206 sec. 8.2, Prob. 62 Chapter 8 STEADY INCOMPRESSIBLE FLOW IN PRESSURE CONDUITS Sec. 8.2: Critical Reynolds Number — Exercises (3) 821 8.2. 8.2. BG 2 St 3 BG Oil with @ Kinematic viscosity of 0.00015 fisec is flowing through a 3-in-diameter pipe. Below what velocity will the flow be laninar? Eq. 8.1; R = (3/12)V/0.000 15 < 2000 = Ry; so V < 1.200 fps Oil with a kinematic viscosity of 0.185 St is lowing through a 150-mn-diameter pipe. Below what velocity will the flow be laminar? Inside cover: » = 0.142 St = 0.142 x 10 m/s Eq. 8.1: R= 0.150.185 x 10-4 < 2000 - Ruy; 30 V< 0247 mis Oil with a kinematic viscosity of 0.0035 ft*/sec flows through a 4-in-diameter pipe with a velocity of 15 fps. 1 the flow laminar or turbulent? Eq. 8.1: R = (4/12)15)0.0035 ~ 1429 < R.4 = 2000, so flow is laminar 4 See. 8.2: Critical Reynolds Number — Problems 8.1—8.2 al 82 BG SL Hydrogen at 30°F and atmospheric pressure has a Kinematic viscosity of 0.0011 fi/sec. Determine the ‘minimum turbulent flow rate in pounds per second through a 2-in-diameter pipe. At this flow rate what is the average velocity? Eqs. 8.1-8.2; R = (2/12)¥10.0011 < 2000 = R,,,, so max. avg. V = 13.20 fps Table A.5 for hydrogen: pat 68°F = 0.000 162 slug/f® ;-y = 0.000 162(32.2) = 0.005 22 Ib/f? At constant (atmos) p, from Bq. 2.5: = const/T” Ss at30°F: 7 = 0.005 22(460 + 68)/(460 +30) = 0.00562 1b/f? Eq. 4.5: @ = yAV = (0.00562\x}4)2/12F1380 = 0.001692 tb/sec <4 Air at 80°C and a pressure of approximately 1350 kPa abs flows in a 20-mm-diameter tube. What is the ‘minimum turbulent flow rate? Express the answer in liters per second, newions per second, and kilograms er second. At this flow rate what is the average velocity? From Sec. 2.7: plp = RT, p = pIRT; Eq. 8.1: R = DVply = D¥pluRT Table A.2: = 2.09 x 10% Nesm?; Table A.5: R = 287 m7/(s™K) (0.02 m)(¥1350 x 10° Nim’) (2.09 x 10° N-sfny')[287 m7/(s*K)|(273 + 80 K) Le. 12750 V m/s = 2000; max V= 0.1569 m/s 4 Eq. 4.3: Q = AV = n(0.01)0.1569 = 00000493 m/s = 0.0493 Lis < From Sec. 2.7: p = pIRT = 1390 x 10°/(287@273 + 80)) = 13.32 kg/m? Bq. 4.4: mt = Q = (13:32)00493 x 10° = 0.657 x 107 kgs Bq. 4.5: G = 7Q = pg = 133209.810.0493 x 10 = 6.44 x 10° Nis Bq. 8.2: For laminar flow, max R = 2000Sec. 8.6, Prob. 8.3 207 Sec, 8.3: Hydraulic Radius, Hydraulic Diameter ~ Exercises (2) 83.1 BG 83.2 st What is the hydraulic radius of a 12 in by 16 in rectangular air duct? Eg. 8.3: Ry = AIP = (12 x 16Y{2(U2 + 16] = 3.43 inch = 0.286 feet < What is the percentage difference between the hydraulic radii of a 300-mm-diameter duct and a 300-mm- square duct? Eq. 8.3: Clroular duct: Ry = AIP = (x/4)G00/(3002) = 75 mm Square duct: Ry = AIP = 3007/($ x 300) = 75 ram; ‘Therefore % difference = zero 4 Sec, 8.3: Hydraulic Radius, Hydraulic Diameter — Problem 8.3 83 Two pipes, one circular and one square, have the same cross-sectional area (Fig. 78.3). Which has the larger hydraullc radius, and by whai percentage? Ciccular pipe, diameter D, and square pipe, side a, have same cross sectional sea so a? = (s/4)D?, ie., a = ADD Eq. 8.3, circular: Ry = AIP = (n/4)D*/xD = D/A = 0.25D Square: Ry = A/P = a44a = aft = x!2D/8 - 0.222D Ry ratio = 0,25D/0.222D = 1.128; so circular pipe has larger R,, by 12.8% 4 Sec. 9.5; Friction in Circular Condults ~ Exercises (4) 85.1 BG 85.2 85.3 85.4 Steam with a specific weight of 0.32 Ib/ft? is flowing with a velocity of 94 fps through a circular pipe with f = 0.0171. What is the shear stress at the pipe wall? Eq. 8.19: x, = (G0171/4)032(94)712822)] = 0.1877 psf < ‘Steam with a specific weight of 38 Nint is flowing with a velocity of 35 m/s through a circular pipe with f = 0.0154. What is the shear stress atthe pive wall? Eq. 8.19: ¥) = (0.0154/4)3835)/[29.81)] = 9.13 Nim? Oil (5 = 0.93) of viscosity of 0.004 fi7is flows in a 4-in-diameter pipe at a rate of 6.5 gpm. Find the head loss per unit lengeh. 0 = 65 gpm = 0.014 48 cfs; Eq. 4.7: V = 40)(xD%) = 4(0.014.48\/[ x(4/12)"] = 0.1660 fps Eq. 8.1: R = ((6/12)(0.1660)4(0.004) = 1383, flow is laminar, f= 64/13.83 = 4.63 Eq. 8.14: AJL = 4.63(12/4\0.1660)7/12062.201 = 0.00594 feet per feet 4 Oil (5 = 0.92) of viscosity of 0.000 38 m’/s flows in a 100-mm-diameter pipe at a rate of 0.64 Lis. Find the head ioss per unit length. Bq. 4.7: V = QIA = 4(0.00064y/(50.10%) = 0.9815 mvs Faq. 8.1: R = (0.1)0.0815/0.00038 = 21.44, flow is laminar; Eq. 829: f = 64/21.44 = 2.98 Eq. 8.14: AgL = 2.98(1/0.10)(0.0815)/12(9.81)} = 0.01010 m per meter +208 Sec. 8.6, Prob. 8.6 Sec. 8.5: Frictio 84 a5 86 BG Circular Conduits — Problems 8.4-8.6 Prove tha! for a consiant rate of discharge and a constant value of { the friction head loss in a pipe varies inversely as the fifth power of the diameter. Eq. 8.13: Ay = fUL/DV4C2g) where V~ QIA = QnD'/4) = 4Q/(xD*) Ay = FUDYAQUxD?)P/2g) = FILID*16Q7I(2g%7) ‘Thus for f = constant and Q = constant, h,- D5 QED. 4 ‘Two Long pipes convey water between two reservoirs whose water surfaces are at different elevations. One Pipe has a diameter twice that of the other; both pipes have the same length and the same value of f . If ‘minor losses are neglected, what is the ratio of the flow rates through the two pipes? Eq. 8.13: Aclev = Ay = fUDV'/Qg) where V = QIA = Ql(nD*/4) 2 hy = AUDIO D YN Rg = fL4?Q*AZD2*D4) Thus Ay QYD; (h), = (hes <. QD} = QD? ad QQ, = (YD)? = 2 = 5.66 ‘The flow in the larger pipe will be 5.66 times that inthe smaller pipe. 4 Tests were made with 60°F water flowing in a 9-in-diameter pipe. They showed that, when V = 12 fps, f = 0.0165. Find the unit shear at the pipe wall and at radii of 0, 0.25, 0.4, 0.6, 0.85 times the pipe radius. ‘Table A.1 for water at 60°F: p = 1.938 slugsitt? (@) Eq, 819: ry = (0.0165/4)1.938(17%) = 0.576 psf, at wall (®) ‘Stress distribution is linear (Eq. 8.18): it + os) ~__T 0.25 0.1439 o4 0.230 0.6 0345 08s 0489 Sec. 8.6: Friction in Noncireular Conduits — Exercises 2) 8.6.1 BG 8.6.2 st When fluid of specific weight 46 Ib/t? flows in a &-in-diameter pipe, the frictional stress between the fuid ‘and the pipe well is 0.65 Ib/f?. Calculate the friction head lass per foot of pipe. If the flow raie is 1.8 cf, ‘how much power is lost per foot of pipe? -D_ gn Lk _ _(0.65)1 8.20: R= B= 2 - o1667 f. Ba. 8.8: A= 2 = O65 — te tea iad 1" Ry 0.1667(46) Eq. 5.40: Power losy/ft = 46(1.8)0.0848/550 ~ 0.01276 hp per ft < = 0.0848 ft pert 4 When fluid of specific weight 8.2 kN/n? flows in a 150-mm-diameter pipe, the frictional stress between the fluid and the pipe wall is 25 N/m?, Calculate she friction head loss per meter of pipe. If the flow rate is 42 Lis, how much power is lost per meter of pipe? Eq. 8.20: R, = D/A = 0.15/4 = 00375 m Bq. 8.8: hy = FyL/Ryy) = OS N/m2\(1 emV[(0.0375 1m) 8200 Njm"] = 00813 mim From Bq. 5.41: Power loss/m = Qh, = (8200 N/m?}0.042 m?/s)(0.0813 m) = 280 WimSec. 8.7, Fro. 6.8 209 Sec. 8.6: Friction in Noncircular Conduits ~ Problems. §.7-8.9 87 88 BG Air at 160°F and standard sea-level atmospheric pressure flows in a 15-in by 21-in rectangular air duct (e 1.0007 in) at the rate of 1.2 l/min. Find the friction head loss per 100 ft of duct. Express the answer in feet of air flowing and in pounds per square inch. Eq. 8.20: Ry = AIP = 1.25(1.75)/6 = 0.365 ft = 4.38 inches Using Eq. 8.21: «/D = ef{4R,) = 0.0007/(4 x 4.38) = 0.0000400 ‘Table A.5 for air: R= 1715 ft2(sec?R) yw PE. —0044)322 _ . 060 ie fer (aeetR). Ba 28: ¥ = er * T7560 160) @ = (1.2 Ibimin)(f?/0.262 Ib\(min/60 see) = 0.0764 fs; V = QIA = 0.0764/2.1875 = 0.0350 fps Table A.2 for air at 160"F: v= O212 x 10° ft/sec From Eq. 8.23: R = 4R,Viv = 4(0.365)0.0350/(0.212 x 10%) = 240 Flow is laminar, so e/D is insignificant and from Eq. 8. 64IR = 64/240 = 0.267 Eq. 8.22: h, = O267[100((4 x 0.365)}0.0380°4(2(32.2)] = 0.00047 Ap = h,y = 0000 347(0.262y144 = 632 x 107 psi Water at 80°F flows na conduit with a cross section shaped in the form of an equilateral triangle. The cross-sectional area of the duct is 160 in? and ¢ = 0.0018 in. Ifthe frictionhead loss is 3 ft in 150 ft, find the approximate flow rate. A> 3x2 ~ 160 int, x = 9.61 in = 0.801 fe Eq. 8.20: R, = A/P = 160/(3 x 2 x 9.61) = 2.77 in = 0.231 ft 2 x Bq. 8.21: D = 48, = 0925 fe; o/4R, = 00018/(4 x 2.77) = 0.000 1622 Table A.1 for water at 80°F: 1.930 x 10° fi/sec From Eq. 8.23: R = 092540930 x 10°) = 9.945 x 10% (1) Bq. 8.22: hy = 3 ~ S20 VY; iam =v? @ 0925 20322)" Solve by T and E to satisfy (1), (2), and Fig. 8.11 If = 0.015, V = 8.91 fps, R = 8.86x10°; Fig. 8.11 or Bq. 8.52: f= 0.0143 Try again. If = 0.0143, V = 9.13 fps, R ~ 908% 108; Fig. 8.11 or Eq. 8.52: f= 0.0143 Close enough. ‘Thus V = 9.15 fps and Q = 9.13(160/144) = 10.14 ofs210 Sec. 8.7, Prob. 89 89 Water at 20°C flows in a conduit with a cross section shaped in the form of an equilateral triangle. The ‘cross-sectional area of the duct is 0.100 mi? and € = 0.045 mn. If the friction head loss is I m in Om, Jind the approximate flow rate. A= 30% = 0100 mt, x = 0.2403 m Eq, 8.20: R, = AIP = 0.100/6 x0.2403) = 0.0694 m Bg. 8.21: D = 48, = 0.278 m; eKAR,) = 0.045)(4 x 69.4) = 0.000 1622 Table A.t for water at 20°C: » = 1.008 «10° mis From Bq. 8.23: R = 02784{(1.003 x10) = 2.77 x10 ” so__vt 8.22: y= 1 = sO; gs091 = Qy Ba 8.225 hy 0278 29.81) ae ° Solve by T and E to satisfy (1), @), and Fig. 8.11 or Eq. 8.52 If = 0.015, ¥ = 2.70m/s, R = 7.47 «10°; Fig. 8.11 or Bq. 8.52: f= 0.0143 Try again. If = 0.0143, V = 2.76 m/s, R = 7.65x108; Fig. 8.11 or Eq. 8.52: f= 0.0145 Close enough! Thus V = 2.76 m/s and Q = AV = (0.100)2.76 = 0.276 m/s Sec. 8.7: Laminar Flow in Circular Pipes ~ Exercises (3) 8.7.1 BG 812 87.3 ‘An oil with Kinematic viscosity 0.004 fP/sec weighs 62 lbif?. What wil be is low rate and hea loss in a 2750, length of a 3-in-diameter pipe when the Reynolds number is 950? Bq. 8.1: R= D¥Iv = (3/12)¥70.008 = 950, V = 15.20 fps; R < 2000, so flow is laminar Bq. 4.3: Q = AV = (#/4)G/12)'1520 = 0.746 cfs Eq. 8.29: f= 64/R = 64/950 = 0.0673; Eq. 8.10: h, .0673(2750 x 12/5)15.207/2¢) = 2660 < With laminar flow in a circular pipe, at what distance from the centerline (in terms of the pipe radius) does the average velocity occur? Sec. 8.6: Velocity profile is a paraboloid with Virus = 0.5V., 80 Eg. 8.25: w= VL ~ rlrg)3 URW, = VAL ~ 1105); (rir? = 0.55 HHry = 0707; r= 0.70%, 4 For laminar flow in a two-dimensional passage, find the relation between the average and maximum velocities. Let passage width be 2y, , $0 that u = ty, = V, at y = 9, Eq. 4.3: Q = AV = @y)¥. But from Eq. 8.25: Q = 2/"udy = 2[7V,(1 - yilviday By equating the two: V = 2VJy - Oya)PIQx) = OY,Sec. 8.7, Prob. 8.13 211 Sec. 8.7: Laminar Flow in Circular Pipes — Problems 8.10—8.13 8.10 N gat 8.12 8.13 st For laminar flow in a circular pipe, find the velocities at [Link], 0.3r, 0.51, 0.7r, and 0.9r. Plot the velocity profile. From Eq. 8.25; § ——_————___— 19 ‘ity a O4 99 oa 0.3 0.91 05 0.75 0.7 0.51 “ 06 0.9 0.19 % o4| | Prove thet the centerine velocity is twice the average velocity when laminar flow oceurs in a circular pipe. Eq. 8.2: Va - Ppa) Bg. 4: Qe AV = fudd = [V1 - PiRenrdr = 2aV-{MC - Piper = 2A¥ ER) Bq. 4.6: V= OIA = (2a¥.(re/DU(2) = (UV, QED. 4 For laminar flow between two parallel, flat plates a small distance d apart, at what distance from the centerline (in terms of d) will the velocity be equal to the mean velocity? Let, = distance from centerine Where # = Vpgu- From solution to Bser, 87.3, Vouas = 23Yo So when y = yq,u = Q/)V,, i.e. CPV, = VC - yaya); ya = (39 = CAMA? Yq = 0289 4 Oil with an absolute viscosity of 0.16 N-s/m* and a density of 925 kg/m’ is flowing in a 200-mm-diameter Pipe at 0.50L/s. How much power is lost per meter of pipe length? Bq. 4.7; V = $(0.00050)/(70.2007) = 0.015 92 m/s Eq. 8.1: R = (0:20(0.01592)92510.16 = 18.40, flow is laminar, Eq. 8.29: f= 64/18.40 Bq. 8.14: AylL = (64/18.40)(1/0.2090.015 927/12(9.81)] = 0.0001796 meter pes meter Bq. 5.41: Power loss = (925 x 9.81)(20.1000.015 92(0,000 1796) = 0.000 815 watts per meter 4212 sec. 8.9, Prob, 8.13 Sec, 8.8: Entrance Conditions in Laminar Flow ~ Exercises (2) 8.81 si In Exer. 8.2.3 what will be the approximate distance from the pipe entrance to the first point at which the flow is established? Exar. 8.2.3: Oil with o kinematic viscosity of 0.0035 fP/sec flows through a [Link]-diameter pipe with a velocity of 15 fos. Bq, 8.1: R = (4/12)15/0.0035 = 1429 Eq. 8.30: L, = O.0S8RD = 0.058(1429)\(4/12) = 27.6 feet << In Exer, 8.5.4 what will be the approximate distance from the pipe entrance to the first point at which the flow is established? Exer, 8.5.4: Oil (5 = 0.92) of viscosity of 0.00038 m’is flows in a 100-mm-diameter pipe at a rate of 0.64 Lis. Eq. 4.7: V = QIA = 4Q((xD*) = (0,000 64)/(x0.10) = 0.0815 m/s Bq. 8.1: R= (0.10)0.0815/0.00038 = 21.44 Bq. 8.30: 1, = O.0SRRD = 00SR(21.44)0.10 = 0.1244 m Sec. 8,9: Turbulent Flow ~- Exercises (2) 8.9.1 BG 8.9.2 Tests on 70°F water flowing through a 9-in-diameter pipe showed that when V = 13 fps, f = 0.0162. (a) If, ata distance of 3 in from the center of the pipe, + = 0.388 psf and the velocity profile gives a value jor duldy of 6.97 per second, find at that radius (a) the viscous shear, (b) the turbulent shear, and (c) the mixing length t. Table A.1 for water at 70°F: p = 1.936 slugs/it?, 12 = 0.000205 Ib-sec/ft? (@ Bq. 832 atr = Sin: + = pduldy + néw/dy = 0.388 psf (given) uduldy = 0.000 0205(697) = 0.000 1429 psf, viscous shear () nduldy = + ~ pdyldy = 0.388 ~ 0.000 1429 = 0.388 psf, wurbulent shear (CO Bq. 8.34: tu, = ol*duldy? = 0.388 psf 1 = (/p)"*Mldufay) ~ (0.388.936)}"7/6.97 = 0.0642 f oF 0.771 inch Water at 20°C flows through a 240-mn-diameter pipe. Tests have determined that at a distance of 60 mm {rom the pipe centerline the mixing length € is 19.8 mm and from the velocity profile duidy = 5.33 3’. Find at that radius (a) the total shear stress, (b) the eddy viscosity, (c) the viscous shear, and (d) the turbulent shear. Table A.1 for water at 20°C: p = 998.2 kgim’, = 0.001002 N-s/n? 19.8} @ 24: r= 990.2(198 \'s.332 = 11.12 kgm“te? = 11.12 Mim? ies 7000 s @) Bg. 822: r= ome 11.12 = (0.001 002 + 995.33; 7 = 208Nsin? < (© Viscous shear = pduldy = 0,001 002(5.33) = 0.005 34 Niu? @ Turbulent shear = nduldy = 2.08(5.33) = 11.11 Nin? 4Sec. 8.10, Prob. 8.13 213 See. 8.10: Viscous Sublayer in Turbulent Flow — Exercises (6) 8.10.1 BG 8.10.2 8.10.3 8.104 8.10.5 Compute 3, for the data of Sample Prob. 8.3. Sample Prob. 8.3: The pipe friction head loss in 200 ft of 6-in-diameter pipe is 25 ft-lb/b when oil (s = 0.90) of viscosity 0.0008 Ib-secifi? flows at 2.0 ofs. V = O/A = 10.19 fos; f = hD(2gV/LV) = 0.0388, lp = 0.0008/10.90(1.940)] = 0.000 458 f/see 14.14v _ 14.14(0.000458) WF? 10.19(0.0388)"" Bq. 2.11: » Eq. 8.38: 4, = = 0.00323 feet = 0.387 in << Water in « pipe (f = 0.018) is at a temperature of 70°F. (a) If the mean velocity is 14 fps, what is the nominal thickness 5, of the viscous sublayer? (e) What will 8, be if we increase the velocity to 24 fps and f does not change? Table A.1 for water at 70°F: » = 1.059 x 10-5 sec 14.14v _ 14.14(.059 x 10°) (a) Eg. 838: 3, - 14l4y , 14.140.05910° * oo pa 14co.n1ay? (@) For V = 24 fps and the same f, 4// = (14/24)4, = 0.000558 inch 4 0.000 0797 ft = 0.000957 inch 4 Water in a pipe f= 0.012) ts a: a temperauure of 15°C. (a) If the mean velocity Is 3.2 m/s, what is the nominal thickness 8, of the viscous sublayer? (b) What wilt 8, be if we increase the velocity 10 5.5 m/s and S does not change? ‘Table A.1 for water at 15°C: » = 1.139 x 10 mi/s Tldy _ 14.14(1.139 x 10° ye 3.2(0.012)" @) For V = 5.5 m/s and the same f, 8 = (3.2/5.5)4, 459x107 m= 0.0459mm (©) Eq. 838: 6, 0267 mn < For the deta in Exer. 8.10.2(a), what is the distance from the wall t0 the assumed limit of the transition region where true turbulent flow begins? Exer, 8.10.2(a): Water at 70°F flows in a pipe (f = 0.018) with a mean velocity of 14 fps. Table A.1 for water at 70°F: » = 1.059 x 10° fi%sec 14.14y _ 14.14(1.059 10°) 8.38: 4 = = 14.14.0590") 7 "ype 14.018)" Sec. 8.10: y, = T0v/u, = 144, = 14(0.000957) = 0.01340 inch < 0.0000797 ft = 0.000957 inch For the data in Exer. 8.10.3(a), what is the distance from the wall to the assumed limit of the transition region where true turbulent flow begins? Ever, 8.10.3(a): Water at 15°C flows in a pipe (f = 0.012) with a mean velocity of 3.2 mis. ‘Table A.1 for water at 15°C: » = 1.139 x 10 mi/s Bq. 8.38: 3, 14140.139 109) _ 4 59 «10° m = 0.0459 mm 20.012) see. [Link] y, = The, = 144, eUdAs9) = 06583 mm214 sec. 8.11, Prob. 8.15 8.10.6 Water at 50°C flows in a 150-mum-diameter pipe with V = 6.5 mis and e = 0.14 mm. Head loss ‘measurements indicate that f = 0.020. (a) What is the thickness of the viscous sublayer? (b) Is the pipe behaving as a fully rough pipe? ‘Table A.1 for water at 50°C: » = 0.553 x 10" m/s 14ldv _ 14.140.553 x 10°6 vp 6.500.020)" © ef14 = 140 pm/i4 = 10 am, 90 2, < e/14 ; 50, yes, pipe is behaving as fully rough © Eq 838: 4° =85ixl0¢m=85ipm < See. 8.10: Viscous Sublayer in Turbulent Flow — Problems 8.14~8.15 8.14 BG 815 SI See, 8.11: Balt st 8.112 ‘Water at 30°F enters a pipe with a uniform velocity of U = 14 fps. (a) What is the distance at which the transition ocaurs from a laminar to a turbulent boundary layer? () If the thickness of this initial laminar boundary layer is given by 4.91yvx]0 from Eq. 9.10), what ts lis thickness at the point of transition? Table A.1 for water at 50°F: » = 1.410 x 10° fttisec @ Sec. 8.10: At transition point (turbulent boundary layer begins): For R, = 500,000 = Us/v x = 500,000 v/U = 500,000(0.000 0141)/14 = 0.504 ft = 6.04 inches @ Given: 5 = 491/vx/0 ~ 491/00000I4T x 0504714 ~ 0.003 50 foct or 0.0420 inches 4 Water at 10°C enters a pipe with a uniform velocity of U = 3.4 m/s. (a) What is the distance at which the ‘transition ocaurs from a laminar to a turbulent boundary layer? (b) If the thickness of this initial laminar boundary layer is given by 4.91yvx]U (from Eq. 9.10), what is its thickness at the point of transition? ‘Table A.1 for water at 10°C: y = 1.306 x 10° m/s @ Sec, 8.10: At transition point (turbulent boundary layer begins): For R, = 500 000 = Usty x = 500000¥/U = 500000(1.306 x 10°43.4 = 0.1921 m= 192.1mm @ Given: 8 = 491/vx]0 = 49171306 x 1001021784 = 0.001334 m or 1.334mm ‘Velocity Profile in Turbulent Flow — Exercises (3) In a 1.00-m-diameter pipe velocities are measured as 5.35 m/s on the centerline and 4.01 m/s at r = 70 mm, Approximately what is the flow rate? Eq. 8.40: 491 ~ 5.35 - 5.76u,log{S00/(500-70)] from which us = 1.166 m/s Eq. 8.42; V = 5.35 - 3.75(1.166) = 0977 m/s Q = AV = (w/)1.00°0.977) = 0767 mis For turbulent flow in a circular pipe, find r/r ot the radial distance from the centerline where the mean velocity occurs. ‘Turbulent flow. Eq. 8.44 foru = V: V= (1 + 1.326F)¥ - 204f"Viogirglry - 1 0 = 1.326f7V ~ 2.047°V log.8.113 See. 8.11: 8.16 BG 8.17 Sec. 8.11, Prob, 8.17 215 Oil (s = 9.92) with a viscosity of 0.000 65 Ib-secift? flows at a rate of 6 fs through a 4-in-diameter pipe having f = 0.040. Find the friction head loss. Determine the shear stress at the pipe wall and the velocity a 1.5 in from the centerline. «6 = Dip _ 1096.81.94 10.92) 24, v= KOK « on tps; ug. 8: R= Ble MNDGERI4 092) 6 299 a mane PS Fa 7H 0,000 65 a fp = 204001) 68.8% _ By. 8.13: y=» SOO Tey 7 BSL ext per foot Bq. 8.19: t = fpV'/8 = 0.040(0.92 x 1.940)68.88 = 422 psf From Eq. 8.43: toy, = Mi + 1306,f) = 68.801 + 1326/0090) ~ 87. fps ' @2 20 | Eq. 8.40: ee ‘Velocity Profile in Turbulent Flow — Problems 8.16—8.23 In a 36-in-diameter pipe velocities ore measured as 18.5 fos at r = 0 and 13.0 fps ai r = 4.0 in ‘Approximately what isthe flow rate? Eq. 8.40: 18.0 = 18.5 ~ 5.76u,Jog{18/(18 - 4.0)} from which 1 = 0.795 fps 795 = 4, = WB. Thus f= 2.25/V (1) WBS = IL + 1.326f") @ Eliminating j between (1) and (2): 245 = 1 + 1.326225 , trom which V= 1552 ps (sof = 0.0579) Eq. 4.7: Q = AV = (n/4)(36/12)°15.52 = 1097 cfs Water at 130°F flows in an 0.5-in-diameter copper tube ( ¢ = 0.000 005 fi) at 1.2 gpm, Find the head toss ‘Per 100 fi, using Eq. (8.29) oF (8.52) 10 find f. What is the centerline velocity, and what is the value of 3,? 