PostTensioning Institute and Prestressed Concrete Insite do not actually make derane or prepare engineering plens, they cannot accept responsibilty for any errors or oversights in the se of Manual materiel in bridge project designs ‘or inthe preparation of engineering plans 8 at 8 es SBR8 87 ot 93 95 7 7 100 101 107 107 na 6 18CHAPTER 1 DEVELOPMENT OF PRECAST ‘SEGMENTAL BRIDGE CONSTRUCTION 11 Introduetion ‘The earest known Soplication of precsst sap: rental Bridge construction “was a single. span County bridge in New York State bull in 1982 ‘The ridge girders were divided longitudinally into thre precestsepments which were cast end to end ‘After curing, the segments were trensported to the fob ste where they were reassembled end port tansionad wit cold joints. "The development of long sen prestressed con crete bridge construction techniques In Europe futlined in the Foreword. Of particular signif ance was the development of east inplace cant fever sogrental construction in Germany by the firm of Dyekerhott& Widmann, Ine. The technolo Sy of eartinplace segmantal’ construction was ‘Sapted and extended for use with precast sea tnants in the Cholayle Rol Bridge over the Seine River south of Pars in 1962. The Choisyte-Rot Bridge, designed and bullt by Enterprises ‘Campenon Berard, is shown in Fig. 1.1, Several Gtinr sraetres of the sama type were builtin due Course At the same time, the techniques of pre: fasting segents and placing them in the structure ‘rere continually refined. "A major Innovation for construction of precast, segmental bridge os the launching gantry which ‘ar sed forthe frst time on the Oleron Viaduct, Shown in Fig. 12, wbich was buile between 1964 Sn 1966. The Oleron. Viaduct leunchina gentry {Shown in Fig, 1.2. The launching gantry makes it Dossble to mave segments over the completed pert Df the suueture ad place ther in cantilever ovec Succesive. pers Use of 2 launching gantry per tmited completion of the Oleron Vieduct at an erage of 800 linea fet (270 m) of finished deck per month. While the Isunching eantry is very Crefal means of ection in many cases erection fan also be accomplished by use of cranes and ‘ther means ae deseribed in Section 4.3. Experiance with major precast segmental bridges in Europe sllowed the retinament of the constrve- tion process. Improvemants were mad in recat ing methods and in the design of erection eavip ent to permit ute of larger segments and longer Spans, and which could accommodate horizontal Curvature inthe roadway alignment. ‘The tcmique of precast sapmental construe: tion not enly gained rapid acceptance in Frence but spreed to other counties, For example, the Ntheriends, Switzerland od later Brazil and New Zealand adopted the method. Many other Countries are today uring the precast segmental echniques for various plications. The fist ‘now application of precast segmental box order bridge construction in North Amerie was a high ‘vay bridge over the Llewe River in Quebec. The lovee River Bridge wes builtin 1067 ad has 2 tmaln span of 260 f. (79 m) with and spans of 130 FL (40m. The Bear River brige ner Digby, Nove Scote, shown in Fig. 1 contains x interior spans ff 265 f (61 ml and end spans of 203 ft. (62 ‘Tho Bear Rive bridge war opened to traffic In December 1972. "The fist US. procsst sopmental box girder bidge was built near Corpus Christ, Texas and was ‘pened to trafic in 1073. The Corpus Christ! Drape, shown in Fig. 1.5, has a central span of 200 (Bt im) and end spane of 100 f. (30.5 m. Sub Enuent. to. the Corpus Chvst bridge, precest fpnental bridges have been completed in nciana fed Colorado, ard abridge of this type is now Under construction in tines. A simple span pre fit segmental ridge has beon constructed at the Pennsylvania State University ‘est tack 28 3 re {arch projet sponsored by the Federal Highway ‘Adminstration and the Pennsylvanis Deparement Of Transportation, Numerour precast segmental bridges hove been designed for other leations in the US. and Canada, nd IC expected that tis echnique wil be widely used in the years aheod 1.2 Typer of Precast Sopmental Construction Two main types of procest segmental bridge construction have developed which may be cifer- fotd by the us of either castin-place concrete orepoxy joints TR number of precar segmental bridgas have bean bullt using east place fants 310 4 in. (76 to 102mm) wide between segments. This procedure biiminats the need for mateh-casting and reduces {he dimensional precision roqired in casting the egrets, but It has mejor diadrantagsInclding the requirement of falsework to support the seg ments wile the eastiplce Joint cures, and ‘Jantal reduction, io constuction speed. On balance, the ute of catinplae joint is not gen- fealy tractive and for this eaton this type of Joint wll not be considered further inthis manual ‘The prevailing system of precast segmental ‘ide construction User an epoxy resin jointing tmatris. The thickness of the epoxy joint ison the tre of 1/32 in. (0,8 mm). The uso of an epoxy faint requires a’ perfect it between the ends ot ncent segments This is schieved by cating eachsegment against the end face of the preceding one (tmateh-camtng) and. then erecting the segments Inthe same order in which they ware cast. This ‘manuat wil corsier ony design and constuction Techniques for bridges using match-cast segments and an epoxy resin jointing materi 1.3 Advantages of Precast Segmental Bridge Construction “The advantages of the use of precast segmental construction techniques tothe bridge engineer are te follows: 1.The economy of precast prestressad concrete onstruction is extended toa span range of 100 to 4400 ft, (90 to 120 mi}, ard even longer spans mey be economical in crcumstanees where use of heavy rection equipment i ese, 2. The precast segments may be fabricated while the substructure it being bull, and rapid erection ‘of the superstructure ean be achieve. 53. The method makes ute of repetitive industri Tied manufacturing techniques withthe Inherent potantial for achieving high quality and high Frength concrete 4.The need for falowork {eliminated and all ‘rection may be accomplished from the to ofthe mpleted portions of the bridge, These aspects may be particularly important foe high-evel cross: ing, In cones where itis necessary to minimize interference with the bridge environment, or where heavy tate must be msitained under the bridge ring constuction. 15, The structure qeomety may be adepted t0 any horizontal or verte! curature or any required roscway spersovation 6. The eects of eonerete svinkage and erp may be tubstanaly reduced both dirng erection and in the completed svucture because the segments vill portly have matured to full design strength before erection. 27. Except for temperature and weather imitations related to mixing and placing epoxy, precast sa: ‘mental construction is rativly insensitive to wee ther conditions (ae the weather restrictions on use fof epoxy in Appendix Section A.1), 8, The esthetic potential of concrete construction. 8, Enhanced durability of bridge decks through precompresion ofthe conrste and elimination of racking and thraugh use of high quality conerete produced undar conditions thet pormit high level ‘of ualty conto “The primary cisadvantages of pracest segmental construction relate to the naed for a somewhat higher level of teznnology in desig, and the neces: Fy for high degree of dimensional control during Tonufeture and erection of the segments. At the fmoment, the. temperature and restrictions of epoxy jointing mat Timitig factor. The large number of sucesful projcts in Europe and other parts of the word, fd the growing number of completed projets in NNoren America suggest hat these obstacles will not Inhibit rapid growth inthe use of precost segmental bridge construction. 14 Alternate Design Proposals Upto the present time, precast segmental bridge posts in North. Amarca have been primarily tected asthe result of competitive biding against ‘other superstructure types. Given the economic Conditions of the foreaabe future, itis felt appro: prite thet storate proposals for any type of ipersvucture should be permitted at either the Summers or the contraters option on all major bridge projets. Such 2 procedure would enhance Competition, minimize construction costs, end frogurege, "the innovition necessary to asure progres in the development of bridge construc fion techniques. To the fllrt extent practeabe, the contract documents should permit rasonable Atexbility in span arrangements end other devils necesito assure econarial application of ate atv construction techniques, As one example of this point, the optimum ratlos of end spans to intermadste span for Uweospan continuous ren forced concrete or structural steel. bricges are Usually not economies for segmental construc tion, For economy f thre span precast sepmen tal bridge erected in cantilever, the end spans ‘should be approximatay 50 percent ofthe length Of interior span. OF course, In long viaducts 2 portion of the end span can be built on flsoork tuithout significantly affecting the overall structure conomy. However, gane-ly it isnot equitable to ff one type of constuction, and then require that Sry. aiternate design conform preisaly to those Darameter (presuming some flexibility. per: fnited by the fectors controlling the structure ‘geometry Te must aio be recognized that use of altemate designs may ental rome dsadvontagas. In pati lar, additonal enginering costs may be Involve. Value engineering incentive clauses providing for alternative designs normally consider the additonal‘engineering costs to both the contractor and the foumer in erablishing the net cost reduction result: ing. fromthe altemative design propos. For \erious typesof opmental concrtssuperstructures, ‘hese ditional corte may be minimized by ‘sevance recognition of the eelable construction Gotions in the contact documents, This mey be Sccomplised by using general rather then specific etal in to contract plan in uch a way thatthe secifc details on the fabecation drawifigs or con Struction plans for the options exeresed by the fontractor ean be checked against the contract ‘raving. As examples of tis procedure, contract Crawings may use Po Force x eocentrleity) dag: {rams or envelopes fr the post tensioning roqure tants rather than specific number sie and loca ton of tenons; and envelopes which indiete max insur and minimum constuction and service load stresses along the structure 1.5 Aaplicablity of rest Segmental Construction ‘The use of procast segmental bridge construc tlon found intl aeaptarce forthe span range of 180 to,350 fe (50 to 110 m). When the cantilever method of eration i ued, this span range fst Considered To be the base area of apalestion Fin. — Coron Cari re, Texas ther factors contributing to selection of precast Seomental construction are ceseribed in Section 13. in racine years, the advantaget of precast so. mantel eanstruetion have been extended to shorter pan. fronwayoverpasies_in several European Broleets ‘The most. notable. application in this ‘category isthe Rhone-Alpes Motorway whch i ‘olved construction of 150 overpasses over @ yearDerod. The bridges are thre span structures with Iain spens ranging from 60 to 100 ft. (18 10 30, Im). The construction procedure for the Rhone Alper bridges is shown in Fig. 1.8. Significant fo tres ofthese bridges include the complete eimine tion of tha normal closure join, and the use of conventional porttersioning "tendon _profiee Instead of the cantilever type tendon srrangement. Stability during construction is provided by tem porary supports cloe to th pics st shown In Fig. Mz, and. by temporary post-tensioning bars snchorad along the deck surfs at illustrated in Fig. 18, The total construction time for single. coverpas (foundations, piers, ard supersv-veture) Ukog thie technique i ese than 2 weak ‘A procedure for precast segmental constuction developed primarily for the span range of 100 t0 180 ft (30 to.50 mi isthe concept of progressive placing dicuseed in Section 42.4, With tha proce ‘ire, segments co placed continsousy from one fend of the deck to the other in succesive cant: levers on the same side of the various pars rather ‘than in balanced cantilever teach pier. 115 Applications of Procart Segmental Construction in North America 116.1 Lieve River Bridge, Quebec The Liewre River Bridgo in Quebec, shown in Fig. 19, was the fet North American bridge of precast segmental box girder construction. The bridge, which was completed in 1867, utilizes @ twosell box section and has spans of 10 ft. — 260 ft. — 120 ft (40-79-40 m). The 92 ton (86 0) pier sopmants of the Lies River Bridge were east lapisee on the piers ad the remainder Of the superstructure was match-as using a cas Ing bed set up on the rver bank. Typial stents fof the bridge were 9 ft 8 in. 128 m) long and ‘weighed trom 38 to 52 tons (35 29 47 1) The fasting of segments extndod. trom January {rough June. During the winter months, the east ing operation wat protected by an enclesure of plastic sheeting supported on reuebla steel trusses. ‘The enclosure was assembled in sections 20 f (61 im) long and war lifted by crane to the required location as work edvancad, Under normal weather condition, the erection pace for the bridga was two segments per day. Erection began in August and th bridge was completed the sameow 1.62 Bear River Bridge, Digby, Nove Scotia [A precast segmantal superstructure was selected for the Baar iver Bridge near Digby, Nova Seoti when altemate bids found precast segmental ‘onstruction a $3.38 millon, compared tothe low bid Tor a ste! suuctuge of about $3.60 milion Another motivation for selsction of the precast ‘Superstruture was the fact that Nova Scotia does ot have stel fabricating fects that would have ‘ecommadsted the Baar River Bridge, This meant that the money for superstructure labor and materials would largely have been spent outside ‘the Province. On the other hand, selection of the precast segmental superstructure resulted in use of predominantly local Isbor sources and local ‘rater. The combination of direct cost savings fd use of local labor and materials led to the Selection of the precast segmental superstructure leven though ther had only been one prior Use of {his type of constuction in Canad ‘A constuction view of the Bear River Grid is presented in Fig. 1.10. The bridge has sx intrior spans at 285 ft. (80.8 m) each, and symmetrical fend spans of 203 ft. 9 in. (62.1 m) for a total lenath of 1997 ft. 6 in. (608.8 m. The precast sections are 37 6 in. (114m) wide and 11.10, in. (3.6 m) deep. Most sections wore 14 ft. 2 in (3 em) Tong and weighed about 90 tone (82 8) “The top sab of the box fe post-tensioned tree. versely to achiove a thickness of 10 in. (254 mm) it the centerine ofthe section, ‘The geometry of the bridge included @ verety ff elcula, spiral, and parabolic cures ae well 23 ‘tangent sections. in plan, the east end ofthe has two sharp horizontal curves connected to sech ‘other and to the west end tangent by two spiral curves. In elevation, the briage ls on 2 2088 f (623 rm) vertical curve with tangents of 6.5 and 6.0 percent. There is approximately 23 ft to 30 f. {5 to 8.1 m) citernce In elevation between the roadway surface at the abutments and atthe center (of the bridge, Two sets of short line forms were sod to east the segments meet the exacting ‘geometry requirements. Te ats to the axeuracy ‘with which the segmonts matched the planned ‘geometry, two to four segrants ware erected each ‘working day, and only nominal elevation adjust ments were required in the abutting cantilevers where the eastinplace closures were completed at ‘the centers of the spans. “Tho brie required 145 precast segments. Two seamants were conrructe each working day, one In each short tine frm, The segments ware cast iretly against the face of the matching segment In the bridge which assured a perfect fit during erection, Elghtcastinplace closure sognents 4 tt. (1.2 ml Tong were used at the center ofthe spans to join the abutting precast cantiever sections into 4 fully continuour structure Cating oF the sper. Structure units began lo mid Marchand was com pleted by the end of August. Erection started the fiat of Juty and was completed atthe end of Octo ber, 1972. Grouting of tendors end plement of curbs, sidewalks and guardrails quired about 1s ‘months following erection of the last segment. 1.83. JFK Memorial Causeway, Comput Christi, Texas The JFK Memorial Causeway ie shown shortly ator it was opened to trafic in the summer of 1973 in Fig. 1.5. The proces segmental box girder portion of the bridge, the fist of its kind in the United States, is shown in Fig. 1.11 a it appenred in late February, 1973, Erection of the 100 ft (30.5 m) end span and 100 ft cantilever ara com plete on one side and about one third complete on the other side, Precast segmental construction was selocted for the JFK. Memorial Causeway following @ comare hensive model tet program st the Univenity of Texas at Austin, Fig 1.12 shows a general view of the model bridge during testing. Results and con clusions from this test program indicated that this ‘ype of construction is ste and dependable."?* ‘Specific conclusions resulting from the tests ae Toliows: 1. The segmental bridge model safely caried ‘the ultinate design loads for ll erie! mom and shear loadiog. configurations on which its Gecgn had been based, as specified by the 1962 Bureau of Public Rosds Ultimate Strength Deslan Criteriaow 2, The defletion under design ive toad in four lanes (only. three lanes required by tive. load reduction fects) was approximately 19200 in the min span, This (a much less than L/800 which {a gonerally considered as acceptable. 3 Poste tendons. in the main span_ were designed. for an ideal threespan continuous beam, Sinoe the completod bridge was supported fon neoprene pads which have no vertical restraint Souinst uplift, the outer ends wore able to rise off thei support a loads greater then the design ut mete lond, 20 thatthe ructure did not at entio~ tiously atthe ultimate conditions under main span Desi moment loading, Even so, there was sf: lant reserve strength in the main span tO carry esi ultimate load “4 Under tests 10 failure with very. high combined moment and ear loading, flexural Cracks appeared near the epoxy joints In the top Sab near the main pie. Howevor, they joined the Giogonal tension cracks and oid not extend along the joints There was no sgn of any rect shear failure et the joint, In tests of the full bridge ‘adel, proximately 75 pecant ofthe theoreticat Ultimate sheer load was applied inthe maximum Shear loading test prior to failure of the bridge uring that text by flexure, No sign of shear dit tress wet evident. Subsequent tests of three: fegment model under severe sheat looding 36 3 Cantieverseaton indicated that ‘ull shear strength fof the unit was developed. Hence, the epoxy joint Technique used did pot reduce the design shear stenath. During erection of the fst fow segments, tensile stresses ooourred in Ue bottom slab pre icted in the design, These stases resulted from ‘he large amount of prestrae in te top slab a this ‘Hage of rection. Temporary prestess devices Suezesfully controled the effet of these stresses. 6. ‘Theoretialealculation of the load factor for lia and Impset lands required to form the first plastic hinge agreed very well with the experiments fests. These tents proved the accuracy and appl Cabilty ofthe ulate lod calculation procedure, 7, Near faire, major racks concentrated near the enoxy joints which had no continuous conven tional reloforcement, However, throughout the loading sequence, cracks were generally well d tvibuted because ofthe effetve grouting and the strength of the epoxy joints '8 Transverse moment capacity of the bridge cross section wat vry adaquate, as shown by the punching shes oad tot rests 9, There war no advese effect of the epoxy Joints on the sab punching sheer strengths 10, Bolts used forthe temporary connection of ‘the ple sagmente to the main piers yielded locally Under the"most.erteal unbelanced loading, sithough the calulated ect tnsle stress was less ‘han the actual yield strength, The bolts used in the model were alzo below tho yield strength later ‘peciied for the bots in he prototype. Yielding tres apparently caused by the large gep between the pier segments and th pier, with consequent local bending, and wae sentuated by the stress ‘concentrations in the treads. "1, The theortiesl clclations were genealy in ood agreement withthe experimental results al ‘hough there. were some. appreciable deviations between the experimental and thecretial values of strain in the top sab In some stages of cantilever 164 Muszatatuck River Bridge, North Vernon Indiana ‘The second appliction of precast sagmental construction inthe US. was the widening of a 45 tear old open spandrel arch bridge on U.S. 60 over the Vernon Fork of the Muscatatuck River in Xenniogs County, Indiana. The 22 ft, (6.7 m) ‘nig precast senental box sections wore erected Just 1 fe. (03 m) away from the deck of the fxitng arch bridge. The two decks are joined by 2 longitudinal neoprene joint to provide-s new 244 ft (134m) wide driving surface. A viaw ofthe Muscatauck River Bridge ie presented in Fig 1.13. Complete design ealeulations forthe Muscatatuck River Bridge are presented in Chapter 5. 