4Q _ 4(0.002 67) 2 = 1.2 gpm = 0.002 67 cts; bq. 4.7: ¥ = QA = 22 = 4O0026D «5 964 ee *, =D! R(OS/I2P ba Table A.1 for water at 130°F: » = 5.58 x 10~ ft/sec = DY _ OSND1963 _ 44 649 chow is wsbuleay ; £ = 2000S Fa Bt RT ssa x toe | HO Clow ismubulend sy ~ “gsi 7 : hp= 100 1.961" Bq. 8.52: f'= 0.028; Bg. 8.13: hy = 0.08 SE eer 1.96 tg, = WEL + 1.326(0.028)""]; tea, = 1.222(1.961) = 2.40 fps 14658109 J 9240107 1.961(0028)"" 0.00012 = 401 fet <216 Sec. 8.11, Prob. 8.20 8.18 Water at 60°C flows in a 15-mmdiameter copper tube (¢ = 0.0015 mm) at 0.05 L/s. Find the head loss er 10 m, using Eq. (8.29) or (832) to find f. What is the centerine velocity, and what is the value of 8,2 si Table Al: At 60°C, v= 0474 x 10% as 147 0 = QA = $2 - 40.06 x19) _ 9349 7g ne Oh DF (0.0157 Bg. 8.1: R= DY = 20150340) _ 19749 (fow is turbulent); ¥ 0474 x10 D 100.340 28.52: f= 0.0804; By. 8.13: A, = 003100". otiotm —< Bre f ns = °S*@015 2080 Faq. 8.43: 0.340/u,.. = 1/[1 + 1.326(0.0304'7]; u,,. = 0.418 m/s By. 8.38; 8, = H1MC474 109 _ go991132 m 0.340(0.0304)"" 8.19 Repeat Prob. 8.17 for flow rates of 0.08 and 18 gpm. Prob. 8.17: Water at 130°F flows in an 0.5-in-diameter copper tube (e = 0.000 O05 ft) at 1.2 gpm. Find the head loss per 100 ft, using Eq. 8.29) oF (8.52) 0 find f. What isthe centerline velocity, and what is the value of 8,? BG Inside cover: fs = gpm/449. Table A.1 for water at 130°F: » = 5.58 x10 2/se0 © (given) 0.08 gpm 18 gpm 9 0.000 1782 efs 00401 efs V = Qa 0.1307 fps 29.4 fps eD 0.000 12 0.000 12 R = Dvv 976 2.20 x 10° Flow regime Laminar Turbulent f 0.0655 (Eq. 829) 0.0161 (Eq. 8.52) ‘hy(Eg. 8.13) o.0si7 son 4 iggy (Om EQ, 8.43) 0.1751 fps 344 ps 2G. 838) 236x107 <4 20x10 R 8.20 Repeat Prob. 8.18 for flow rates of 0.004 and 0.9 Lis. Prob. 8.18: Water at 60°C flows in a 15-mm-diameter copper iube (¢ = 0.0015 mm) at 0.06 Lis. Find the head loss per 10 m, using Eq. (8.29) or (8.52) to find f. What is the cenierline velocity, and what is the value of 8? si Table A.1: At 60°C, » = 0.474 x 10° nis © (siven) 0.004 Lis 2 0.000 004 mips V=QIA 0.0226 m/s D 0.0001 R= D¥v 716 Flow regime Laminar f 0.089 (Eq. 8.29) hy (Eq. 8.13) 0.001549 m Mngx (from Eq. 8.43) 0.0316 m/s 4 @, (Eq. 8.38) 0.000993 m < 09 Ls 0.0009 mie 5.09 mis 0.0001 161 200 Turbulent 0.0168 (Eq. 8.52) U8m < 597mis 1009 x 103m8.21 8.22 Sec. 8.11, Prob. 8.22 217 0.85) with @ viscosity of 0.0056 N:s/m? flows at a rate of 80 L/s in a 150-mm-diameter pipe having € = 0.90mm. Find the head loss, using Eq. (8.29) or (8.52) 10 find f. Determine the shear stress atthe Pipe wall. Find the velocity 25 mm from the cencerline, Under these conditions is the pipe behaving as @ {fully rougt, transitional, or smooth pipe? V = QA = 0.08/[(7/4)0.19] = 4.53 m/s; p = 0:85(1000) = 850 kg/m? Eq. 8.1: R= DV ply = (0.15 m4.53 m/s¥850 kg/m?Y0.0056 N-sfm?) = 103100 (flow is turbulent) e1D = 01150 = 0.006; Eq, 8: 0.0329 From Eq. 8.14: Ay/L = (1D\V*Pg) = (0.0329/0.15)4.5320.81) = 0.229 mim Eq. 8.19: r= fpV 7/8 = 0.0329(850).537/8 = 71.6 Nim? Eq. 8.44: w= (1 + 1.326 /00395)453 - 204/OT3ID.53)log(7.5I(75 - 25) = 532 mis Fa. 8.38: 4, = Weldy . ily | _14.14(0.0058)— . 90901134 m = 0.1134 mm vf? pup? ~ $5064.53)00319" So e/14 = 0.0543 mm < 4, €. varies rapidly with Rt Sor stiooth pipe (Fig. 8.11) ‘Eqs. §.39 and 8.47 to eliminate ft 1414y _ 114i gf R) - 34.18(00056) sg R) 2 O67 R “Gor ssid ts) - agor e gg) > es where (Eq. 8.1), R = 0.15(V)850/0.0056 = 22 768, 0.1677 ,.,22708¥ _ 01677 so thar ¢ + STM op 78K « 91677 o4(3300%) mm Salve by trials (or using an equation solver), ae Ty vm x 2, am Tem 1 22 768 0.590 se=08 os 11384 1.079 >e 0a 15938 0.806 Ke 0.68 14799 0.859 Ke 0.616 14025 9.9005 equal! ‘Then Q = AV = (x/4yO.15)'0.616 = 0.01088 mrs = 10.88Ls 4 ‘See. 3.15: Chart for Friction Factor — Hzercises (41 a3. BG Gil (¢ = 0.90) with viscosity L6 x 10-4 tb 2ecif flows in.a 4in-diameter welded-siel pige (see Table 8 1).0t 0.25 cfs. What is the frietion head lass per foot of pipe? By. 4.0: F = 40D? = 40.25 Mm(Y12)" = 2.86 fps; Table 8.1: © = 0.00015 ft Eq. 8.1: R= (6/1292.86(1.940 x O90Y(L x 104) = 10,420; eft = 0.000 15/04/12) = 0.00043 Ay oss 286 Fg 8.1: fe00315; [Link]: of « SO = 0.0204 perf 4222 sec. 8.13, Prot. 8.29 8.13.2 SI 8.13.3 SI 813.4 See. 8.13: 8.29 BG Oil (¢ = 0.94) with viscosity 0.0096 N-s/n? flows in a 90-mm-diameter welded-stee! pipe (see Table 8.1) at 7.2 Us. What is the friction head loss per meter of pipe? Eq. 4.7: V = 4Q/(eD) = 4(0.0072/( 10.0907) = 1.132 m/s; Table 8.1 for welded steel: Eq, 8.1: R = 00090(1.132)(1000 x0.94/0.0096 = 9974; iy 2 Fig. 8.1L f= 0.032; Ba. 8.13: f= £082 17 = 0,046 mm e/D = 0.046790 = 0.000511 00232 mim Water ai 20°C flows through a 150-mm-diameter pipe with e = 0.015 mm. (a) If tie mean velocity is 5 ‘mis, what is the nominal thickness 8, of the viscous sublayer? (b) What will 8, be if the velocity is increased t0 6.2 m/s? Table A.1 at 20°C: » = 1.003 x 10 m/s (@ Eq. 8.1: R= D¥fy = 0.150(5)/(1.003 x 10) = 7.48 x10* e/D = 0.015/150 = 0.0001; from Fig. 8.11 (or Eq. 8.51 or 8.52): f = 0.0138 Eg, 8.38: 4, = MAlMy | M.1401.003 211079 _ 94 1 19-6 vf 5(0.0138)" (©) Eq. 8.1: R = Dw = 0.150(6.2)(1.003 x 10°) = 9.27 «10° D= 0.0001 as before ; from Fig 8.11 (or Eq. 8.51 or 8.52): f = 0.0135 4, = 14140.003 «10 _ 19.674 10° - 001967 mm 6:200.0135)"7 m=0.04imm 4 A streight, new, 48in-diameter asphalted cast-iron pipe (see Table 8.1) 700 ft long carries 78°F water at «an average velocity of 12 fps. (a) Using the value of fas determined from Fig. 8.11, find the shear force ‘on the pipe.) What will be the shear force if he average velocity 1s reduced 10 4.2 fps? Table 8.1: € = 0.0004 ft; e/D = 0.004(12)48 = 0.0001 Interpolating in Table A.1: » = 0.956 x 10° fsee (@) Eq. 8.1: R= Dy = (48/12)12/(0.956 x 10°) = 5.02 « 10; Fig. 8.11: f = 0.0123 Eq. 8.19: f, = foV78 = 0.0123(1.940)12"78 = 0.430 Ib/ft? Shear force = =D(L)rq = x(48/12)700(0.431) = 3780 1b 4 © IV = 4.2 fps, R= 1.76x 10°, f= 0.0129, 5, = 0.0552 Ibi? Shear force ~ #DXL)rq = x(48/12)700(0.0522) = 485 Ib 4 Chart for Friction Factor — Problems 2.20-8.37 Air at 70°F and atmospheric pressure flows with a velocity of 22 jps through a 3-in-diameter pipe (e = 0.00015 in), Find the friction head loss in 75 ft of pipe. Table A.2 for air at 70°F: » = 0.164 x10” ftisec Eg. 8.1: R = DUyv = (3/12)22/(0.164 « 10°) = 33,537; oD = 0.000 15/3 = 0.00005 Fig. 8.11: f= 0.0230; Eg. 8.13: , = 0.0230175/@/12)22/1262.2)] = S19 <8.30 8.3L 8.32 8.33 st st Sec. 8.13, Prob, 8.33 223 Air at 30°C and atmospheric pressure flows with a velocity of 6.5 m/s through a 75-mm-diameter pipe (e = 0.002 mm). Find the friction head loss in 30 m of pipe. ‘Table A.2 for air at 30°C: » = 160 x 10° mis Bq. 8.1: R = D¥fv = (0.07565/(16.0 x10 = 3.05 x 10';e/D = 0.00275 = 0.000267 Fig. 8.11; = 0.0235; Eq. 8.13: A, = 0.0235(30/0.0756.57[(2)981] = 202m 4 Crude oit (5 = 0.855) at 50°C flows a: 300 Lis through a 450-mm-diameter pipe (e = 0.054 mm) 1500 m long. Find the kilowatt loss, Fig. A.2 for crude oll (s = 0.855) at 50°C: » = 38x10 m/s ¥ = 030((70.2257) = 1.886 m/s; Eq. 8.1: R = DVJv = 045(1.886/(3.8 x 10°) = 2.23 x 10° e/D = 0.054450 = 0.00012; Fig. 8.11: f= 0.0163 = phY ~ qot6s 1500 1.886 Ba B13: Ay Fae - 001 E Sara gy Eq. 5.41: Powor loss - 7Qhy ~ (0.885 x9807)0.309.85)/1000 - 25.7 kW 4 = 9.85 m When water at 50°F flows at 2.5 cfs in a 20-in pipeline, the head loss is 0.0004 filft. What will be the Sriction head loss when glycerin at 68°F flows through this same pipe at the same rate? Table A.1 for water at 50°F: » = 1.410 x 10° f/sec ¥ = QA = 2.51(=/4\20/127)] = 1.146 fps; R= (20/12)1.146/(1.410x 107) = 1.395 x 10° Eq. 8.13: 00004 = f(12/20)1.146%2¢; f = 0.0327; ‘Thus from Fig. 8.11: ¢/D = 0.0060 ‘Table A.4 for glycerin at 68°F: 5 = 1.26, 1 = 0.0312 Ib-sec/ft? = 0.0312/(1.26 x 1.940) = 0.012 76 ft/sec; R = @20/12)1.14610.01276 = 149.6; flow is laminar. 6 owe. ty 0828 1146 Bq. 8.29: f= Fags = 0428; Ba 813: = Coa ~ © 00523 perk « Air at 90 psia and 70°F flows through a 4.5 in-diameter welded-stel pipe (sce Table 8.1) at 60 lbfnin Fin een hed and preire cop 30 Bp. inthe ab of on Table A.S for air: R= 1715 624-°R) Bg. 2.5: 7 = pg = paiRT = 90(144)32.3/1715(460 + 70)] = 0.459 Ib/t? Eg. 4.5: G = 60/60 = 1.00 Ibisse = yAV = DASD(RAN(ASOPY ; V = 19.72 Risces End of Sec. 2.11: » depends strongly on dessity, so we must look up 1. Table A.2 for sir at 70°F: pe = 0.382% 10° th-sec/t? 46.) = 276,000 HD Men *DgH ” w(6.5/1232.200382 x 1 ‘Table 8.1 for Welded steel: e = 0.00015 ft; e/D = 0.000 13/6.5/12) = 0.000 400 Fig. 8.11: $= 0.0177; Bq. 8.13: hy = 00177220 19.72" 57.0 feet of it 5/12) 262.2) Per Eq. 3.4: Ap = Afr) = 37.0(0.459) = 26.2 It/ft* = 0.1818 pst + [Link] R= DY. BOY.224 sec. 8.13, Prob. 8.36 834 SI 835 st im N Air flows at an average velocity of 0.7 m/s through a long 3.8-m-diameter circular tunnel (e = 1.5 mm). Find the friction head-loss gradient at a point where the air temperature ard pressure are 20°C and 102 ‘kPa abs respectively. Find also the shear stress at the pipe wall and the thickness 6, of the viscous sublayer. Table A2 for air at 20°C: m = 18.1% 10% Nesim?’, y = 11.82 N/m? Eq. 8.1: R= DY plu = DVyl(ug) = 38(0.7)11.82/(18.1 x 10 9.81) efD = 1.573800 = 0.000395; Fig. 8.11: f = 0.0185 Eq. 8.14: § = A/L = (0.0185/3.8)0.7/20.81] = 0.001216 mim Eq. 8.19: ty = fpV7/8 = 0.0182(11.82/9.81)0.7/8 = 0.001365 Nim? 4 5g. 838 9, = Milde. dng | cet x 109981 wp” “yy ~~ 0.7(0.0185)"*11.82 = 0.00223 m = < Repeat Prob. 8.34 for the case where the average velocity is 7.0 m/s. Prob. 8.34: Air flows through a long 3.8-m-diameter circular tunnel (¢ = 1.5 mm). Find the head-loss ‘gradient at a point where the air temperature and pressure are 20°C and 102 kPa abs respectively. Find also the shear stress at the pipe wall and the thickness 6, of the viscous sublayer. Table A.2 for air at 20°C: y = 11.82 Nim, y= 181 x10 Nes/m?, Eq. 8.1: R = DVply = DVyi(ug) = 38(7.0)11.82)118.1 x 10(9.81)] = 171 000 eID = 15/3800 = 0.000305; Fig. 8.11: f = 0.0161 Eq. 8.14: $= AgL = (00161/3.8)7.07/20.81)] = 0.01058 mim < Bq. 8.19: rp ~ 0.0161(11.82/9.81)7.07/8 = 0.1188 Nim? < a, = Wildy. Mldng _ 1414081 109981, Bq. 238; 4, = Meldy _ Mildng . 14614081 x 1079981. 9.900230 m = 0.239 mm < For R ranging from 10? to 10”, make a plot of the values of a and B versus R for smooth brass pipes. On the same plot also show values Of tg. V. Flow from @ from 2 from Maal? from Taminar Fg. 8.29 See. 5.1 See. 6.3 Sec. 86 Turbulent Fig. 8.11 Eq. 8.450 Eq. 8.456 Eq. 8.43 R Flow f a 2 fal? 1 Tam, 0.640 20 1333 20 10° lam. 0.0640 20 1.333 20 1ot murp. 0.0307 1.083 1.030 1.233 108 urd. 0.0178 1.048 1.017 4a77 108 rurb. 0.0116 1.031 Loi 1143 107 arb. 0.0081 1.022 1,008 1.120a BG Sec. 8.15, Prob. 8.37 225 Water at 40°F flows in a 42in-diameter concrete pipe (e = 0.022 in). Determine R, 7, UpadV 3,» 3,e, and the flow regime (hydraulic smoothness) for flow rates of 250, 25, 2.5, 0.25, and 0.025 cfs. Exg., for Q = 250 cfs: V = QIA = 250/f(n/Ay(42y12¥) = 26.0 fps Table A.1 for water at 40°F: 7 = 1664 x 10° ftisee Bq. 8.1: R= D¥fv = (42/12)260/(1.664> 10° = 5.47% 108; e/D = 0022/42 = Fig. 8. 0.0170; Eq. 8.19: fq = foV7/8 = .0170(1.940)26.078 = 2.78 psf Determine 11,,/¥ from Eq. 8.43 and 6, from Eq. 8.38. For the other discharges: g Vv R T Pan 3 3Je Regime 250 26.0 5.47E6 0.0170 278 1.173 00000894 0.0379 Rough 25 2.60 S.A7ES 0.0177 (0.0290 1.176 0.000522 0.285 Trans 25 0.260 54,700 0.0223 3.54E-4 1.198 0.00606 3.31 Smooth 0.25 0.0260 5470 0.0371 6.07E-6 1.255 0.0470 25.6 Smooth 0.025 0.00260 547__(0.0787_—«(1.29B-7 1.372 (0323 176 Laminar x x ry 2 * * .000 524 Sec. 8.18: Single-Pipe Flow: Solution by Trials — Exercises (4) 8.15.1 8.15.2 BG Compute the friction head per 100 ft of 3-in-diameter pipe for a Reynolds number of 50,000 if (a) the flow is laminar (achievable with great care); (®) the flow is turbulent in a smooth pipe: and (c) the flow is turbulent ina rough pipe with e/D = 0.05. Consider nwo situations, one where the fluid is 70°F water, the other here the fluid is SAE 10 (Western lubricating) oil at 150°F. These are Type 1 problems, to find fh, Table A.t for water at 70°F: » = 1.059 x 10° fi/sec Eq. 8.1: R= (/12)H1(1.059 x 10°F) = $0,000; V = 2.12 fps (@ For laminar flow, Eq. 8.29: f = 64/R = 64/50,000 = 0.001 280 Eq. 8.13: hy = 00001 280[100/(3/12)12.1272G2.2)] = 0.0357 ft () For turbulent flow in smooth pipe, Fig. 8.11 (smooth pipe curve): f = 0.0209 Eq. 8.13: A, = 0.0209[100/(3/12)]2.127/[2(32.2)] = 0.582 ft (©. For turbulent flow in rough pipe (e/D = 0.05), Fig. 8.11: f = 0.0720 Bq. 8.13: Ay = OOTLOLONG/Z)2.12/(2E2.2)] = 201% + Fig. A.2 for SAE 10 (Western lubricating) oil at 150°F: » = 0.00016 fitisee Bq. 8.1: R = (6/12)¥70.00016 = 50,000; V = 32.0 fps. Friction factors are the same as before. Ey. 8.13: @ h=815t < HiBt << ash < California crude oil, warmed until its Kinematic viscosity is 0.0004 f2/sec and its specific weight is 53.45 Ibfft, is pumped through a 3-in pipe (e = 0.001 in). (a) For laminar flow with R = R.4, = 2000, what would be the loss in energy head in psi per 1000 ft of pipe? (b) What would be the loss in head per 1000 ft ifthe velocity were three times the value in (a)? ‘These are Type 1 probless, to find he (@) Eq. 8.1: Roy = 2000 = (2/12)¥10.0004; V = 3.2 fps Eq. 8.29: f = 64/2000 = 0.032; hy = 0.032[1000/0/12)]3.27/12(32.2)] = 20.3 ft per 1000 Pressure loss = yh, = 5345(20.3)/144 = 7.55 psi per 1000 4 ©) V = 3.2) = 9.6 fps; R = 6000, 1D ~ 0.001/3 - 0.000293; Fig. 8.11: f ~ 0.0359 hay = (.359[1000//12)19.67/[232.2)] = 205 ft per 1000 ft226 Sec. 8.15, Prob. 8.37 8.15.3 BG 8.15.4 si Water at 50°F flowing through 80 ft of 4-in-diameter average cast-iron pipe causes a friction head loss of 0.27). Find the flow rate, a Type 2 problem to find Q. ‘Table 8.1 for average cast-iron: ¢ = 0.00085, e/D = 0.0085/{4/12) = 0.00255, for which (Fig. 8.11) ug = 0.025 Table A.L at 50°F: » = 1.410 x 10% ft/sec. hy = 027 fin 80 N, given. From Eq. 8.13: hy = 0.27 = /(RO(H/12)1/79262.2)); ie. V = 0.269112 Eq. 8.1: R = D¥Jv = (4/12)¥/(.410 x 10) = 23,6407 Try f = 0025 = fug. ‘Then V = 0.269/(0025)"? = 1.703 fps, R = 23,640(1.703) = 40,260 Bq, 8.51 or Fig. 8.11 with e/D = 0002.55 and R = 4.03 x 10: f = 0.0283 ® Obiained F a2 x 10? 0.0283 ‘Try again 379 x 10' 0.0284 Try again 378 «10 0.0284 __Convergea! Q = (wlAxafi2y'1.597 = 0.1394 cfs When gasoline with a kinematic viscosity of 5 x 10-7 m/s flows in a 200-mn-diameter smooth pipe the ‘Sriction head loss is 0.43 m per 100m, Find the flow rate. This is a Type 2 problem to find Q. For smooth pipe ¢ = 0, for which (Fig. 8.11) initial assumptions: f = 0,02 (mid-range) From Eq. 8.13: hy = 043 = ((10002)VIRGSN)]; Le. V = 0.129917" Bq. 8.1: R = DViv = 0.2YK5 x 107) = 400000¥ ‘Try f = 002, Then V = 0.1299/0.02)'* = 0.918 mis, R = 400 000(0.918) = 3.67 x 10° Bq. 8.47 of Fig. 8.11 with for smooth pipe (e = 0) and R = 3.67 x 108: f= 0.014 ‘This and subsequent trials: Th V ibs: ® ‘Obained F 0.02 0.918 367 x 10° 0.014 Try again 0.014 1101 44 x 108 0.0134 Try again 0.0134 Liz 448 x10 0.0134__Convergedt = (40.21.12 = 0.0352 mvs = 352s «Sec. 8.15, Prob. 8.40 227 See. 8.15: Single-Pipe Flow: Solution by Trials ~ Problems 8.38-8.45 8.38 BG 8.39 8.40 st A steel pipe (e = 0.0002 ft) 13,450 feet long is to convey oil (7 = 0.000 54 f/sec) at 13 cfs from a reservoir with surface clevation 708 fi to one with surface elevation 390 jt (Fig. 8.38). Theoretically, whet pipe site is required? A ‘Type 3 problem, to find D. ¢ = 0.000065 m (given). Bq. 8.13: hy = CUD)V28) ~ FUDNQIA*ICE Figure P8.38 LUCED MADE = BLO ED*) 705 - 390 = 315 = BfU3450)19%(H4322)04]; DF = 181.7 (1) V = QA = OaDY) = 4Q[(xD% = 41304 = 16550? 2) R = D¥Jv = D¥70.00054 8 Tyf Ditfiromi) Vips(iom2) R@om3) eD Char fF 0.030 1.404 840 21837 0000142 = 0.0257 Try again 0.026 1.364 8.89 22,468 0.000147 = 0.0257 Converged D= 1360 = 16.37in « A steel pipe (e = 0.065 mm) 4200 m long is to convey oil v = 5.2 x 10° m’s) at 300 Lis fiom a reservoir with surface elevation 247 m to one with surface elevation 156 m (Fig. 8.38). Theoretically what pipe size is required? a This is a Type 3 probiem, to find D. ‘¢ = 0.000065 m (given). hy = 247 ~ 156 = 91 m Figure 7038 Bg. 8.13: fy = 91 m = F202 x S8LDO3/AD*NF, ie, DP =03y Tyf Dm V=40KnD) mis _R = Div eD Obtained f 0.030 0.400 2.382 183 x 10" 000018 0.027 Try again 0.027 0392 rasa 187 x 10' 0.000166 0.027 Converged D=032m < Water at 15°C flowing through 25 m of 100-nm-diameter galvanized iron pipe causes a friction head loss of 75 mm, Find the flow rate. ‘This is Type 2 problem, to find O. ‘Table 8.1 for galvanized iron: ¢ = 0.15 mm; e/D = 0.15/100 = 0.0015, for which (Fig. 8.11) fg = 0.0215 Eq. 8.13: hy = 0.075 m = f(25/0.10)V7/(20.81)], ie. V = 0.0767/f"" Table A.1 for water at 15°C: » = 1.13010 mis Th Vins R= Dv Chan F 0.021 0529 465 x 10" 0.026 Tey again 0.026 0.475 4.18 » 104 0.026 Converged! Q = (w/4)(0.19°0.476 = 0.00374 m/s = 3.14 Lis.228 Sec. 8.15, Prob, 8.43 8.41 BG 8.42 8.43 St When gasoline with a kinematic viscosity of § x 10-* fi¥/sec flows in a 10-in-diameter smooth pipe the Sriction head loss ts 0.36 ft per 100 ft, Find the flow rate. This is a Type 2 problem to find Q. For smooth pipe ¢ = 0, for which (Fig. 8.11) initial assumptions: f = 0.02 (mid-range) 610% ft/sec (given); hy = 0.36 fi per 100 ft (given). k= 036 = pf 100.|_¥? 044 aonay From Eq. 8.13: fy = 036 = ie v= O44, Ba. 8.1: R= - Fa. 8.13: hy 10/12 ]262.2) v fz’ nati 6xloe POP Try f = 0.02. Then V = 0.44/(0.02) = 3.11 fps, R = 138,900(3.11) = 4.32 x 10° Eq. 8.47 or Fig. 8.11 with for smocth pipe (e = 0) and R= 4.32 x 105; f = 0.0135 ‘This and subsequent trials: Taf V ips R ‘Obtained fF 0.02 [Link] 432 x 10 0.0135 ‘Try again 0.0135 3.78 525 x 108 0.0130 ‘Try again 0.0130 3.85 5.35 x 10° 0.0130 Converged! Q = (3/4)(10/12y3.85 = 210 ch « (Ot with a Kinematic viscosity of 0.000 22.f/se isto flow at 7.4 Gs witha friction head Loss of 0.57 SelbMs per 100 ft of pipe length. What sie pipe (¢ = 0.000 15 ft) \s theoretically required? This is 2 Type 3 problem, to find D. Assume laminar flow. Fg. 8.28: hy = B2vLV/D*) = 32vLQ(4\/(gxD*) = 32(0.00022)100(7.4)4/32.2D*) But hy ~ 0.37 fe-lb/b (given); Solving for D, D = 1.158 f if flow is laminar, ‘Check for laminar flow: Eq. 8.1; R = DVJv = DQ\4)(vxD*) = 7.4(4)0.0002271.158) = 36,900 Flow is not laminar, s0 use Eq. 8.13: hy = 0.37 ~ f[L00/@ x 32.2D)I(74(nD7)? from which D° = 373f; e/D = 0,000 13/D; V = QA = 74|(xD%/4) = 9.42/D* Eq. 8.1: R= DYJv = D(.42/D%/0.00022 = 42,800/D. Start by assuring a mid-range value of f: Taf Di Dd R Obtained f 0.0300 762i 0.000802 2.64 x 10" 0.0245 ry again 0.0245 1.556 0.000835 2.75 x 10* 0.0242 Close 0.0242 1.552 0.000837 __2.76 x 10 0.0242 Converged D=1552%=18.62in < Oil with a kinematic viscosity of 2.0 x 10-* mils is to flow at 210 L/s with a head loss of 0.42 N-m/N per 100 m of pipe length. What size pipe (e = 0.038 mm) is theoretically required? ‘This is a Type 3 problem, to find D, ¢ = 0.000038 m (given) Bq. 8.13: hfL = 0.42/100 = [/12x9.81D)021( Pylt) = [112 + 8.35(044)/61.2} - [105 + 8.9(14461.2] = 5.94 Eq. 8.13: Ay = 5:94 = f[350/(0.863/12)]V72G22)], i.e. V = 0.280/77 Try f= fag * 0.024. Then V = 0.280/(0.024)"? = 1.810 fps Eq. 8.1: R = DV]v = (0.863/12)1.810/0.476 x 10%) = 2.73 x 10° Bq. 8.51 oF Fig. 8.11 with e/D = 0.000092 and R = 2.73 x 10°: f = 0.286 This and subsequent trials: Tos Vis R Obtained F ‘O24 Tar 273 x 107 0.0286 Ty sean 0.286 1.66 1S x 108 0.029 ‘Try again 0.029 1.65 249 x 108 0.029 Converged! Q = (/4)(0.863/12)71.65 = 0.00669 cfs < Water at 60°C flows in a straight 20-mm-dicmeter pipe (e = 0.060 mm) between points A and B 100 m apart, At A the elevation of the pipe 18 54.1 m and the pressure is 88.7 KPa. At B the elevation of the pipe 15 52.0 mand the pressure is 91.8 kPa. Compute the flow rate as accurately as you can. ‘This is a Type 2 problem, to find Q. &D = 0.060/20 = 0.003, for which (Fig. 8.11) fu, = 0.026 Table A.1 for water at 60°C: » = 0.474 x 10° m/s, y = 9.642 KN/in? Seo 8.4: y= (e+ Pity ~ C+ Pid, ~ (S41 + 88.79.64] ~ [520 + O1.8)9.642)] = 1.778 m Bq. 8.13: fy = 1.778 = f100/0.02)V7/2O.8)]; ie. V = 0.0835/f"" Toh Vals R= Div Obtained F 0.006 0518 219 x 16 0.0307 Ty again 0.0307 0.477 2.01 x iot 0.0815 Close 0.0315 0.471 199 x 104 0.0315 Converged! @ = (714 (0.0270.471 = 0,000 1479 m/s = 0.1479Lis230 Sec. 8.16, Prob. 8.46 Sec. 8.16: Single-Pipe Flow: Direct Solutions ~ Exerciser (2) 816.1 8.16.2 st St Solve Exer. 8.15.3 without trial and error, using only a basic scientific calculator. Exer. 8.15.3: Water at 50°F flowing through 80 ft of 4-in-diameter average cast-iron pipe causes a head loss of 0.27 ft. Find the flow rate. A basic scientific calculator is here defined 10 be one that is not programmable and does not have automatic equation solving capabilities. For Eq. 8.56, the quantity fFgDIJL = /IGEDAOIIIT XW) = 01269 fx Assuming turbulent flow: a 0.00085, 251.41 x 10°) Eq. 8.56: ¥ = -2(0.269) 08) ins * — cay1290260 DY. (a/17)1.596 v 141x107 Q = AV = (w/A)(4/12)'1.596 = 0.1393 cfs, 1,596 fps = 37,736, 0 flow is turbulent and use of Eq. 8.56a is appropriate. Solve Exer. 8.15.4 without trial and error, using only a basic scientific calculator. Exer. 8.15.4: When gasoline with a kinematic viscosity of 5 x 10-7 mt/s flows in a 200-mm-diameter smooth pipe the head loss is 0.43 m per 100 m. Find the flow rate. A basic scientific calculaior is here defined to be one that is not programmable and does not have ‘automatic equation solving capabilities. For Eq, 8.56a, the quantity y2gDhJL ~ yZ-81)0-2(043)/100 = 0.1299 mis Assoming turbulent flow: Eq. 8.56a: V = -2(0.1299)logi0 + 2.51(5 x 10°7)/[(0.2)0.1299]] = 1.121 m/s R = D¥Iv = (0.2)1.121/(5 x 107) = 448506, so flow is turbulent and use of Eq. 8.56a is appropriate. Q = AV = (n/)0.2F1.121 = 00352 mis = 35.2 Ls. < Single-Pipe Flow: Direct Solutions — Problems 8.46—8.49 Using only a basic scientific calculator, solve Prob. 8.40 without trial and error. Prob. 8.40: L = 25 m, D = 0.1 m, hy, = 0.075 m, e/D = 0.0015, » = 1.139 x 10 m/s, find Q. A basic scientific calculator is here defined 10 be one that is not programmable and does not have ‘automatic equation solving capabilites. ‘This is a type 2 problem to find Q. For Eq. 8.56a, the quantity {2gDRJL = Y@PETO HOOT = 00767 mis Assuming turbulent flow: 0.0015, 2.51(1.139 x 10°) Eq, 8.564: V = -200.076DIog|°ST> + 22 0.477 mis R = DYjv = OLOATIIC.AI9 10° = 419 5 104, 2. the use of turbulent Eg. $.56a was valid. Q = AV = (w/4)(0.1)70477 = 000375 m/s = 3.75 Lis8.47 st 848 SI 8.49 st Sec. 8.16, Prob. 8.49 231 Using only « basic scientific calculator, solve Prob. 8.45 without trial and error. Prob. 8.45: Water at 60°C flows in a 100-m-long 20mn-diameter pipe (¢ = 0.060 mm) between points A and B. At A the elevation ofthe pipe is 54.1 m and the pressure is 85.7 KPa. At B the elevation Of the pipe is 52.0 m and the pressure is 91.8 kPa. Compute the flow rate as accurately as you can. A basic scienific calculator is here defined to be one that is not programmable and does not have automatic equation solsing capabilites. This is atype 2 probiem to find Q. Table A.A for water at 60°C: » = [Link] 10% mis, 7 = 9.642 kNim?. e/D = 0.060720 = 0.003. See, 84: fy = @ + PINg ~ (+ PID = (941 + $8.19.64) ~ (52.0 + 91.89.64) = 1.78 m For Eq, 8.560, the quantity (2gDh,/E)"2 = [(2)9.8100.02)1.778/100}!2 = 0.0835 m/s (0.003, 25100474 x 10°) (0.0835)iog| 2008, 2.51004 = 0471 mis MOOBSNOBT ST * (ORO .AESS R = D¥ Jv = G.02000471Y(0474 x 10° = 199 x 10". the use of turbulent Eq, 8.562 was valid. Q = AV = (/4)(0.02070.471 = 0.000 1478 mis = 0.1478 Lis Ascuming turbuleat flow: Eq. 8.56a: V = Using only a basic scientific calculator, solve Prob. 8.43 without trial and error. Prob, [Link] Q = 210 Lh, hf = 042/100 mm, € = 0000038 m, v= 2.0%10% ms, find D. A basic scientific calculator is here defined to be one that is not programmable and does not have ‘automatic equation solving capabilities. ‘This is a Type 3 problem, to find D. 128gh,Q? 2 2.8.57; N, = EHO" _ _128@8n0402 se) = 492 x 10 FLY 2.0 x 10 ool * a. 8.58: Ny ~ SEY - (3 820 x 10% = 2.84 x 109 If laminar, Eq. 8.59: R = (492 x 109964 ~ 5.27 x 10" (not laminar!) [2.84 x 10°%4.92 x 10°) 259 = 1.438 x 10" so R = 290 x 10 Comparing both R values with Rex = 2000 (Eq. 8.2), the flow is turbulent, not laminar. Eq. 8.62; D = 4Qi(nvR) = 4(021)/[x(@2.0 x 107)2.90 x 104] = 046m If earbulent, Eq. 8.61: RY = -2/892 = 10 to Using only a basic scientific calculator, solve Prob. 8.39 without trial and error. Prob. 8.39: A steel pipe (e = 0.065 mm) 4200 m long is to convey oil (» = 5.2 x 10~* m/s) at 300 Lis from a reservoir with surface elevation 247 m to one with surface elevation 156 m. Theoretically what ipe size is required? A basic scientific calculaior is here defined to be one that is not programmable and does not have ‘automatic equation solving capabilities. This is a Type 3 problem, to find D. A, = 247-156 = 91m, € 128.8091 (es) = 623 x10" 2 x 10-5200 = ) =) 0.000 065, 5 9 ase: x, = (2 $2 w 105 « RAS v 10 8 ase: w= (F)QPS If laminar, Bq. 8.59: R = (6.23 x 10/64)" = 3.14 x10" (not laminar!) .000 065 m. Bq. 8.57: Ny = Jeont..232 Sec. 8.17, Prob. 8.49 See. 8.17% ff” St me” BG ="? st If turbulent, os TIOP log| 885 10°%6.23 «10% 429) gay ge Bq. 8.61; RY - -2f623 x10" log 3 Ga onan” 484 =10 so R= 187x 10 Comparing both R values with Rj = 2000 (Eq. 8.2), the flow is turbulent, not laminar. Eq. 8.62: D = 40/(n¥R) = 403/152 x 10°)1.87 x 104] = 0.393 m4 Single-Pipe Flow: Automated Solutions — Exercises (3) Solve Sample Prob. 8.5 using an equation solver on (a) a programmable scientific calculator; (6) computer role Prob. 8.5: Water at 20°C flows in a 500-mm-diameter welded steel pipe. If the friction loss ‘gradient is 0.006, determine the flow rate. @ Given: D=0.5 m, hy = 0.006m, L=1m, g¢= 9.81 m/?, € = 0.000046 m, » = 1003 10° mile. Estimate Q = 1 mis, Solve Colebrook-based combination Eq. 8.560 for Q, then Eq. 4.7 for V, thea Eq. 8.1 for Reynolds number R, and then Colebrook Eq. 8.51 for jif desired. Results are: @ 414 m/s A Y= 2.11 ms, R= 1049989, f= 0.01327 (B) Use the same given and estimated data as for part (a). Place in an equation solver Eqs. 8.13, 4.7, 8.1, and 8.51, and solve them simultaneously. Results are the same as for part (a). Solve Exer. 8.15.3 using an equation solver on (a) a programmable scientific calculator; (b) computer software. Exer, 8.13.3: Water at 30°F flowing through 80 ft of 4-in-diameter average cast-iron pipe causes a head loss of 0.27 ft. Find the flow rate. (@) Given: ty = 0.278, L= 80, D= 42h, g = 32.2 fe, © = 0.00085 ft, y= 1410x107 fils. Estimate Q = 1 cfs. Solve Colebrook-based combination Eq, 8.560 for @, then Eq. 4.7 for ¥, thea Eq. 8.1 for Reynolds number R, and then Colebrook Eq. 8.51 for /if desired. Results are: Q = 0.1393 cfs 4 V = 1.596 fps, R = 37,736, f= 0.0284. (b) Use the same given and estimated data as for part (a). Place in an equation solver Eqs. 8.13, 4.7, 8.1, and 8.51, and solve them simultaneously. Results are the same as for part (a). Solve Exer. 8.15.4 using an equation solver on (a) a programmable scientific calculator; (b) computer software, Exer. 8.15.4: When gasoline with a kinematic viscosity of 5 x 10~' nf'/s flows in a 200-mm-diameter smooth pipe the head loss is 0.43 m per 100 m. Find the flow rate. (a) Given: hy = 0.43 m, L = 100 m, D = 0.2 m, g = 9.81 mis’, ¢ =0, y= 5107 miss. Eximate Q = 0.1 mils. Solve Colebrook-based combination Eq. 8.560 for Q, then Eq. 4.7 for V, then Eq. 8.1 for Reynolds number R, and then Colebrook Eq. 8.51 for fif desired. Results are: Q-= 0.0352 m/s <-V= L121 ms, R= 448506, f = 001342. (B) Use the same given and estimated data as for past (@). Place in an equation solver Eqs. 8.13, 4.7, continuity, 8.1, and 8.51, and solve them simultaneously. Results are the same as for part (a). 4233 Sec. 8.17, Prob. 8.51 Sec. 8.17: Single-Pipe Flow: Automated Solutions ~ Problems 8,50—8.51 Pie B Using an equation solver on a programmable scientific calculator, or in computer software, solve the following without manual trial and error: (a) Prob. 8.40; (b) Prob. 8.41; (c) Prob. 8.44; (d) Prob. 8.45. {An instructor may assign any one of hese four independent parts.} ‘These are Type 2 problems, to find 0. (®_Using an equation solver oa a programmable scientific calculator, first solve Colebrook-based Eq. 8.56b for Q, thea the continuity equstion for V, then Eq. 8.1 for Reynold’s number R, and thea Colebrook Eq. 8.51 for f if desired, @ Using computer software such as in Excel or Mathcad, insert Eqs. 8.13, 4.7, 8.1, and 8.51, and solve ‘hem simultaneously. @ @ © @ 8.40 8.41 8.44 8.45 O.1m 10/2 0.863/12 ft 0.02 m 23m 100 f 350 ft 100 m 0.075 m 0.36 fe 5.94 ft 178m 0.000 15 m 0 0.000 15 f 0.000.060 m , 6 10% mils 6 x 10° He 0.476 = 10°F Ye 0.474 x 10° mils Reaulte @ 0.00375 m/s 2.10 fe 0.006 69 efs 0.000 15 mid v 0.477 m/s 3.86 fps 1.647 fps 0.471 mis R 41 883, 535,512 24,881 19861 t 0.0259 0.013, 0.0290 0.0315 Bp Using an equation solver on a programmable sclensific calculator, or in computer software, solve the ‘following without manual trial and error: (a) Prob. 8.38; (0) Prob. 8.39; (c) Prob. 8.42; (@) Prob. 8.43. {An instructor may assign any one of these four independene parts.] ‘These are Type 3 problems, to find D. @ Using an equation solver on a programmable scientific calculator, first solve Colebrook-based Eq. 8.566 for D, then Eq. 4.1 for V, then Eq. 8.1 for Reynold’s number R,, and then Colebrook Eq. 8.51 for /if desired. (Using computer software such as in Excel or Mathcad, insert Eqs. 8.13, 4.7, 8.1, and 8.51, and solve them simultaneously. Pats @ ® @ @ Solve Prob: 3.38 8.39 gaz 8.43 Tinput data Q 1B cfs 03 ms 1A cfs 0.21 ms L 13,450 ft 4200 m 100 ft 100 m_ hy 315 ft 91m 037 042m é 0.0002 0.000065 m= 00013. M_0.000038 m , onosé tis 52x10" mis 0.00022 t's 20x10 ms Results D 1.399 0391 m 1.352 8 0.461 m << ¥ 8.97 fps 2.50 mis 3.91 fps 1.261 mis R 22,563 18786 21,595 29028 f 0.0255 0.0266 0.0242 0.0239234 sec. 8.18, Prob. 8.53 Sec. 8.18: Empirical Equations for Single-Pipe Flow ~ Exercises (3) 818.1 BG 8.18.2 sl 8.18.3 BG When water flows at 2.5 cfs through a 20-in-diameter pipeline, the head loss is 0.0004 ful. Find the value of the Hazen-Williams coefficient Eq. 8.630: V = 1318CyyRO°SH; Sec. 8.3: By = QO/I2V4 = O17 fe ZS/AO/12))} = 1.318C yg (0.417) (0.0004); Coy = 1032 0 Water flows at 0.32 m/s through a 600-mm-diameter pipeline with a head loss of 0.0029 mim. Find the value of the Hazen-Williams coefficient. Eq, 8.63: V = 0849C yy Ry "S°*; Sec. 8.3: R, = D/4 = 0.150 m 0:32/(0.30%) = 0.849C yy (0.150)°(0.0029); Cyy = 1033 When water flows at 70 efs through a 5:ft-diameter pipeline the head loss is 3.0 ft per mile. Find the value of Manrin Bg. 4.7: Y= QIA = AQMD? = AIO) /(R5!) = 3.57 foe oss << . = ha8o(57"73 7, bho: 57 = 288 (27 2) Sec. 8.18: Empirical Equations for Single-Pipe Flow — Problems 8.52—8.53 8.52 BG 853 Ina field test of the 16-fidiameter Colorado River aqueduct flowing full, Manning's n was found to have a value of 0.0132 when 50°F water was flowing at a Reynolds number of 10.5 x10°. Determine the average value of e for this conduit. k ‘i in get. Lh av -2 Write Ege 8.14 and 8.640 in tems of &: $= f= EO =| 2) where R= 2 (See. 8.3) Thus f cia) 2g (932) seeusn2 0.01280 1486) (oa ~ (1486) a6)? Fig. 8.11 o Bq. 8.51 or 8.52 for R = 105 » 106 (given) and f = 0.01280: e/D = 0.000133 € = 0,000133(16 ft) = 0.00213 ft [Notes Calculations for V (= 9.25 fps) and $ (= 1001 06) are unnecessary a8 they can be cancelled out} ‘Measurements were taken on pressure flow through a 2.2-mdiameter aqueduct built of concrete. When the water temperature was 10°C and the Reynolds rumber was 2.0108, Manning's n wes determined to be 0.0130. Find the average value of e for this aqueduct. ‘i ef wy? D 8. .64b in terms of S: $= Me LLY tere p= 2 Write Bye 8.14 and 8.64 in rms of $= Th = LO” = UT where y= See 8.3) Thus f= mDIgKD IY” = 0.013722)981/2.24" = 0.01619 Fig. 8.11 of Bq, 8.51 oF 8.52 for R = 2x10 (given) and f = 0.01619: «1D ~ 0.090398 = 0.000398(22) - 0.000876 m= 0.876 mm 4 [Note: Calculations for V (= 1.187 m/s) and $ (— 0.000529) are unnecessary, they can be cancelled out.)See. 8.22: 822.1 3G 8.22.2 st 8223 RG 8.22.4 st Sec. 8.22, Prob, 8.53 235 ‘Loss of Head at Submerged Discharge — Exercises (5) A I2-in-diameter pipe (f = 0.02) carries fuid at 8 fps between two tanks. The entrance and exit conditions to and from ihe pipe are square-edged and flush with the wall of the tank. Find the ratio of the minor losses divided by the pipe friction loss if the lengih of the pipe is (a) 4 ft: (0) 80 ft; (c) 1600 ft. Pipe fiction loss: 002(L/D)V12g) Minor losses: 0.