1.65 Voll Pass Bridges, Colorado Construction wae completed on a saries of four precstsepmantl briegs on Intestate 70 west of Benver over Val Pass in 1976. The lengths of the bridges rng frm 290 to 830 ft. (118 to 263 m) tnd the. main span lengths were either 200 {61} or 210 ft (65 mA single-cell box girder ction was used forthe 42 ft, (12.8 m) wide see tents. A construction view of one of the Vail Past Brdose is presonted in Fig. 1.14. Alignment prob- lems were encountered atthe closure of te fst Vail Pass Bridge which required removel of portion of the precast parapet, and use of an Siphaltic. wearing. surfea of varying. thickness (iraximair thickness of the asphalt surfcing was about 11 in, (278 rym) at one point slong one utter ine), The ease ofthe sslignment hes nat Boon specifically determined at this time. "Thee later segments of 170 over Val Pas inCHAPTER 2 ‘CONSIDERATIONS FOR SEGMENT DESIGN 21 General Much of the economy of precast sagmantal bridges results from the tandardization and indus Ulalzavon of the proces of manufacturing the segments. When design details permit repetition of Ghly actions, one segment per day ean be manufac tured from eich form by comparatively smal tren, To schiave this ate of production, iis im portant to avoid chenges inthe forms, to standard faethe cage of mild ste! eeinforcoment, and to use 8 repetitive layout of the post tensioning teeons. Te always necessary to thicken the bottom slab of the sagmonts near the pier. However, even this Iinorvaraten In the detalls of the segments may ‘daturs somewhat the normal schedule of sesment rodstion, 22 Principal Dimensions of Segments ‘The principal segment dimensions ae top sab width "W", constuction depth "0", with of bottom slab "B", web spacing "", and segment length “L". Thats dimensions are shown or 3 ty ical segment in Fig. 21 Inthe mos simple case, the segmant width “W Ie selected as equal to the with of the bridge Winen the bridge width exceeds about 40 fe (12, im), oF whan I necessary 10 minimize segment ‘weight Or sae, tho structure width can be divided Into a multipio of the serene width ss shown in Fig, 22. In this ea, the taneverse connection of the top slabs may be aecomalshed by ‘ransvorse posttansioning, which extends through all the boxes andthe eat inplace ln ‘Ass alternative to use of multiple boxes for structures wider than about 40 ft. (12 m), single boxes with multiple webs Reve been sod for dhe Up to about 70 [21 m). For intermediate vith, singe box scons may be Used with inte ‘a1 traneeree floor beoms under the roadway Slab (e., StAndre de Cubzae Viadvets) or boxed ‘antlers (o9,, Chilon Viaduct). These alterna tives ar iustrsted in Fig. 2, which in addition, hows the evolution of segment size and weight {ors numberof European bridges "The constuction depth "D” is determined by the spans. Most European bridges have been bull vith spanidepth calor of 18 0 20. However, ratios (of 20 to 30 are consiarad feasible and structurally fatifactory. Deflection texts on the model ofthe Corpus Christi Bridge with @ span(depth ratio of 25 resulted Ina defacton of only L/3200 which is Fut tT T 1 Cy Fay 22 — Superrectre with pari igmants st only 25 percent of the defletion permitted in fool structures In the US. Spar/depth ratios for fend spans aro usually somewhat lower than for in trio spans. The sellower depth structures require ‘more high strength posttnsioning materials. Ver: Tobia depth stroctures become appropriate for spans in exces of 280 to 300 f. (78 to 80m in this cate, te spanidepth ratios have normally been telectad a 18 t0 20 at support and a0 to 60 at rmidspan. When webs are vertical, the bottom slab width 18” follows from the width “"W" and the sue turally acceptable length of the cantilever as cis fussed below. Sloping webs present no problem when the box gir depth Is constant, but do require rignficant form adjustments for produc tion of variable depth sepmants dus to the varia. tion in bottom sab width, A narow bottom sab fe desirable to feduoe seument weight since the Dotter slab area is usualy a factor for structural consideration only in the negative moment ares ‘sejcant to piers ‘The sepment length “Lhasa pronounced effect con the economy of bvidje. The selection of the Eegnent length. determines the total number of fagnents that must be produced and eect, Since the majority ofthe costvolved in production ana traction i fced por unit and ony small shave of the cort i variable, economy is achieved by using the smallest number of sopments consistent with LManaportation requirements and the capecity ofmomo em Oem ee eee 190erection equipment. Since the cost of hanling and fsrection increas with "Lite necessary to meke 23 study of the total impiace economy of various ‘Segment lengths to determine the most economical ‘alue. Wen sepments must be transported over highways, the welght and size imitations usually determina the value of "L" “The spacing of webe “sis normally determined purely on structural erteria, In principe, any web Erocing can be utiled if all pertinent structural spect oe thoroughly ivertigated using, if recess fry, more. sophisteated structural analyis techniques. The need for such analysis i ereatly recluced when the veb spacings selected in such a \way thet the ordinary beam theory ean be applied {or longitudinal moments. The beam theory may be used when the depth ofthe section is equal £9 for greater than 1/30 of the span, and when the ‘width “W" alvided by the numberof wabs is not ‘ore than 73 percent ofthe span langth. Fr sc- tons such as shown in Figs. 2.1 and 2.2 the slab cantilever “0” i about one-fourth "W", For box ‘eetions with more thon two webs the slab ean fever dimension should be selected to provide ras sonable lance between cantllver and interior “transverse moments. Use of these erteri for deter. mining the number end spacing of webs also results in reaonablereqlrements forthe depth ofthe top slab and the amount of transverse top lab rele forcement ‘Segment dimensions used on U.S. nd Conan precast segmental bridges now completed or in fdvnced tapes of Gesgn are presented in Appen ‘x Section A2 23 Detail Dimensions of Segments “The eonerate dimensions of top sab, webs, bot tom slab and hounehes are determined by structur al considerations ané by numerous practical fetors ‘elated to production of te segments “The top slab thickness [a In Fig. 2.1) usually ranges from 7 to 10 In. (175 to 260 mm). tt is hnecesary to considar the following structural ‘tors in selecting the top sab thickness 1. Bending moments in the transverse direction ‘caused by sab dead 1036, permanent loads ‘ad ve Lae Compresion zone requirements for longitu dial bending moments normally seed be con fidered in determining tp slab thickness only in structures with pane of 360 f (110 ma) 23, Local bending steses due to whee! loads spplid diet over epoxy joints. 4, Local anchorage bearing and spliting sreser for transverse posttonsioning (when used) raquire# minimom thiskness of about 8 in {216 mm fo tendon foress ranging from 100 10 120 ips (445 10 34 KN) In addition to the above sructual cofsdera tions, the top slab thickness most be adequate to fccommodate four layers af transverse ana longitu dil mild stool reinforcement, transverse and fongitudinal tendons, and minimum eonerete cover of 2 in. 151 mn} ontop aed Yn, (25.mm) on the bottom. “The dimensions of heunches "be" and “a” In Fig. 2.1 are determined by the transverse bend ing moments and by the space required for the snchorages of the longitudinal post tesioning tendons (esa Figs 2.10 and 2.12). Is normally rovesrary (0 azommodate a last two layers of Tongitudinal tendons. A conerete depth of 14 in {56 mm) is required at erchorages of logitud pal strand tandone. A depth of 10 in. (254 mm) may sutfice for bor tendors. Although it tseanial to provide adequate space in the top slab fd Raunch thickneses for the above considers tions, it should als be kept in ming thatthe top Slap ls the heaviest part ofthe box ade, and from this standpoint iis ddrable to keap those mer ions at sal prac, "The web thickness "tI generally 14 in. (386 rm) or moe to provide room for the anchorage hardware of 1Zatrnd tendons which are a fe ‘quently used tendon siz, Minimum anchorage sp2c2 requirements fr ber tendons is about 10 in. (268 tn), The 4 in, (350 mm) width may aso be ce labia oF necenary to aocommodate the bursting and spliting fore trom anchorages for 12strend tendons, This thickness may be reduced when tn ‘done are anchored [arts or anchor blacks. Thick rests 98 small ae in, (203 mm) have ben used ‘with strand tendons when webs were vertically pre ftrewed, When shear forces ntar supports re duced by upward shear from the postensioning tendons and segnant depth within the lente dlseribed In Section 2.2, the shear stress equie rants for highway bridges are generally met when the total width of webs mounts to 7 98 percent of the bridge wicth. The prinipal tanto stress Fesulting from combination of wares! shor stress trl compressive stress reach a maximum value at {he intersoetion ofthe top slab end the web. Efforts should be made to keep those principal stresses Within allowable limite [see AASHTO. Bridge ‘Specifications/® Section 1.6.6. (B)], and to avoidthe use of additional reinforcement for this purpose. This requtes the widening of the wabs ‘3: shown In Fig, 21 ‘The web is sti element inthe box rection and provides substantial moment restraint to the top Slab, and consequently trnsvrea maments at the Junction of the web and top slab are high, In cresed concrete thickness, obtained by widening to the web "P" se shown in Fig. 21, reduces the amount of enforcement. required, Peticular fttention should be gven to lapping of reinforce, ‘ment in tis area to avoid discontinuity in areas of high moment ‘A different situation exes in positive and nage ‘ve moment areas relative tothe required bottom slab thickness "Q The stuetural significance of ‘the bottom slab in the positive moment area re lates only to the Bottom sab contribution tothe section properties. AS a result, the bottom sab thickness is usualy reduced in postive moment areas to the minimam required fo carry the sab ead losd, and the space required for reinforce. ‘ment and concrete cover. Space for one layer of tendons, mild stel eeinforcement, and concrete corer requlre a minimum bottom slab thickness oF about 7 In. (178 mn). nthe negative moment are, the bottom slab thickness Is controlled by high compressive srests, Thiskening of the bot tom sib near piers is.nesrly slwaye required to ketp the compresive stresses within the sllowable ——- — sorrowstas | SECTION 16 limits The bottom lab thickening fortis purpose should be reduced to the minimum thickness re Auire in the shortest dence possible to fell tate manufacturing ofthe segnents “The dimensions of the Bottom sisb haunches ("and "7 fa Fig. 2.1) have a major structural {ask in the longitudinal negate moment arse of ‘transferring the change of feos in the Botton la to tho webs. This funtion eilustratad in Fig 2:4. “The force cifferential QF is transfered by longitu inal shese, ands the highest in the. negative ‘moment aes. The bottom ssp haunches also exsist lin transmitting wansverse bending _ moments bbenwesn the bottom slab andthe webs, and reduce the amount of reinforcement required for this purpoee. 24 Pierand Abutment Segments Pier and sbutment superstructure segments Afr from typeal interior superstucture segments in that they normally requir a daphregm to asst the webs in cisvibuting the high shear forces to the bearings. As illustrated in Fig. 25, vertical and ‘ransvers postiensioning can bo used to wansfer the shear from the webs through the diaphragm to the bearings The amount of porttensioring utilized for ths purpose isa function of the sheot forces in the webs. In action tothe post tention ing tendons, the pier and abutment segment dia Dhragns are normally heal reinforced with non restressed eeinforcement. The tendons extending feross the diaphragm in Fig. 2.5 must be ted into the diaphragm with bonded reinforcement to res ‘tendon spiting stresses tthe corners ofthe open ings. Precise analysis of ciaphragn stresses requires Use of finite elemento other similar anlytcs! techniques. However, an approximate analysis based on force resolution is usually suiiont. As shown in Fig 2.5, leizesontial tat an opening be taintained in both pler and abutmont segment apbregs sutficiently large to parmit movement ‘of men and equipment -Seer1ow aT PIERJ HI ow 28 —_Pot-Tensoning Tendons 25.1 Gener Porttenioning tendons are used 10 apply both temporary and permanent prestesing force? %0 precast segment! ridges, General information, erdware dimensions, end spacifiatins for mest porctersioning systems commercially available in the United States and Canada re contained inthe "post.Tensioning Manual”! published by tl Post Tensioning Institute. The sicussion of post tensoning tendons inthis Section is intended to provide Background ‘on normal splictions and Setalls for incorporating the posttensioning ter ‘ons into precast segmental briges. At this tim, ‘only tendone that are groutod after stressing (ones tendons) are recommended 8s part of the permanent post tensioning system 282 Permanent port tensioning tandons are required in precast segmental bridge forthe primary long ‘odin einforeement, Permanent tendons may be Used for traneereeposttensioning of the 9 sib, for vertical posttensioning of the webs, ond at times, to provide @ permanent vertical connection between the superstructure and th pers, ‘The capacity and size of the posttensioning tendons ustd depends largely on the eppication Gnd the eegment dimensions, However, the use {Sf tendons with ao ultimate capacity greater than 700 is (3116 kN} isnot gonetlly recommended ‘due to the bursting, splitting and eracking thet may result fom application of large concentrated forces on reativly thin conerete sections. Larger capacity tendons may be used provided suitable precautions are taken “Tendon ae nocmsly installed in praca bridget shortly before srssng by being pled or pushed through voids in the eonecete formed by ferrous ‘meta tubing or ducts. Galvanized meal tubing Commonly used, The duct clameter for tendons of Gp to taave Win. (19 mm) dlmeter stands is bout 2.5/8 i, (67 me). For tenders of thirteen to eighteen % In, dlameter strands (rarely used) ‘he duct dlametar ie about 3 in. (76 rm). Ducts 12 commonly made from 24 or 25 gauge (0.61 fr 0.9 rom bck or galvanized shoot metal strips formed spray into the required diameter If lighter gauge material fused, Is essencial thatthe ducts bo svengthened from the inside during tasting of concrete by use of inflatable tubes oF pipes to avoid denting from the pressure of the wot Concrete or vibration equipment. Tho use of inl Permanent Post-Tensoning ” tebe tubes to mainttin the duct geometry is @ ‘worthwhile precaution even when semirigid 24 0 2 gauge (O81 to O48 mr) tubing irate tulties in placement of tendort due to. damaced ‘ducts may be vey expensive and difficult 10 forrest All ducts mutt hive sufficient geouting inlets, vent pipes and dein, to allow proper grout ing and to avoid acumulation of water inside the dues, Int end/or vont pipes shall be located at ‘ll high pointe of the tendon profile. The cistance btwaen inlot and/or vent pipes should not exozed 200. (61 “The anchor plate isthe component of 8 post tensioning tendon which wansmits the prestresing force from the anchoring eevee directly to the ‘conerte, The prime function ofthe snenor pate I to dlstibute the concentrated force from the an coring device over 8 lrger bearing afee to the onerate, The anchor pte must be of such shape and dimensions es to limit the bearing steses to those spectig inthe “Post-Trsioning Manu for in applicable code. In most cases, tendons are Srichore inthe wabe of in epécial ibe or anchor blocks attached to the webs O to the top and bot fom slabs. Tendon anchor plete are nocmally ast into the precast lament. The conerste must bbe thoroughly vibrated behind the bearing plates to avoid honeyeom® and ensure proper concret strength, Blind or foted anchorages should not be used for longudial sand tendons ‘Anchor pistes, which are not embedded but placed arecly against conerete, should be placed Soeinst cushioning meter fo crete a more unt ‘orm stots ditrinution batween the bearing pate land the concrete, The concrete surface on which the cushioning material ls 10 be placed must be Gequately tested aeording to the fequiments of the cushioning msteril. Cushioning matrials can be: 1. Asbestos cament sheet of 18 in thicker, 2, Lead alloy with antimony. 5, Syntheti esis. (3 mm ‘The cushioning matarial must be chemically tbe «not alters physical properties with time and fr under load, 1t must also be compatibe with the conerete and the basting plate material When metals ar used as cushioning material, special at tention must be given to the eetrolytc behavior {corrosion due to eleeolysis) with respec tothe snchorage Permanent longitudinal post.tensioning tendons may be conveniently gfouped into cantilever tendons to be streiaddutng erection of segments tnd continuity tendons which are sresed afterrection. The anchoreges for permanent long tudinal tendons tobe strsse during erection may be located either in the webs atthe face of the Segment, or In special web sifeners cst ito the fegment for the purpese of providing @ locaton for anchorage of permanent end temporary ten ons that does not interfere with the erection roots. Fig. 26 shows srening of tendons with Enchorager located in the web faces Fig. 27 shows detals of 9 segment with an Intorior st ‘ening rib which provides 2 location for instal: tion, stesing and anchorage of longitudinal ten dons with lie imerterence with the erection rocess. When tendons are anchored atthe are of 2 segment, 9 eaffold ie normally used as shown in Fig. 26 to facliate installation and stressing of tendons. With interior bs, oF web. stiffener, ‘these operations are accomplished from inside the box. However, sogmente with interior ribs are ore difficult to manufacture, and selection of segment details in a particular ease requires con Sideration of all aspects of manufacture, ere tor, and instilaion, strasing and grouting of the tendons, (Continuity tendons are normally placed and stressed after the erection proce and alter the Closing ofthe eastin pice joins. Details for an chorape of continuity tendons inthe top sb over {he webs are pretented in Fig, 28, This anchorage Gatil has the dsadvantage of allowing drt, water nd extraneous material to enter the tendon ducts. This may cause blockages and other problems. etait for anchorage of continuity tendons in {he bottom slab are shown in Fig, 2.9. Continuty ‘tendons may ao be anchored in web sifenars se strated in Fig, 27. The stasing pockets for anchors in the top sab should be kept as small {35 posible to minimize conflict with mild steel Felnforcement or transverse postcensioning ten LONGITUDINAL SECTION A- A 0 sot (3) ste Rey Fon ALionwenT TRANSVERSE SECTION 8-8 Pl ly SESS 8 HORIZONTAL SECTION C-¢‘dons. For lage strand tendons, used fr longitu al posttensioning, mild stel reinforcement fs focally required to ait in distribution of the Drestressng force into the segment, Anchorage and tendon coupler biockout details to be uved with bar tandons on the Kishwaukee River Bridge in Utinois ar shown in Fig, 210. Vertical osttnsioning is ovcasionally used to ‘accommodate high shear stese, and for connec: tion of the superstructure to plas or abutinents 0 that moments can be transmitted. Connactions between the superstucture and the substucture are made by verti! tendons which pas through the pier segments and are anchored in the per, In some cates, coupling of the vertical tendons it necessary, Particularly when access to the anchor gt