(V'R) + (WR) = 157°) L Minor Fiction ah 1.497 0.0795 80 ft 1.491 1,590 1600 ft 1.491 318 A 375-mm-diameter pipe (f = 0.017) carries fluid at 3,6 m/s between two tanks. The entrance and exit ‘conditions to and from the pipe are reentrant. Find the ratio of the minor losses divided by the pipe friction loss if the lengoh of the pipe is (a) 2 m: (0) 50 m; (c) 1000 m. a iw Pi : oot - ipe friction loss: 0.017. Minor losses: 0.8(V?728) + (V*2g) = 1.8(V7Re) = 1.8.6)712x9.81) L Minor (u) Minow/friction 2m 1.189 0.0599 som 1.189 1.497 0.794:1 1000 m 1.189 29.9 0.03971 z Water leaves a turbine ay 18.5 fps and enters a tailrace having an average velocity of 1.5 fps. (a) What is the submerged discharge head loss? (b) By what percentage is this lots reduced if the provision of a draft tube increases the discharge flow area to six times the size? (a spl 2 182-15? 4 (@) Bq. 84: hy = Tee = 5288 (©) Continuity: ¥, = V(A/A,) = 18.5/6 = 3.08 fps Be. 8.74: hy = 30 RE = onan fe rotuaion = 828-12 099 = 979% A smooth 300-rum-diameter pipe is 90 m long and has a flush entrance and a submerged discharge. It carties 15°C water at a velocity of 3 m/s. What is the total head loss? Eqs. 8.13, 8.70, 8.71: Eh, = hy + hy + hy = (f(D) +k, + k,1V*Rg Table A.1 for water at 20°C: » = 1.003% 10° m/s Bq. 8.1: R = D¥fv = 04(2A){1.003 x 10%) = 9.57 x10" Fig. 8.11 or Eg. 8.46 or Eq. 8.47 for smooth pipe: f - 0.01173; Fig. 8.13: k= 0.5 Eh, = [0.011 73(120)0.4) + 05 + 1.0)2.4712(0.81)) = (5.020.294 = 1.474m236 sec. 8.24, Prob. 8.55 8.22.5 BG Oil with « kinematic viscosity of 0.001 ft/sec and a specific gravity of 0.92 flows at 8 fps through a smooth 15-in-diameter pipe which is 400 ft long with a flush entrance and submerged discharge. What is the head loss in feet of oil and in psi? Eq. 8.1 for oil: R = DVJv = 1.25(8)0001 = 1 x 10* Fig. 8.11 or Eq, 8.46 of Eq. 8.47 for smooth pipe: f= 0.0309; Fig. 8.1%: &, = 0.5 Thy = hay + By + hj = (0.0309(400/1.25) + OS + 1.018/12G2.2)] = (11.3099 = 11.31 foil < From Eq. 3.4: dp ~ yEh, = 0926241441131 - 451 pi See. 8.22: Loss of Head at Submerged Discharge — Problems 8.54-8.55 8.54 BG 8.55 st See. 8. 8241 SL A smooth 15-In-diameter pipe is 400 ft tong and has a flush entrance and a submerged discharge. It carries 70°F water at a velocity of 8 fps. What is the total head loss? Eqs. 8.13, 8.70, 8.71: Eh, = hy hy + hy = YD) +k, + kV'Rg 059 x 10° sec Eq. 8.1: R= DYfv = 1.25(6/(1.059 x 10° = 944 x 10 Fig. 8.11 or Eq. 8.46 or Ea. 8.47 for smooth pipe: f = 001176: Fig. 8.13: k, = 0.5 Lh, = (O01 76(400]1.25) + 0.5 + 1.0}8/1262.2)} = (6.250994 = 5.231 4 ‘Table A.1 for water at 70°F: » = Oil with « kinemaric viscosity of 9.7 % 10°! mi/s and a specific gravity of 0.94 flows at 3 mis thraugh a smooth 300-nm-diameter pipe which is 90 m long with a flush entrance and submerged discharge. What is the head loss in meters of oil and in KPa? Eq. 8.1 for oil: R = D¥Jv = 0.40(2.4/0.7 x 10° = 9897 Fig. 8.11 or Eq, 8.46 or Eq. 8.47 for smooth pipe: f= 0.0310; Fig. 8.13: k, = 0.5 Lh = hy + hl + hy = (0081011201040) + 0S + 1.07.4/2081)] = 10.790294 = 3.17 moll From Eq. 3.4: Ap = yh, = 0.94(9.81)3.17 = 29.2 KNim? = 292KPa 4 |: Loss Due to Expansion ~ Exercises (2) ‘Two pipes with a diameter ratio of 1:2 are connected _2D. in series Fig. X8.24.1), Witha velocity of 6.8 mis in bee the smailer pipe, find the loss of head due to (a) FS = sudden contraction; (b) sudden enlargement; (c) expansion in a conical diffser with a total angle of o 30°, and of 10°. Figure X8.24.1 (@ Teble 8.2: For DJD, = 0.5, k, = 0.33 Eq. 8.75: h, = kVi2g ~ 0336871120981] - 078 m4 (b) Eq. 8.76: hi = (V, - Vj?Pg where V, = (0.5'V, = (0.5)°6.8 = 1.700 mis Ay = 68 - 1.700) = 5.100/(2 x 9.81) = 1.326m 4 (©) Eq. 8.78: h! = RV, - VPP = (613 m) Fig. 8.20 for a = 30°: k= 0.65, sh’ = 0.65(1.326) = 0.862 m < Fig. 8.20 for @ = 10°: k= 0.75. <. h! = 0.175(1.326) = 0232m8.24.2 BG Sec. 8.24, Prov. 8.56 237 AS-in-diameter pipe {f= 0.033) 110 ft long connects two reservoirs whose water-surface elevations differ by 12 ft (Fig. X8.24.2). The Pipe entrance is flush, and the discharge is ‘submerged. (a) Compute the flow rate. (0) If the last 10 ft of pipe were replaced with a conical difuser with a cone angle of 10°, compute the flow rate. (© Energy: 12-08% - oon HO” 2 Yeo 28 2) 2g 2g 12 = V2g(0.5 + 871 + 1.0) Q = AV = (w/4y5/12)°8.70 = 1186 cf 4 @ Fig, 8.20 for @ = 10°: &/ = 0175 Dg = D+ 2han(1072) = (6/12) + 200) tans 2I7 Energy: 12 ~ 0.5V'/2g - 0.033{100/5/12)|(V7/2e) - 0.175 - Vie = 0 Vz = VOIDS? = VIS/12y2.17P = 0.0370; ¥ - ¥, = 09630 12 = (Vi2g)(O5 + 7.92 + 0.1623) = 858V*Ng: V = 9.49 fps Q = AV = (mAyG/12)°9.49 = 1294 cfs Sec. 8.24: Loss Due to Expansion — Problems 8.56-8.57 im BG A smooih pipe consists of 52 ft of 9-in pipe followed by 310 ft Fish Submerged of 18:in pipe with an abrupt change of cross section at the ance discharge Junction (Pig. P8.56). The entrance is futh and the L. snochsipe discharge is submerged. Ifit carries water at 60°F, with a velocity of 19 fps in the smaller pipe, what isthe total head (Pa } Tons? 8 We note (Eqs. 8.76 and 8.77) that: Figure P8.56 Be GAD fy HYH [Aye 1) 28 A,) 2¢ v 4 Ay|¥ k vag aie Table A.1 for water at 60°F: » = 1.217107 fitisec; Fig. 8.13: Bq, 8.1 for 9inch pipe: R = D¥Jv = (9/12)19)(1.217 x 10%) = 1.171 x 10° Fig 8.11 oy. 846 0,847 fr aoah pes, = O01 3A Bq, 8.1 for 18-inch pipe: R = DV]v = (18/12)19@/12)(1.217 x 10°) = 329 x 10° Fig 6.110 By. 8460. 847 fr moa pipe: f= 00142 ms, - bs + eons) «fs - eyes -(ossa121M « 9 24, }2(32.2) 18 = 1203 +0436 = 1246 4 Thy = AL + ag + AL + ty + hy 24238 sec. 6.26, Prob. 8.57 8.57 st See. 8.26: 8.26.1 BG 8.26.2 st A smooth pipe consists of 12 m of 180-mm-diameter pipe tush Submerged Jollowed by 75 m of $50-mn-diameter pipe witk an abrupt ea\ence ascrarge ‘Ghange of cross section at ihe junction (Fig. P8.56). The smoonppe entrance is flush and the discharge is submerged. If it Carries water ai 13°C, with a velocity of 3.7 ms in the econ ‘mailer pipe, what i the teat head loss? povet Eq. 4.3: Q = A\V, = (H/A)DIV, = (n/4)(0.18)°5.7 = 0.1451 m/s Figure P8.56 Q = AV, = (n/4)0.55)°7,: Vz, = (0.18/0.55)°5.7 = 0.611 m/s Table A.1 for water at 15°C: » = 1.139x 10% m/s Fg. 8.1: Ry = DVyv = 0.1857)0.139 x 10°) = 9.01 x 108: Ry = D,Vyv = 295 x 105 eq, 8.46 by T and E (or approx ftom Fig, 8.11 or Eq, 8.47): f, = 0.01186, f, = OO1451 Th, = Uh, + GL ID NICR) + (Y, - VIPS) + ULJD,) + 1IV;I08) «fos 11 86012)]_5. 018 , G7 0611 , [0.0145105) 98)” 20981 055 = 2.14 + 1.320 + 0.0566 » 351m Lass in Bends and Elbows — Exercises (2) Water at 72°F flows through « L10-f-Long, Str-dlameter wrought-tron pipe that contains the following “fisings: ove open glove valve, one mediun-radius elbow, and one 90° pipe beral (ky = 0.13) wish a radius of curvature of 45 in. The length of the bend is not inckuded in the 110 fi. There are no entrance or discharge losses. Find the total head loss ifthe flow velocity is 4.8 fps. From Table A.1 for water at 72°F, by linear interpolation: » — 1.033 x10 f%/s Eq. R = (5/12)4.8/(1.033 x 10°) = 1.936 x 10°; Table 8.1: ¢ = 0.00015 ft e{D = 0.00015)(5/12) ~ 0.000360; Fig. 8.11 or Eq. 851: f= 0.018 13 or 0.01792 using Eq. 8.52) Th, = PLD) + k, © hy + KalV7Qs) where L = pipe + bend (See. 8.26) Using Tae 83: EA, = (norgis!AIOH2 = CHPMET 19 975 + 042) sso « 5 3323) Alternatively: using Eq. 8.52: Dh, (0.017 92278] + 10.88)0.358 = 568 ft < Water at 18°C flows through a 25-m-long, 75-nm-diameter commercial sieel pipe that contains the following fittings: one open angle valve, one short-radius elbow, and one 90° pipe bend (k, = 0.12) with a ‘radius of curvature of 600 mm. The length of the bend is not included in the 25 m. There are no entrance tr discharge losses. Find the total head loss if the flow velocity is 2 m/s. From Table A.1 for water at 18°C, by linear interpolation: » = 1.057 x 10% m/s Bq. 8.1: R = 0.075(@y/(1.057 x 10-6) = 141 857 Table 8.1 for commercial steel: ¢ = 0.046 mm; e/D = 0.046/75 = 0.000613 Fig. 8.11 or Eg. 8.51: f = 0.01999 (or 0.01978 using Bq. 8.52) Th, = VID) + ky + fy + kyg]VIQg) where 1 = pipe + bend (See. 8.26) +5409 + 0:2] 0.075 ° Using Table 83: Dh, = [0.019998 Alternatively: using Ea, 8.52: Eh, = (0.019 781346] + 6.02)0.204 = 2.62m <<Sec. 8.27, Prob. 8.57 239 ‘See. 8.27: Single-Pipe Flow with Minor Losses ~ Exercises (6) 827.4 8.27.2 SI 8.273 BG ‘An 8-in-diameter pipeline (f = 0.028) 500 ft long discharges a 3in-diameter water jet into the atmosphere at a point which is 250 ft below the water surface at intake (Fig. X8.27.1). The entrance to the pipe is reentrant with k, = 0.9, and the nozzle loss coefficient is 0.045. Find the flow rate and the pressure head at the base of the nozzle. v 500 vt We 250 - 09% - o02850V* _ oossch = “i 2 W122 2 2¢ ¥, > VERY - 7.1y 250 - (V*/2g)(0.9 + 21 + 2.28) = S0.6(V7/2g); 250 = (V*/2g)74.7; V = 14.68 fps Q = AV = 0.267(14.68) = 5.12 cfs 4 (Re) = ply ~ 2.28(V*R) = 50.6(V*1) ply = 519¥ Rg) = 51.9(14.689/2 x 32.2) = 173.6 fi p = 173.662.4144 = 753 psi + A 130-mn-diameter pipeline (f = 0.032) 150 m long discharges a 60-mm-diameter water jet into the atmosphere at 4@ point which is 80 m below the water surface at intake (Fig. X8.27.1). The entrance to the pipe is reentrant with k, = 0.9, and the noczle loss coefficient is 0.055. Find the flow rate and ihe pressure head at the base of the nozzle. ¥ _ 9032 180V? _gos5¥i . VE 0.18 2g 2g ¥,=9V; 80 = [VQ x9.81)1130 ; V= 3.73 mis Q = (10.09%)3.73 = 0.0948 m/s = 94.8Lis 4 (Re) + ply ~ 4A6(V*Pg) = 8100728) ply = 845(V*?2g) = 84.5G.739°2 x 9.81) = 598 m; p = 59.8(9.81) = 586 kN/im? 20 - 09%" -o, A horizontal +-in-diameter pipe (f ~ 0.028) projects into a body of water 2.5 ft below the surface (Fig. X8.27.3). Considering all losses, find the pressure at « point 15 ft from the end of the pipe if the velocity is 12 fos and the flow is (a) into the body of water; (b).out of the body of water. (@ Outflow from pipe. Sec. 8.22: ky = o (« + a . ( + oun 5 a5 = 2.262236) = 5.05 ft Energy Ea: ply +0 +2236 = 2.5 +505; ply = S31 f, p= 2.30 pi ©) Inflow into pipe. Fig. 8.13: &, = 0.8 L\v* 15 \12? + #2 fos - core 15.\ «a c6ca2ae) - 461 & ( tle ( wiih ae e239) Energy Bq: ply +0 +2236 = 25 - 461; ply = -434 fi, p= —1.8R2psi 4240 Sec. 8.27, Prob. 8.57 821.4 SI 827.5 mm" BG A horizontal 100-mm diameter pipe (f = 0.027) projects into a body of water 1 m below the surface (Fig. x8.27.3). Considering all losses, find the pressure at a point 5 m from the end of the pipe if the velocity is 4 mis and the flow ts (a) {nto the body of water; (0) out of the body of water. (@) Outflow fom pipe, Sec. 8.22: ky = 1.0 t= fe AE «(oom eke ds = 2280819 = 1916m 0.10]2@.81) Energy Eq: ply + 0+ 0.815 =1 + 1916; ply = 2.10 m, p=206kNmr < (b) Inflow into pipe. Fig. 8.13: k, = 0.8 5) 4 = (08 + 0.007 = 2150815) = 1. ( 0. Sean 215(0.815) = 1.753 m Energy Eq: ply +0 + 0815 = 1 ~ 1.753; ply = 1509 m, p = -15.39 Nim? 4 450-ft-long pipeline runs between two reservoirs, both ends being under water, and the intake end is square-edged and nonprojecting. The difference between the water surface levels of the two reservoirs is 150 ft. (a) What is the discharge if the pipe diameter is 12 in and f — 0.028? (b) When this same pipe is old, assume that the growth of tubercles has reduced the diameter to 11.25 in and that f = 0.06. What will the rate of discharge be then? (@) 150 = [15 + QO2RUSONIVY29) = (LS + 12.60)V4}029) ; V9) = 150/14.1 = 10.68 V = [2(32.2)10.64]* = 262 fps; Q = AV = (0.7854)26.2 = 20.6 cfs 4 @) 150 = [15 + 0,06(450)12/11.25]V42g) = (LS + 288)V2(2g) ; V3/Qg) = 150/303 = 4.95 V = [2(32.2)4.95}"* = 17.86 fps; Q = AV = (0.690)17.86 = 12.33 cfs 4 Solve Exer. 8.27.5a when f is unknown but given that € = 0.005 ft and the water temperature is 60°F. ‘What, then, is the value of f? Exer, 8.27.5a: L = 450 ft, D = 12 in, f = 0.028, both pipe ends are submerged, k, = 0.5. Find O when hy, = 150 ft. ‘Table A.1 for water at 60°F: » = 1217 x10 f@/sec, e/D = 0.005/1 = 0.005. Energy: h, = [2k + (HDIVYIGg), ie. 150 = [15 + (SOY/W72 x 322) (1) Continuity: Q = AV = (a/D™V, ie. Q = (HIND @ 1: R= Dy, ie, R= 1M(1217 x 10°) @) iD, 251) ie 1. aiqg] 0.005 , 2.51 @ Goh Go ted a {In these four equations the four unkowns are f, V, Q, and R, Solve for them as in Sample Prob. 8.9, (a) bby making trials for f in (1) and solving for V, then with this V solving for R in (3) and f in (4) or more conveniently in Eq. 8.52, and repeating these steps until the resulting f equals the assumed f, when Q may ‘be found from (2); or (b) by using an equation solver on a programmable calcalator to solve Eq. 8.81 for Q and then find V, R, and f from (2), (3), and Eq. 8.52; or (c) by using an equation solver in computer software to solve (1) - (4) simultaneously. Reoulte: Q = 19.81 cfs << V=25.2 fps, R= 2,072,372, f= 0.0304Sec. 8.27, Prob. 8.60 241 Sec. 8.27: Single-Pipe Flow with Minor Losses — Problems 8.58—8.70 ase 859 8.60 BG st BG Water flows at 12 fps through a vertical +-in-diameter pipe standing in a body of water with its lower end 5 {fi below the surface. Considering all losses ard with f = 0.026, find the pressure in the pipe at a point 15 Ft above she surface of the water when the flow is (a) downward; (@) upward. (@) Downward flow. nemo) 8 sma same sd wien 7 18490-04000 ply = -1151 ft; ~11.52(62.4/144) = -4.99 psi 4 5 ft 0) Upendton, Fe 81:8, =08 + h, (« ‘ ae = (os + 00s = 0392.24 = 528% Energy: 0 - (ply + 1S + 2.24) = 5.28; ply = -225 ~22.5(62.4/14.4) 16 psi << Water flows at 2.5 mis through a vertical 100-rm-diameter pipe standing in a body of water with its lower end I m below the surface. Considering all losses and with f = 0.024, fird the pressure in the pipe at a point 4 m above the surface of the water when the flow is (a) downward; (b) upward. (@) Downward flow. AV oft const tD) 25% . h, (& 15) (! 0 Te apeaiy 2200319 = 0701 m T Energy: (ofr +4 + 0319) - 0 = 0.701 m 4m ply = -362 m; p = ~36281) = -355 KN/m? ©) Upward flow. Fig. 8.13: &, = 0.8 tm + ft) = (a8 + 0024+ )) 25 - (b Bey * (08 + 00m Se ey = 2.00319 = Euergy: 0 - (ply + 4 +0319) = 0.637; ply = -496 m; p = -4.969.81) = -48.6KNim? << 637 m A [2-inediameter pipe (f = 0.028) 450 ft long runs from one reservoir to another, both ends of the pipe being under water (Fig. P8.60). The intake is square-edged. The difference between the water surface levels of the two reservoirs is 150 ft. Find (a) the flow rate, and (®) the pressure in the pipe at a point 320 ft from the intake, where the elevation is 135 ft lower than the surface of the water in Figure P8.60 the upper reservoir. (@) fh, = 150 = [0.5 +1 + 0.0284450/1)1V*/2g) = 14.10V*72g Vig = 150/14.10 = 1064 ft; V = 26.2 fps; Q = 20.6 < () hy = [05 + 0.028G20/1)}10.64 = 100.6 f nergy: 135 - ly + Vg) = 100.6; ply = 23.7 ft; p = 23.7(62.4/144) = 10.28 psi 4242 Sec. 8.27, Prob. 8.63 8.61 st 8.62 8.63, st ‘A 320-mm-diameter pipe (f= 0.025) 140 m long runs from ‘one reserwoir to another, both ends of the pipe being under water (Fig. 8.60). The intake is square-edged. The difference berween the water surface levels of the 1W0 reservoirs is 36m. Find (a) the flow rate, and (b) the pressure in the pipe at a point 95 m from the intake, where the elevation is 39 m lower than the surface of the water in the upper reservoir. @ hy = 36m = [05 + 1 + 0025(140/0.32))77/2g) = 12.44V42— Vig = 36/12.44 = 2.89 m; V= 742 m/s; O= 0.606 ms ©) hz = [05 + 0.025(5/0.32)]2.89 = 22.9 m Bnergy: 39 - Gly + V3Rg) = 229: ply = 1318 m; p= 13.18(0.81) = 129.3 N/m? A pump delivers water through 300 ft of 4-in fire hose (f = 0.025) to a nozzle which throws a 1-i diameter jet, The loss coefficient of the nozzle is 0.04. ‘The nowle is 20 ft higher than the pump, and a jet velocity of 70 fos is required. What must be the pressure in the hose at the punp? Nozzle loss = .04¥j/(2g); contimity: ¥, = (DJD,PY, = 16¥, Hose friction = 0.025(300 x 12/4)V7/2g) = 22.5V3/(2g) = 0.0879V}/(2g) Energy: pyr + ViI@g) = 20 + Vjl(2g) + (0.04 + 0.0879)¥7/08) where Vji(2g) = 70Y2 x 32.2) = 76.1 pyly = 20 + 76.1 + 0,1279(76.1) - 76.1/16 = 105.5 fi; p, = 105.5(62.4/144) = 45.7 psi < A pump delivers water through 100 m of 100-mm fire hose (f = 0.025) 10 a nozzle which throws a 25-mm- diameter jet. The loss coefficient of the nozzle is 0.04, The nozzle is 6 m higher than the pump, and a jet velocity of 20 m/s is required. What must be the pressure in the hose at ihe pump? Nozzle loss = 0.04V;/2g); continuity: V, = (DJD)V, = 16V, Hose friction = 0.025(100j0.10)Vj/2s) - 2SVi/@s) - 0.0977¥;1(28) Energy: ply + VilQg) = 6 + Vjl2g) + @.04 + 00977)V;i2s) where Vji(2s) = 2072 x 9.81) = 204 m Diy = 6 + 204 + 0.1377(20.4) - 204/16 = 29.1 m; p, = 29.10.81) = 286 KN/m? 48.64 Sec. 8.27, Prob. 8.64 243 A 64n-dlameter hortzontal jet of water ts discharged into air through a nozzle (loss coefficlent 0.15) at a point 150 ft lower than the water surface above the intake (Fig. P8.64). The 12:in-diameter pipeline (f = 0.015) is 600 fe long, with a square-edged nonprojecting entrance. What is (a) the jet velocity, and (b) the pressure at the bate of the nozzle? (© Note tess = 01522; continuity: v, = (2)¥ = ay 2g" “1 (D, hy, = [0S + 0.015(6OO/1)IV712p) + 0.15V71(29) = 9.5V%I(29) + 0.15VF 128) = (O58 )V}10g) + O.15Vj1@g) = 0.744¥ 7128) Energy: 150 - 0.744¥;/(2g) = Vjl(2e); ¥1@e) = 86.0 ft V, = [262.2)86.0)"" = 744 fps @ (@ Energy, from water surface to nozzle bese: © + 150 + 0) - 9.57/28) = Wpaed ¥ + 0 + V128)1 Pruacl ¥ = 150 - 10.5V72g = 150 - (10.5/8)V;/2g = 150 - (10.5/16860 = 93.5 ft (ié) Energy, from nozzle base to jet: Drea! 7 + 2 + VUQg)1 - 0.18132) = (0 + z + VIQ8) Prd ¥ = 1-15V;/C8) ~ ViI28) = L1SVjI28) - (UH )V;I2g) = 1.088118) ft = 1.088(86.0) = 93.5 Rs Pyyy - 93:5(62.4/144) = 40.5 psi244 Sec. 8.27, Prob. 8.65 fae Refer 10 Fig. S8.11b. Suppose 42 = 50 ft, he line is 600 ft of 8-in-diameter pipe ({ = 0.025), and the nozzle loss coefficient is 0.05. Find the jet diameter that will result in the greaiest jet horsepower. (a) Fre decharge (6) wits nate Figure $8.11 BG Energy: 50 ~ 0.5VZ/(2g) - 0.025(600 x 8/12)V2/(2¢) - 0.05V7128) = VF/2g) 30 ~ 23(YG/2g) = 1.05(¥;128) Continuity: D7¥, = DIV; Vy = ¥,(D,ID,? 50 = LOSVF Ig) + 23(D/D jg); Vjl2g) = SOMOS + 23(D/D,)1 Bq. 5.40: hp = yQC/2sV580 = rA,V{VjPgVS50 = 0.001 76244} D, Go) A (fP) Wing A ho 0 0 7 = 0 10 0.00545, 476 553 1.62 20 0.0218 440 530 5.10 30 0.0491 33.2 46.2 8.50 40 0.0873 20.1 36.0 TAS 6.0 0.196 6.04 19.7 2.61 80 03349 2.08 us 0.93 ‘Maximum power occurs with a jet diameter of approximately 3.0 inches. 4 (An exact answer may be obtained by using differential calculus.)Sec. 8.27, Prob. 8.66 245 fm Refer to Fig. $8.11b. Suppose At = 15 m, ihe line ts 180 m of 200-mm-diameier pipe (f = 0.025), and the nozle (oss coefficient is 0.05. Find she jet diameter that will result in the greatest jet power. (a) Free discharge (8) Withnozzle Figure $8.11 Energy: 15 - 0.5¥q/(g) ~ 0.025(180/0.20)4/Qg) - 0.05¥;/(2g) = Vj/Qz) 15 - 23(V7/@g) = 1.05(V}2g); contimity: D}¥, = DV; V = ¥{D,JDF; D = 200 mm 15 = LOSY;/Qg) + 23(D/D(V; Re); VIO) = 15/105 + 23(D,/D)'] Eq, 5.41: RW = 7Q(V;/2g)1000 = yA,¥{V}729)/1000 = 054,73 D, (nm) 4; (mi) Vrs (a) Y; (mis) kW 0 0 = ~ = 2 0.000 314 18.25 16.12 0.734 40 0.001 257 13.80 16.46 2.80 oo 0.00283, 13 15.43 5.20 80 0.005 03, 9.15 13.40 6.05 100 0.007 85, 6.03 10.88 5.05 120 0.01131 3.72 8.54 3.53 140 0.015 39 228 6.69 231 10 0.0201 1.433 5.30 1.498 Maximum power occurs with a jet diameter of approximately 80mm. 4 (An exact answer may be obtained by using differential calculus.)246 sec. 8.27, Prob. 8.67 8.67 BG Water at 60°F flows through 800 fi of 12-in-diameter pipe between two reservoirs whose water-surface cleration difference is 16 ft. The pipe entrance is flush and square-edged, and there is a half-open gate valve in the line. Using only a basic scientific calculator, find the flow rate (a) if ¢ = 0.0018 in, and (0) if is twenty times larger. ‘A basic scientific calculator is here defined to be one that it not programmable and does not have ‘automatic equetion solving capabilities. UD = 800 < 1000, s0 minor losses are not negligible. Energy: Az = 16 ft = Dh, = [05 + 206 + 1.0 + feoynyvng from which ¥ = [3262.2/(609 + 356)" a Table A.t for waier at 60°F: » = 1.217 10% f/sec Bq, 8.1: R= DYJy = ()M{L2I7 x 10%) = 822 x 107 @) (a) eiD = 0.018/12 = 000015 Solve by tral satisfying (1), (2), and Fig. 8.11 or Eq. 8.52: Toh ¥ from R from @ Obtained 7 0.03 [Link] fps 5.02 x 10° 0.0149 Ty again 0.0149 8.15 6.70 x 10° 0.0145 Close enough 0.0145 8.23 Q = (ofA) 8.23 ~ 6.47 cfs 4 ©) e = 20(0.0018) = 0.036 in; e/D = 0.06/12 = 0.003 Taf V from ©) R from) Obiained 0.03 6.11 fps 5.2 x 10° 0.0264 Try again 0.0264 6.46 S31 x 10° 0.0264 Converged. Q = (#1419646 = 5.07 cfs Note: Increasing e by 20 times reduces Q by only 22%. Check minor losses: Minor losses / friction losses = 3.56/(/L/D) (@ 35600145 x 800/1) = 0.307 = 30.7% (®) 3.56/(0.0254 x 800/1) = 0.1686 = 16.9% ‘These minor losses are large fractions of the friction loss, so may not be neglected.mi Sec. 8.27, Prob. 8.68 247 Solve Prob. 8.67 without manual trial and error, by using an equation solver () on a programmable calculator or (i) in computer software. Prob. 8.67: 60°F water flows through a pipeline, L = 800 ft, D = 12 in, Ek = 3.56, h, = 16 ft. Find Q (a) if e = 0.0018 in, and (O) if e is 20 times larger, UD = 800 < 1000, so minor losses are not negligible. Ek = O5 + 2.06 + 10 = 3.56 Table A.1 for water at 60°F: » = 1.217 x 10° f/seo, Energy: h, = (Ek + GUDIV Mg, ie. 16 = [3.56 + (GOO/VIG x 32.2) (1) Contimity: Q - AV = (nis)D?V, ic. Q = (WAY 2 Ey. 8.1: R= DVv, ie, R= (M217 x 105) @ By. 8.51: IW = ~2logl@/DY3.7 + 251CRY/ o (@) e[D = 0018/12 = 0.00015; Substitute this into Ea. (4) (®_ Use an equation solver on a programmable calculator to solve Eq. 8.81 for Q. Then find V, R, and ffrom (2), (3) and Eq. 8.52 respectively. (®) Use an equation soiver in computer software to solve Eqs. (1)~(4) simultaneously for Q, V, R, f. = 647 cfs 4, V = 824 fps, R= 676,757, f = 0.01454 @) e/D = 20(0.0018/12) = 0.003; Substitute this into Eq. (4). Repeat () and (i) as for (a). Renults: Q= 5.07 cf 4, V= 6.46 fps, R = 530,709, f = 0.0264. Results: Note: Increasing e by 20 times reduces Q by only 22%. ‘Check minor losses: Minor losses / frietion losses = 3.56//L/D) (@) 3.56)(0.01454 x 8001) = 0.306 = 30.6% @) 3.56/0.0264 x B00/1) ~ 0.1686 ~ 169% ‘These minor losses are large fractions of the friction loss, so may not be neglected.248 Sec. 8.27, Prob. 8.59 8.99 A 150-melong commercial steel pipe is to convey 30 Lis of oil ( = 0.9, ¢ = 0.038 N's/m') from one tank to another (Gubmerged discharge) where the diference in elevation of the free liquid surfaces is 2 m (Fig. P8.69). The pipe entrance is flust, and there is a fully-open gate valve in the line. Using only a basic scientific calculator, find the diameter theoretically required. (Hint: It may be easier to Figure P8.69 tty for D than for fin this case.) A basic scienific calculator is here defined to be one that is not programmable and does not have ‘automatic equation solving capabilities. Faq. 2.1 lp = 0.038)(1000 x 0.9) = 0.000 0422 m"/s Bq. 8.80: A, = (/LID + EOVIQ8) = (fLID + DOUCKAD IF Eg from which f = [2gh,(xD7/4Q)" - Dk\(D/L) wo Eg. 8.1: R = DYJv = (DIvaQaD9] = 4Q(AvD) 2) See, 8.21 for flush entrance: k, = 0.5; Sec. 8.22 for submerged discharge: ky = 1.0 ‘Table 8.3 for fally open gate valve: k, = 0.19. 2. Ek = 05 + 10 + 0.19 = 1.59 Substituting this and the given values into (1) and (2) we get f ~ 179.3D$ - DIB88 (3); R= 905/D (4) From Table 8.1 for commercial steel pipe: ¢ = 0.000046 m eS a If we try values of f, we must solve (3) by T & E. <., it is easier in this case to try values of D (than f); but we must check for fay Fora first approx: Neglect minor losses Ek. Then 179.3D° Assuming a mid-range value of f = 0.03: D = 0.1757 m With minor losses, from (3) we expect the required D to be a little larger. Try Dm) Dain (F854) f(Eq-3) RE 4) Ff Fig. 8.11 oF Ba. 8.52) 0.18 C0055 0.01444 0.0318 3028 0.0379 0.185 4.000249 (0.01436 0.0368 4892 0.0382 0.186 0.000247 0.01434 0.0378 4866, 0.0382 Close enough Eq, 8.52 is valid because R > 2000. L/D = 150/0.186 = 806 < 1000, so minor losses must be included. D=0.18m 4mm” Solve Prob. 8.09 without manual triat and error, by using an ‘equation solver (a) on a programmable cateulator or (2) in computer software. Prob. 8.69: Oil (s = 0.9, p= 0.038 N-si) is to flow at 30 Lis through a commercial steel pipe, L = 150 m, ©k = 1.69 with h, = 2m. Find the D theoretically required. e | Lk = 05 + 0.19 + 1.0 = 1.69 Eq. 2. = plp = 0.038/(1000 x09) = 0.000042 mts ‘Table 8.1 for comercial steel: e = 0.046 mm = 0.000046 m Knowns: L = 150m, ¢ = 9.81 mils, h, = 2m, Q = 0.03 m/s, Zk = 1 0.000822 m/s 0.000 046 m, Find: D, ¥,R,J. Energy: h, = (2k + (L/D)|V%/Qg) = 2 = [1.69 + F(SO/DVIQ. x 9.81) (1) Continaity: Q = AV = (m/4)D2V = 003 ® Eq. 8.1: R = D¥Jw = D¥70.0000422 ® Eq. 8.51: If = ~2log[0.000046/3.7D) + 2.51/0RY9)] ® (@) Use an equation solver on a programmable caleulator to solve Eq. 8.81 for D. Then find V, R, and f from (2), (3) and Eq. 8.52 respectively. (®) Use an equation colver in computer software to solve Eqs. (1)-(4) simultaneously for D, V, R, f. Results: D=0.1861m 4 Y= 1.102 m/s, R= 4863, f = 0.0380. Exp. 8.51, 8.52, and 8.81 are valid because R > 2000. L{D = 150(0.1861 = 806 < 1000, so minor losses must be included. Sec. 8.28: Pipeline with Pump or Turbine — Bxercises (10) 8.28.1 BG 8.28.2 An 80-in-diameter pipe (f = 0.025) 7252 ft long delivers water to a powerkouse at a point 1500 ft lower in elevation than the water surface at intake. When the flow is 450 cfs, what is the horsepower delivered to the plant? A = (9/8 XS0/127 = 349 1; V = 450/34.9 = 12.89 fps; VIS) = 2.58 ps +0005 25 58 = 715 ft, Head delivered to plant, A= dz ~ h, = 1500 - 715 = 1429 Eq. 5.40; Power delivered = 62.4(450)1429/550 - 72,900 hp 4 A l0-in-diameter pipeline (f = 0.020) is 3 niles long (Fig. X8.28.2). when pumping 4 cfs of water through it, with a total actual lift of efficiency is 72 percent. ¥ = QA = aitnc5/13" = 7.33 fps Vieg) = 0835 ft 4. 8.13: A = 0020208 35 « 318g; hy = 25 + 318 = 343 f 10/12 Using Hq. 5.40: Power requited = 62.4(4)343(550 x 0.72) = 216 hp 4250 Sec. 8.28, Prob. 8.70 8283 8.28.4 828.5 A 250-mm pipeline (f= 0.025) is 4.7 kn long (Fig. X8.28.2). When pumping 100 Lis of ‘water through it, with a toral actual Uf of 10.5. = 1m, how much power is required? The pump efficiency is 75 percent. ¥ = QIA = 0.109(70.125") = 2.04 mis Figure X8.28.2 V44Q2g) = 0.212 m Eg. 8.13: Ay = 0.025(3)(470/025)0.212 = 99.4 m; fh, = 105 +994 = 1099 m Using Eq. 5.41: Power required = 9810(0.1)1099/(1000 x 0.75) = 1438 kW < ‘in Sample Problem 8.13 the DOr oy ressure of the liquid is 1.9 psia and the atmospheric pressure is 14.5 psia, what is the marimum theoretical flow rate? Sample Prob. 8.13: The tanks, pump, and pipelines have the charac- teristics indicated in Fig. $8.13. The suction tine enarance ts flush, and the ‘Pump adés 2.0 hp to the liquid. Figure $8.13 From Eq. 5.43: [Link] = ~Dal ~ Py) = ~(44/S2)(14.5 - 19) = -34.9 ft a +o+0) ost 02s sra)ac Val(2s) = 843 ft, Ve = 23.3 £98: Quay = (01964233 = 4:58 cfs 4 Energy, tank to pump inlet: In Fig. 8.26 assume the pipe diameter is 12 in, f = 0.021, BC = 200 ft, and Az = 120 fie The entrance 10 the pipe at the intake is ‘flush with the wall, and discharge losses are negligible. (a) If Q = 8 cfs of water, what ‘head does it supply to the turbine? (b) What power dees the turbine deliver if its efficiency is 75 per cent? wA (@) V = QIA = 90.7854 = 10.19 fps Vipg = 1611 ft Fig. 8.13: k, = 0.5 co hy = 105 + 0.021Q00/0)1.611 = 7: Eg. 8.85: h,=120-7.57=1124f < (b) Bq. 5.40: Power delivered by turbine = (0.75)62.4(8)112.4/550 = 16.5 hp8.28.6 st 8.28.7 BG 8.28.8 SI Sec, 8.28, Prob. 8.70 251 In Fig, 8.26 assume the pipe diameter is 300 yA mm, f = 0.021, BC = 60m, and At = 36.5 m, The entrance to the pipe at the intake is flush with the wall, and discharge J losses are negligible, (a) If Q = 225 Lis of water, what head does tt supply to the turbine? (b) What power does the turbine deliver if its efficiency is 75 per cent? Q 0205 av £25 _ 5.18 ms OV S04F Fw o516m 2g Fig. 8.13: k, = 0.5, A, = [0.5 + 0.02160)0.3)10.516 = 2.43 m Ey. 8.85: A, =365-243=341m << (®) Bq. 5.41: Power delivered by turbine = (0.75)9810(0.225)34.1/1000 = 56.4kW A 12-in-dianteter pipe 9200 fi long (f = 0.024) discharges freely into the air at an elevation 18 ft below the surface of the water at intake (Fig. X8.28.7). It is necessary to double the flow by inserting a pump. If the ‘efficiency of the pump is 73 per cent, how much power will be required? Energy: 18 = 0.024(9200/1)¥7((2g) + V*/(2g) IQs) = 0.0812 . V = Y2G22)0.0812 = 2.29 fps Q, = AV = (a17/4)2.29 = 1.796 cfs If the flow is doubled, Q, = 21.796) In the above A, = 18 ft, and for double the flow (constant . h, = 2%(18) - 72 ft However gravity supplies 18 ft and so the pump must provide h, = 72 — 18 = 54 ft Eq. 5.40: Power required = 62.4(3.59)54/(550 x 0.73) = 30.1 hp 59 cfs A 300-mn-dlaneter pipe 3400 m long (J = 0.022) discharges freely into the air at an elevation 5.6 m below the surface of the water at intake (Fig. X8.28.7). It is necessary to double the flow by inserting a punp. Ifthe efficiency of the pump is 76 per cent, how ruck power will be required? Energy: 5.6 = 0,022(3400/0:3)V7/(2g) + V'/(22) Vii@s) = 0.0224 m. ¥ = YFOBNOOA = 0.662 ms Q, = AV = (20.152)0.662, = 0.0468 m3/s If the flow is doubled, Q, = 2(0.0468) = 0.0937 m’/s, Inthe above 4, = 5.6 m, and for double the flow (constant), h, = 2456) = 22.4 m However gravity supplies 5.6 m and so the pump must provide hy = 22.4 ~ 5.6 = 16.8 Eq. 5.41: Power required = 9810(0.0037)16.8/(1000 x 0.76) = 203kW 4252 8.28.9 BG 8.28.10 St Sec. 8.28, Prob. 8.70 ‘Refer 10 Fig. 8.25. When the pump is a we delivering 1.2 qs of water, a pressure ‘gage at D reads 25 psi, while a vacuum goge at C reads 10 inllg. The pressure gage at D is 2 ft higher than ‘the vacuum gage at C. The pipe diameters are 4 in for the suction pipe ‘and 3 in for the discharge pipe. Find the power delivered 10 the water. Ha Ye = QA = 1.290.0873 = 13.75 fps VelQg) = 2.94 (25 psi) 44/62.4 = 57.7 ft water Oly = 57.7 +d +2 Vy = QIA = 1.20491 = 244 fps; WBICg) = 9.28 A. Table A.4: Sug = 13.56; 10 inHg vac = (—10/12)13.56 = —11.3 ft water OMc=H-3+d Ge=H=D Ah, = Hy ~ He = (57.1 +d +2 +2+9.28) ~ (-11.3+d +z +2.94) = 773 ft 9, 9.40: Power delivered = 62.4(1.2)77.3/590 = 10:53 bp + Figure 8.25 Refer to Fig. 8.25. When the pump is delivering 35 Lis of water, a pressure ‘gage at D reads 175 KPa, while 0 vacuum gege at C reads 250 mg. The pressure gage at D is 600 mm higher than the vacuum gage at C. The pipe diameters are 100 mm for the suction pipe and 75 mon for the discharge pipe. Find the power delivered io the water. @ _ 40.035) A 0.10 12g) = 1.012 m Vy = QIA = 4(0.035)((n0.075*) = 7.92 mvs; ¥pi(2g) = 3.20 m 175 kN/no? = 17.84 m water; 250 mmHg = 3.39 mwater. (tc = tp = 2) A, © Hy - He = (17.84 +d +0.60 +2 +3.20) - (339 +d +2+ 1012) = 249 m Eq. 5.41: Power delivered = 9810(0.035)24.0/1000 = 8.25 kW =a7 st 72 : Pipeline with Pump or Turbine — Problems Sec. 8.28, Prob. 8.72 253 In Fig. 8.24 assume a pipe diameter of 350mm, f = 0.016, BC = 12 m, DE = 920m, ard Az = 48 m. Find the ‘maximum theoretical flow rate if 15°C water is being pumped at an altiude of 1000 m above sea level. Point C is 6.0 1m above the lower water surface. Table A.1, 15°C H,0: ® = 0.17 mabs ‘Table A.3 for 1000 m elevation: p = 89.876 kPa abs; 16 m of water Energy equation from water surface A to pump intake C using absolute pressure heads, when Pe = 7,: 9.16 - O8(VNg) - 0.016(12)0.35)V*7Rg = 0.17 + 60 + ViRg 2.99 = (V2g)(0.8 + 0549 + 1) = 2.357725) Ving = 2.99235 = 1274; V = 5.00 Ws, Ope = 0.481 m/s < In Fig. 8.24 assume that the pipe diameter is 4 in, [ ~ 0.035, BC = 15 J DE = 180 fi, and Az = 60, The ‘elevation of C is 10 ft above the lower water surface. (a) If the pressure head ‘at Cis to be no less than ~20 ft, what is the maximum rate at which the water can be pumped? (®) Ifthe efficiency of the ‘pump is 65 percent, what is the horsepower required? 18 + 03s1)12/4)V728 (08 + 157g = 2.38V%2g Energy from to C: (0 +0 + 0) = (-20 + 10 + WA/2g) + 2.38V%/2g Ving = 1073.38 = 2.96 fr; ¥ = (262.2)2.96)" = 13.81 fps @ Quy ~ AV = 0.0491(13.81) ~ 1.205 cfs ©) h, = 60 + [08 + 1.575 + 0.035(180)12/4)2.96 = 1230 fps Bq. 5.40: hp delivered to the water = 62.4(1.205)123.0/500 - 16.83 4 From Eq. 5.42: hp delivered to the pump (excluding motor) = 16.83/0.65 = 25.9 4254 Sec. 8.28, Prob. 8.74 8.73 BG 8.74 sl Ina testing laboratory, a certain turbine has been jound to discharge 10 cfs under a head hy of 45 ft. In the field, itis 10 be installed near the end of a pipe 360 ft long (Fig. P8.73). The supply line (flush entrance) and discharge line (submerged exit) will both have diameters of 10 inches with f = 0.025. The total fall from the surface of the water at intake 10 the surface of the taibwater will be $2 jt. What will be the head on the turbine, the rate of discharge, and the ‘power delivered to the flow? Note that for turbines, Q = |, (Grom Eq. 16.17). V = QUA = OMten/ay(10yi2y)| = 1.8339 hy, = [05 + 0.025(860)(12/10) + 11¥4P2g = 12.30V% pg Substituting for V: hy, = 12:30(1.833Q)/@ x 32.2) = 0.6429? Thus, in Eq. 8.85: h, = 52 — 0.6420" ‘Also, from Bq. 16.17: QO = 10/0 = [45/(52 - 0.64297)", i.e, Q%100 = (82 - 0.642Q245 from which Q = 6.90cfs 4 so that fh, = 52 - 0.642(6.907 = 214 ft 4 Eq. $.40: Power = 62.4(6.90)21.4/550 - 1678 HP Altemative solution method: Lib: Q- Kj; 10 = KY fromwhich K = 1.491 Field: Q = Kyh, = 1491JAz-h, = 1.491752 - 0.6429" ; solve for Q Ina testing laboratory, a certain turbine has been found to discharge 285 Lis under a head h, of 13.5 m. In the field, it is to be installed near the end of a pipe 110 m long (Fig. 3.73). The supply line (lush entrance) and discharge line (submerged exit) will both have diameters of 250 mm with f 0.024. The total fall jrom the surface of the water at intake to the surface of the tailwater will be i5.5 m. What will be the head on the turbine, the rate of discharge, and the power delivered to the flow? Note that for turbines, Q« fh, (rom Eq.16.17). V = QIA = 4Qi(xD%) = 4070257) = 2042 hy = [05 + 0.024(110/0.25) + 1V%Rg = 1206725 Substituting for V: h, = 12.06(20.4Q)%/(2 x 9.81) = 255Q* Thus, in Bg. 8.85: fh, = 15.5 ~ 2559 Also, from Eq. 16.17: QQ = 0.285/Q = [13.5/(15.5 - 255Q%)}"* ue, Q70.285' = (15.5 - 255Q7/135 from which Q = 0.1918 mils = 191.8Ls 4 so that h, = 155 - 2550.19187 =6.11m 4 Eq. 5.41; Power = 9810(0.1918)6.11/1000 - 1151 kW 4 Altemative sclution method: Lab: + Kh; 0285 = KVBF tromwhich K = 0.0716 Field: Q = K(h, = 0.0776/A-h, = 0.0776/15.1- 255Q* ; solve for 08.15 8.76 BG Sec. 8.28, Prob. 8.76 255 Assume the total fall from the surface of one body of water to ‘another is 130 ft. The water is conveyed by 250 fi of 15-in pipe (f= 0.020) which has is enirance flush with the walt (Fig. P8.75). At the end of the pipe is a turbine and draft ube which discharged 6 cfs of water when tested under a head of 63.1 tin another location. Discharge losses are negligible. What would be the rate of discharge through the Figure 8.75 turbine and the head on it under the present conditions? Note that for turbines, Q'= fh, (rom Eq. 16.17. a aa ¥ = QA = QMCHAVA5/12)4 = 0.8152 ; fy = [05 + 0.020250K1715) + V'Rg ~ 4507%Rg ‘Substituting for V: h, = 450(0.815Q)/(2 x 32.2) = 0.0464Q7 ; .. Eq. 8.85: h, = 130 ~ 0.04640" Also, from Eq. 16.17; QQ = 6@ ~ [63.1/(130 ~ 0.0464Q*)]'"? ile. Q'/36 = (130 - 0.0464Q7Y63.1 from which O = 