at the surface of the pire Is dificult. Most tendons used to connect the superstructure to the substructure are relatively short, s0 It becomat important tht allowance be made for the anchor seating los. Vertical post tonatning in webs, some times caled "presuessd srrupe, may ba usd to help offet high principal teses™ ‘The sts in short vertical tendons ira be sg- nifieandy affested by anchorage seating loses. Liftoff tests are recommended to ensure thatthe correct strss has been applied to prestressed sti ups. The maximum ultimate strength of these inaivdusl tendons hae to be limited to about 200, is (890 kN) inorder that they can be ineorpor ated within the normal web thickness, These ten dons normaly Rave an active stressing anchor and bling or pasive eadend anchor which is em bedded in the concrete. If is srongiy. (econ mended that web tendons be installed vertically £0 void pasting through the joins Excopt for snallor segments, transverse post tensioning of top slabs is recommended to min mie the top slab thickness and to provide ausur lance aginst the development of longitudinal racking in the top ab. The transverse tendons in bridges only one Segment wide can be streted st any time after the segments have been removed from the forms. Transverse post tensioning may alo be used to connec the top slabs of superstructure containing ‘more than one sopment inthe tanevere direction, 2 illustrated by Fig. 22. These tendons run ‘through the longtudinl castinspace joint be ‘ween the seaments, Placing, stressing and grouting of these tendons i done afer erection and obvi ously requires earful control of the deflections Of adjacent eatievers, To falitate placing the tn dons, the width ofthe longitudinal joint must not be lest than 2 ft. (05 ml. Norrower joints are 20 feasible provided adequate measures are taken to overcome non-algnment of ducts at the joint caused by casting tolerances. Transverse tendons may be insaled in fat bundles of tee or four strands 1 maximize the tendon eccentricity In segments at and adjacent to piers, there are large number of lonptudinel and transverse ton dons, and carefel detailing and placement sf e- quired to asice that sufficient space is provided for proper placemant and vibration of the con crete. For tis reason, itis usvally recommended that the tanavere tendons be placed on top of the longitudinal tendons (also see ascusion In Seevion 352 rolatve to bar tendon detally used for Kishwaukeo River Bridge 253. Temporary Post-Temoning Most stgmental structures with epoxy joints are erected as cantilevers, Permanent cantilever post tensioning is applid after segment has beon ‘erect at each end of the cantilever. Asa rit uring the placing of the firs sgment atone end ‘the element has to be attached to the cantilever bby means of temporary post tensioning. The tam orary postensoning aso provides compresion {of not Iss than 50 pi (0.28 MPa) in the joins to be sure tht the joins are properly closed and that the excess epoxy is squeezed out. It Is recom rmonded that uniformly davibuted compressive ‘rose be applied atros the joints to evoid small Giferences in the thickness of the epoxy joint Wich could affect the svete geometry. The temporary post tensioning usally consists of bars because of the short length of the tendons (about ‘wo times the length of the samients, In the bat tendon details used for the Kishwoukee River Bridge (Fig, 2.10), the peemanent longitudinal Posttesioning also server to. provide the te porary compression during evetion, This faci fated the constuction process through eliine ‘on of temporary stressing operations “Temporary tendons, shen required, may belo cated inside or outside the segments It Is often simplest to place the basin the top and bottom slabs of the sxgmonts. The anchors may be placed in recess at the joins. Altematively, the connec: tion may be made by use of temporary stetl attachments such ab ilustated jn Fig, 2.11. Be fause the temporary bars are reused iti recom ‘mended that prestresing force be limited to about 155 percent of tho ultimate srengtn of the bers, ‘The holes and the recesses for temporary tendons and anchorage should be groutd after the perme rent pos tesioning hat beon erst,‘SECTION 8-8 Fi, 210 — Svewing Sad cour Hockout dri — Kimomute iver Bdge J 2Fie 2.1 ~ Temporary sel ins stad de for In place of permanant vertical por tensioning between pier sapments ond piers, post tesoning may be employed tomperarly to provide » ma ment connection during cantilever erection only ‘After erection hae been competed tnd the con- tinuity tendons have bean pisces and stressed, ‘the temporary vertical postensoning at piers may bbe removad. This permits use of sliding bearings 1 plers in the finished structure to accommodate ‘volume changes due to temperature, shrinkage, and 254 Layoutof Post Tansioning Tendons Unlike design of conventionally reinforced con te structural elements where 2 quantity of rin forcement ray be the final result of design cle lations, a pratial tendon layout always requires an iterative design process in which the designer nd the deter continuously xchange informa ‘don. In the preliminary design stage, conerete sections ae assumed and bending moments and shear forces are calculated. Subsequenty, an in ‘al umber and eccentricity of encore required to oureeract the banding streses is determined slong with the number and slope of tendons counter 2cting shear forces. The preliminary design com pleted by determination of the required. mild Sted) rainforcament. The preliminery design re sults must then be evalted by the detallr onthe ‘rawing board to see whether or rot the palm nary design sssumprions can be achieved In prac: tice, This is usually nat the ease onthe first ty, and further iterations are than made, Detling of Dost tensioning tendons requires consideration of ‘minimum radius of cuneture, spacing requle ‘ments and aiidance of conflicts with mild res) Feintorcement. Further, because of formwork limitations, tndone are elwaye located and anchored at the same location at the segment Joints n developing the tendon layout to comply withthe above requirements, the number often dons required is the design consideration of mart Importance ‘Some practical suggestion relative to location and dataling of tendon layouts are a2 follows: 1. Tendon spacing must be sutficint to permit placomant and vibration of conerete without Sevslopmont of vids or honeycomb. clear distance of 1% in. (28 mm) i required be fhveen tendons during grouting to minimize the possibilty of aout transmission between adjscnt ducts at the joints betwoon sg ments. Atypical layout of ducts meeting those requirements i prserted In Fi, 2.12. 2. The banding reve ofthe tendons i deter: mined larly by the duct materia, Asem Fis duct of corrugated metal is preferable, and theminimum bendingredis of such ducts Is sbout 16 ft (46 m). Prebonding requires fan. edcltonal_ operation and complieates Placement of the ducts. Sharp bends ae ur Sasable from the standpoint of installing tendons, friction less, and the high concan trated forces atlting onthe conerete 3.A free pasoge of 5 in. (127 mm) minimum width should be provided between tendone located over the segment webs. for proper placement and vibration of concrete. 4.Crosing of longitudinal endons in the nee ‘ow part of the web shouldbe avoided 5, Tendon eccentrie should be made a large ‘a posible, Cantilever tendons can be spread laterally into the top sab and second layer Of tendons can be acommodated inthe top Slab haunchet as shown in Fig. 2.12. Tendors anchored in the fst few segments remain lathin the web reinforcement because of beading sedie lintetions. Thi reeults fn ome loss of scceniity. Midspan cont! ruity tendons ar placed in the bottom sab 6.Cantleve rand tendons are anchored in the wads and top Sab haunehes, of on web fone, Centlever ber tendons may be fnchorad in the ab at shown in Fig. 2.10 Shear tendons afe anchored In webs, Con: tinulty tendons are anchored as described in Section 25.2. The anchorage of continuity tendons in the top sab combines with an chorage of cantilever tendons in the webs provides a conection betwoon the two ‘overispping tendon systems through con crete compresion. In'a layout where ten ‘fons are anchored in top and bottom slabs 2Ww be deals into sb auras ‘only, the connection betwean tendon systems {by shear In the webs, The shear transmis Sion’ wes accommodated in tha bar tendoo ‘etalls used forthe Kishwoukee River ridge by extending all longltuialtondons one seg rent length beyond the point required by ‘esgn moments The two means af proving Sh connection of the two tendon systems ae Imastated in Fig. 2.13, Both systems have been used succesfully, but the desgner should keepin mind the ifferenca by which forces aro transmitted betwoan the two sys ‘ems of tendons 7.The slopa of continuity tendon enchorepes ith respect to the top seb should be about 25 degrees ex shown in Fig. 2. This shortens the block-out to eccepabl limits (he block ‘ute interrupt the tanmerce reinforcement) land also reducer the tendency of the anchor to breakout vertically. The 25 degree sope is ‘80 appropriate for cantilever tendons an ‘cored in webs. The vertical component of the tendon is than about 40 percant of the tendon force. This provides @ substantial re dluction inthe shear forces In the webs above 23 ‘the tendon enchoes which may become an lnmponant factor war the supports. Pre streted stupa may also be used to accom tmedate sear forces near supports. ‘Tendon lengths should be made ab short a= posite, Howaver, use of very shor tendons Fequtes careful consideration of diffusion fof the peestres: into the section andthe pre tees loses due t9 sting of the anchorage. From the structural viewpoint, the tendon layout may be in aczordanoe withthe bend ing moment diagram. However, the erection procedure and the avilable anchorage oes ions usually require substantial adjustments ‘to the tendon layout reiting solely trom “Structural moment requirements 26 Mild Reinforcement Cape ‘The amount of longitudinal and transverse rein forcement cequred is determined by the desi Caleulations oF from the nominal minimam smourt required to provide toughness during curing, hand Ting ae eretion of the sogments. During. produetion of the segments, the rein forcement i assembled and wire tied Ouse the form to make a solid cage that ean be lifted into the form without damage. Spot welding of crossing bats in forming the reinforcement cage requires Cantrot ofthe carbon content of the bars 035 ure wldabiity without producing britlenes. Spot welding of reinforcement should be permitted ‘only whan avtharized by the Engineer. Tendon ‘ucts fequently pase though layers of reinforee- ment. Detlls should be developed to aecommo- date. the tendon trajectory without cutting the fainforzement, Fig. 2.14 shows a possible solu ‘Hon to the case where tendon are loested ia the top si end anchored in the web. The top slab tnd web haunches permit use of two types of Faipin bers, 2 and b, which permit the tndens 1 passes27 Shoae Keys ‘Shao kaye in the webs anv the dua! purpose of transfering shear during eretion aod providing & ‘ude to assure the corract vertical position of the sogment, Horizontal alignment is obtained by use of 8 guide in the top lab. The eracton shear re sults from the weight of one oF more regments (depending on the erection speed) or the upwaed {orce railing fom inelind port terioning tar oes. Stability during erection is obtained through the combined action of th shear keys and the tem: porary (or permenent) parttensoning inthe top and Bottom slab. As indieated in Section 2.8.3, {the temporary porttensining is proportioned to provide a uniform compression of not lst than 50 psi (0.35 MPe) scrose the entre joint. The forces FR, seting on the shear Key sod the joint «de to segment wight and temporary posttansion ing are ilustrated in Fig. 2.15, and due to sapment weight and final cantilever por-tansion: ing In Fig. 21516). Tho use of single web shear ays such es shown in Fig. 2.18 requires careful attention 10 reinforcement eetails In the shear keys and in the web area asjocant to the Revs Fa 2.98) ~ For on sha key de to temp 2.18 (Frcs eb shar kes 24 Fg, 216 — Reifrcenen requirments nar wb ser In conjunction with the loading eases In. Fig, 2S(a) ond 2.151), reinforcement should be Brovidod in webs to contain potenti crack devel ‘opment in both the upward and downward ales: ‘one ae shown in Fig. 2.16 Recent European bridges have ulzed multiple shear keys in the web such ae shown in Fig 2.17. ‘The multiple Kay eliminates the need to reinforce the shear key and the adjacent web ars, and It has ‘the Tuner significant advantage of relieving the ‘pony of any sheer trensmision function. The large number of interlocking keys {(1) in Fig 2.17] in the wabs carry alt the shear across the joint without any asistnce trom the epoxy Note alo the keys srors the top sis [(2) Im Fa 2.17] which ast in obtaining segment alignrnent uring erection and which may slso provide shear wansfer dve to concentrated loads on the dock. ‘Tho use of the multiple Key web design in Fin. 2.47 is associated with a web stiffener (3) which conting tendon duct and anchorages for perme nent (4) and temporary postensioning (6). The tp slab has vertical holes (5) aciacen tothe ati fener which permit an attachment for handling the segment. The use of multiple web keys requires {2 substanval web ate free of anchorage pockets, tendon holes, nd other Interruptions which would 10) Caretta a ty. (2) Sib key for sgn (3) es stn (6) Tendon dct a chore for inl asety {5 wrt forking rd tepary ama (6) Teocon det tor enporary aseriy 217 — Peet sagnent wy uo Keys and we “ithereduce the avilable shear area of the Keys. This leads to use of web stiffener detalls sch as shown In Fig. 27, which involve ational efort during production ofthe segments 28 Epoxy Joints [As indleatad in Section 2.7, the function of the epoxy joint it, to an extent, capendent on the esign of the shear Keys. However, ial ese, the ‘pony wil save the following purposes 1. During placement of sigmens, the epoxy ‘act a lubricant which, in conjunction with the Kays in the web and top 16, assists in Guiding the segment Into proper alignment. 2. The pony layer acts asa stress distribution rater! during erection. and during post tensioning. Thief lusrated by the fact thet the thin layer of epoxy cannot be pressed out fof the joint anily, In addliion, any small faites anc. pores in the faces of the sex mente ace fled. ‘3. Epoxy can restore the tenlle and shear strength of the concrete sctose the joint. Epoxy is required to seve as a joint sealant ‘to prevent water from entering Into tendon Gets, and alo. to prevent grout leaks at Joints ‘Coneara i casionally exprested about the lack of rinforeament extending trough joints of pre fast sagmental beidges. Actually, theres 9 great ‘eal of gruted high strength posttesioning rin forcement continuous though al ins. This ren forcament exerts 9 very large compresive force deross the jine which ensures thatthe joint will be under compression (or perhaps very low tne ftrear at the bottom sla) under service loads ‘The safety ofthe etrcture in both shear and flex ce at ultimate Toad i, oF course, determined on the basi of a eraked section, and there i, in this 25 Fie 218 cot, litle difference between 2 preset structure ‘with joins and 8 monolithic easti-place structure ‘Aopliation of epoxy to the joint surfaces ts secomplihed by hand Immediately prior 10 ap Dization of the temporary postiensoning, 23 Hstrated In ig. 2.18, Prior to application of the pony, the joint surfaces are eithor sad blasted or write brushed 9 remove any surfcelltance. This iS ually done while the segment ae stocked salting erection, Recommended specifcetions and tests for copories 0 be used In joints of sogental bridges fre presnted in the “Tentative Design and) Con- ftuction Specifications for Procast Segmental Box Girder Bridges” Goveloped by the Prestressed Concrete Institute's Gridge Committe. These ‘specifleations are presented in Appendix Section AnCHAPTER 3 ANALYSIS OF PRECAST ‘SEGMENTAL BOX GIRDER BRIOGES 3a ‘The material presented in this chapter deals frimeriy with thore aspects of precast segmental Eridge datign that differ from or require more de ‘alle’ consideration than conventional types of continuous prostrestd coneete structures, Back ‘round information on the fundamentals of analy: Sis of continuous prestressed conerate structures tay be obtained from References 2,4, 8 and 18, ‘ppendix Section A. In general, analysis and design of precast seg mental box gar bridges should conform to the Tatat edition of the Specifiations for Highway Bridges published by the American Association of State Highway and Transporation Officials, or to other applicable sprcifestions for rallway oF Tepid tandit structutes. Adeitional specifications ‘evelopes by the Prestressed Concrete Institute for ‘consideration by the American Association of State Highway end Transportation Officials 0 provide specific coverage of precast segmental bridges are presented in Appendix Setion A In order to provide background on those aspects ‘of precast segmental beldge design that may re {ire special consideration, the discussions inthe following sections on the Influence of er sheor lag, temperature effects, and tranrverse analysis ofa presontd in much mere detail than ‘may be neceeary for routine designs. As sugested by the spacifestions In. Appendix A.t., elastic analysis using beam theory may be used in the ‘aan ‘of precast segmental bridges of normal proportions. Consideration is gvan to shear fag in the immediate vicinity of the supports when se mente are wider andlor shallower than normal (aes Section 22), ‘Notation i generally explained i i used in the text. Io addition, notation is presented in ‘Aopendix Section A. General 22 Development of Praliminary Bridge Details {sin any bridge design its nocosory to assume crow section dimensions and span lengths of 2 precast opmental bridge before an analysis can be Inade. The solection of the superstructure cross feetion, normal spen/éepth ratios, and other Pertinent apects of supestructre design a ‘iscuseed in Chapter 2. The method of ersction, ts cheused in Section 4.3, also hasan affect on a the superstructure and substructure design, and ‘ould be considered in selecting. preliminary bridge deals Selection of the span arrangement and other considerations prsiminary to the analysis phase fe considered in the folowing sctons. 3.2.1 Selection of Span Arrangement’? In selecting the span acrangement for a precast, segmental bridge, it Ie necessary t0 consider the method. of construction. When cantilever con Suction is used, the segments are erected in bal: Sneed cantilever sterting from a pier end placing coments on either ade in 9 symmetrical oper tion, This method of erection results in typical Sunertructure components consisting of one half ofthe main spn length eantlevered from the pire as shown lo Fig. 3.1 (a. f the end span is Selected as 65 to 7D percent of the interior span as in Fig, 31 (a, the smal section of the superstve ture adjacent to the aburment wil require use of falsowork. or some other erection procedure. "To provide a transition Between sai lengths LT and L2, for example at the transition between ‘pproaches and mal spans ina viaduct, an iter: mediate span of average length will optimize the the of the cantlover concept, 26 Musated in Fig. 3:1) se Fa, 2 — Span arangement for pact seamenContinuous bridges over 2000 ft. (610 m) ong ata been bullt without permanent hinges for expansion joints in the superstructure. IIs de lable to keep the aursber of joints toa minimum to rece maintenance costs and. improve riding auslity. This may be aocomplihed by use of pirs ‘hich’ armit longitudinal volume changes of the superstructure (for example the Chillon Viaduct shown In Fig. 418), oF by the use of bearing details that will accommodate subetentsh move ment. In very long structures, intermediate expan: Son jolnts become necessary. Location of these joints near the dead load contaflesure pol, at shown in Fig 3.1 cl, will be helpful in rdcing defection ofthe Joint. Fig. 32 shows a compar: son of defections and angle changes due to live load in 2269 (79 m) span with hinges located ot rmidspen ang near the point of contatlnure 3 2 Abutment Detail When geometicretrsints will at permit opti ‘mum pigr locations or span arrangements, abut ment details may be developed to faites the construction racsdure, Fla. 3.3 (a) shows a deck Section cantieveres over a front abutment wall fo {achieve a Tonger than norm end span. A conven: tional bearing i provided atthe front abutment wal in Fig. 23 (a) and a roar pesesed tie 1s Used to counteract uplift sod to permit cantilever onstruction t0.proceed cut to the first joint “TT where a connestion is made with the cantilever Construction starting from the fist intermediate 2 With end span length on the order of 65 to 70 percent of the ineroe spans, & special segment tay be ured at the abutment and one or two #69 ments may be temporarily cantlevered out %0 ‘each the frst balonced cantilever as shown in Fg 33. (0 When end spans aro only 50 percent of the length of interior spans, asin Fig. 33 (), an up liftraaction has to be Wansfreed to the abutment during construction and in the completed stuc- ture, Abutment detis that may be used to accom: pli tis are shown in Fig. 3:3). Here, the webs (of tha main box girder deck are cantilevered under ‘he expansion joint into slots in the main abut ment wall, Neoprene besringe are placed sbove Fa, 33 — Alwmatvs for conection of end san”ie the webs to transmit the uplift force and, at the sme time, t0 allow the dock to expand freely 823° Pier Details Pier details should be-devloped with consider ation given to the need to provide stability tothe antievors during construction. Some dels thet hve been usad to accomplish this ae discussed and ilstatad in Section 438. 