8.50 of 4 so that h, = 130 - 0.0464(8.507 = 126.612 4 Alternative solution method: Test: = Ah, : 6 = KV63.1 from which K = 0.755 Preen: @ = K/h, = 0.755{a27h, = 0755/130- 0.01640" ; sole for A pump is installed to deliver water from a reservoir of surface elevation zero to another of elevation 200 ft (Fig. 8.76). The 12in-diameter suction pipe (f = 0.020) is 40 Silong, and the [Link] discharge pipe (f = 0.032) is ~Z 14500 fi long. The pump head may be defined as h, = 300 — | 20G?, where the pump head h, is in feet and Q is in cubic feet per second. Compute the rate at which this pump will deliver the water, Alo, whats the horsepower ipa othe Figure 8.76 Continaity: Vig = (12/10)'V%,, = LA40V,, and Q = (xT Vg Eq. 8.63: fh, = 200 + .O24O/VF/2e + Oor2{asOny\LO)LDY;y2g = 200 + O.8V3/2¢ + 172.8(1.440V,,)%2¢ = 200 + 359¥;/2¢ = 200 + 9.0407 But also 4, = 300 - 20Q* (given). Equiting these, 300 - 209 = 200 + 9.04@?; @=1.856c < 4h, = 300 - 20(1.856? = 231 ft. Bq. 5.40: Power input = 62.4(1.856)231/550 = 48.7 bp Note: Problems 8.108 ~ 110 also involve pamps.256 Sec. 8.28, Prob. 8.77 fm” Refer to Fig. 8.25. Suppose that the vwater-surface elevation, elevation of ‘the pump, and elevation of the nozzle ‘ip are 100, 90, and 120 ft, respectively. Pipe BC is 40 ft long, has a diameter of 8 in, with [ = 0.025; pipe DE is 200 ft long, has diameter of 10 in, with f = 0.030; the jet diameter is 6 in, and the nozzle loss coefficient is 0.04. Assume the ‘pump is 80 percent efficient under all ‘conditions of operation. Make a plot ‘of flow rate and pely versus pump ‘horsepower input. At what flow rate will cavitation occur in the pipe at C ifthe water temperature is 50°F and the ‘armospheric pressure is 13.9 psia? ‘Table A.1 for water at 50°F: p,ly = O41 f Cavitation begins (Eq, 5.43) when p./y = Pal ~ Pf) = ~133-9(13.9/147) - 0.41] = -31.6 ft Continuity: V, = (6/8)°V, = 0.563V,; Vio = (6/10)°V, = 0.360, Energy equation from 1 to 2: 40 563, 200 0360r ve ve 100 - |08 + 0,.025——|-—__*_ + h, - 0,030-—_-—__* - 9.04 = 120+ | wiz) 2 > 012 2g 2g 2g » hy = 20 + 2.70(ViI26). But Vz = Q/0.1963 = $099; V3 = 25.99%; so h, = 20 + 1.0880? Eq. 5.40: HP ogy = 7Q#,/550(0.8)] = 0.1418Q(20 + 1.088Q*) = 2.84Q + 0.15439 Energy Eq. from 1 to C: 100 ~ (0.8 + 0.025(40)((8/12)](V4/2s) - 90 + pcly + (Vgi28) ile, poly = 10 - 33(Vgf2g). But V, = Q/0349 = 2860; Vz = 8.2197; so poly = 10 - 0.4210? Let poly = -31.6 = 10 - 0.42192; Q = 9.95 efs when cavitation begins 4 For plots IC) (ft) Se —__tor © 0 20 0 2 244 591 4 314 21.2 6 59.2 50.3 8g 39.6 101.7 10 128.8 182.6 x x8.78 Sec. 8.28, Prob. 8.78 257 In Fig. 8.24 assume the pipe diameter is Din, f = 0.025, BC = 20 ft, DE =2600 ft, and Az = 125 fi. Water is pumped at 5.5 cfs, the pump efficiency ts 78 per cent. (a) What horsepower is required? (&) If the elevation of C above the lower water surface is 12 f, that of D is 15 ft, and that of Eis 100 jt, compute the pressure heads at B, C, D, and E. (©) Sketch the energy line and the hydraulic grade line. -2. 55. @ v=o ~ SE = 1245 tps VijQg) = 241 ft Suction pipe, A, = [.8 + 0.025Q017/92.41 « 3.53 & Discharge pipe, f, ~ [0.025(2800)12/9 + 1]2.41 = 227 ft Total h, = 3.53 + 227 = 231 f; Pump head, A, = 125 + 231 = 356 Eq. 5.40: bp delivered to the water = 62.4(5.5)356/550 = 222 hp From Eq, 5.42: kp delivered to the pump (excluding motor) = 222/0.78 = 284 hp 4 © Bq. 535: Hy =0+40+0=0; Hy = pyly -8 +241; He = poly +12 +241 Hy = pply +15 + 2A1; Hy ~ pyr + 100 + 241; Hy - 0 + 125 +0 Energy, AB: Hy, - Hy =0- Qyly - 559) = 0; - pyly = 559 < Boergy, AC: Hy ~ He =0- oly + 12 + 241) = 353; % poly = ITH 4 Energy, DF: Hy - Hy = ply + 1741) - 125 = 227 fi; -. ppl = 335 ft 4 Energy, EF: Hy ~ Hp = gly > 102.41) - 125 = 241 or pgly = 25.0 + (cither inside pipe or just outside.) (© For sketch: Positions of lines relative to A (datum, assumed at elevation 0 f): Point: a zB c D E F pir, 0 5.59 17.94 334.62 25.00 0 af 0 -8.00 12.00 15.0 100.00 125.00 VQ), 0 241 241 241 2.41 0 HGL, ft 0 -241 5.94 349.62 125.00 125.00 << EL, ft o ° $3352.03, 197.41 125.00 <4258 Sec. 8.29, Prob. 8.79 Sec. 8.29: Branching Pipes — Problems 8.79-8.91 8.79 In Fig. 8.27, suppose that pipe 1 is [Link] smooth concrete, 5000 ft long; pipe 2 is 24in cast iron, 3000 ft ong: and pipe 3 is 20-in cast iron, 1300 jt long. The elevations of the water surfaces in reservoirs A and B care 225 and 200 fi, respectively, and the discharge through pipe 1 is 42 ofz. The water temperature is 60°F. Using a basic scientific calculator only, find the elevation of the surface of reservoir C. Neglect minor losses and assume the energy line and hydraulic grade line are coincident. A basic scientific calculator is here defined to be one that is not programmable and does not have ‘automatic equation solving capabilites. ‘This is an example of Case 1. Table A.1 for water at 60° 1.217 x 10% fP/sec Pipe 1: Vy = QylA, = 42/(x344) ~ 5.94 fps ‘Table 8.1 for smooth concrete: ¢, = 0.001 ft; ¢/D = 0.001/3 = 0.000333 Ry = Dil = 36.96 (0.217 > 10°) = 1,464,700 Haaland Eq. 8.52: 1/f, = -1.8log{(0.000 333/3.7)'" + 69/1,464,700]; f, = 0.01572 Eq. 8.13: fr, = 0.015°72(5000/3)5.947/(2 x 32.2) = 14.36 ft So Elev P = Elev A — hy = 225 — 14.36 = 210.64 ft Pipe 2: fy = Elev P ~ Elev B = 210.64 - 200 = 10.64 11 ‘Table 8.1 for cast iron: ¢, = 0.00085 ft: e/D = 0.00085/2 = 0.000425 In Eg. 8.560 for Pipe 2: The quantity /gDIgL = YZSZDAIVSVION - 0675 tps Fg. 8.566: Q, = ~2(x2/4)0.6761og [0.000 425/3.7 + (2.51/2)1.217 x 10°5(0.676)] = 16.40 cfs Continuity at J: Q, = Q - Q = 42 - 1640 = 25.60 fs Pipe 3: Vy = QyAy = 25.6/{(n/4)(20/12)4] = 11.73 fps Ry = (20/12)11.73(1.217 x 10°) = 1,607,100; e/D = 0.000 85/(20/12) = 0.00051 Haaland Eq. 8.52: f, = 0.01708; Eq. 8.13: hy = 0.01708(1300\(12/20)11.73/(2 x 32.2) = 28.49 ft 2000 (Eq. 8.2) confirms that the flows are turbulent, so the use of the Colebrook Eq. 8.51 was valid, and the results are valid, So Elev B= Elev A — hy ~ hy = 250 — 16.58 — 4.04 = 209.378 4264 Sec. 8.29, Prob, 8.85 885 In Fig. 8.27, suppose that pipe 1 is 900-mm smooth concrete, 1500 m long: pipe 2 is 600-mm cast iron, 900 'm long; and pipe 3 is 500-mm cast iron, 400 m long. The surface elevations of reservoirs A and C are 60 cand 38 m, respectively, and the discharge through pipe 2 is 0.3 mls of water into reservoir B. The water temperature is 15°C. Using a basic sclentific calculator only, find the surface elevation of reservoir B. A basic scientific calculaior is here defined to be one that i not programmable and does not have usomatic equation solving capabitiies. Figure 8.27 SI This is a Case 2 problem. Table A.1 for water at 15°C: » = 1.139 x 10% m/s Pipe: T z 3 Given: Lm 1500 900 400 Dim 0.90 0.60 0.50 e, m (Table 8.1) 0.0003 0.00025 0.00025 Cale: LD 1667 1500 800 4, oP 0.636 0.283 0.1963 eD 0.000333 0.000417 0.0005 Find the elevation of P (Fig. 8.27) by trial and error. Elev. P lies between 38 and 60 m. Find V from Eq. 8.562 assuming turbulent flow. Trials: EL P fy fy vi %5 2 2; ro Move P?. 30 1012 3.75416 1,747 0817 40.630 Up 55 S17 1934496 1.281 0.974 0.044 Down Interpolation (Fig. 8.28); SS-BLP . 004. 5. p = 54,37, close enough! 55-50 0.044 + 0.630 Ry = DyMyv = 153 x 108, Ry ~ 218 x 105, both are turbulent, so Eq. 8.560 and results are valid, Va = Quy = 0.370.674) = 1.061 m/s; R, = D,V,Jv = 0.6(1.061)/(1.139 x 10°) = 558900 Eq. 8.52: fy = 001699; Bq, 8.19; fy = 1.457 m Bley. B = Elev. P ~ iy = 54.67 - 146=53.21m 4‘Sec. 8.29, Prob. 8.86 265 8.86 Repeat Prob. 8.85, except that the 0.3 mt'/s discharge through pipe 2 is now from (not into) reservoir B. Prob. 8.85: In Fig. 8.27, suppose that pipe 1 is 900-mm smooth concreie, 1500 m long; pipe 2 is 600- ‘mim cast iron, 900 m long; and pipe 3 is 500-men cast iron, 400 m long. The surface elevations of reservoirs A and C are 60 and 38 m, respectively, and the discharge through pipe 2 is 0.3 mts of water. The water temperature is 15°C, Using a basic sctentific calculazor only, find the surface elevation of reservoir B. A basic scientific calculator is here defined to be one that is not programmable and does not have ‘automatic equation solving capabilities. EL ang HL ‘Figure 8.27 st ‘This is a Case 2 problem. ‘Table A.1 for water at 15°C: y = 1.139 10 mi/s Pipe: 7 2 3 Given: 7, m 1500 900 400 Dem 0.90 0.60 0.50 m (able 8.1) 0.0003 0.00025 0.00025, Cale: LD. 1667 1500 800 4, oF 0.636 0.283, 0.1963 eD 0,000 333, 0.000417 0.0005 Find the elevation of P (Fig. 8.21) by trial and error. lev. P lies between 38 and 60 m. Find V from By. 8.562, assuming turbulent flow. ‘Trials: HP mV GOCE Move P? 35 317 194 496 1.731 0.974 40.556 ‘Up 58 2 20 1.214 5.38 0.772 1.057 40.015 Up (close) Extrapolation (Fig, 8.28): (EL P — 58)/(58 — 55) = 0.015/(0.556 ~ 0.015); EL P = 58.08, close enought R, = DiVyv = 9.59 x 108, R, = 2.36 x 10%, both are turbulent, so Bg. 8.55 and results are valid. Vy = QyAy = 0.3)(20.67/4) = 1.061 m/s; R, = DjVJv = 0.6(1.061)/(1.139 x 10°) = 558.900 Eq. 8.52: fy = 0.01693; Eq, 8.13: fy = 1.457 m Hlev. B= Blev. P~h, = SR08 +146 =505¢m 4266 Sec. 8.29, Prob. 8.87 8.87 si ‘Suppose, in Fig. 8.27, that pipes 1, 2, and 3 are 900 m of 600 men, 300 m of 450 mm, and 1200 m of 400 ‘mm, respectively, of new welded-steel pipe. The surface elevations of reservoirs A, B, and C are 36, 22 ‘and 0 m, respectively. The water temperature is 15°C. Using a basic scientific calculator only, find the Flow in ali pizes. A basic scientific calculator is here defined to be one that is not programmable and does not have automatic equation solving capabilites, ‘This is a Case 3 problem. Solve by T and E. Table A.t for water at 15°C: » = 1.139 x10 mis. Assume turbulent flow (for Eq. 8.56). Pipe: T z 3 TL, m (given) ‘900 300 1200 D m (given) 0.60 0.45 0.40 em (Table 8.1) 0.000046 0.000 046 0.000 046 Trial: Try P at Bl of reservoir surface B= 22m, hm 1% 0 2 /2—Dh, JE, mis 0.428 0 0.379 Q's (Ea. 8.560) 1.088 0 0.410 At J, DQ = in — out = 1.088 ~ 0.410 = 0.678 m/s. This must be zero, so P must be raised; then ‘water will flow into reservoir B. Mid way between El A and El B = (36 + 22y2 = 29m, Trial 2: Try P at El. 29m: ay 7 7 D 2, mis 0.759 0.632 0.473 At J, EQ = in — out = 0.759 - 0.632 — 0.473 = -0.346 ms. P is too high. By interpolation (Fig. 8.28): (29 — Bl. PY(29 ~ 22) = 0.346/(0.346 + 0.678); EI. P = 26.63 m ‘Trial 3: Try P at BI. 26.6 m: hm 94 46 266 2, mss 0.885, 0.509 0.453, At J, LQ = 0.885 - 0.500 - 0.453 = -0.077 mils. Error = 0.077/0.885 = 8.7% (50 try again. By extrapolation: (26.6 — El. PY(29 - 26.6) = 0.077(0.346 ~ 0.077); El. P = 25.91 m Jeon.Sec. 8.29, Prob. 8.87 267 ‘rial 4: ‘Try P at El. 25.9 m: i 11 39 259 V, mis (Eq, 8.562) 3.25 2.94 3.55 Q, mils = AV ~ xD*VIA 0.919 0.467 0.446 At J, EQ = 0.919 - 0.467 - 0.446 = +0.00557 m/s. Error = 0.0055710.919 = 0.61% , close enough! ‘Check Reynolds numbers: R- Diy 171 x10" 116 x 10" 125 x 10° All three flows are turbulent (as assumed), so use of Eq. 8.56 and results are valid Q, = 0.919 ms, QO, = 0.467 m/s, Q,= 0.446 mis <4268 Sec. 8.29, Prob. 8.88 ia sl Solve Prob. 8.87 without manual trial and error, by using an equation solver in computer software. Prob. 8.87: Suppose, in Fig. 8.27, that pipes 1, 2, and 3 are 900 m of 600 nan, 300 m of 450 mm, ‘and 1200 m of 400 rm, respectively, of new welded-steet pipe. The surface elevations of reservoirs A, B, ‘and C are 36, 22 and Om, respectively. The water temperature is 15°C. Find the flow in all pipes. Table A.1 for water at 15°C: » = 1.139 x 10° mi/seo Eater the following 11 known values, without units, into an equation solver in computer software: 8 = 9.81 Di = 0.00 000 046 y= 1139-10 D2 = 0.45 9.000 046, D3 = 0.40 8 = 0.000 046 Also enter guessed values for the following 15 unkowas: oi=2 vl m= 10 fl = 0.01 Q=2 w m=5 B= 0.01 3 =2 v3 =3 1 = 10 B= 0.01 Enter the following four governing equations for Pipe 1 Vg stog(_ #1 251}, py PEM gy ALLY? gy, Vie (IY A 3q-DI” Riv, v Di-2-8 4 Note that the first (Colebrook) equation assumes flow is turbulent. Enter four similar equations for Pipe 2, and four for Pipe 3, replacing the 1’s by 2's and 3's, Also enter the equations AL +/2— 14 hl +43=36 and Q1-@2 +3 ‘Thus there are 15 simultaneous equations, corresponding to the 15 unknowns. Instruct the solver to find Q1, Q2, Q3, V1, ¥2, V3, AL, W2, 43, RU, R2, R3, /1, 2, 3 Results are: 2 Vv i R f 0.917 324 10.05 1707800 0.01251 0.470 2.95 3.95 1167 400 0.01331 0.447 355 25.95 1248 400 0.01343 = All three R > 2000 (Eq, 8.2) confirms that the flows are turbulent, so the use of Colebrook Eq. 8.51 was ‘valid, and the results are validSec. 8.29, Prob. 8.89 269 839 Suppose, in Fg. 8.27, that pipes 1, 2, and 3 are 3000 ft of 24 in, 1000 ft of 18 in, and 4000 ft of 16 in, respectively, of new weldedsteel pipe. The surface elevations of reservalrs 4, B, and C are 120, 73 and 0 ‘fi, respectively. The water temperature is 60°F. Using a basic scientific calculator only, find the flow in all pipes. A basic scientific calculator is here defined to be one that is not progranmable and does not have automatic equation solving capabilites BG Water surface Bls.: A = 120 ft, B= 15 ft, C=0ft; T? = 60°F To find the 3 Q's this is Case 3. Solve by T and E. Table A.1 for water at 60°F: » = 1.217 x10 A%/sec. Assume turbulent flow (for Eq. 8.56). Pipe: 1 2 3 , fi (given) 3000 1000 72000 D fi (given) 2.0 15 16/12 e, fk (Table 8.1) 0.000 15 0.000 15, 0.00015 2D 0.000 075 0.0001 0.000 1195 Trial 1: Try P at El of reservoir surface B = 75 ft: hf & 0 5 uIL, fps 1.390 0 1.269 @. cfs (Eq. 8.56) 39.3 0 15.29 At J, DQ = in — owt = 39.3 — 15.29 = 24.1 of. This must be zero, so P musi be raised; then water will flow inta reservoir B. Mid way between El A and El B = (120 + 75)/2 = 97.5 ft. ‘rial 2: Try P at EI. 100 ft: ht 20 25 100 2, of 25.8 24.1 17.74 AtJ, DQ = in — out = 25.8 ~ 24.1 — 17.74 = 16.07 cfs. By interpolation (Fig. 8.28): (100 — El. P)/(100 ~ 75) = 16.07/(16.07 + 24.1); EL P = ‘Trial 3: Try P at El. 90.0 ft: h ft 30 15 90 0. cfs 31.89, 18.54 16.80 At J, DQ = in - out = = 31.89 - 18.54 - 16.80 = -3.45 of, Error = 3.45/31.89 — 10.8% (00 try again). Joost...270 Sec. 8.29, Prob. 8.89 By extrapotation: (90 ~ El. P)/(100 — 90) = 3.45/(16.07 ~ 3.45); EL. P = 87.3 ft. ‘Trial 4: Try P at Bl. 87.3 ft: Aft 327 123 73 V, fps (Eq. 8.560) 10.61 9.35 11.85 Q, cis = AV = xD°*Vi4 33.348 16.523 16.540 At J, DQ = in ~ out = 33.348 - 16.523 - 16540 = 0.285 cfs Error = 0.285/33.348 = 0.85%, close enough! Check Reynolds numbers: R= Div 1.744 x 108 1.152 x 108 1.298 x 10° AIL 3 flows aze turb., s0 using Eq. 8.56 and results are valid. Q, = 33.3 cf3, Q, = Q, = 16.5 cfs 4fm” Sec. 8.29, Prob. 8.90 271 Solve Prob. 8.89 without manual irlat and error, by using an equation solver in computer software. Prob. 8.89: Suppose, in Fig. 8.27, that pipes 1, 2, and 3 are 3000 ft of 24 in, 1000 ft of 18 in, and 4000 fr of 16 in, respectively, of new welded-steet pipe. The surface elevations of reservoirs A, B, and C ‘are 120, 75 and 0 ft, respectively. The water temperature is 60°F. Find the flow in alt pipes. EL ang HL Table A.1 for water at 60°F: » = 121710 ft/sec Enter the following 12 known values, without units, into an equation solver in computer software: pom2 biz. t= 300 1 - coc015 y= 121710 D2 = 18/12 L2 = 1000 2 - 0.00015 Din iwis 3 = 4000 3 ~ cocos Also enter guessed values for the following 15 unkowns: i= m=10 om =30 RL 80 = 001 Ga 0 mais 2-800 © P= OO! Ga weio ta=30 RB 80m P= OL Enter the following four governing equations for Pipe 1: 1 a 251 Din flr LL - (vy? Vix (D1? 24 * Rts me + ate Wi Sot” Rf, v Dia, 2 4 Note that the first (Colebrook) equation assumes flow is turbulent. Enter four similar equations for Pipe 2, and four for Pipe 3, replacing the 1's with 2's and 3's. Also enter the equations Al +2 =45 hl +h3=120 md QI =Q2+03 ‘Thus there are 15 simultaneous equations, corresponding to the 15 unknowns. Instruct the solver to find Q1, 02, 23, Vi, V2, V3, Al, £2, 13, RI, R2, R3, fl, 2,8 Results are: 2 v A R F Pipe 1: 33.31 10.60 32.63 1,742,600 0.01246 Pipe 2: 16.77 9.49 12.37 1,169,400 0.01327 Pipe 3 16.55 11.85 87.37 1,298,300 0.013 35, 7 All three R > 2000 (Eq. 8.2) confirms that the flows are turbulent, so the use of Colebrook Eq. 8.51 was valid, and the results are valid.272 Sec. 8.29, Prob. 8.91 ie ‘Suppose that, in Fig. 8.27, pipe 1 is 1500,ft of 12-in new cast-iron pipe, pipe 2 is 800 ft of 6-in wrought- iron pipe, and pipe 3 is 1200 ft of &in wrought-iron pipe. The water surface elevation of reservoir B is 20 Zi less that of A, while the junction J is 35 ft lower than the surface of A. In place of reservoir C, pipe 3 leads away to some other destination bus tis elevation at C is 60 ft below A. (a) Find the flow of 60°F water in each pipe. (b) Find the pressure head at C, when the pressure head ai J is 25 ft. Neglect velocity heads. BG (0) Table A.1 for water at 60°F: » = v = 1.217 x 10% f2/sec, Assume turbulent flow (for Eqs. 8.56). Pipe: L 2 3 Given: Tf 1300 00 7200 Dit 1 os 8/12 eft 0,000 85 0.000 15 0.000 15 ales Tia f 3525 =10 20h, — 10 iJL, fps 0.655 0.634 vl fps (Eq. 8.560) 4.6 4.76 Q, cfs Eq. 8.56) 366 < oo Q, = Q, - Q, = 3.66 - 0.934 = 2.73 cfs 4 V, = OA, = 2.73/I(n/4)(B/12)1 = 7.82 fps R, = Dv = 383,100, R, = 195,500, R, = 428,100 All the flows are turbulent (R > 2000), so the equ ns used and answers obtained are valid. (®) Hasland Eq, 8.52: fy = 0.01572; Eq. 8.13: hy = 26.81 Hy, ~ He = hy. Neglecting velocity heads: Gly + 2), - Wly + De = hy So @5 - 35) - @cl - 90) = 268; poly = 232 4Sec. 8.30, Prob. 8.92 273 Sec. 8.30: Pipes in Series — Problems 8.92—8.101 8.92 A pipeline 900 ft long discharges freely at a point 200 ft lower than the water surface at intake (Fig. P8.92). The Dipe intake projects into the reservoir. The first €00 fis of [Link]-diameter, and the remaining 300 ftis of 6-in diameter. (a) Find the rate of discharge, assuming f = 0.06. If the Junction point C of the two sizes of pipe is 150 ft below the intake water surface level, find the pressure head (b) just upstream of C and (c) just downstream of C. Assume a sudden contraction at C. (@) Sudden contraction at C, DJD, = 06; Table 8.2: k, = 0.28 Contraction oss = 0.28V4/2g. Fig. 8.13: k, = 0.8 for reentram entrance. Ay = [08 + 0.06600) 12/1 OIVZ 2g + (0.28 + 0.06(300/0.50)1VZ2¢ = 44.0V2/2¢ + 36.3V3 Re. Continuity: 7, = (10/7, = 0.36¥;. -. h, = 4.0036V;%2g + 36:39Z0¢ = «2.07328 Energy: 200 - h, = V3Rg. 2. 200 = (42.0 + IWR. V3Rg = 4.65 it V,, = YIGTIARS = 17.31 tps; Q = AY, = (w/4KOS1731 = 3.40 cf 4 (b) Energy from water surface to point 1 just upstream of contraction C: © + 150 + 0) - 44.0036V,%2¢ = Pyy +0 + @.36V,)'Rg]; pfy = 186 << (©) Energy from point 2 just downstream of contraction C to jet: yy + 50 + V3/2g) - 0.06(300/0.5)Vz2g = (0 +0 + V3Ng); py = 11751 ft Check head loss across contraction C: (a) hy, = [122.86 + z + (0.36¥,)2g) - [11751 + z + V3/2g} = 1.303 ft () Ay = 0:28V372g ~ 0.28(6.65) ~ 1.303 £. Agrees!274 sec. 8.30, Prob. 8.94 8.93 A pipeline 300 m long discharges freety at a point 50m lower than the water surface at intake (Fig. P8.92). The Pipe intake projects into the reservoir. The first 200 m is of 350 mm diameter, and the remaining 100 m is of 250 mm diameter. (a) Find the rate of discharge, assuming f = 0.06. Ifthe junction point C of the two sizes of pipe is 40 m below the intake water surface level, find the pressure head (®) just upstream of C and (c) just downstream of C. Assume Figure P8.92 a sudden contraction at C. SI (@ Sudden contraction at C, DD, = 25/35 = 0.714. Interpolating in Table 8.2: k, = 0.21 Contraction loss = 021V32g. Fig. 8.13: hy = [0.8 + 0.06(600)(200/0.35)|V372¢ + [0.21 + 0.06(100/025)]V3N¢ = 25.1V}2¢ + 242V2 Ne. Contimity: V, = Q5/35)V, = 0S10¥,. *. h, = 35.1(0510¥V,)*2g + 242V;2g = 33.3V32g Energy: 50 -h, = V3Pg, ". 0 = 33.3 + 1)V3Pg, Ving = 1.456 m Vy = YROBIVIAS = 5.34 mis; Q = AsV, = (7/4(0255.34 = 0.262 m/s (®) Eneegy from water surface to point I just upstream of contraction C: (0 + 150 + 0) - 35.10.510¥,)'2¢ = [p/y +0 + OS10V, 26]; pir = 2632m << (©) Energy from point 2 just downstream of contraction C to jet: Waly + 10 + VjPPs) ~ 0.06(100/0.25)¥;2g = (0+ 0+ VPs); ply = 249m ‘Gheck head loss across contraction C: (@) hy, = [26.32 + z + (O510V,)*/2g] - [24.94 + z + ¥z/2g] = 0.306 m © hy = 02103 2g = 0.211.456) = 0.306 m. Agrees! = 0.8 for reentrant entrance. 8.98 Repeat Prob. 8.92 neglecting minor losses. Prob. 8.92: pipeline 900 fi long discharges freely at a point 200 jt lower than the water surface at intake (Fig. 'P8.92). The pipe intake projects into the reservoir. The first 600 fis of 10-in-diameter, and the remaining 300 jt is of 6. in diameter. (a) Find the rate of discharge, assuming f = 0.06. If the junction point C of the two sizes of pipe is 150 ft below the intake water surface level, find the pressure head ®) just upstream of C and (c) just downstream of C. Assume a sudden contraction at C. @ h,, = 0.05(600K 12/10); 72g + 0.06(300/0.5)Vz12g = 432ViNg + 36132g Contisuly: ¥, = (OPH, = 036¥,, +. h, = 4320.36V,'ng + 36V}Rx = 41.6V;— Energy: 200 - h, = Vig, <. 200 = (41.6 + DVZNg, Vig = 4.69 ft Va = V2GZ2A@ = 17.39 fps; Q = Agh, = (1/4(0.571739 = 3.41 cfs < (6) Energy from water surface to point 1 just upstream of contraction C: (0 + 150 + 0) ~ 4320367)'R¢ = Diy +0 + (036V,'RE1; py = RIN (OQ Energy from point 2 just downstream of contraction C to jet: By + 50 + Rg) - 0.06B0YOS)Y; = (0+ 0+ V2); Py = 19.020 +8.95 st Sec. 8.30, Prob. 8.95 275 Repeat Prob, 8.93 neglecting minor losses. Prob. 8.93: A pipeline 300 m tong discharges freely at 4 point 50 m lower than the water surface at intake (Fig. 8.92). The pipe intake projects into the reservoir. The first 200 mis of 350 mn diameter, and the remaining 100 mis of 250 mm diameter. (a) Find the rate of discharge, assuming f= 0.06, If the junction point C of the two sizes of pipe is “40 m below the intake water surface level, find the pressure ‘head (0) just upstream of C and (c) just downstream of C. Assume a sudden contraction at C. (@) hr, = 0.06@00/0.35)V372g + 0.06(100/025)V32g = 34:3Vig + 24V3I2g Continuity: ¥, = @25857V, = 0510V,. +. h, = 343(0.510¥,)/2¢ + 24V;2g = 32.9¥;R2g¢ Energy: 50 - hy = Vig, <. 50 = 02.9 + 1)V}2g, Vlg = 1474 m ¥, = V2@BIVLATS = 5.38 mis; Q = AV, = (/4)(0.29)5.38 = 0264 mis < © Exergy ftom water surface to point 1 just upstream of contraction C: © + 40 + 0) - 34.30.510¥,)122 = InJy + 0 + O.S10¥,F2s]; Py! (©) Energy trom point 2 just downstream of contraction C to jet: @Jy +10 + V3 pe) - 0.06(100/0.29V2Ng = (0 +0+ Vig): pJy=2537m « 2646m 4276 sec. 8.30, Prov. 8.96 ia ‘Suppose that in Fig. 8.29 pipes 1, 2, and 3 are 750 fi of 4-in, 250 ft of 2-in, and 300 ft of 3-in asphalt-dipped cast-iron pipe. With a total head loss of 25 ft between A and B, find the flow of 60°F water. Table 8.1: € = 0.0004 f. ‘Trial 1: Initially assume *f = fa, (fully rough value) from Eq. 8.54 or Fig. 8.11, Figure 8.29 Pips Ln D,in—*D eD ‘Tyf Did «Did 1 750 4 2250 0.0012 0.0205 1.00 1.00 2 2502 1500 0.0024 0.0246 2.00 16.00 3 3003 1200 0.0016 0.0221_——«1.333, 3.16 All L/D ase > 1000, so we can neglect minor losses, Bg. 8.89: 25 = [0.0205(2250) + 0.0246(1500)16 + 0.0221(1200)3.16]V7/2¢ Vjf2g = 25/720 = 0.0347 ft; V, = 1.495 fps. Dilv, - A(LA9S) ~ 5:98; 2. fy = 0.0249 (Fig. 8.11) DyV, = 21.495) = 11.96; ~. fy = 0.0263 DAV, ~ 3LA95)1.33% = 197; + fy = 0.0251 ‘Trial 2: Repeating Eq. 8.89 with improved f values: 25 = 782Vi/2g, V, = 1.434 fps Dilv, = 1434) = 5745 2 fy = 0.0251 DV, 201434) = 11.48; 2. fy = 0.0263 Djl¥, = 41.434)1.333 = 7.65; o fy = 0.0252 ‘Trial 3: Repeating Eq. 8.89: 25 = 783¥{/2g, V, = 1.434 fps (no change, converged) Q = AV, = (miay(a/i2y'1.434 = 0.1251 cfs Note: f values may instead be obtained from Hzaland Eq. 8.52, using » 2.17 x 106 fiisec. Alternative solution, by equation solver in computer software: Establish the four standard equations for each pipe (see Sample Prob. 8.14b) plus Eq. 8.87, for a total of 13 governing equations. Assign known and guessed values to the variables (see, e.g., the solution to Prob. 8.81). Solve for the following 13 unknowns: Three values each of ¥, h, R, and f, and one value of Q.HB” SI Sec. 8.30, Prob. 8.97 277 ‘Suppose that in Fig. 8.29 pipes 1, 2, ard 3 ‘are 150 m of 80-mm, 60 m of 50-mm, and 120 m of 60 mm wrought-iron pipe. With a total head loss of 6 m between A and B, find the flow of 15°C water. Table 8.1: ¢ = 0.000046 m Table A.1 at 15°C: » = 1.13910 m/s. re 829 Tiial 1: assume f = fog (lly ough value) *™ from Eq. 8.54. hp Lm Dm LD 2D “iy DD Dy 1 150008 i875 a0 575 —Gor728 00 1.00 2 60 0.05 1200 0.000920 0.019 24 1.60 6.55 320006 2000 n0om767 0184s «138336 All L/D are > 1000, so we can neglect minor losses. Eq. 8.89: 6 = [0.01724(1875) + 0.01924(1200}6.55 + 0.01843(2000)3.16]V7/2g = 300%;/2¢ Vide = 6300 = 0.0200 m; ¥, = 0.626 mis 0.02297 (trom Eq. 8.41) D,V(DJD,F1v = DiV{D,v) = RD JD, R, = RDyD,) = 38651; «. f, = 0.92254 Trial2 (Eq. 889): 6 = 362V32¢: V, = 0.570 m/s (0.8% change) ‘Trial 3 (Eq. 8.89): 6 = 367V}/2g; V, = 0.566 m/s (0.63% change, close enough) Q = AW, = (7/4)(0.082)0.566 = 0.00285 mils = 285s Altemative solution, by equation solver in computer software: Edablish the four standard equations for each pipe (eee Sample Prob. 8.148) plus Eq. 8.87, for a total of 13 governing equations. Assign known and guessed values to the variables (see, €.g., the solution to Prob. 8.81). Solve for the following 13 unknowns: Three values each of V, 4, R, and/, and one value of Q. 10381:278 sec. 8.30, Prob. 8.98 fm ‘Two pipes connected in series are respectively 150 ft of 2-in (€ = 0.000 006 ft) and 450 ft of 8-in (¢ = 0.0009 ft) (Fig. 8.38). With a toral head loss of 30 ft, find the flow of 60°F water, using a basic scientific calculator ony. Neglect minor losses. ‘Start with min (fully turbulent) trial values of f (Eq. 8.54): Figure P8.98 Pipe Din Re S«CL@D—~Ce@D =~ YD Tams 1 2 150 0000006 9900000036 4-256 0.00995 2 8 450 0.0007 G75_—013S— 1 ooait Trial 1: Bq. 8.89: 30 ~ (¥3/2s)[0.009 95(900)256 + 0.0211(675)] = 2310V32¢; V3 = 0.915 fps Di'V, = 20.915? = 29.3; Fig. 8.11: f, = 0.0165 (40% change). DAV, = 8(0915) = 7.32; fy = 0.025 (15% change) Trial 2: 30 = (V;/2g)10.0165(900)256 + 0.025(675]; V_ = 0.711 fps Div, = 228; f, = 0.017 G% cnange) D,V, = 5.69; fy = 0.026 (2% change) Both of me D“V (and so R) values are in the turbulent range. Trial 3: V, = 0.701 fps. (1.4% change, close enough) Q = AWW, = (H/4(W12F0.701 = 0.245 cfs8.99 BG Sec. 8.30, Prob. 8.99 279 Repeat Prob. 8.96 for the case where the ‘fluid is an oil with $ = 0.92, 4 = 0.000 96 Brsecit. Prob. 8.96: Suppose that in Fig. 8.29 Pipes 1, 2, and 3 are 750 ft of 4n, 250 ft of 2-in, and 300 fof 3-in asphalt-dipped cast- iron pipe. With a total head loss of 25 ft between A ard B, fired the flow rate. 0.00096 G92 «1.940 Table 8.1: ¢ = 0.0004 ft, Inially assume f = Jig (fully rough value) from Eq. 8.54. Figure 8.29 yet = 5.38 «104 fis ° Pip +R iD —«LD D__Tyf_-~DiD_ ~~ Dy 7 750 4 2250 0.0012 0.02054 1.00 7.00 2 20002 1500 0.0024 0.02460 2.00 16.00 3 30 3 1200 0.0016 0.02209 1.333 3.16 [AIL L/D axe > 1000, s0 we can neglect minor losses. Eq. 8.89: 25 = (0.02054(2250) + 0.0246(1500)16 + 0.022 09(1200)3.16]¥}/2g Vig ~ 257720 - 00347 ft; V, = 1.495 fps R, = DVJv = 927 R, = D,Vyv = D,¥(DJD,)'Iv ~ DIV,(Dzv) = RYDYD,) ~ 1853 R, = RDD,) = 1236 ‘These estimates suggest that all Uiree flows may be laminar, in which ease atrial solution is unnecessary. Use laminar flow Eq. 8.28: hy = G2v/g\{(L,V/D}) + (L,¥a/D2) + LVJD3)1 he, 25 = (32/32.2)5.38 x 10-Y(L,VJD}) + CY yD} (DD)? + (L,Y /D3KDYD) Substituting for the L's and D's we find: 25 = 27.4V,; V; = 0.912 fps 2 = AY, = (araKa/12F0912 = 00796 cts + ‘Check: R, = 565, R, = 1131, Ry = 754 (all laminar, so OK).280 Sec. 8.30, Prob. 8.100 8.100 ‘fluid is an oil withs = 0.94, p = 0.04 sin. Prob. 8.97: Suppose that in Fig. 8.29 Pipes 1, 2, aud 3 are 150 m of 80-mm, 60m of 50-mm, and 120 m of 60 mm wrought-iron Pipe. With a toral head loss of 6 m berween A and B, find the flow rate. 004 = 426 « 10° mils. Initially assume f = faia (fully rough value) from Eq. 8.54, Pip Lm Dim LD eD Tyf____DyD____ Ody 1 150 0.08 1875 0.000575 0.01724 1.00 1.00 2 60 = 0.051200 :0.000920 0.01924 1.60 6.55 3 120 0.06 2000 0.000767 0.01843_——_1.333, 3.16 All L/D are > 1000, s0 we can neglect minor losses. Eq. 8.89: 6 = [0.017 24(1875) + 0.019 24(1200)6.55 + 0.018 43(200)3.161V;/2¢ ¥il2g = 6/300 = 0.0200 m; ¥, = 0.626 m/s R, = D,VJv = 1176 R, = Dyhiv = D,V(DJDY Iv = Di¥,{(D,%) = Ry(DJD,) = 1882 R, = R\(DJD,) = 1568 “These estimates suggest that all three flows may be laminar, in which case a wial solution is unnecessary. Use laminar flow Eq. 8.28: hy = G2vig,V,D)) + (L,¥JD2) + (VD) Le, 6 = BY9.8194.26 x LOL, VYD;) + (yVJD;DJD,F + (L,¥fD3\D IDF") ‘Substituting for the L’s and D's we find: 6 = 20.0V,; V, = 0.300 m/s @ = A.V, = (714)(0.08)0.300 = 0.001506 mis = 1.506 Lis < Check: R, = 563, R; = 900, Ry = 750. (all laminar, s0 OK).= BG Sec. 8.30, Prob. 8.101 281 Three new cast-iron pipes, having diameters of 24, 21, and 18 in, respectively, each 490 ft tong, are ‘connected in series. The 24-in pipe leads from a reservoir (flush enurance), ond the 18-In pipe discharges into the air at a point 15 ft lower than the reservoir water surface level, Assuming all changes in section 10 be abrupt, find the rate of discharge of water at 60°F. Table 8.1: for new cast ion: ¢ = 0.00085 fi. Pipe D Gx) LD Dd Trial f DID yoy T 7m 25 0.000425 0.016 7.00 7.00 2 21 257 = 0.90048 O07 1.143 1.706 3 18 300 © 0.000367 0.018 1.333 3.16 Tout 7a EUJD) = 782 < 1000, so include miner losses. Flush entrance, Fig. 8.13: k, ‘Sudden contractions, Table 8.2: k, = 0.0825 for DyD, = 0.875; k; = 0.0986 for Dy/Dy = 0.857 Discharge: k, = 1.0 or h, = ViP2g Energy: @ + 15 + 0) = @ +0 + Vit) + Diz, ic. 15 = [0.5 + 0.016225) + (0.0825 + 0.017x257)1.705 + (0.0986 + 0.018 x300)3.16 + 1G.101V;/28 Vilog = 1932.2 = 0.465 ti; ¥, = \IGEZOAS = 5.47 ts DIV, = 24547) = 1314; fy = 0.0167 (from Fig. 8.11) DIY, = 218471.143" = 1501; % f= 0.01 DIV, = 18S 471.13F = 175.2; 2. f= 0.0175 15 = [05 + 0.016725) + (0.0825 + 0.0171 x 257)1.705 + (0.0986 + 0.0175 x300)3.16 + 13.16) ¥;/2g Vifg = 15/32.0 = 0.469; V, = Y2GT2\O465 = 5.50 fps (little change) Q= AY, = (H/A)Q7)5.50 = 1727 cfs < 05282 Sec. 8.31, Prob. 8.102 Sec, 8.31: Pipes in Parallel ~ Problems 8,102-8.107 8.102 Suppose that in Fig. 8.30 pipes 1, 2, and 3 are of smooth brass as follows: 500 fi of 2-in, 350 ft of 3-in: cand 750 ft of 4-in respectively. When the total flow of 70°F crude oil ($ = 0.855) is 0.7 cfs, find the head loss from A to B and the flow in each pipe. Noie: This problem can be solved without trial and error, using a basic scientific calculator only. A basic scientific calculator is here defined to be one that is not programmable and does not have automatic equation solving capabilites. Figure 8.30 Fig. A.2 for crude oil (s = 0.855) at 70°F: » = 7.6x 10°? ft/sec ‘Assume the three Reynolds numbers are in the ringe (3000 < R.< 104) where Hq. 8.53 (from Blasus) for tmooth pipe may be used. a3 a ue Eq. 8.53: hy = senna = (cons where const = 2:1580v" a a Hence Eq. 8.91: (hp, = (ip, pi ‘Substituting for the L’s and D's: 210¥]" = 88.67; = 132.6V;"; so V, = 1.638V,, V, = 1.301¥, Bq, 8.90: Q = 0.10 = Q.0218¥, + 0.0491(1.638,) + 0.0873(1.3017;) = 0.2167; Vj = 3.24 fps. R, = 7114, Ry = 17,478, Ry = 18,516, all in the required range, so the assumed Eq. 8.53 is valid. Q, = 0.0218)3.24 = 0.0707 cfs < Q, = (0.0491)1.638Y, = 0.261 cfs < Q; = (0.0873)1.301¥, = 0.368 cfs 4 Check: LQ = 0.700 ofs, right ont yi fy = hy = LESBO 008.20" seep ge apr ‘Answers may vary somewhat due to values read from Fig. .2.8.103 BG Sec. 8.31, Prob. 8.103 283 Repeat Prob. 8.102 for the case where the total flow rate is 0.07 cfs. Does the *Noie” still apply? Prob. & 102: Suppose that in Fig. 8.30 pipes 1, 2, and 3 are of smooth brass as follows: 500 ft of 2- in, 350 ft of 3-in: and 750 ft of 4-in respectively. When 70°F crude oil (s = 0.855) is flowing, find the ‘tead 103s from A to B and the flow in each pipe. Note: This problem can be solved without trial ond error, using a baste sclentiic calculator only. A basic scienific calculaior ts here defined 10 be one that is not programmable and does not have ‘automatic equation solving capabilities. Fig. A.2 for crade oil (¢ = 0.855) at 10°F: » = 7.6 x 10% fi%/sec H = LOLA = 0.07/0.0218 + 0.0491 + 0.0873) = 0.442 fps With this 7 in the largest pipe, Rug, ~ (4/12) Fi = 1940 ‘Thus all three flows may be laminar, so use laminar Eq. 8.28 with Eq. 8.91. From Eq. 8.28; gh/(2v) = LV/Dj - Ly¥,fD} ~ L,VyD} — const (thus climinating f ) 500V,/2? = 350V,/3? = 750VJ4; V, = 3.21V,, V, = 267V, Eq. 8.90: 0.07 = O.0218¥, + 0.04910.21¥,) + 0.08732.67¥,); ¥, = 0.1698 fps; R, = 372, Ry, = 1795, Ry = 1986. All the flows are laminar, so the equations used are valid. Since we can eliminate f from laminar flow, we caa solve without T & , so the "Note" does apply Q, = AY, = 0.00370 cfs 0, Blasius Eq. 8.48 may not be used, and from the R values the flows are not laminar, So the "Note* does not apply. For 2nd trial: From Eq. 8.52: f, = 003657, f, = 0.03018, f, = 0.02905 Eq, 8.91: 0.036 570300072 = 0.030 18(1400)¥2 = 0.02905@2250)¥2; 80 Yq = 1.611%), Vy = 1.296; Eq. 8.90: 07 = O218¥, + O0491(L.611Y,) + 0.0873(1.2967) = 0.214¥, V, = 3.27 fps (10.0% change); Ry = 7174, Ry = 17,341, Ry = 18,589 For 3nd ital: From Eq. 8.52: f, = 0.03733, f, = 0.03018, f, = 002895 Eq. 8.91: 0.03733(3000)V,2 = 0030 18(1400)¥,? = 0.028 95(2250)¥;2 ; so ¥; = 1.628%, % = 1311K Eq. 8.90: 0.7 = 0.0218V, + 0.0491(1.628V) + 00873(1.3111,) = 0.2160, V, = 3.24 fps (1.02% change, close enough!). Q, = A.V; = 0.0218(3.24) = 00707 cfs Q, = 0.0191(1.628 3.24) = 0259 cfs 4 Q, = OORT3(LSI1 x 3.24) = 0.371 of Fg. 8.13: A, = hy = hy = 0.037 33G3000)8.24)}2g = 1824 ‘Answers may vary somewhat duc to values read from Fig. A.2.8.105 SI Sec. 6.31, Prop. 8.106 285 Suppoce that, in Fig. 8.30, pipes 1, 2, and 3 are of smooth plastic bing as follows: 90 m of 20 mm, 150 1m of 40 ram and 80 m of 60 mm, respectively. When the total flow of 50°C crude oil (s = 0.855) is 7 Lis, {find the head loss from A to B and the flow in eack pipe. Note: This problem can be solved without trial and error, using a basic scientific calculator only. A basic scientific calculator is here defined to be one that is not programmable and does not have ‘automatic equation solving capabilites. Figure 8.30 Fig. A.2 for crude oil (s = 0.855) at 50°C: » = 38x10 m/s ‘Assume Blasius’ Bq. 8.48 applies for smooth plastic pipe and then check if 3000 < R < 10%, Based on Eq. 8.48, Eq. 8.53: fh = O.1580V*LV'™(@D!)_ie., h, « LY“/D', So in Eq, 8.91: 90V!%2!