324 Horizontal and Vertical Curature 'As noted in Chapter 1 and elsewhere, precast segmental construction is rslly adapted to nearly ny horizontal an versie! alignment by adjusting ‘the segment dimensions during casting. The Bear Fiver Bridge, shown in Figs, 14 and 1.10, and the Ssint-Cloud Viaduct in Panes, srown in Fig, 34, se examples of bridges on curved alignment 325 Bearing Details Most European bridges have utilized laminated isoprene bearings. However, the Europesn speci Cations for design of negprene bearings are con fiderably las renictive than US. speciiations Fig. 94 = Sunt la Bee, Pa France To sccommodate lage movements and heavy Toads, the use of more expenaive pot type bearings thing! neoprane to sbuor rotation and a teflon layer to permit volume change may be appro pate, Design information on these bearings. Sallable from supplies. Heavy pier reactions during erection, oF ter porary presessing ofthe pier sgment to the pie, fray require use of tomporary basting pods of steel or conerete, Details of ths type ara shown in Sec tion 438 (an Fige, 420 and 4.21), The use of four bearings at piers as shown in Fig, 4.21 sub stantially reduces the positive longitudinal live food moments in te superstructure, a5 illustrated inFig. 35, 33 Longitudinal Analysis 23:1 Erection Moments During erection, the moments over the plers increase with the addition of ech par of segments, 2 illustrated in Fig. 36, The addtional moment fused by adding segments No. & at each end of the cantlevar shown by the shaded ares In Fig 518, These moments ar resisted by postension ing tendons inthe top slob which may be anchored An the foo ofthe segments or in bulldouts insidesuecesuronie Fi. 25 — Conpsrizon of pret ld mamants wth siglo ute ir sport!) the box section. The use of buldoute makes it posible to place the sepmants snd seat the tn ‘dons in two separate operations, but tandst0 com Dlicato the proces: of menufaturing the segments. ‘The amount of postensioning required to main tain zero tanailestres Inthe top slab under the erection moments (including weight of any ere tion equipment) is readily celeulated from the simple formule: Me, Pi) ZA 2 where Me = erection moment int 2, = section modulus with respect to top fier, P= posttensoning force, ‘rors sectional aree of pier sen rent, In? ‘eccontriity of post ensioning ‘The conerate area in the bottom sisb at the pier rust be sufficient to maintain compressive steses ‘to the value allowed by the specifications, The seas fg ie cleat a: Me P_ Pte) Bae Where 2, = section modulus with respect to bot tom fibers, in? > 322. creap Analysis The moments exiting in the cantovers of pre: cast segmental bridges during erection are mod fied bythe chang in seatieal syst due o coupling cantlevers and the posttensioning used to connect ‘the cantilevers into a continuous truetre, Subse {quent to casting the closure joint and sexing (of the continuity tendons, the ifiuency of can crete creep modifies both the eantlever and con tinuty moments a= wil be ilustrated in the fol- owing sections, Creep deformation of concrete is that part of the inelastic deformation not eased by svinkepe, Cratp deformations octur a a rst of th nels tic response of conerete to long tere lacing such as dead lod, posttensioning forces, and perma nent diplacemants. Resvaint of oreep deforma tions causs redistribution of moment, This hap pers, for example, when statical systems are changed by connecting a cantilever seuctre Into 2 continuous structure. The effect of permanent Aeformations by extornel causes ie reduced by treep. This eccur in the cate of support settle. ‘The relationship between creep deformations and lasts. deformations is linear. The ratio is called the eeep feetor ¢. The following relation ship cn be expressed for ¢ here cur = ere strain slat train £ = elastic modulus of concrete at aaaayeFP EE EELEEEEEE Fs. 38 — Dowd load momar deepen during cantilever eraco!?™ “The relationship between totel concrete strain and the reference strain ofa 28-day old concrete sub jected to short term load i illotrated In Fig. 3.7. ‘The value of can be estimated from this igure 31 for various age coneretas by simply subtracting 1 ‘rom the ordinate, A more detailed procedure for enaustion of ¢ is presented in Section 3.3.24 The following seetons iustrate the effect of conerete creep on the magnitude of moment fedietibution and reduction of the effects of etormations duo to shrinkage and support sete ‘ments in precast segmental bridge. 232.1 Greap Ettacts Resulting From Change of ‘Stati! System Dus to Closure of Cental Joint Fig, 28 (a) sows a double cantilever with an ‘open joint at 8. The elastic deflection is 6 and the tngle of rotation at the ends of the cantover it tv as shown in Fig. 38 (o). Ifthe joint remains ‘open, the deflection at time twill have Increased to B(1 + 44) and the engle of rotation to alt + ¢), Were isthe creep factor at time t. For 8 uni formly”cirtibutee loed q apalied when the con crete 128 days og, anda length of cantilever & "el were mement of inertia of the cantilever = slant modulus of conerate at 28 days the joint at B i closed after application ofthe load, the inren in angle of rotation ady is re strained. As 8 result, the moment M, develops 3sTim Tim Fin, 88 — Detomaton of canoer: Sloe end ater shown in Fig. 38 (e). The moment Mt, it acting Inthe cantlever, uses rotation at 8 defined as. “The magnitude off maybe called as me 7 “The restraint moment Ml, produces both elastic and creep deformations, During a time interval ‘the ret Theor increases by dp. AS a rsult, a ‘increases by ad, and 8 increases by £49, {ereop) anc df (elasti). From these relations and {he fact that there ie no net Ineease In dscond uly efter the joint is elosod we may write the general compatibility of anguar deformation expression: dg, —d8—Fb,= 0 # ar Intagating this expression: =#,=lolesi40. Evaluating the constant of iteration: When = 0,8=0 adi Feet [A graph of (1-0) ve. values of ¢ is presnted in Fig 38. Using the relationships for @ and: ae eer Subetituting in the above, noting that 26 4 2 gw qellcete) « quattcet) 24 By evaluating the equation for My for 2 lage value of oy it found tat Bf, > gL */24 which is the same moment that would have beon obtained if the joint a 8 had bean closed before the oad a war applied. Thi lustates the fact that moment Fedlsrbutions due to creep following a change in the statcal system tend to approach the moment dittibution thet relates to the satical "stem obtained after the change fia, 29 ~ Variation in cep fet fr both ee ad Referring to Fig, 9.10, the general relationship may be tte May = (1-09) MyM) whoreM,, =ereop moment resulting from change of sttia! system 1M, = moment due to loads before change of satel system My = moment die to same load applied ‘on changed stata system 2fig 310 — Moment cure focal str {fixe syst, and eae sy th se contructon to Tein tuecend eee I) 3322 The Effect of Creep on Moments dus to Support Setlernts Fig, 0.11 (a illustrates a boar fixed at end A an supported at end B, In Fig. 211 (D), the Bears is saumed to settle suddenly ot & a distance b “The effect of ths settlement isan eltional mo: rant at A which canbe called as = Pe 2 whore? = SEH In Fig. 2.11 (cl, the support has bean removed at 8 and the beam i loaded witha load equal to P. ‘The deflection resulting from the toad P in the time intanal dt incremses by Seb,. In Fig. 3.11 {ah the support is egan eppied a & and the in- crease of the dellection 849, resulting from the food P is presumed to be eliminated by upwerd is ebained from the expresion [Btn The dependence of the at of development Oy on the thckress of the member and the relative hu inlay ofthe enttonment i indeatad nF. 3.16 by the efron curves fr various thor! ticks [AS sugpstd by Fig. 37, loading of concrete at an ety age raty eens the fl fow fe {or dy sion to age at loading, an adjustment in croop effect caluation may be necemary when # rapid hardening cements used, or when the proces of eament hydra i hampered because OF ow temperatures. Such corrections may be tmade by eaeulating 9 theoretical age forthe con crate by us ofthe formal: o8[tia tae 2 where t= eheortial age {© = 10 for ASTM cement Types | and © = 20 for ASTM cement’ Type Il © * 30 for cement having highly eee: erated strength gaia Tie) = ambient temperature (OC) during vdays ‘at! = number of days with emblent ten perature T (0) When conerete cures at 20° C (68° F) ane normal hardening coment Is used, theoretial time and veal time are equvalne. Theoteial time and real ime ae also equivalent when loading takes place I mediately after the curing process is over. This Is° w. A Brel y 4 Fin, 218 — Varatonof tow” wth en! normally the case for precast segmental bridges. If the age of loading har boar assumed 3s 7 aye in the creep ealeultion, an equlvlent ape ‘ean be obtained by — curing 7 days ot 20° C and use of Type | Sor | Te texmont since 11201017. 30 eating des 18° (01°F) an wo Type aise inh 1 eames = = ing 3 ay ot 1389 6 PF) and ww ofc iment ‘nog ‘hahy sell aren sas res 21098 1013 ~” ‘Alternatively, use of arma cement and curing of ‘4 daya at 196 C and 3 day at 135° C gives theo retical 90 of only (16 + 10) 44 (135 + 1003 30 Ing should be postponed for 1.5 days. ‘Due to the Impertence of the creep factor in design calculations for precast segmental bridges tnd the inherent uncerainy in determination of the creep factor, its recommended that calcula tions be made using vauer of the xeep factor in ‘ereased and decreased 16 percent from the theor tial valve. = 58 days and ood 2325 Example Creep Factor Calculations To provide a numerical example of creep factor calculations, a treespan example bridge will be ‘sumed. which har 44 segments produced at = fate of one segment par day over a petiod of nine ‘weeks. The average concrete thicknas Is 0.32 m (128 in. Slump of the concrete wae 1 In, (38 rm. A thieewerk erection period stars four traeks after production of the last segment. The ‘ructure fe made continuous by eating @ midspan lige one wesk after completion of segment ‘rection, and the bridge is erected over water. "The creep factor to be vsad for she moment redistribution exlultion fs obtained es follows: 9 ban Fawote *#[Bu0Be] where: 64.=04 Pact) it obtained from Fig. 3.14 at s96 ‘of seven days. The delayed elasticity that ‘curs during the week after erection While the structure is not continuous mounts 10 Beng) = 0:98. Only there mainder (1~Bajc) * 1.0 0.38 = 062 Contributes fo she moment redistribution. The value of 6. calculated trom: Osa = Bes XBaa {ay i taken fom Table 3.1 The value i 13. Tiyoreticsl thickness fy = A2ACh 510.32) = 1.60.m (5.25 10) “The cocremponding vlue of fay = 1.12 Is taken from Fig 3.15, “The values for Buy ad Pray are taken from Fig, 2:16. The value OF Byy 8 t= infinity equls 1. The average ae of the conerete at loading, besed on the inci fated time schedule Is 9/2 4 4 +3 +1 = ‘2% weeks, and from Fig. 3.16, the cor responding value for Bay) “03. ‘Therefore 4 (062) + 13 x 1.12 (1-02) 7025+ 102-127 Moment redistribution calelations wil be carried out fr: 9 Low = 085% 1.27 = 1.07 O High = 199% 127 1.48 332.6 Influence of Cro¥p on Superstructure Moments “The theoretical considerations ofthe Influsnce of creep in redistribution of moment resented in aSection 9.3.2.1 a0 appli to aca bridge exam ples for a variety of loading conditions in this Section, The effects of dead los, cantilever pre stress, continuity pestress, and other loadings that may ‘cause moment redstbution are treated Separately. The general procecure ies follows (the step numbers below do not necessarily relate to the diagram numbers shown in the various exe pie ‘Step 1. Bending moments are determined during the aration phase Bending moments are determined in the continuous condition (the elastic moment Gistibuion that would. have occurred If the structure had been erected in one single step. ‘The ference between the moments of Stop 2 and Step tis esleulated, This af ference is always a moment diagram con. sisting of sraight lines, since ie merely ‘the reult of changed fxties (boundery condor) ‘The diagram obtained in Step 3 is mult plied by the factor (1-e*) and the "ereep moments" are obtained Bending moments of Steps 1 and 4 ore filed in order to find the moment dis. “eibuvon ot infinity Tt should be noted that at any time between eveetion and infinity, the bending moments in the structure will be between the values esleulated in Steps 1 and. {Comparing the examples in Figs. 3.17, 3.18, and 4.19 itis seen thee the final dead load bending ‘moments in the structure depend on the order In Which the joints are closed inthe structure. In these same figures, te soon that the magnitude of the moment redistribution due to ereep aso de pends on the construction sequeree and the num: bor of spas in the structure Sep2, Sep Supa, step Fig. 3.17 ll ~ Efecto creep on det ond oman — wR AL EE tenes ees Beemer re Fig 3.27 fo) — Ett of ep on den Exam Sees Bis ecient Fig. 3.18 () ~ fc of ert an da od mrt — Esampie? Figs. 320 and 2.21 itutate thatthe effect of creep on the momantsreulting trom continity Posttensioning depends on the consrvetion 3 {uence and the order in which the tendons are ‘reed.SEM i, 2.10 (8 ~ Elect of cep ded oad moments ~ ‘amp 2 esa wee ee rene ‘ir hngs Fig. 3.19 (6) ~ Effect of creep on dead and moments — Bact aes Fi, 2.20) ~ Efecto eyo om mamas to conte Fig, 219 () ~ ete o ‘nt pasttnsoning = Exam 1 nara 39Fi 321 ()~ eet of cuep on moms du toon it bestsensoning Exon myo Fla. 821 (a — ttt of emp on momen duet cnt ‘nity pettenonng Exams 2 Fig, 322 shows the influence of crop on the ‘moments due tothe eantlver post tensioning. In this ease, the effect of creep is independent of the ‘construction sequence since the stressing of the tendons does not change the static! system, 40 Nees) (Ss ey os 332° Analysis for Superimposed Deed Load tnd Live Load “The main loadinge on a precast sograntal box ‘rder bridge, the dead load of the box girder Superstuctre and the prestrssing foree exerted by the posteenaoning tendons, were disused in Section 3.32 with major emphasis given to mo: ‘ment redistribution reuting from ereap. After the structure has been erected. and completly posttansionad, the response of the superstructure ‘2 addtional superimposed dead load and to live Toad is consgeres in the sare manners for any continuous bridge, The response of the structure to theie loads is elastic. The superimposed dead load ie subject to adational eveep deformation, but this deformation does not eave significant re svibution of moments ‘Consideration of the effects of lve load on the ‘ranwerse design moments end the use of tans voren post tensioning in deck sibs is considered in Sections 84 end 38, respectively 334 Analyst for the Effects of Temperature ‘The effects of temperature on a precest s=5- mental bridge superstructure are similar to the Temperature effect on any bedge superstructure inthe longitudinal drection, For ilo pur posse, eseulaions evaluating longitudinal te Poretre affects are presented below. It is noted, Fowever thatthe Standard Specfiestions for High ‘way Bridges ofthe Amevean Association of State Highway Offi” permit stress increases of 25 10-40 parcent for loading combinations that in ‘de temperature and svinkage effects. Since the Shrinkage elfcts ere substantially reeuced due to the maturity of the concrete before continuity ‘connection fe made, the permisble ses increase is vvally substantially more than the actual tem erature and shrinkage effects on a precat seg: ‘mental box girder superstructure. Furthermore, the Yongitusinal thermal stases are primarily of con cern relative to the possiblity of evck develop: ‘mant st sevice lond [which accepted os 2 matter (of course in reinforced concrete strctures), and the longitudinal temperatre steses would have tinimal, f any, ellect on the stranger of the superstructure “The effects of temperature are generally belived to be more significant in the wraroversedivetion ‘where temperature sree mey act in combins tion with the effect of transverse pos eioning of deck slabs. Theos effects are considered in Soe tions 3.47 and 3.5, respectively ‘The longitudinal effects of temperature cast ‘the total stueture length to Inereae or decrease, nd wince there is 2 temperature aiferance be: teen the top sab and the remainder of the box Section, longitudinal bending moments and shears fesult. The change in overall Tongth of structure fray be aecommedsted by expansion joints, ex Dension beating details, and/or flexure of pes. ‘The effects of 8 temperature ciferential between top end bottom abr is ilutated for simple pan tnd continvoue bridge. For consideration of longitudinal temperature Sitferential effects on 2. simply supported. box ‘ide bridge, Fig, 3.23 [a shows a structure where the top slab temperetre is increased At degre With respect to the bottom of the scion. The ‘normal expansion of the top slab is restrlned by the webs and the remainder of the box se ‘on, For purposes of analysis, the deformation Df the box stetion may be considared to be pe ‘ented by exerting external forces Pat the centroid Of the top slab level a shown in Fig. 323 (a. Concrete trees inthe top sab wil be: f= East here = modulus of plasticity of conerete 6 linear eoetfcint of thermal expan Under the loading condition in Fig. 3.23ta) the streses in the weds and bottom sib remain zero. the area ofthe top sla is A, the required force Pil be Pata In Fig, 22900), external equilibrium is restored by ramoving forest P by superimposing frees P \ehich are eos! in magnitude but are in opposite Cirectons [P= PD. The force PY may be considered to ect at the cantroid of the full eoss section as shown in Fig. 3.23 fe) by introducing the moment M=Priq—e) “The concrete stress resulting from the equiva lent thermal force and moment are shown in Fig. 323tah: “= tension total aren of saction 1) Tnoment of inertia of section Applying there equations to the cress section fd section proper In Fig. 924 fora top sis temperate inerase of 18°F (10° C), with a 55 x 10" indinsPF (9.9 x 10° m/m®C), and E= 4 x 10° psi (27.6 x 10° MPa) [3000 psi (385 [MPa) coneetl, he stresses become: for © — 4000 x 85 x 10° x 18 = -0.396 ks (2.73 mPa) fag = H306 x 1929.6/90144 = + 0211 ka (+16 mPa) foc™ $0396 x 1920.6 (18.5 ~ 4) x 18.5/ 1142 « 107 = + 0,10 (+ 1.28 MPa) 0.308 x 1979.6 (18.5 — 4) (48 ~ 185)/1182 x 10° =~0286 Ks} (097 na} Total top fiber sess: ~0:396 + 0.211 + 0.180 = 00005 ksi (-0.035 MPa) “Total bottom fiber sess: 0.211 ~ 0286 =~0.075 ‘si (0.518 mPa) t is . TT de ss ae! Fig 3.24 ~ Superstce cot ston aed for Se From these calculations itis san that a tempera tue inreae in the top slab with respect ro the re Inainder ‘of the cross ction cause very amal Comprsive steve when the superstructure Is simply supported Th the case of continuous superstructure, re sistance to the rotation atthe supports resulting {rom temperature differentials between top ad bottom slabs generates additional moments end ‘exural sexes. For the three span structure shown in Fig. 225 (the prosedre for celeuls tion of temperature moments and strests ie 35 follows: 1. The continuous superstrctur is considered to be cut over the supports into thee simpy sup ported spane at Mustated in Fig. 3.25 (0) "The temperatura steses and rotatlons at sup- ors ean than be calculated. for equivalent fhermal force sed moment as for simple span bridges deseribod above. 3 ‘The resvaint moments My, shown in Fig. 3.25 (6), required %0 fejoin the ends of the giders lover the supports ar calculate ‘The total tamporature effects onthe continuous structure are obtained by adding the moments ‘and steser resulting from the calculations in 1 and 220008, oS Pra FR SS ye ay Fig. 8.25 — Prats for ea of treo tre “The cleulaton procedure for coatinuous super structures described sbove in general terms sep lied in the following to the continuous bridge trth five equal pens shown in Fig. 3.26 (a), Proceading with the frst step in the analysis, the superstructure ie considered to be cut over tach support, and @ constant equalent thermal foment, M, is appli over the full length ofall (Grders a8 shown in Fig. 3.26 (b). M causes equal fotations at each girder and over the supports. In ‘order to rotate the giders back tothe same slopes at the suppor, bending moments My and Ma ‘must be epplied resulting inthe moment diagram ‘hown in Fig. 3.26 (c}. Tha total slope at support 2 remsting fom die constant temperature moment IM acting on simple spans 1-2 and 2:3 may be ca ulated "using ‘momenteres or slopedeflection techniques a, Me__ te slope- e+ Me Poel DEI EL By the same procedure, the slope due to M, and IM, at support 2 is Mt +e 3 Me me et Ger aut Es) Setting the slope due tothe temperature moment fequal #0 ‘the slope resulting from My and My provides the fllowing = Mae eer ame ato » h_—- al ‘A similar equation is developed for support 3: Mat, ae Me ee se” Solving thes two eqution smultarsously for My and M gives: 24 m= 2m 18 u,= Bu ‘The total bending moment diagram fe, therefor, ‘the sum of the csgrams in Figs 3.27 (a) and 3.27 (6), 2s shown in Fig. 327 (cl. The streser de to ‘this moment agar end the axial Toren due t2 the temperature eifecental are ealulated as 10 tows for span 34 ~ 0.306 esi (-2.73 MPa} = 40.217 ks (7.46 MPa) 4/19 x 0.180 ~ ¥0.010 ksi (40.07 Ps) = 119 x 0206 = -0.016ksi(-0:10 Pa) “The combined stress for span 3-4 are shown in Fig, 327 (d) The compresiva stress of 0.07 ke (0152 MPa} calculated for the emple span cst, becomes a tense sess of 0.195 ksi (1.35 MPa} In the continuous cae. While this i 2 significant stress, the magnitude is much lss than the 25 to 40. porcant ste inereose for temperature end “4 shviokage permitted by the specifications, Further, the stress less than 50 percent of the modulus of rupture ofthe conereto 10 tempecatre street ‘would not be expected to cause cracking In the “The moments My and M, esuse 2 change in sup port veactons. Forthe above example the change in reetions at supports 1, 2, and 3 wl be respec: tivaly-+24M/ 18, ~30M/19t, and + 6M/ 19%, For spans 1,2, and 3, respectively, and for & 80 ft. (24.4 m) and M= P(e, —e) = E ast (e, ~ ) = 4x 10" x 144/1000 x 58x 10% x 18 x 13.4x (1.54 ~ 033) » 926 fe kips (1253 KN. The changes in support rerctions are: +146 klos =18.2 kips, and +3.6 kips (1950, ~609, +160 KNI. The weight of the gircor is 3.78 kipste (5427 kN/n) which provides dead load rections st supports 1, 2, and 3 of 119 kips, 339 kipe and 282 kips (525,"1505, 1294 kN). Therefore, the ‘change in ded load reactions due to the tempera ‘ure eferacial s, for this stuctur, onthe order ‘of 12 percent forthe exterior support and 12 to 5.4 percent for interior support. & Mowe ({0) betes op an ott sabe 3.35. Shoor Lag 3.35.1. Computer Anaysie of Shaar Lag in Single: Call Box Girder Bridges Computer analyse of four single elled box sede ridges shown in Fig, 3.28 were performed to provide data on the megnitude of shear ap fects The computer model esiumed rigid co: Drapms atthe pler and at abutments, The oss‘Sai ofa lg szctional dimensions nd thicknesses of these four briager were Intentionally ehosen to exsagerate ‘he shar lag effects, The analyses vere prformed using @ computer program, MUPDI®!, which is based on the folded plate methed using elasticity ‘thaory. Longitudinal force distrbutions obtained ‘fom these computer analyses were plotted at var fous sections and compared with forces caleloted by elamentary beam theory. The ratis between the peak forts found fom the MUPO! computer fnalyss and the fores at the seme ponte found by elementary beam theory give a measure of the ettects whizh are commonly lumped under the Aesignation “shear lag’. The forces may be ex rest in trms of stress by dividing by th slab fr wo thickness, ‘The analyses were performed forfour eiferent losding conditions shown in Fig. 329: 1) dead load: 2 presves; 3} Ive load plus impoet for max imum negative moment; 4) le load plus impact {or maximum postive moment. Loading: 8 and 6 in Fig, 3.29 were obtained by superposition of ‘esl for both sider of the brige in load casos 3 and 4, respectively. The combination of four bridges and four loading conditions required sx ‘en soparate analyses. ‘Since the major interest inthis vestigation was the ratio of the peak longltudinal forces from the MUPOI analyse to the foros atthe some points found by elamentary beam theory, tess are sum marized in Tebles 3.2 and 3.3. Rel re ven at four polnts on the rose section a,b, ,d where the A A ee SHEE Ses peak foress coeur, Results are given at several sec- Hons along the span which are deamed important. ‘These include sections at midspan; maximum Mz maximum — M (center support; several see tiont clo to the center support: and sections ‘ere concentrated tv loads ec, 'A careful study of Tables 32 and 3.3 roval a umber of important fats. In the following, the fatio of the longitudinal force Ny obtained from the MUPOI analysis to that obtained from ele ‘mentary beam theory wil be elled force retio”™ for brevity. 1. Compating free rate of structure A with those of structure B, they oe sean to ba very similar. “The same is tue comparing results fr structure CCwith those of structure O. This iniestes the force ratios are essentially Independent of varia tion in pth fora given span (within the span eth ratio range between 20 ond 90) 2, Comparing force ratios of structures A and with thove of structures Cand D, i can be 45exten of Web: ‘oble T2 Summary of ots for lngudinal ores ao frstuctresA and 8 trom MUPOI3/Be0m Analysis ost | singer 1 [8628 | waxrm | vat 108 tot a7 108106 [835 | atiosea | toe in too a7 ts ter tea | we | id 10 Ms te 18 we 1B 13 13s tartan 138 3 102 an tor ost him ase Pre | ae ia is tos 3431068 sues | M6 4 1st "os 300 10t 300 sso | max—m_ | 109, tat sor 186110207 [9s osran [20 77 uae ae | a Jertom | 1 10 1 1 13 tas Zune) 16 13 ize 12135 1s 18 tor | ie 188 1 1s tgs 170 tat Se | so] waxem | 38 10 ter tee ar 194 a 1 ieee 1a COT) ie as i vas 132 13s tbe te ie crs teem tea tie prow fin ths 130113 Ms 1 tg La too tar or toe io im Me a ‘i max [140 14348018 tke tae tee tar + Prtoap | 100 aT 107 108 Ta ta —T88— 97 | miosean | tos toe ibe 100 ico Mm too tae tr ae 137 tao tae tae 3p tae tae oh wax | 15 1a ta 180 var 148 a3 180 “6dztotion of Wab- ‘ible 3.3 Summary fre or long! oe at for sructre © ard | teseore a= iste. Lester b= 10% it Ratoof Ratio of ‘rom [MUPDI Beam Aas MUPDI 7B Anyi + [aes [maxse [og tor 100 tz 089 101 099 10 owe | 204 to 402 toe ho fot be Lot 10 tea | 30 te un ha Moa tia 133 pe |wax-m | tia ti tir ae te 13000 te 2n 0 tata a1. sna 330 ya Z| -160 | wosraw | "085 10077108 ‘a9 499088 100 zo x 19 098 tat tes 133 Oso 127 te | ae to 98 on te {eo 32 too 123 = te ta ao tor tag a3 | 300mm | se Noe ts tor 33040300 3] 150 miospaw | 3.00 ta 1.00 1.08 90 1921.03.09 te [rund | tos to toe az tos ist tbe oe tat) dos te 1 ta tas Meo tise fe | me | Ye 1 13k 1 tae ze tz 128 Sa | S| wax | ir it t3e rasta ta9_ 13 ties | 20H toe e130 to i tan oo 08 tor) aos ise ie tr toi 0 te = [150] wiogpan [ipo 182 008 102 109 1or 107 1.00 tse [rrvonp | iso ta 300 tae too toe 1h ‘tes | 204 tor 192 ibs ton jor 198 Bk toe fer | 200 ete 8 ta Ma Mg 15 ae _| 300 maxm | tor 12120123 ta iia 3 eo — [rr con | 1901010 19710 oT 1.00 igo | wiosean | tao lo 0s tar tsa tae 099 100 wet] Zee fot eto te tie MoH, 140 ter | 238 | io 120 ts is eM tis as Si | So mace tyra 120 mee tae T= 030m arseen thatthe leter ae considerably ower ind ‘ating that an incase in span revs in a de crease in force rato. Ths Is loll since it fs ‘gonerally recognized hat “shear lag” inverse |y. proportional to the span length to pate width ratio. For a gven structure, considering the dominant forces for any of the longs, te force ratios ‘are highest at the center support and drop off rapidly 2 few foot sway. (Nove that nearly all force ratios areles than 110 Ry and Ry = ~Ra ‘The fact that previously asumed supports are not presint must’ be sccounted for by subsequent loading of the box alder by forese opposite to Fy, Ra, Ra, and Mg. These foros are ehown in Fig, 3.36 (b). For a subsequent enalyss ofthe box birder by forces Ry, Re, Ra, and Fa, these loade ‘are rearranged in symmavial and antisymmetric ‘comporents as shown in Fig. 3.38. 3843 Symmetrical Box Ginder Loading ‘Symmetical loading ofthe box girder shown in Fig. 3.37 (a) causes lngitosinal bending and shear that has been accounted for inthe calcul ‘on of longitudinal prestresing. Transverse mo ments ae, Becauso of the placement of the load at the webs, secondary in nature and usualy ne. Uigble, Not negligible, however, are the transverse ‘xil forces whieh ar: tension in webs, tension in bottom sib, and compression in the top sa Top and bottom slab axial forces are a conse ‘quence ofthe rate of change of longitudinal shear {8 i shou inthe following. The box girder shown io Fig. 337 (b) Is cut through the longitude! centerline. Support and loading P are Indieated Shear forces Ts, Tar and Ty occur in top sab, ‘web and bottom sab, respectively, ina section of v wo v ‘the box. The direction of Ts ie the same as that of the foad P, The directions of T, snd Ta are at shown, since they mast bea right angles tothe lon ‘tudinal sheer foros in top sab and bottom aisb ‘caused by the rate of change of longitudinal bending moments. Over @ langth the rate of change of the shear forces in top sab, web, and bottom lad is Ty", Ty’, and Ts, respectively Obviously T," equae the vertical load P on L” However, in the horizontal direction equilibria can only be obtained by addition of transverse {xi fores in top slab and bottom sab as shown ‘These axial forces are equal trates of change of shear forces Ty end Ts, being Ty’ and Ta ais shown in Fig. 337 (0). Ty" and Ty" are obtained from the rats of change of the shear stress which may be calulated as iustrates in Fig 3.38. The shear svess diagram over the Bottom slab, max ‘mum value rs shown in Fig. 3.8 (6). The value of may be calculated a: Pode Poe va where | i the moment of intertia of the half ste tion shown, From the dlstrbution of the shearee ig 238 = Trans ans for symmesicalfssng tree over the top and bottom slab es shown in Fig. 2.38 0): ret at 2 Subetusing va of om stow Petes Tet 2 “The transverse axial fore diagram caused by cen te lading of 2P isa indicated in Fig. 3.38 (el Ihe shortening or elongation of the individual, members due to axial loads sets up ransarsa mo ‘ents which can usualy be nglated 344 Antisymmetiest Loading Antisymmettcal loading of the box girder as shown in Fig. 3.39 (a) affects the structure in the following ways 1. In the tranaverediretlon, transverse bending ‘nd torsonel shear are incced, 2.1m the longitudinal ditection, moments and thear forces are set-up acting inthe planes (of the bottom sib and top slab. Since the box girder it elotively sf in the transverse direction, the response of the structure to upword and downward forese -P and 4P le to botinoetanevarely, This results in wansverse ‘moments M, and hoeizntal and vertical shear forces Sy and S, as shown in Fig. 3.99 (b). There fare ako" horizontal and vertical clplecements ana, “Thee dgplcements hand v cannot occur with ‘out the resistance ofthe top slab and bottom slab {hy end webs (v) in the longitudinal direction. Defletion v of web AD will cause trgitodinal bending streses,compreson —T at D and tension ST at A, Because of compatbilty of stains, qual stresas +7 occur inthe top slab CD due to horaontal diplacement h as shown in Fig. 339 {e), Ths strates that, as result of wensverse ‘deformations, bending moments sad shear forces fre set up In the longitudinal dveetion of the box. tircr. The longitudinal forts azt in th planes of ‘he dabe and webs and, esa result, part ofthe external load P, sey Ty’ is caviod by the webs direct: Iy to the supports. tthe same time, sheer forces Tar acting inthe top and bottom sib. Th ratio of Vand T'y follows directly from the geometry ‘of the box Section et 3 consequence of equal stress Tt the comers ‘Alter having determined the basic consaquences cof transverse deformations, the box girder may be cut at the horizontal neutral axis. Fig. 3.40 fa) ‘hows the top half to the Box girde and the hor zontal Fores, dscused up to thle pont acting on It. The lack of horizontal equilibrium is restored by the tomional shear fore. A torsional moment, uniformly applied over the length of the box itder, by loads +P and P per unit length, changes at the rate of My pee unit length; where My PH. Asurming the conerete thickness d tobe srall with respect to box grcer dimensions V and H, the shear forces t are constant per unit length of web or sab. Torsional shear forces, therefor, ere in he webs ¢, = t',V, and in top and bottom slab, = FH! as indicated In Fig, 3.40 (0). The value ot tho various torsional sheer forces may be Calouated a follows: yt where, = torsional unit shear force += torsional shear stress ‘torsional moment por uni length of box sider 1, and fy, = rate of change of torsional shear {force in the web and sib, respec tively w 345 Evaluation of the Contibutions of Trane verse Bending, Longitudinal Bending and Torsion to Resistance of Antisyrnmetrial Loading. ‘The top half of a box girder section with unit length Us shown in Fig 3.41 (al with the hor zontal forees acting on it. Horizontal equilibrium leads tothe expression 25,4 Ts The left half of the box section with unit langth Le ilustrated in Fig. 341 (0) shows the vertical ‘ores acting on it. Vertical equiv lads to 2541 +t =P ‘A completa box seston with length Lis shown in Fig. 3.42 (a) with the forge acting oni, Moment ‘auilorium of the forts in Fig. 342 (a leads to the expresion: WHE VET HO TyV— PH =O —1 7 Fig. 341 ~ Equiiovum of nozctlend vec forces ‘nde atti dngJ Fig, 3.42 (b) shows a box section with unit length LLingicatng cisplacementsh and v and the forces resting these dplaernants This leads to: wos yee oat w= ty/set aftrs e/a) nye abu firse/S} tek 6 = web thickness dp = als thickness = Fotation of comer = nit engts C= span ength In the longltudina direction: ey ac weet (AS and oT st The rate_of change of longlucinat shear forces Ty and T, are considered external uniform di ‘tributed lond. The coefllent a equal fy forthe Gefection ofa simply supported beam. Edt? 12 “The relations of S, and S, and t', and ty, fo, low from the geomet of he box gieder ‘The shove equations parmit soliton for all un knows 348 Example Transverse Analysis Calulations The box girder tetion shown in Fig. 2.43 has 8 simply supported spon of 40.09 m (131.2 ft) Iength, The moment of nara ofthe full sections 2i6m* (3105 Ie). A linear load of 10 vm {6.8 Ltt) is preent over the ful lngth ofthe box irda Web and sab thikneste are 0:3 m (1.08) ‘Consider the box suppered at four corners 3s shown in Fig. 3.44 65(at ements, ovBending moments, axiel forest and sipport forces are obtained from a conventional moment disribution calulation. The resulting agro are resented in Figs. 3.48 (a), 3:46 (b, and 2.45 (), “The supports not actually presnt are taken into seeount by the loads of Fig, 3:86 (a), whieh in tum are subdhvded ito the loads of Figs. 3.48 (b), 3:46 fl, and 3.48 (a. "The central loading of Fig. 3.6 (b) couse: tongitudinal bending only, Transverse moments are negligible. However, axial forees aro developed which are shown In Fig. 3.47. The transverse axial force is evaluated a: (esszzet soe (saute “The loading of Fa, 2.46 fe causes transverse and fongitudinal bending and torsion. In accordance with Seotion 3.45: 1 [sw/te sue Be 2 @ 4 58 Wax276 as v for dieplscementsh-andv ren [rw “| oa 2 as [reco/Bt4| Bei @ Substituting there values of h and w inthe sbove npser zl os * fx [EE tn] wea [SaeraT ODT Ww =] 209 | From vertical equilibrium: 392-1 +1425, 57 sur] w* oe J 7 s.<17.17 35 $5457, +6137 87 From oman eli pg2 eB Ts x57 TXT AHS wate inking of, = wir998" and ot connqenc of ia! ree Mine cone! of te box Seer a 37 ast,” 2857s! iP 8 aie 124T" substituting in the momant equilibrium equation: 22:98— 1241 T,'# 11.44," "0 Solving the above equations: Ty = 0026 em (18 bute) Th = 030tm (203 bit) S. = 095m (646 bt) t (1250 JF) uh (a520 16) Comer mom © 0.95 %285 = 2.71 tmim (ose kt /Te) Resulting bending moment and axiel force dio ‘rams ar presented in Figs, 3.48 (0) and 3:48 (0) ‘Axial forces ae obtained from: top sis: 24271 = 5.18 um (2160 Noite) check: 3.18 = ty’ — Ty’ = $8208 w 3.18 wed: 2271 = 9.95 t/m (644 Ib./fe) at top. 3.92 ~ 095 = 2.97 tm (2010 lou) a bottom check: 297-095" 2.026," +T," 199 +003 7s fos - 25 ES Fig 347 —Teenarse aa fro for ocrsletansestE ° \ Veen patti (9) Mom, 1) Axl Feces, tin Fig 349 ~ Sering momar and ail fore diagrams ce: Fass) A solution fo loading ease d in Fig, 3.46 fs ob ‘aloud in 8 smi manner. Moment and exal force gore are presented In Figs, 349 (al and 3.49 (bh respectively, ‘The final results of the invertigation shown in Figs, 350 (a) and 3.50 (bare obtained by add tion of the rests given in Figs. 2.45, 247, 348, and 349, Concusions from the example transverse analy sis caleulations ae as follows: se i i aaal c= é 1. Transverse bending moments are influences consiecobly by tocion to the extent that max ‘mum moment occur at place other than expacted in tha ease of 2 regular frame. [compare Figs 3.45 fo and 3.50 (oh. 2. Teansvers axial tensile forces cannot be neglect: 12d since thay Increee the required amount of rein forcement. These forces are particularly signif cant in the bottom sla, 3. Axial compressive forces reduce the required amount of enforcement. ‘This fy particularly Significant inthe webs atthe connaction with the top slab. At these points, compresive forces are high ard ocaur simultaneous with high moments. 4. Comer moments as gven in Fig 3.48 (a) anc 3.49 (a) caused by loading Indicated. in Figs, 3.46 (2) ané_3.46.(d) may be approximately fateuated a2 Poll where Piste verucal or hor. zontal fore, ané eis the width and depth ofthe box respectively 5. Whan sparddepth ratos are constant, longtud inal bending hes very Tila ifivenes on trans verse moment cistibution,37 Tensile streses in the box girder cross section may be generated by the following temperature foc: “Transverse Temperature fects 1.At sections near the supports, the relatively thin top sab may coo! much more rapialy than ‘the thicker bottom slab. This will ‘cause tensile stress around the exterior of the eros section, 2.With strong and prolonged sun ration on the bridge surface, the alr in the Intror of 2 hollow box airder may become heated to over 100° F (38° C). When the outer sit cools during the eight, the temperature i ference between the interior and. outer a produces transeres flexural moments ia the eb and sibs which cause tonsil stresses ‘round the exterior of the eros section. Fig, 251 shows the moments and stasses Int single call box grcer at midspan aed at the support for a temperature difference of 21° F (15° C) betwoon the air inside and ‘utsie the box"? ‘Thick eonerste slements exposed t0 intense sun radiation are subject to substantial ton Sle stresses when the exterior surfaces cool ue to the lg in response ofthe interior con rete to the temperature change, ‘The significant tensile stresses shown for the bridge szction in Fig. 251 illustrate the desi ablty of avoiding the use of thick concrete webs fand slabs whieh ace hiahly rile with respect to transvorietlesure. The flexural sitfnee i, of ‘cours, 8 function of bath the thickness and eogth ‘ofthe sructurl elemnt. This factor becomes ‘more significant when the transverse temperature sven are combined with the transverse tensile stress In webs that result from the tansrere orttansioning of deck slsbs 8 discussed in See- on 3.5, The Joint Deween tha web and bottom Slab near support is a point wiere the combined tontilasrsres may Become high, and, at this poet, Tei particularly important that any eracks which may result from tha various effets be anticipated inthe design, These tone sess end potential cracks may be aecommodeted by use of a cone. vatve design of onprestessed shear reinforce tant, or BY the Use of prstesi stirups. The Tater option has the advantage of providing a mach higher degre of anurance aainst cracking inthe wabe, 59 35 Analysis and Transverse Post-Tensoning ‘of Deck Slabs 35: Live Load Plus Impact Analysis Analysis for the load plus impact moments and sere in dock slabe of procatt sepmontal bridges requires consideration of the effect of con contrted loads on virlsble. depth plates which are intl parts of a tubular frame. Design of such slabs ls accomplished by ute of ears of fluence surfaces for variable cepth plates. For cantilever slab moments, the use ofthe in fluence chars simply requires computing the sum imation of the ordinate of the wheal loads plotted fn the Influence surface and multiplying by the ‘magnitude of the wheel load t0 obtain the mo ‘ment per unit length forthe point under considera tion, For interior span positive moments, the Influence surfaces ae used to determine fixed enc ‘moments for vriour postions of the load. The fixed end moméats ore then Used ins fame analyse to determine th effects of lve load on the frame More extensive dicusion of esleulation of lve load moments using influence surfaces and a de sign example for a transvery post tensioned deck se presented. In. "Post Tensoned Box Girder Bridge Manual” pubed by te Pos Tenoing “The analyse of two or more box girders con nected by a common slab requires consideration Of the flexural and torsional restraints at supports fall ae the flexural end torsional response of the box gitders and the connection slabs. Tht nays may be accomplished by an extension of the analytical _procadurer described In Sction 2.4, A detlied procedure to accomplish this analy sis has bean publihed""”Alteratvay, the analy fis of single or multiple call Box girder ssctons ‘may be made by use of one ofthe available com uter programs. Transverse posttesioning of deck slabs offers ‘the following adventaye in comparzon with non prestresend tranevere enforcement 1 The deck sisd thicknas i radueod with 10 tultiogtedutions In concrete quantiles {nd dod ood moments and sheer. “Transverse PostTensioning of Deck Slabs 2 Longer slab spans may be achieved which permite reduction in the number of webs Feauired in wide structures, This reduces forming costs and concrete quantities.id om Suppor trosomosamn “Transverse bending moment in eke fortemporature diferent 27 CC) Goresponding [Pome [7 | [>] 2 dp Strses [Span —[ 668 | 2270] 2485 | 7 08 ost ‘Support| #4e3-[ = 4 | 2406 [EE Fa.251 ~Trantre monet and seeze df tenors ifn of 27°F ketone th out anime sacs ot ] 603A high level of assurance is provided apsnat ‘the development of longtucnal cracking In the deck sib. This provides @ more durable deck with minimal potential muintenance In the area of top"sab anchorages, such as lMlysrated ln Fig. 28, vansverse comores ‘on i hepful in counteracting tens stresses In the slob which result from concentrated anchorage forces. For wide segments, the uso of transverse poretensoning in the ‘eck slabs usually Feaulte In reduced overall structure cost, “Transversily posttersonad deck slabs also nor may have transverse and. longitudinal nonpee Stresed teinforcarent In the top and bottom of ‘he lab, This contributes tthe flexural expaciy fof the slb in ultimate stragth eslelatlons and provides the necosary flexural capacity to permit femoral of the section from the forms and hand: ing prior 20 stresing of the transverse tendons ‘The tranoerse pos tensioning ls proportionss to limit the tensile stresn in the deck slabs to the ‘design values. Subsequently, the slab Is checked to se if the combined prestressed and nonpre sfresed reinforcement In the ranqverse direction is sufficiont to meet the lad factor requirements, not, the amount of either the pretend oF onprestressed reinforcement should be increased ss required Tendon profiles for vansrerse dack sab ree forcement may vary depending on the typeof ten «don material and on other design and construction requirements. Tendon geometry used for the Kish waakee River Bridge Is shown ia Figs. 352 and 3552 Fig, 3.82 illustrates the use of bar tendons, tnd Fig. 353 the geometry proposed inthe design Grawings, The ploeement of the bar tendons in the center of the sab was sslacted inthis cae to provide a meane of support for the longitudinal tendons, While this increased the required amount lf wansversepost-ensioning by about 30 percent, thie increase in cort wos offset by reduction In labor requirements for placement ofthe longitu inal tendons, The tendon profile shown in Fis. 2153 war sbiectod to more clotely epproximate themomentaigram, ‘One scons! factor that mut be considered vwinen tranavere post tensioning of the deck sisb is vied Is the effect of the vransverseelasti short 6symm toa a} Fig 353 Tranmere edn guar from dein drains, Kinase ivr i, Misi enitg of the deck slab in gonerating additional ‘rensvero moments and steees. The lateral bend ing of the webs sets up fixed end moments that must be dlsuibuted throughout the tranwerse fame, An analysis of ths affect on a eross #60 tion of a post tensioned box grcer bridge casi plate on ‘alsewore ie shown in Fig, 364." For wide sections, such as tis, relatively high tensile steses are generated by the Sab short ning. Evan in narrower sections that might be fexpacied ina pracastsoumentalbldge, tis etfect ‘may be submantia! and snould be consdered in the dasgn, These sreses become highest near ples ere the vaneversa trae elements are thicker [A dion check should be mada to asuce that stresses resulting from tansvese post-tensioning Of tha eck slab, in conjunction with the transverse Temperature stresses dscuned In Section 3.47, are not sufficiently high to cause eracking ai ‘he bottom exterior comer at Tsrated in Fig. 3.55.2) The magnitude of these svessen and the Potentat for crack devslooment are minimized by use of the thinnest posible concrete sctions consistant with strength requiements and with Segment. design recommendations presented. in Chapter 2 6 36 Analysis and Correction of Daformations 261 General ‘The development of smentat constuction has rade it scanomical to ulld slender “concrete briegos with tong spans. Asa result, the magnitude ‘of the doformations and detictions may be in ‘reed to such an extent that they require more attontion and usualy aed adjustmant during con Skruction. The amount of eeformation ie further increased by erection of a structure in free can tilewer. The deformation require corecton ofthe romeuy of a svucture during segment fabric: tion which can only be based on en etfective pre ition ofthe deformations Erection ofa typical span in a multspan bridge sully starts ata pier By placing segments ater rarely on both sides in free eantlever until mid span Is reached, The newly erected cantilever is ‘than connected tothe completed par of the struc: ture by exsting the midepon splice, This procedure is repeated for each acltional span, however, ith ferent resulting deformation since these depend fn the satel system in which the addition takes Place. Obviously, his statieal system changes weuwwses os J dew da Lf Zu 1 ‘Wigrrontte ty sey a ven a if ) EER. =" Befherete <] fo teem tin Reema load, As mentioned above, total deformations safe obtained by summing up the contributions of tach. intermediate paso. of construction. Also, the changer occurring afer completion of the structure ae added, The various phases ae: 4 Phage A: condition of fre cantiever 1 C Phase 88"; intrmadiate phaser (connection of 2 now cantilever 10 completed Fa. 3.55 ~ Potent onckig duet tempera sees structure) snc sorwnti ao wre tmson. Phage; completed stuctire 4 on Ing (cantilever, continuity, and loses), and dead Deformations are elther hand or computer estou Iated, Im th letter case, the Influence of time de pendent proportios such a¢ modulus of elastclty Of concrete, influence of creep, shrinkage, and naysis of deformations therefore imple the sum 4, Conerate, influence oF resp, sn nt aoe imation of deformations in ll successive inte” in the cre factors of indviuslsgmeats can be mediate phess, This 6 tedious and complex, gael entered int the casas n the cast nonetheless unavoidable, aspect ofthe dean of hand calla, thf not feasible and si —— Dilation are needed, ] The lllonn sora rbd oo h em ton of hand ealulatd deformations. Iti com 362 Anais ‘mon ‘practice to consider deformations due to | tmoortant contributions to deformations ease bending moments only, since the by axel and ‘a wall as crea, aremade by self weigh, presese. shear forces aro utvally negligible ] merce ties in the contruction proce. The3.62.1. Phase A Free Cantilever Loading contions are 1. Elastic deflection ve to seif weight, 2. Elastic deflection due to inital cantilever proses, 3. Creep deformation of 1 and 2 forthe dura tion ofthis pave ‘The deflected shape of the completed cantiever easily caleulted. Elesde deflections due to sf weight and prestrost are cleulted suming. a Younsjs modulus of lati eesaw"? VF where, = cylinder strangth of conerste in si a the time of erstion w= unit weight of concrete in Ib. par ou. may be assumed constant for precast segments ster the segment ae roaches 28 day, ‘The prestrssing force used for the calclation is the totel of initial tendon fore reduced only by friction tosses and part ofthe ssl relaxation loss. The relaxation los is evaluated from elxe tlonsime curve based on tert raul By the stecl supoie, or from typical relaxation curves such as siven in Figs 3.56 (a) nd 3.58 fb), and an er mate of the time the cantilever is in phase A. “his time is also needed forthe determination of the contribution of creep 10 the deformation. ‘Steel relaxation varies significantly for different post-tesioning matorials (wite, stond or bar), {and low relaxation motails are evalisle (celex Stion losses for low relaxation strand are in the ‘ange of 25 percent of the values in Fi. 3.56 al). For this resson, use of relaxation cures for the ‘ecific materia! to be. used ie recommenda. ‘Although ereap starts from erection ofthe fist segment onwards, without the vse of 9 computer iets not prectiea to calculate total eresp deforma tion a the sum of the effect of each succsive stop. A restonabe soproximation ie obtained whan the: completed cantilever fx considered to creap during atime interval which starts when the can tilover is halfway complete and ends when » con nection with the completed structure is made This tine interval is diferent for each cant lover arm aillustrated by Fig. 3.57 (Creep deformations are obtained by multilce ‘ion of the slate deformation by a ere factor. “The ereep lector used heres, fans 44 Bayon 44 Bog-B] forprta ue 64, Baterat Bra Bl] forpareo 64TH TT tA | . tT ¥ | i[ere-t J 1} rove }— + 4 ; tT Tit Hc { oe _Lb 3 1] a j é Hat] L4 i i ie 4h i a f} j ard S ri | ral 1 a er Lt a Fi, 561) ~ Reeaton os crs for 150K Tin. iaetrbers(1090 Pe — 32a) ‘The sxquence of erection and the time schedule trust be known or astumed prior to the sar of the deformation culations 36.22 Intermediate Phases B,8 Deformations fa this phase are those from 1. The weight of estinpace splices. 2.Continulty presress in the span considered, ‘3. Continuity peestress in the edjacont spans 44.Creop detormation resulting from 2 and 3 above, 85 “The required calculations sve simplified if ca fied aut for a simply supported span. The effect ‘of fixity may ba teste separately and mey then be sdded to the simple sun calculations. Fig. 360 illustrates this procedure, Span BCs asumed to be part of @ structure witha number of equal pene, Afr application of continuity prestress, thiespan Is "loaded" with the concentrated oad V, the weight of the midspon splice, and the moment tre ofthe continuity presos. oth. these loads cause secondary moments Fig. 3.58 (0), which affect te deformations of pan 8G sn all preceding spans The total elastic {elormation fe obtained By summation ofthe three bending moment digrams shown in Fig. 3.58 Cc) ‘of the simply supported spen BC. Creep deforms- tions ere found by multpiying the elastie values by {reap factor. The crep infuene is limited to that par of the creep taking pace in the period between closing of the splices in spans BC and CD ‘espectivaly. The ramsinder ofthe creep daforma: thon fs assumed to gecur in the Finl continuousrp F358 ~ Sipe dtormaton in phase 8 sytem. With reference to Fig. 2.57, the ere fc tor tobe used Feu) =P Parana + Bru—Se] ‘The total deformation i shown in Fig 3.58 (3) indiettng a rotation oer ie xngng down the forward canter sm Alo, thi rotation‘ creases by creep while tho structure ein pas 6, Adcition ofa new san, Fi. 388 (e), again eases secondery moments which wil fect span BO st wel, Fig. 388 (7), and 30 will te connection of tech succesive spon. For this teem, iis eet {© catcuate the deformation de to secondary moments ater summation of all contributing moment diagrams. The rotation of each forward arm, homever, mast be detemined just before Clon ofthe next spa, 3623 Phase © — Final Continuous System Deformations inthis phase consist of 1. Elastic and eaep deformation by suerim Posed dao load 2. Elastic and reap deformation by presvess loses 3. Creep deformations by self weight, cantilever restress and continuity prestes. Determination of the eatic deformation by ‘superimposed des load (sight of topping, curbs, ings, ee.) needs no further comment. The creep deformation is obtained by multiplication ofthe eletic value by oi..y), with, Being the tim of application of the dad loud. For the emount of deformation by prostess losses, a simplification is rade, The total amount of the losses caused by creep, shrinkage andre laxation is reduced by the part of the relaxation loss deducted In phase A. All ther lasses are con sidered to take place in the finl syste. Ths negative prestessing force F again causes elastic and creep defermation end ie writen, therefore, in Simplified form a: FMF Ghee ay) ere) intial presrcsng foree Fy = final prestesing force ty = time of competion of structure ‘The determination of the creep deformations bby sel weight and prestesing in the completed structure is based on the solution presented in Section 23. Evaluation ofthe creep deformations inthis phase can be resvicted to those occuring in the final system. Tha ereep effects ofthe inter mediate phases "8.8" ee. then neglected; the error is small, sinco the most important contr bution, the ecoup of the forward cantilver etm, has been taken Into account. After a few spans have been completed, the satcalsyetem during Construction closly ‘resembles the final com pleted structure 363. Alignment ‘The need for cotetion of deformations should be investigated forall precast sagmental bridges, ‘The use of match-cast joints make alignment co. rections during constuction awkward and un esrable, In the casting yard, corrections ae a: ways minor end are essly azcommodsted by the ‘ating equipment. Adjustments of alignment can bbe made during constuction by ute of stainless steel shims in the joins. The following procedure ‘of alignment covrection for a bridge with sever equal span illustrates the principle, Corrections consist of those resulting from deformation. ro tations, and superimposed curvatures,363.1 Correction of Deformations ‘The correction curve of each cantilever arm equals the deformation cure but with opposite ‘Son. Typlea! deflection curves are shown in Fis 359. ‘The tortie! cure Is approached by Straight lines one of ere segments long. The Giference between 4 cure and approximating Slraight lines obtained fo this way is not visible provided the angule changes are kept below 0.001 radians a shown. 'Asindeatad in Section 3.6.22, the deforma: tion of the forward cantilever arm wil be cif bot from the backotard arm, because of different treop behavior and the rotation caused by co: tinuity prestes. Although it is possible to make fitonal corrections during casting for forward Gnd backward eantbver arms, it proves simpler {to make such corrections by counter rotations. 28:32 Correction of Rotation ‘Due to continulty prestrestng i the nd span, the forword cantilevr arm rotates over an angle a ts shonn in Fig, 2.60, A simiareotation 8 occurs in the subsequent spans. Starting erection of the fiest cantilever with a counter rotation of « ~ id ‘would bring the forvard cantilver arm toa slope (Of Haar stresing of the end span continuity {endons. The subsequent span then automatlaly ‘Sorts with e counter curv of 6838 wll, and thi Situation repeats itslf until competion of the sttucture a shown in Fig. 3.61 “The continuity presress obviously affects not only the forward cantilever acm But als the mainder of the completed part of the structure However, the reulting up ond downward curves fom tis soucs are unslly part of the deforms: tion corrections made in the fore, This alo ep plies to the angle changes occuring at the spies 263.3 Correction of Superimposed Curvature ‘The desired slgnment of most bridges difers from sight line, Provided the casting forms o Fig. 260 ~ Conston for rontnaycurvsture used ore sufficiently adaptable, any shape of bridge, cling vertical euves, horizontal curves, Supetlovation, ete, can be achieved by super: posing the cfference betwen the desred curve ure end the sagt axis (he shaded area of Fig 53.62) on the corrections prviously described 3.6.24 Example Alignment Calculations Pact of o bridge i show In Fig. 3.63. The de fleetion X of span LM isthe valu calculated for ‘he sum of slant snd ereop deformations caused by the continuity prestess of all adjacent spans ‘The camber Y of span MO and the rotation of {the forward cantilever sn OP are those ealoulted for sate and creep. deformations caused by continuity preset of span MO only. It is clear that corrections for span MO will be based on reduced camber Y.— X. After erection, the de Fleted spe of the cantilever arms NOP (suppor.Fa, 264 ~ Dace shape of exter afer ection ) will be a indicted in Fig. 3.64, The cores tion to obtain a saight axis, shown shaded in Fi. 3.65, ip arvived at by: 1. Drawing the deformation line due to contin uty proses in all spans (YX in Fig. 363), 2, Reducing cue @ by the free cantilever de flection, resting in curve, 23. Rotation ofthe axis by an angle Verification ofthis rsultfillutrated In Fg. 268: 1. The correction ig intraduced with opposite sign incur 2, The fre cantilever detection is superimposed 3. The rotation of 6 fe sldd in cure fn this situation the midspan splice i as. 4. Continuity prestress is added resulting in curves. 5. Deflection by continuity prestress ofall ed Jacent spans results inthe tna geometry h “The discontinuity at 0 doesnot exist since MO Is the final bridge axe after step 5, whereas OP shows the situation after stp only. 3828 Noteson Alignment Calculations .With the procedure ilustrated in Figs. 3.63, ‘through 8.66, ony the deformations during eon striction are covered. After completion, sl tional deformations will occur, Theso can be lwented, if found to be of considerable mean tude, similar t eortection® of superimposed curvature as deserbod in Section 36.2.3. 2. The corrections decribed are based on deforms ton calculations. I seat to check the re sults of such calculations by field massurements. Such comparative mensurments should ley {ake place In the moming at the same hour in ‘order’ to minimize the considerable effect of movements due to temperature. variations 37 Computer Programs 37.1 General In some cases, hand ealcuations may be suff ciently accurate forthe final design of 8 precast segmental bridge. However, for more complen uparstructare, the use of# computer prooram to sssist inthe analy becomes mort helpful. Fur ther, the calculation of aflctons becomes very cumbersome by hand nies substantial ap proximation ae Intodued, and a computer pro ‘ram is an invaluable aid in providing a more pre- cise estimate of timerelated deflections. The sources Irted below have programs developed or ‘lapted specially for use in daign of precatt segmental brides. Additonal programs undoubt tcly exist that eould be ured mere or less directly {analyze precast segmental bridges. wows| J | umn 3.7.2 Sources of Computer Programs Detaled information on computer progam services may be obtained from the folowing Dyckernoff & Widmann, Ine. 520 Fifth Avenue Now Vork, New York 10017 (212) 53.0700 Engineering Computer Corporation P.O, Box 22526 Seeramento, California 85831 (ote) 9228316 Europe Etudes BC Prooram “The Prescen Corporation| 2426 Ceo Gee ‘San Antonio, Texas 78217 (512) s2.8z64 Center for Highway Research “The University of Texas at Austin Austin, Texae 72717 Segmental Technology and Services 7.0, Box 50025 Incianspoli, Inara 46520 (17) seooess University of California at Becksley Department of Cl Enginaering «Berkeley, California 94720, 6CHAPTER 4 FABRICATION, TRANSPORTATION [AND ERECTION OF PRECAST SEGMENTS 4A Fabrication of Precast Sogments™# 4:14 General Considerations During design of a segmental structure, consider ation should be given to the formwork necessary to achieve economy and t0 obtain efficiency in production. It is gonerlly preferable to us as few Unite 9s ponble, consistent with economic shi ping an eection. In the caso of girder segments, economy and speed of production may be incest by 1, Keeping the length of the segments equal and keeping them stright, even for cured struc: 2, Proportioning the sogments or parts of them, such a: keysand wb stifleners, in such a way {that easy sipping of the forms is possible 3, Maintaining » constent web thickness in the longitudinal avetion 4. Maintsining 9 constant thickness of the top fisng in the longitudinal direction. 5, Kesping the dimensions of the conntction bemieen webs and the top flange constant. Beveling comer to facltate casting, 7. Avoiding interruptions ofthe surfaces of wabs tnd flanges eaueed by prowuding pars for snehorager, inserts ot. 8, Using 2 repetitive pattern, if practical, for tendon and anchorage locations 8, Minimizing the number of eiaphrapns and stilfenes [Avolding dowels which heve to passthrough the forms, 11, Minizing the nurmbar of blackouts. Variation ofthe cros section of girder sogments generally limited to changing the depth and width Of the webs and the thicknest of the bottom flange, Curves in the vertical and horizontal direc ‘ion ond twisting of the structare are edly ae commodate ‘Segmental construction Ie distinguished by the type of joint between elements. The following ‘types ave been use 1.Wide (ord) joints (this «ype of joint is not {considered inthe desgn procedures presented in this manus 2:Matcheast ins. “The procsion of line of sapments stsmbled with wide joints depends mainly on the accurscy n ofthe casting of the joints durin erection an iss fon the accursey of the segments. Curvature and twisting of the aructure may be obtained within the joint. “The principle ofthe matchatt jolt is that he connecting surface fit each other very accurately, {0 that only a thin layer of filing material i rnoaded in the joint. Each sepment is cast against It eighboe. The sharpness of ine of the assembles onstruction depends mainly on the accurecy of the manutcture of thasegents, 4.12 Methods of Casting ‘Segments to be erected with wide joints may be cast soperatly, Match eat int members ae cast by the “longline” oF "shortline” methos. 4.12.1 The LongLine Method Principle-All of the segments are cast, n their correct flaive postion, on a fong line. One oF more formwork units move along this Tine. The formwork units ee guded by apreacjusted sft ‘An example ofthis method i show in Figs. 4.1 ‘trough 43 ‘Advantages~A long line is easy to setup and t0 maintain control over the production of the Segments. ARer stripping the forms it is not ecesary 10 take away the segments immediatly Disadvantger-Substantal space may. be quived for the fong line, The minimum length i normaly eighty more than half the length of the Tongest soan of the structure, It must be con: structed ona firm foundation which will aot ‘ate o deleet under the wight of the segments. incase the streture is curved, the long line must be desgnad to accomodste he curvature. Because the forme are mobile, equipment for cating, tring et, hasto move from pce to place 4.122 The Short-Line Method Prineple—The segments are cast at the same place In stationary forms and against neighboring loment. After casting, the neighboring element is taken avay and the lst elements shifted to the Place of the neighboring element, clearing the neve to cart the next element. A horizontal cast ing operation is ilustratad in Figs. 4.4 through 48. ‘Segments Intended to be Used horizontally may 0. be cast vertically. A photograph of 2 short Tin form Is presented in Fig. 47. ‘Advantapes—The soace needed for the shortee EES ww ELEVATION TLL ih Boe woneenweoo HoesBulkhead new De SEGMENT,ling method is small in comparison to the long lina method, approximately tvee times the length fof a segment. The entire process Is centralized, Horizontal and vertical curves and twisting of ‘the structure ace obtained by adjusting the pe- sition of the neighboring eoment Dissdvantagee—To obtain the desired stuctral configuration, the neighboring segments must be 413 Formwork Frmuotk must be designed to safely export, sil Yoods that might be apie withoue undesiees ‘formations or satilements. Soi! stabilization of the foundation may be raquira, r the formwork may be designed so that adjustments can be made to compensa fr sete. ‘Sines prodction of segments is based on reusing the forms as muchas posible, the formiork must be sturdy and special atenton must be given t0 construction details. Forms must also be easy 10 handle. Paste laksga through formwork joints must be prevented, This can normaly be achieved By using @ flexible sealing meters Spcil eter ‘on mast be given to the junction of tendon sheathing with the forms, The forms may need to 1% be flexible in order 10 accommodate slight it ferencis of dimensions with the praviouly cart segment. They must be designed in such a way that the necesaey adjustments for the desired camber, curature and twining can be achieved accurately and easily Special consideration mutt be givan to those parts of the forms that have to change in dimen $ions. To faolitate alignment or adstment, spac [al equipment such a wodges, screws, hydraulic Jacks. should be provided. “Anchoranee ‘of the tendons and inserts rust be designed in such 3 way that thelr postion Is rigid during casting Ftige must not interfere with sipping ofthe forms. If seeerated steam curing using tomprs ture in excas of approximately 160° F (719 Cl ie foreseen, the influenoss of the deformations of te forms, caused by heating and cooling, must be considered in order to avoid davelopment of racks in the. concrete. External vibrators must be tached at lotions that will schieve maximum ‘omolidation and permit easy exchange. ding the easing operations, Internal vibration may also be required Holes for prestressng tendons may be formed by 1. Rubber noses which are pulled out after harden: 2. Shosthig which remains after hardening of the wwconerete Flexible shesthing made out of spirally ‘wound metal fe usualy sifened from the inside by means of dummy’ eables, rubber or plastic hoses, et, during the casting operation. 2 Rig sheathing with amooth ot corrugated walle may be used that will not deform signifleently Lundar the pressive of wet vibrated conerete and {or which ‘thare is no danger of perforation 4, Movable mandrels. Holes must be accurately positioned, particu- Tory when 2 large number of holes is required Horizontal and. vertial tolerance for tendon holes within the Segment should not exceed 1% in, (13 mmm) ftom the theoretical location. Ter tion ducts shall be matoheast in alignment at segment fees. Formwork that produces typical box girder segments within the following tolerances is con- tidered good workmanship. Width of we, £3/8 in. (10 mm) Depthof bottom slab. -.#14t0Oin. (13mm to) Depth of top slab tee In. (6 mm) Overall depth of segment... 1/4in. (6 mm) (Overall width of segment. --_»-£1/4 in. (8 mm) Length of maceh-eat segment. <= 14 in. (6 mm) Dispheagm dimensions.» -=1/2in. (13 rom) Grace of roadway and soffit. ...£1/8 in (3 mm) Depending upon the deal at bridge pers, the tolerances forthe soffit of per segment may need te limited to 21/16 in. (1.8 mm). The tolerance fof 2 segment should be determined immediately Sitter removing the forms. If specified tolerances 2 exceeded, seeeptancs of rejection should be bused on the effect of te over-toleance on final Alignment and on whether the effect ean be cor fected in later segment, In matcheast construc perfect ft Is enablined between segments for smoothness and outo-squareness of the joint shouldbe established ana Uniform quality of concrete is essential for sg mental construction, Procidures for obtaining figh quality concrete ave covered In PCI and PCA, publietions:"="6) Both normal weight and Structural Tightwaight concrete can be mad con Sistent and uniform with proper mix proportioning {nd production contol. Ideal concrete for se mental constuction will have 36 nes a8 practical Zero sump and 26 a 435 ~ Contin sequtnes (hone vee using 435 Erection Tolerance Maximum differential between outside fees of adjacent units in the ractad potion should not exceed 1/4 in. (8 mm). The most important item of tolerance or acceptance Is the inal geometry of the erocted superstructure, The evaluation of the deck surface of each segment vsed inthe cantilever portions of the bridge supertucture, measured ter closure sections are in lace, must not vary from the theoretical profile grade elevstion by ‘more than that specified for the project. The rodient of the deck surface of each segment should not vary from the theoretical profile gad: jent by more than 03 percant. Moce liberal to! frances may be acceptable ifthe detgn incorpo. ‘ates wearin surface 80436 Design of Piers and Stability During Construction” | 42.6: Single Stender Pers | _f the plein the irish structure aecasianad ] soley to rarer the de Tons to the foundations Tinclucing horizontal loa), ther isthe ikelhood ‘that the pire will bo unable to resist tho uney 1] ime moments ie the canter const: tion (ie, with one segment plus the equipment load). Thus, temporary shoring is often required | fe Fa, 6 a 4.17) x constcerale cos- More rently, the stability of the entlever under J oon ws ess) ey ‘onstrution has been provided by the equipment tse fr placing the segments. ‘With double pire, two pacalll walls make up the pler structure, which usully rests on a single foundation. Such a configuration was sucessfully toed for a number of European bridges, including the Chilon Viaduct illusvated in Fi. 418. tabi ity during construction is excellent and requires litle temporary equipment, except for some bracing Between the slender walls t provent els tic reat. 43.62. Moment Resisting [Moment resisting piers re designed to with stand the Unbalanced momants duting construc tion while temporary verleal prestrass rods make & Fisld connection between the ceck and the pier tap. The Corpus Chriss Bdge shown in Fig 4.19 ‘lied moment reiting pers. When the ratio batwoen span lengths and pier height allows ft, the rigid connection and the Corresponding frame ection may be maintained pormanentiy between the deck snd piers. This Frame eotion is alo achieved by uso of twin neo rene bearings which allow for deck expansion,Fi, 420 — Pl wi tn Fiat jacks are usuelly placed between the pe top tnd the deck softs t0 pormit the removal of temporary besringe and Installation of the per Fig. 421 ~ Twin more binge infil seus” “This type of pier det Is shown in Fg. 4.20 ‘where the elastomeric. bearings ae Indicted 2 {i}, te vertical erection post tensioning between lar and superstructure is shown as (2), and the temporary conerete bearing pads ae shown 2s (3). [After completion of erection end continuity post tersloning, the vertical post-ensioning atthe per land the temporary concrete bearing pads ae re: moved, leaving the neoprene bearings In place a: Shown in Fg. 421mo mw maw 53 Order of Erection ‘The erection sequence for the structure & in ‘three seeps os indicated In Fig 5.4 Step 1: The stomental cantilevers are erscted {om each pier. The precast-end cross girders. are rected The midspan splice Is castin-place. Step 2 Step 3: Fig 4 Eraction sues Expt 2s noted below, the posttsnsioning is ‘arid out by tendons conseting of twelve 3, ameter 270k strands (13 mm ¢, 1882 MPa) ‘with an ultimate force of 495 kips (2202 KN) All tendons are stewed Initlly t0 70 percent of their utimate force The effective force level in the example design calculations at ume of pre ‘teeing Is reduced to allow for anchor seating snd ‘tition los. The final tendon forces after losses 17060 percent of ultimate or lower, ‘The posttansioning tendons are arranged in soups as follows Group 1: Cantlover postssnsoning consists of 26 tendons, 12 in each web (See Fo. 55) Tall span_ continuity posttensioning consists of 2 tendons, one in each wed (See Fig. 5.8) Center so8n eontnulty posttensioning ‘consists of 8 tendons, 4 In each web, located in the bottom aab at midspan tnd anchored in the top slab (See Fig, 50. Group 2 Group as: | “e = 7 | __ r I + | Fig 57 ~Cantarspn comity eno: Bottom (Grup 33) epsib (rcup 35) 86‘CHAPTERS DESIGN EXAMPLE, NORTH VERNON BRIDGE, INDIANA 51 Generat ‘Tne North Vernon Bridge over the Muscatatuck River in Indiana was built parallel to an existing reinforced conerete arch bridge with the purpose .9f doubling the capacity ofthe existing roadway. ‘The spans were therefore fixed to mest those of the aren, at incieted in ig. 6.1. Cort artimates for wideing the bridge with another arch proved ‘eo expansive and led to consideration of beth sae! and concrete alteratves, Tha presence of 2 precast conerete plant in the vicinity of the bridge site, andthe feasibility of segment erection by tmobile crane mace It posible that even this small structure with a total deck area of only 8855 a 4h. 1823 m?) could be built competitively using precast segmental construction 52 Structure Dimensions ‘The total bridge length of 3B1 ft. (116.08 m) is made up of 2 end cross gdars ofS ft. 3in. (18 im), 4 segments of 8.0 in. (244m) length, 2 ler sapmants of 9 ft. 0 ln. (2:74 m) lngth, and a eastinplace splice of 5. Fn, (118 ml The span fend segment. dimensions are shown In Fig. 52 In consideration of the length of the main spn, the depth of the box alder was slacted as 9 fe. 0 in. (2.745 m). The resulting spar/depth rato of 21.1 Fe wall within the exonomieal limit. The box ‘irder dlivasions and section proparties are pre ented in Fig, 6:3. ‘These dimensions are constant fearckense J 4 for all ssgmante excapt forthe two sepments lo teited neither side of the two per segments. In these segments, the bottom sia thickness wae ineresed from @ in. (0.20 m) t0 13 i, (0:33 m) inorder to reduce the compresive stress in the bottem fibers resulting from the negative support | pose re ee eaters one ee we i LT I I ane ip 82 ~ Sant enone noi camber 8 Tm = 328%J 4 & 2am erm rensons Group: Center spin continuity posttensioning Const of four Getrand tendons lo {ated inthe top sab, These tendons are fenchored in the pier segments (See Fig, 5. ‘The precte location of the tendons in the section Isindicated in Fig. 6. 55 Design Requirements snd Losding™ ‘The design is eased out by elastic methods to-meet te fallowing eter 1. Conerete banding stress within allowable its ‘or 8500 psi (38 MPa} conerete 2.No tension allowed for combinations of all losdings” 2. Cracking safety under 110 poroant of des oad {and 125 peroant of ive load." 4. Uitimate load capsity of 175 porcant of dead load snd 225 percent of lve load.” 8 5, Final tendon fore ars 60 percent of ul orlower “The eslgn is cariod out fr losing by: 1. Dead lond during constuetion 2. Initial peasvess 4 Superimpored permanent loads 4. Live ood 5. Temperature iferetil 6. Creep under box girder dead load 1. Gresp under post ersoning 8. Lost of presvess 5.6 Design Proved ‘The design of the North Vernon Bridge Is pre- santa in ectordance with the following steps: Stop 1: Free cantilever plus inital cantilever Group ? porttensoning Streis contol a all phate of erection. Stop 2: Completion of end span plus inital con tilty Group 2 post ensioning. Stress contr Step 3: Concreting of midspan slice plus inital cominuity Group 3 post tnsioning. Stress contrStep 4: Addition of permenant loads. Stes con: tl Step 5: Addition of variable loads. tres contel Step 8: Influence of ima Step Ga: Dead load moment redetibution due to conerote ern, Stet conto Step 6b: Postiensioring moment redistribution due to concrete creep. Stress contra ‘Step 6e: Prestress losses. tras contel Sump 7: Final stress control ‘Step 8: Transverse section analy, Other calculations required to complete the etign are made by procedures common t0 con ‘endonal post tensions box girder ridges or eon ‘entonalreinforesd concrete design and are not resented ere, These caleltionsralete tthe following: 1. Calculation of end eos gar and per segment Feinfocament. 2, Support forces an bearing requirements 3. Road joint movements 4. Principal shea strzes a saves load, 5. Ultimate moments, sfety to failure, 6. Utimat shear, safety to fale 7. Substructure loading during erection, 8. Temporary prestresng ef sapments during 8, Reinforcement of keys, ae In al ete, provision must be made to accom ‘modate adcitionsl temporary erection loads on the svucture, and stress and stability checks must be made for the structure under these loding. Such erection loads can be intrtional (for exam le, movement of a launching girder over the sre ture), oF unintentional (storage of post tenloning tendons oF 3 large group of visitors onthe soe turel. Consideration of erection loads has been ‘omitted in the presentation of this design exam le for simplicity, Nore: All of the following design example diagram anc imensionsare in gs. matic units Dimensions = meters (322089 ft) Frees = metre tonnes (2208.62 Ib) Bending moments tonnes x meters (7282.98 fb.) Stress tonnesg. meter (1.422 psi), ‘The rlationship to SI metic unit i: Force: 1 t= 8.8 KN = 2208.62 tb (1 1b, = 4.448 Newton Moment: 1 tim = 9.8 kN = 7232.98 fb, (1 feb,» 1356 KN) 1 un? = 9.8 kPa ~ 1.422 bin? [Ibvin? = 6:95 Klopacal) Suet:nal Can | 56.1 sup 1. Free Cantever Plus silver Group 1 Post Tensioning InStep 1, steses ae ealeulated for loading due | to tne dead toed of the fren catilave box gtder section and the Group | cantilever post tensonin, ) The posttensioning is shawn in Fig. 58 and con: | sts of 13 tendons in each wed, A check is made ‘or unbalance ing erection. The ealeulations are 1]. mide 9 follows: | alae te afc on te sppotng sue tire stn by urbe of sopra se {See iy 58) Gh ety of easy. Se fab the earn by pes rosupportona wise ple 2. Shcaure coc ein ech je con acne Gite ce te tendons preet a the woprene to nin Conia tton | tosses and, i judged necessary, stel relaxe- ow suosmuomy conte cose see >, mevcion dvs pretsoning ] Com tn sen titan al ve , ‘of n in each joint. [At completion of exetion of one cantilever the bending moments ate ee shown in Fi. 5.10, | ony Ral oe cee how, weer half idential Dann’ Box ds et fo ed me mast |] Diwan Eeensty of Grou tno, a ark 0 ‘ree F/A x Z,. This is the top fiber {ere disgram by the section mod tus of the bottom fiber and aividing by the section area F/A x Zy. THs isthe bottom fiber moment dve to the yal compression from pos ‘ansoning (or prrpdepnpn eter ll | POTEET Fig. 5:10 ~ Step 1. Free cote lu ntl cannerDiagram 11 Check top fiber moments (iniret- ra (Fig.5.11) ty checking strese). Moment dla ‘Fam (a) is obtained by adding ci grams 8 and 9 from Fig. 5.10. “This is the tap fibee moment du to the combination of bending and axial force resting from port tensioning. Diagam e+ ais diagram reduced by th dead load moment diagram (agram 8 in Fig. §.10) “The top fiber compressive. sess control limite are inated By the ¥, x 2, diagram. Allowable com. Dresve stress at this suge is 2150 Une. In this ease 2160 x 1422= 2057 pai or approximately 085 3500 "3095 Dir 12 Cheek bottom ber momen fin recy chucking rene) Moment ‘lagu obsied by log ‘lagrams 8 and 10 fom Pha 810, Sins tt bottom fiber moment 12 duet the combination of boning tra xi fore from posteson ina. Oram e+ ste edition oF dager 5, box ge at losd manent from Fa, 6.10, 0 lara The bottom fier cone bresive Sr contol moment di ° Sfam based on, = O58 x 8500 | 3025 ps, or 2180 Ui, is also ind HE cated in Fg 8.11 [2160 x 2.0224, 5.31 — Sup 1. Che wo fe ant tt fw F621 tm (67,99 a ‘co assay |562 Sp 2. Completion of Tall Span Plus ‘Continuity Group 2 Port. Tensioning ‘The completion of the tal span is achieved by Adeliion of the end span erss girders and istala tion ofthe Group 2 post tensioning shown in Fig. 56, This post tensioning corsets of one tendon in tach web. For anelytieal purposes, the changes wth respect to Stop Tare 1. End cross geri ced 2. End support is added 3. Continuity Group 2 postensioning installed 44 Two supports at pers are replaced by one ‘support atthe centr ofthe pier With reference to Fig. 512, the calulations to secount forthe above changes prosoed follows: Disgram Determine box gider dead load bending moment dlagram du tin ‘woducton of end support and end ros girder. Determine force disgram of Group 2 posttensioning tendons and the tendon eccentricities Determine the bending momenta: gram ue t© Group 2 tondons “The structure is simply supported and the bending moment equals the force multiplied by theeccenricty. The tendon foree dapram mult plied by the top section modulus, Z,, and diided ‘by the section area, 8, expresses the axial com pression due to posttensoning in {rms of 3 to fiber moment (en). The tendon foree dlagram mult plied by the bottom stetion mod: tls, Zn and divided by the section se, A, express the axial com pression due to post tensioning In terms of a bottom fiber moment tem. Add diagrams 3 and 4 to obsain Siagom 60, This Is the combined xis! [oxpresod as a moment) tnd bending moment sect ofthe posstensioning on the top fiber (em). Diagram 2 Diagrams Diagram Diagram 5 Diagram 6 a [Add lsgrams 3.and 6 to obtain 6. This ie the combined. axial (ororessad at 2 moment) and bending moment affect ofthe post tensioning on the bottom fiber (om,See diagrams of Fig. 5.13 with numbers cores ponding to thove below, and clagrams from prev ‘ous figures as noted Diagram 7 Add bending moment diagrams due ‘9 box grder daa Toad from Steps Vand 2 (iagram 5 fom Fig. §.10 plus diagram 1 fom Fig 5.12) Diagam8 Add diagram 110 of Step 1 to iagram 6a of Step 2 Diagram Check top fiber moments com- pored 20 allowable by adding dis (ram 7 and the raute of eal ton B above. As canbe seen, there is 2 lage margin between the maxi- mum permissible moment of 6176 {Em end the moment in the struc Diagram 10 Add ciagam 12b of Step 1 t0 dla (7am 6 of Step 2, Diagram 11 Check bottom Aber moments com: pared to llowsble by adding cl (am 7 to the reuits of calculation 10 above. Again the structure mo: mantis much less than the peers ‘ible value of 6627 tm, ea ans | HL saavs bh ~ ST LH stl i } uw | 1] | MU TTT} 1 $ 563 Step3. Completion of Canter Span [At thls stage, the east-nplace midspan splice Is completed and. continuity —porttersioning ia {Groupe 2a and 36 Ie placed and strese4. Group 2a pot tensioning consists of four tendon in each \wob which ara located in the bottom slob at mid Span, Group do post tensioning consists of fur 6 ftrand top sib tendons. Both Group 3s and Group ‘3 post teasioning are shown in Fig. 5.7 ‘The calculation procedure iustrated in Fi 5.14 for thie ep is follows: Diagram 1 Calculate the bending moment di gram due to the adationl weight fof the midspon eastin place sey ‘The. tendon force diagram snd socentrisiee shown in Fig. 6.14 fre forall tendons in Groups 32 anda. Determine banding moment die ‘rams due to post ensoning Grouse 3: and 30. The post-tonsoning is ftreazad in the continuous systam, Sand the resulting moment ciograms te obtained a follows: 2s, Assume hingee at supports on piers, ealeulate por tenioning force sara. 2b, Coleuste the bending moments due to porttonsoning Groups 38 nd 3b for the hinged span CE (iomant = force x secetreity) 2e. Caleulate angle of rotation at and € by the moment diagram obtained in 26 24, Caleulat te secondary moment required to rotate the joint closed Cand, 2s, The sddition of diagrams 2 and 26 le the bending. moment tL AF isgram 4 Diora 3 is malting bythe hah iT Fhe 7 vale of the oop factor {1~ e-*) to provide a high estimate of the box girder deudloed creep moment Fig. 5:20 ~ Stn 6, Infuns of tnt. Step 6, Boxer ‘ecisteibution, “hated morent erence 0 Cee5.6.6.2 Stp 6b, Post Tensioning Moment Reds: tribution Due to Creep Diagram 1 (ig.5.21) Diagram 2 Diagram 3 Diagram 4 Diagram Diagram 6 Disgram 7 Diagram 8 Diagram 8 Dispram 10 Diagram 14 The eects of cantilever pos: tensioning (Group 1) onthe centin The cantitever pes-ensoning mo: rants at the end of ection (aia gram & from Step 4, Fig. 6.10), ‘The difference between diagrams i and 2 above, Mutiply diagram 3 by the hich value of thereepfactor(1 =e), siving a high estimate of the cand lever’ posttensioning (Group 1) ‘moment redistribution due to creep. Multiply dagram 9 by the tow valu of the eoup factor (1~ e-¥2) Siving @ low estimate of the cant lover” postsensioning (Group 1) moment redistribution dt cree. Determine the effect of Group 2 continuity posttensioning on the ‘The effect of Group 2 postsenson- tng during construction (aap 3, Fig. 6.12), ‘Th diffrence between dlagame & snd 7, above. Mutiny diagram 8 by the high value of the ereep factor (1 — eo), giving 9 hgh estimate of the Group 2 posttenioning mo: ment rediswibution due to ereep Multiply diogram 8 by the low aloe of the creep factor (1 6), giving a low estimate ofthe Group 2 pose-tensioning moment reds bution de to creep, Combine disprams 4 snd 9 to ob tain a high value of the total ree tribution. of posttensioning mo: ments due to ree. 98 Diagram 12 Combine aisgrame 5 and 10 to ab tain alow value of the total rei: tribution of posttensioning “mo: rmonts dus to creep, Fig. 521 ~ Step 6, Posttesoning moment redistiby tion duet ceenoo 1 5.6.63 Stop 6c. Effect of Prestres Le Presrst loses dus to frelon, elastic shorten Ing, shrinkage and creep have been ‘nloulnted 23 14 percent of intl Fores or 18.610 tr (26,460 ps. Diogam 2, Group _1- post tensior ning. tondon (Fig,5.22) foree diagram multiplied by pre stress loss porcontage Disgam3 Group. 2. posttenio ning. tendon force dagram multiplied by pre stress loss percentage Diagam4 Group 3 posttensioning_ tendon force dagram mali stress loss percentage Diagram § Disgrams 2,3 and 4 ad Diagram 6 isgram 5_ multiples Alvided by te sction is the prestes fre I the top fiber expres lied by pre {ded together. by 2, and ares, A. This le effect on st a8 8 mo Diagram? Disgra 5 multiplied by 2, and al- ide by the section rea, A. This Diagram 8 Group 2 continuity pest-terioning (Fig: 6.23) bending moments In eontinvous system multipliad. by los per cantage, Diagram 9 Group 1 cantilever post tensioning bending moments in continvous system multiplied by lon per concag. Diagram 10 Group 3 continuity post ensoning bending moments, in continuous system multiplied by loss per centage, Diagram 11 Diagrams 8, 9 and 10 added to- ether. Diagram 12 Diagram 11 added to diseram 6 to ‘obtain total equivalent top fiber bending moments due to losses. Diagram 13 Diagram 11 added to diagram 7 to ‘obtain foal equivalent bottom foe bending moments due t0 lore. beter ewmece e's HTT LETTIRTTTTITN j il bd oom oH hi vee 4 WT WT] | eee PEE Poe { I Tit He ffir 1 1 1d Tit ri | (52 Spt tn, os5.8.7 Step 7. Final Suess Contol Diagram 1 (Fig 528) Diagram 2 (Fig. 520) Diagram 3 (i 5.24) Diagram (ig 524) Calculation of rota timerelated (maximum and minimum) effects fom Steps 86, 8b and 6c for top fibers. = Calculation of total timerelatad (reaximum end minimum) effete {rom Steps 6a, 6b and &¢ for bot: tom fers Final stess control for the top fiber is evaluated. by combining iagram 1 above with diagram 4 ‘rom Step 6 (Fi. 6.18), Final srs control for the bottom fiber is evaluated by combining diagram 2 above with diagram 8 from Step 5 (Fig, 6.19). oti ber tne ltd Bending omer 10056.8 Stp8.Caleulation of TransrerseMoments “Trane nommentsin te Noth Vernon Bae | ial wor coed by os ofa camper poo Sores on sd put henry The elation pe tne der the bor teen In ings \ amie ath ney oe ory nett oh corto ' : Boats ates © pelt le so Risin othe wentapae dee er wate oe ‘iba, The eng ofthe spe taken othe |] Bettie Tore tepty sported bor str ws the euee bree pes of ao mame inthe ne of contmucs forse: The nlf te oa ty at he con: estan tthe logue! fy, The ess =] roi ending meron rd ol foresee Sox rd lus, spernpond dod ene Maaco tao an ne eee Thee fond vos se atorny itintad or one tore wees, eure os omens Te"cdutned ore infumesns enue for Scchanctn-TeunormyGatouta eta o "chap whion lord ont intone nt Suche potin te wah extn port oF |) agete nomen, See oft ett of oad (] SERS rien tre tutor ee ‘ior ine Wea eter hom inten es fe whos, Mitamesdagams a moment and nal free sop ee the Nor Vonan Be ee trun Pgs 520 vo 81; Se a eaton t 0 ‘vengverse reinforcement are shown in Fig. §.32. Fa, 825 — Taner moments and nel foros de 10 ger deta aon d 1015.28 — lotus fo voice, comin =a 1, 620 Int 3c105AL APPENDIX ‘AA Tentative Design and Construction Specific tions for Precast Segmental Box Girder Bridges ‘The PCI Bridge Commicton prepared tentative Assign and construction specfietions and accom: panying commentary in 1975 in the form of pro- posed addition to the AASHTO Standerd Spec ‘tions for Highway Bridges, They wore presented 10 the AASHTO Committee on Bridges and Struc tures for evaluation, and then were published by the Prasressad Concrete Institute (PC! JOURNAL. July August 1878) t0 develop comments end di. “The PCI Bridge Committe evaluated the com: Imants received relative tothe 1975 tentative sped ‘ations as well as new Information on design and conaruetion of procast segmental box girder ‘cdo, and prepared the following version of the ‘sgn ‘and construction spesifiassons for con sideration by. the AASHTO. Subcommittee on Brides at its 1977 Regional Meetings. The spec fication proposals as presented in this section rep resent the recommendations of the PCI Bridge Commitee, and may be modified prior to finl ‘aioption as AASHTO Standard Speificstione for Highway Bridoes. ‘The specification proposals ere presented here in «8 format utilizing section numbers compatible with the 1973 AASHTO Standeré Spectications for Highway Bridges. Specially, naw sections of the 1973 AASHTO Specifications ace. proposed es follows 1.8.25. Precast Segmental Box Girdere 2433 (L) Precast Sapmant Manufacture an Erection 2433. (M) Epoxy Bonding Agents for Pre cast Segmental Box Girders 2.433 IN) Inspection of Proce Segmental Box Girder Jointing Procedures 24.93 (0) Epoxy Bonding Agent Tests 1.6.25 Precast opmental Box Girders (A) Coneet Excopt as otherwise noted in this sction, the provisions of Section 6 ~ Prasrosed Conccete Shall apply to the analysis and design of precast segmental box girder bridgts. Deck slabs without ‘uansverse post tensioning shall be designed under ‘the applicable provisions of Section § ~ Concrete Design 3 106 Elatic analysis and beam theory may be used in the design of precast segmental Box ger struc tures. For box girders of unusvat proportr methods of analysis which consider shear lag? shall be used to determine areas in the cfs ‘ction ue to longitucinal bending, (8), Design of Superstruture (1) Flexure ‘The wansverse dasign of precast segments for flexure shall consider the segment as 9 red box ‘ame, Top slabs shal be analyzed as variable depth sections considering the fillets between the top and webs, Wheel load shall be positioned to pro Vide maximum moments, and elle analyse shall be used to determine the effective longitudinal dlitributon of wheat loads foreach load location (see Article 1.28). Traneveree posttsnsioning of top sabe ie generally recommended Inthe analysis of precast smental box girder bridges, no tension shall be permited atthe top of any joint between segments curing any sage of rection or sevice loading, The allowable streses 1 the bottom of the joint shal be as specified In ‘Actile 18.8 (8) (2). (2). Sheer (a) Reinforced keys shall be provided in sgment. abs tornsfor erection shear, Posie revere Shearing stones in the Sear keys shall be Investigated, parculey in segments ear 3 Pier. At time of erection, the shear tes a fied by the shear key sal not exceed 2/T (©) Design of web rointorcement for precast segmental box gider bridges shall bein ae cordance with the provisions of Article 1.6.13 (3) Torsion nthe desion of the erase cation, consideration shall be given to the increase in wb shear esting ‘rom eccanrie leading or geometry of structure, (4). Detiections Deflection calculations shall consider dex lsd, live load, prestressing, erection leads, concrete ‘creep and shrinkage, and steel relaxation Deflections shall’be esleulsted prior to man ‘ecture of segments, basa on the anticipated pro duction and eretion sohedule. Calculated dete tions shall be used a 8 guide agsingt which eect ‘deflection measurements are checked(6) Dees (3) Epoxy bonding agents for match-east joints shall ‘be. thermossting 100 percent soli ‘compositions that do not contin solvent or fany non-seactive organic ingredient except for pigments required for coloring. Epoxy bond ing agents shall be of two components, resin and a hardener. The two components hall be dstnetly pigmented, so that mixing broduces a third calor similar tothe conerate In the segments to be joined, and shall be packaged in pre proportioned, labeled, ready- Epoxy bonding agents sal be formulatd to provide application temperature ranges which ‘wll permit retion of match east segments 3t fubsrate temperatures from 40F (SC) to IBF (46C). If two surfaces to be bonded have different subswate temperatures, the saesive applicable atthe lower temperature shall be ua a project would eauire or benefit from ferotion at concrete substrate temperaturse tower than “A0F, the temperature of the conerate to a depth of approximately 3 in (76 mm) should be elevated to atlas 40F to insure etfecive wetting ofthe surface by the ‘pany compound and adequate curing of the + epoxy compound in 6 resonable length of ‘ine, An artifeal evironmant wil have £0 be provided to accompli this elevation in emperature and should be creates by an fenelosure heated by eltculating warm alr or by redlant heats. In any event, localized heating shall be avoided and the hest shall be provided in @ manner that prevents surfoce temperatures greater than TOF (436) during ‘he epoxy hardening period Direct flare jet ing of coneete surfaces shall be prohibited Epoxy bonding agents shall be insensitive to damp conditions during aplication and, ator fering, shall exhibit high bonding strength {0 cured concrete, good water resstty, low creep characteristics and. tenie. strength ‘geter than the conorete. In sddtion, the spony bonding. agente shall function a 9 lubricant during the Joining ofthe match-cast, feqments belng joined, ard as a durable, watertight bond at the joint. See Aticle 2.4.33, {h8) for epoxy bonding agent specifications. ‘utiles 1.6.24 (C) and 1.8.24 (F) rating to flange thickness and dlaphrapms shall not spply to precast segmental box girders. ® 107 rc Design of Substructure In addition tothe ual substructure design con: siderations, unbalencedeanlver moments due ‘agmant weights and erection loads shall be a ‘commodated in pier design or with auxiliary struts, Erection equipment which ean eliminate these un balanced moments may be use. ‘COMMENTARY 1.6.25. Procast Segmental Box Girders (A) Gonaral Motecial strngths and allowable sees need bo no different. from other prestressed concrote Tridlger therefore, eutent its in Standard Spec fications for Highway Bridges should apply. How vor, higher strengih coneote as advantages and Should be used when avaiable. Higher strength fconerete hes more durebiity, not only beeause of the. mix design but also becavee of the greater ‘quality control required o produce it Precast segmental box giders may be designed bby beam theory with consideration of sheer lap ‘Shear lay need only be investigeted for segments wider than 0 ft. (12m) used on 150 ft. (46m) ‘pant or les, because of the shallow depth (2) Design of Supersvuctce Influence surfeces for design of constant nd variable depth deck slabs have boon published {eee Relerences 5 and 6, pase 103) ‘The ‘ollowing tmitations are recommended: 1. When beam theory Is sed, single cell boxes should be no move than 40 ft. (12m) wide, inchud- ing camlevar For bridges wider than 40 ft, ‘multiple box erote sections er multiple call boxes fre unvally ued. Single cal boxes of width greater thon 40 ft can be used if carefully analyzed for shear lag to determine the portion of erst section ‘apabl of handling longitudinal moment. 2, For maximum economy, he span-to-depth ratio for constant pth stustures should be 18 {0 20, However, spanto-depth ratio of 20 t0 20 hye been used when required for clearances or ethetor. The shallower depths raquire the Use Of ‘more high sength postesioning tel wich may fuse congested cross sections. Variable depth fructus uavally have span-o-depth ratios of 18 0-20 at the supports and 40 to 60 at midepan 3. Widthte depth ratios should also be consi ered, A shallow box gtder that is too wie beginsto behave os a ia. No criteria have been estab- lished, but whan the wieth o-depn ratio i greater ‘than sie, considering the total wicth ofthe section including sab cantilever, iti recommended that ‘the designers use multiple cll boxer or carefully analyze the eros section, 4, Prone filets should be used in the erot eee tion to allow stres transfer around the box per imeter and to provise ample room forthe large numberof tendons. 5. Diaphragms should be considered. These are ‘usualy required only t pers, abutments, and ex pansion joints. 6. The thickaned bottom sab in ple segments, when required for stesse, should taper down oF step down to the minimum midspan segment bot tom slab thickness in ae short dstanes ass prac tial, 7. Web thicknesses should be chosen for pro duction eas. If posttensoning anchorages are located in the webs, web thickness may Be gov ‘exned by the anchorage requirements 8. Permanent access hole into the box section should be limited in size to the minimum func tional dimension and should ba loested near points of minimum ses, (C) Design of Substructure Uibalaneed cantilever moments cour during erection ony and are usualy grebter in magnitude than service load moment. Wind loads incor ration with erection loads could develop eritical stress and, thus, wind loads should be consid ered in sordance with Artie 1.2.2 Selected References “The following selected references provide some Useful guidlines in the design and contruction of precast presessad segmental box girder ridges 1.PCI Committee on Segmental Construction, “Recommended Practica for ‘Segmental Con’ struction in Prestressed Concrete,” PCI JOUR: NAL, V. 20, No, 2, March-Apil 1875, pp. 22: 41 2. Muller, Jean, “Ten Yesre of Experiene in Pre- ‘ist Segmental Construction,” PCI JOURNAL, 'V.20, No, 1, January-February 1975, . 2861. 3.Swann, R. A., “A Feature Survey of Concrete Box Spine Beam Bridge,” Cement and Conerate Associstion, 52 Grosvenor Gardens, London ‘SWIWOAG, 1972. 4. Mais, V. 1, and Rol, F., "Methods of Analysis and Design ‘of Concrete’ Boxteams with Side Cantilever," Techoicsl Repoct Wo.” 42.494, ‘Gement and Concrete Aesocletion, 82 Grosvenot ‘Gardens, London, SWIWOAG, November, 1974. 8. Pucher, Adolph, “Influence Surtees of Elastic Plates" th Edition, 1973 (English), Springer = Verag Now York, Inc 8.Homber, Helmut, “Double Webbed Slabs," (Dales Nervurees ‘Patton Mit. Zwei Steger), 1974 (English), Springer ~ Verlag New York, Ine 2433. Prestred Concrete (L) Precast Segment Manufacture and Erection (1) Manufacture of sogmente Esch sapnent shall bo match-ast with its ad Jncant segments to ensure proper fit during eee. tion. As the segments ara mateheast they must be Precisely algned to achive the final structure sometry. During the alignment, adjustments to ompensite for defections are made, Al tendon duets are ped during production ‘The conduit to enclose groute, port tensioned “tendons shall be mortar tig, made of galvanized, ferrous meta, and mey be ether ig with © smooth inner wall, capable of being curved to the proper configuration, or 2 flexible, intertocking type. Couplers for either type sal aio provide ‘mortar tight connection. Rigid conduit may be fabricated. with elther “welded “or interlocking ‘seams. Gaanizing of welded seams for risid com duit or of conduit couplers will not be required During placing and finishing of concrete in a Se. ‘ment, inflatable hoses capable of exerting suf cant presure on the inside walls shall be placed internally in all condulte and shall extend © rin’ tmurm of 2 Ft (06m) into the conduit inthe pre Viously cast segmant. Either type of conduit shall be capable of withstanding all fore due to cor struction operations without damage, Other tyes ‘of conduit and/or intral protection systems ae exmitted subject to the approval ofthe Engineer (2) Erection of Segments Segments are usualy erected by the cantilever ‘method from each pier without falework, a though temporary supports may be uted. With the approve of the Engineer, other systems of ‘erection may be considered Matchast segments shall be erected using epoxied joints, Pressure shall be provided on the 108 wbuwuw