% = 1503 7%! = gov; 74612 SAV = 263K © 8527; wo Vy = OBI6H, V, = L915¥, Eq. 8.90: Q = 0.007 = (7/4 [002 OSI6V,) + 004¥, + 0.06U.9134Q1: Vs = Check: R, = [Link].S x 10° = 10644; R, = 4343; R, = 30547 ‘These R ae all in the required range, so essumed Eq. 8.48 does apply. ‘Thus V, = 0.825 m/s, V_ = 1.011 mls, Vy = 1.935 mis Q,=0259Ls 4 Q,=1271Us 4 Q,=547Ls 4 By hay = Ay = 0.3168 x 10°P25150(1.011)17510.04)'25209.81)) = 6.08 m¢ Answers may vary somewhat due to values read from Fig. A.2. O11 ms286 Sec. 8.31, Prob. 8.106 8.106 SI Repeat Prob. 8.105 for the case where the toral flow rate is 0.35 Lis. Does the “Note” still apply? Prob. 8.105: In Fig. 8.30 pipes 1,2, and 3 are of smooth plastic tubing as follows: 90 m of 20-mn, 150 m of 40-men, and 80 m of 60-mn, respeaively. When crude oll (5 = 0.855) at 50°C is flowing, find the head loss from A 10 B and the flow in each pipe. Note: This problem can be solved without trial and ‘entific calculator only: calculator is here defined to be one that is not programmable and does not have ‘automatic equation solving capabilites Fig. A. for cnde il (s = 0.855) at 50°C: * mis ¥ = QA = (0.00035 mIsy/1(1/4X0.02* + 0.047 + 0.06%) m*] = 0.0796 m/s (low) ‘With this 7 in the Largest pipe, Rua, = 0.06(0.0796)/(3.86 x 10) = 1256 So assume all the flows are laminar, ust Eq. 8.28, and then check R values. By. 8.28: hy = 32v(l/gD9V; hy, « LD? From Eq. 8.91: 90V/2 = 150V,/4? = 80V,/6; V, = 0.417V,, V, = 422V, Eq. 8.90: Q = 0.00035 = EAN) = (w/4[0.020.417V,) + 0.04¥, + 0.06%(4.221,)) = (x/4)0.01695/, ¥, = 00263 mis, V, = 001095 m/s, V, = 0.1109 m/s Bq. 8.1: R= Dv: Ry = $7.7, R= 277, Ry = 1751 All 3 flows are laminar, so (a) Eq. 8.28 and the results are valid, and (®) we can eliminate f and solve without T&E, so the "Note" does still apply 4 GIADIV, = Q, = 0.00344 Lis 0, Blasius Eq. 8.48 may not be used, and from the R values the flows are not laminar. So the "Note" does not apply. For 2nd tril: Eq. 8.52: f, = 0.04443, f, = 0.03491, f, = 0.02886 Bg, 8.91: 0.04443(4500)77 = 0.034 913750)¥3 = 0.028 86(1333)¥7; 50 ¥, = 1236Y,, ¥y = 228%, Eq. 8.90: 0.007 = (n/4){0.027¥, + 0.0(1.236¥,) + 0.05%2.28V,)] = 0.008 317, V, = 0.842 m/s (21% change); R, = 4432, R, = 10955, R, = 30310 For 3rd tril: Bq. 8.52: f, = 0.04608, f, = 003530, f, = 0.02877 Eq. 8.91: 0,04608(4500)¥7 = 0.035 30(3750)¥; = 0.02877(1333)V3; so V, = 1252¥,, V, = 2.33%, Eq. 8.90: 0.007 = (7/4){0.022V, + 0.042(.252¥,) + 0.05%@.33¥,) = 0.008 460, V, = 0.827 m/s (1.8% change, close enough) = AIM, = (714)0.02%(0.827) = 0.000260 m's = 0.260L's Q = (3/40.087(1.252 x 0.827) = 0001301 mvs = 1.301Lis « Q, = (a/4}0.0672.33 x 0.827) - 0.00544 m/s = 5.44 Ls < Eq. 8.13: hy = hy, = hg = 0.046 08(4500)(0.827)/2g =7.23m 4 Answers may vary somewhat due to values read from Fig. A.2.288 Sec. 8.32, Prob. 8.109 ‘Sec, 8.32: Pipe Networks ~ Problems 8.108-8.120 ie im” BG Referring to Fig. P8.108, A is at elevation 30 ft, and the pipe characteristics are as follows: pipe B is 5000 ft long. of 3 ft diameter, with f = 0.035: pipe E is 4500 ft long. of 2 ft diameter, with { = 0.035; and pipe C is 5000 fr long, of 3 St diameter, with f = 0.025. When the pump develops 30 ft of head, the velocity of flow in pipe Cis 5 fos. Neglecting tminor losses, find (a) the flow rates in cubic feet per second in pipes B and E under these conditions, and () the elevation of the discharge end of pipe E. (@) Energy Drop actoss A, Eq. 8.13: (h,), = 0.035(50003)Vi2g = 58.3Vi2¢ Given Vo = 5 fps, energy drop across C = (Je ~ fy = 0025(5000/3)572g - 30 = 13.83 1 ‘Hence energy is greater at right end of pipe C and flow will be to the left in pipe A. 58.3(V4/2g) = 13.83; V, = 3.91 fps; Q, = (1374/3991 = 27.6 cfs tolen Qc = (wB/4)S = 35.3 cfs to right: Q,-Q,=Q,=773 ch 4 (0) Vy = QglAy = 7.73/(92714) = 2.46 fps; ¥p/2g = 0.0940 ft = ALID)V4Ng = 0.035(4500)2)0.0940 = 7.40 fe Energy, water surface t0 jet J: Hy + hy ~ hy, = Hy (© +30 +0) + 13.83 - 740 = @ + z, + 00940); z= 3638 Repeat Prob. 8.108 for the case where the velocity in pipe C is 6 fps with all other data remaining the same. Prob. 8.108: Referring to Fig. P8.108, A is at elevation 30 ft, and the pipe characteristics are as follows: pipe B is 5000 ft long. of 3 fi diameter. with f = 0.035: pipe Eis +4500 jt long, of 2ft diameter, with f = 0. is $000 ft long, of 3 ft diameter, with f = 0.025. The pump develops 30 fi of head. Neglecting minor losses, find (a) the flow rates in cubic feet per second in pipes B ard E under these conditions, and (b) the elevation of the discharge end of pipe E. (@) By. 8.13: (h,), = S83ViNe; (AB) = Vile - Ay = [Link]/Rg - 30 = 671K nergy is greater at right end of pipe C thas flow will be tothe left in pipe A 58.3(Vj2g) = 6.71; V, = 2.72 fps, O, = 19.24cfstothelet Ve = 6.0 fps (given), Oc = 42.4 cfs to the right Op = Qc- OQ, = 42d - 19.24 = Ich ©) Vy = Opi = 23:2((r2'/4) = 7.38 fps; V9Rg = 0.845 1 Jug = SUID *Rg = 0.038(450072)0.845 = 66.5 ft Energy, water surface to jet J: Hy + hy ~ hy = H, @ +30 +0) 671 - 665 = + 2, +0849; = -207RFER 9 Refer to Mg, 76.108. Assume the water suface in the reservoir is instead at elevation 200 m. Pipes B, C, and E are all 600 m long, and they all have a diameter of 500 mm with f = 0.030. When the pump develops 15 m of head, the velocity in pipe Cis 5.0 mis. Neglecting minor losses, find (a) the flow rate in all pipes and (6) the elevation of the discharge end of pipe B. igure P8.106 (@ 4 Energy head across pipe C = h, ~ hz, = 15 ~ 0.030(600/0.50)5%/@ x 981) = -309 m Thus flow in pipe A is to the right. Iiyg = 30.9 m = 0.030(600/0.50)¥5/(2 x 9.81); Q, = 20.29(4.10) = 0805 m/s 4 Qe = n029%5) = 0982 ms 4 Op =O, +O. = 1787 mis < QT Ay 0.5/4 Energy, water surface to jet J: Hy - hy, - yy +7, +429; y= 290m «+ V4 = 4.10 m/s O Vy =42 my (© + 200 + 0) - 309 - 1521 In Fig. P8.111, pipe AB is 1200 ft long, of 8 in diameter, with J = 0.035; pipe BC (upper) is 800 ft long, of 6 in diamézter, with f= 0.025; pipe BC (lower) is 900 ft long, of 4 in diameter, with f = 0.045; and pipe CD is 500 ft long, of 6 in diameter, with f — 0.025, The elevations are reservoir water surface = 150 f, A= 120 ft, B= 70 fz, C = 60 ft, and D = 30. There is free discharge to the ‘armoiphere at D. Neglecting velocity heads, (a) compute the (flow in each pipe and (b) determine the pressures at Band c. (@) Bo C, By. 8.91: 0.025(1600)Vi/2g = 0.045(2700)¥72g; V, = 1.743¥, Continuity: Q = 0.3497, = 0.1963(1.743¥;) + 0.0873¥, ~ 0.1963", from which V, = 1.230¥,, V, = 2.19¥,. All L/D > 1000, therefore neglect minor losses. Energy Eq. (neglecting velocity heads) from water surface to D: © + 150) = © +30) + hy + Ay + yy. e+ hy = 150 - 30 = f, 120 = 0.035(1800)(1.230V,)"/2g + 0.045(2700)V;/2g + 0.025(1100)(2.197, F/2g = 348V,"i2¢ V, = 4.71 fps, Q,=O411ef V, = 8.21 fps, Q,=1.612c < VY, = 5.79 fps, Q)=2.02cis << V, = 10.30 fps, Q,=2.02cfs 4 (&) Energy, water surface to B: (0 + 150) = (Ply + 70) = (yap aly = 80 - 0.035(1800)(5.79)"/2g = 47.16 ft; py = 47.16(62.4/144) = 204 psi < Energy, CtoD: (ely + 60) = (0 + 30) + (hydep Poly = 0.025(1100)(10.3072g) - 30 = 15.31 ft; pe = 15.31(62.4/144) = 6.64 psi290 sec. 8.32, Prob, 8.112 B sr In Fig. P8.111, pipe AB is 600 m long, of 180 mm diameter, with f= 0.035; pipe BC (upper) is 500 m long, of 120 ‘mm diameter, with f= 0.025; pipe BC (lower) is 400 m long, of 160 men diameter, with {= 0.030; and pipe CD is 900 m long, of 320 mm diameter, with | = 0.020. The elevations are: reservoir water surface = 150m, A = 100 m, B = 60m, C= 50m, D = 20m. There is free discharge to the atmosphere at D. Neglecting velocity heads, (@) compute the flow in each pipe and (8) determine the Figure P3.111 pressures at Band C. Comment on the practicality of this system, @ BIC, Fa, 8.91: Omasarenvipg = 0030Q500V32g; V, = 08497, Continuity: Q = 0.0254V, = 0.011 3110.849¥,) + 0.0201¥, = 0.0804, from which V, = 11677, Vy = 0.309%, Energy Eq. (neglecting velocity heads) from water surface to D: All L/D > 1000, therefore neglect minor losses 0 + 150) = 0 + 20) + hy + hy + yy LM pM pb ‘ = = 20 =f! +f tt ep FM 90°20 “Sin og “MD 29 9D, 29 130 = 0.035(3333)(1.167V,)'2g + 0.030500); 2g + 0.0202813)(0.369,)'/2e = 242V}/2¢ 25 mis, 0, = 0.0653 me = 65.3L V,=276m's, 0,= 0.0312 m/s =31.2Ls < Vi=3.79mls, = 0.0965 ms = 96.5Le V, = 1200 m/s, Q, = 0.0965 m/s = 96.5 Lis 4 (8) Energy, water surface to B: (0 + 150) = (pgly + 60) + (hy)yp Ply = 90 ~ 0.035(3333)(3.79) 2g = 4.48 m; p, = 4489.81) = 43.9 kPa Energy, CtoD: (clr + $0) = © + 20) + Chon Pol¥ = 0.020(2813)(1.2007/2g) ~ 30 = -25.9 m (impossible) Comment: ‘The head loss in the parallel pipes is so great that it wants to pull the HGL dowa below zero absolute pressure. :. The system will not function.8.113 BG 8.14 Sec. 8.32, Prob. 8.114 291 A 10-4n casttron pipe 1500 ft tong forms one tink in a pipe network. If the velocties to be encountered are ‘assumed 10 fall within the range of # t0 10 fps, derive an equation for the flow of water at 60°F in this pipe Jn the form hy = KQ*. Hint: Using information from Fig. 8.11 and Table 8.1, sei up two simultaneous equations corresponding to the ends of the desired velocity range, then solve for the unknowns K and n. Table 8.1: € = 0.00085 ft; e/D = 0.000 85(12/10) = 0.001 02 @ At4 fps: DMV = 40. Fig. 8.11 or Eq. 8.52: f = 002077 Eq, 813: hy = 0.020 7T7LLSOO/MO/I2I47@2 x 32.2) = 929 Ry Q = AV = 2.18 cis Given hy = KQ". <. 9.29 = KQ.18)"; 1og9.29 = logK + nlog?.18 « (i At 10 fps: _D“V = 100. Fig, 8.11 or Bq. 8.52: f = 0.02017 Eq. 8.13: hy = 0.020 17[1500/(10)12)}10%/0 x 32.2) = 56.4 ft; O = 5.45 cfs 56.4 = K(SAS)"; log564 = logk + nlog5.45 @ @) = (1): 1og(S6.49.29) = nlog(SAS/2.18); m= 1.968; K = 56.4/5.451%8 = 2.00 ‘So required equation is A, = 2.000 4 4 250 mm cast-iron pipe 400 m long forms one tink in a pipe network. Ifthe velocities 10 be encourered ‘are assumed 0 fall within the range of 0.75 10 3 m/s, derive an equation for the flow of water at 15°C in ‘this pipe in the form ly = KQ". Hint: See Prob. 8.113. Prob. 8.113 hint:” Using information from Fig, 8.11 and Table 8.1, set up two simultaneous equations corresponding to the ends of the desired velocity range, then solve for the urknowns K and n. Table A.1 for water at 15°C: » = 139 10° m/s Table 8.1: € = 0.25 mm; e/D = 0.25/250 = 0.001 © AtO.75 avs: R = Dv = 164600, Fig, 8.11 or Eq, 8.52: f = 0.02130 Eq, 8.13: h, = 0.021 30(400/0.25)0.75%(2 x 9.81) = 0.977 m; Q = AV = 0.0368 m/s Given h, = KQ". +. 0971 = K(0.0368)" ; 1030977 = logk + nlog0.0368 (1) Gi Av2.3 ms: R = 504800. Fig. 8.11 or Eq. 8.52: f = 0.02023 Eq, 813: h, = 0.02023(400/025)2.37@ x 981) = 873 m, Q = 0.1129 mss J+ 8.73 = K(O.1129)"; 1og8.73 = log + nlog0.1129 ® Q) ~ (1: 10408730977) = nlog(0.1129/0.0368); n = 1.954; K = 8.73/0.1129'% = 619 So the required equation is h, = 6199!292 Sec. 8.32, Prob. 8.115 GE 5 Me Pipes inthe system shown in Fig. P8115 are a 250K 12in galvanized iron. (a) With a flow of 15 qf, find the head loss from A to D. (@) What should be the diameter of a single pipe from B to C such that it replaces pipes 2, 3, _2790%t21 ‘and 4 without altering the capacity for the same head A 1—> loss from A to D? 47501 ot 27in BG Table 8.1: ¢ = 0.0005 f. _ (a) Trial 1: Assume f = fn (complete turbulence), Figure 8.115 from Eq. 8.54. Pipe D(a) LD eD Ty f A (ft) 2 2 3250 0.0005 0167 0.785 3 10 2100 0.0008 0.0174 0.585 4 u 2397 0.000 429 0.0161 1.059 All L/D are > 1000, so neglect minor losses. Then in Eq. 8.93, C = Ay2gDiL Pipe © Wedischarge Qc Vis DV (fig 811 NewC or Fg: 8.52) 2 0.856 2.6 4455.05.67. ~—«COOITOS «LARD 3 0.639 2 3.32 6.09 60.9 01832 0.622. 4 1393 48.2 124 6.77 94.8 = 01691 1.359 E2988 99.9 is.1 2.814 SIC has changed by only 2.6% so these values are very close to correct Bg. 8.93: Q = EChi"; 15 = 2.814h)"; 2. h, = 284 ft between Band C Pi Diy) LD “D v DY hy ft pe DG) Talis 7 BW s7i 0000786 624 131.0 OnISSa 14.75 5 27 2111 0.000222 3.77_—«1019) wis 14 _—7.06 Then hy, (A to D) = 14.75 + 28.4 +706 = 50.2 4 (®) This is a Type 3 problem, to find D. Given L = 2250 ft Bq. 8.57; N, = 2.12 x 10; Bq. 8.58: N, = 319 x 107 Bq. 8.61: RY = 1.146 x 10%, so R = 1.056 x 10° Eq. 8.62: D= ‘Altemative: Using a solver with Eq. 8.565: D = 486 ft =17.83in << 482 ft = 17.79 infs Sec. 8.32, Prov. 8.116 293 (@) With the same pipe lengths, sizes, and connections 2250 fof 12 in as in Prob. 8.115, find the flow in each pipe if the head 2 loss from A to D is 150 ft and if all pipes have f = 2050 of 10in 0.020. Also find the head losses from Ao B, B to C, 2760 ftot24in ‘and C to D. (6) Find the new head loss distributions ‘and the percentage increase in the capacity of the system achieved by adding another 12-in pipe 3250 ft long 4750 tof 27 in between B and C. = @) Fa. 8.13: A, Figure P8.115 Fg. 8.91: yy = yy = hygi f= const, 0 3 values of LQ are equal ie., 3250Q3/1° = 2250Q51(10/12)° = 2750Q{/(14/12)’ from which Q, = 1.313Q,, Q, = 2.102, Bq. 8.90: Q, = = Q + + Q = (L313 + 1 + 210), - 4412, bhi, yg = 100210? | LOF , LO? en As “Df OF ‘2754412, _ 2250@7 475064.410,7 ema * Gone * ena SQ = S368 4 Q=Q=BSc& <€O=700ck 4 %=1120c 4 Dus 0.000 503(2750)23.54(21/12)5 = 4673 (Dac = hay = 0.000 503(2250)5.347)(10/12)° = 80.29 Ceep ~ bys = 0-000503(4750)23.5:/(27)12)* = 22.98 ff 4 Check: Eh, = 150.00 ft — correct! () The additional pipe from B to C is identical to pipe 2. As above, Q, = 1313Q,, Q, = 2.10Q,. Butnow Q, - Q, = 20, + Q, + Q, ~ 5.72Q,, so now bing 8 ames S80, AE , sg yi2)> (19/12)? 7/1298 So Q, = 4.65 cls, Q, = Qs = 26.6 cls Chup * Ay = 0.000:503(2750)26.6721/12)* = 5871 4 GDac = Aes = 0.000 503(2250)4.654(10/12) = 60.93 ft Cop = ys = 0.000503(4750)26.6/27)12)° = 29.36 —~< Check: Eh, = 150,00 ft ~ correct! Q,/Q, = 26.6/23.5 = 1.130, or 13.0% increase in capacity 4 Eq. 8.87: (hyp * 150 = 0.000 sf } = 52705 = 694Q2294 Sec. 8.32, Prob. 8.117 El 8.117 Find the magnitude and direction of the flow in network lines ab 15 o's —>>- “00 ‘and be (Fig. P8.117) after making two sets of corrections. The numbers on the figure are the K values of each line: tate n = 2.0. 4 Start by assuming initial flows as follows: 9 cfs in lines ab and [350 ed, 6 cfs in lines ac and bd, and 3 cfs in line bc. BG € 150 a Soe jure P8.117 Given initial assumptions mer Loop A Loop B First approx: Pipe K Q Ke RKO! Pipe K Q Ke 2kQ| 2 10~=«+9~—~=CHBIOO «1800, bi -350~=«+6~=~« 12,600 4200 be 1200 +3 -+10,800 7200 be 1200-3 10,800 7200 e 250-6 = =9000 3000 ef 150-9 =12150 2700 9900 12,000 =10,350 14,100 AQ = -(+9900/12,000) = -0.825 AQ = ~(-10,350)/14,100)=+0.734 Second approx. (after first corrections): ab 10) +8175 «+6683 «1635 bi 350 46.734 «415,871 4714 be 1200 +1441 $2492 3458. be 1200 1441-2492 3458 ac 20 6.823 =11,643 3413 at 190 8.266 10.269 2480 =2470 8506 +3130 10,652 ‘AQ = -(-2470/8506) = +0290 AQ = -(3120/10,652) = -0.204 After second corrections: Flow in line ab = 48.175 + 0.290 = 8.465 cfs fromatob Flow in line be = +1.441 + 0.290 ~ (~0.294) = 025 cfs from btocB st me” SI Sec. 8.32, Prob. 8.119 295 Find the magnitude and direction of the flow in network 000d nts lines ab and be (Fig. P8.118) after making two sets of 2 ‘corrections. The numbers on the figure are the K values of ‘each line; iake n= 2,0, Start by assuming initial flows as 200) 2500 Lp follows: 0.3 mts in lines ab and cd, 0.2 m/s in lines ac ‘and bd, and 0.1 mts in tne be. 4 0.5m —ry _ I Figure P8.118 Given initial essumptions: Loop A Loop B First approx: Pipe KO Ke 2Kol Pipe K Q RE [2KOi a 20 «+03 $18.0 ~—«120 td 80 -+0.2 «+320 320 be 2800 +01 +250 500 be 2500 =0.1 =25.0 500 ac 500-02 =20,0 200 ad 30-03 =220 180 ¥23.0 320 20.0 _ 1000 AQ = ~423/820) = ~0.028 AQ = -(-200/1000) = +0020 Second approx. (ater first corrections: ab 200 40.272 +14,80 109 bd 80 +022 43872 352 be 2500 +0.052 +6.76 260 be 2500 0.052 -6.76 2650 ac 500 -0.228 228 cd 300 0.28 =2352 168 597 +844 780 AQ = -(48.44780) = -0.011 Afier second corrections: Flow in line ab = +0.272 + 0.007 = 0.279 m'/sfromatob Flow in line be = +0.052 + 0.007 ~ (0.011) = 0.070 m/s fromb toc 4 Carry the solution for the pipe network of Fig. P8.119 , ‘through four trials, to find the flow in each pipe. For Ge simplicity, iake n = 2.0 and use the value of f for ‘complete turbulence, as given by Eq. (8.54). All pipes ‘re cast iron, and are at the same elevation. For titial 104 flows, assume only values of 30, 15, and O Lis (the zeros [200mm A 2benmy fom {in dg and fr. If the pressure head at as 40 m, find the 200 mm G a 200mm 97 200mm pressure head at d (which might represent « fire demand, |= Z 7 for exanple) neglecting velocity heads. en Per Bq, 8.65 and See. 8.19 (sonrigorous solutions): som © 50 mm| 00" fn, = KQ? wit K = 8EH(H'9D’). Jf 250mm _|s_ 250mm _ a Table 8.1 for cast iron: ¢ = 0.00025 m ok 125m 125 m AC Using f = fig for complete turbulence from Eq. 8.54 Figure. P8119 (or Fig. 8.11), the pipe charctrnies are Per Lm Dm D Jou K ab 230 0300000833 ——~O0I879—~—«GO ac, be 100 0.20 00125 .02075. 36 cd, bs 0.20 9.90125 0.00075. 70. 4. dg, eh 100 01s goles? = 00m 33, 230 8h 8h 125 0.25 0.001 00 0.019 6 208296 Sec. 8.92, Prob. 8.119 Initial flow assumptions (Lis): First approximation and correction Note: +/~ signs are used 10 indicate clockwise! ‘counter-clockwise flows in the loops indicated. Loop A Pipe Q Kg" ab +30«160~—«+144000 ‘9600 be +30 536 +482.400 32160 ed +15 670 +150750 20100 od -15 670 150750 20.100 oc -% 536 48240032160 +144000 114120 AQ = ~(+144000)/114.120 = -1.26 Lis Loop € Loop B Pipe Q K KQ_|KnQ" Pipe Q K Ko [knQr~*| cf +15 670 +150750 20100 ed -15 610 -150750 20100 a 0 ux 0 ° eh +13. 2430 +546750 72900 g 0 28 0 0 gh 0 (2080 ° g -15 24390 =346750 72.900 dg 02400 0 =396000 93.000 2336000 95000 AQ = -(-396000)/93 000 = +4.26 Lis AQ = ~(+396 000/93 000 = -4.26 Ls Pipe In Loop @, Lis (2nd Approximation) ab x +0126 = +284 be A +30 1.26 = +28.74 ed A +15 126 $4.26 +18.00 ed c -15 +126 4.26 —18.00 od A -15 -125 4.26 ~2.52 cd B +15 +126 +426 $20.52 ac A =30 1.26 = -31.26 a B ° +426 44.26 48.52 dg c ° =426 -4.26 8:32 ge B o +426 44.26 g B -1s $4.26 = 10.74 eh c +15 = +10.74 a c 0 = 4.26 ‘Repeating the sme procedure, the subsequent loop corrections AQ in Ls are as follows: Loop ist 2nd ‘3rd correction A =126 40.11 0.13 B $4.26 1.48 40.28 c +4.26 +0.98 -0.41 ‘The loop corrections are quite rapidly becoming small. Jeon...‘The approximations of the flows Q, in L/s, were as follows: Sec. 8.32, Prob. 8.119 297 In Loop. is, +30 +30 415 -15 -15 +15 10 p 3 -15 +15 BSQRSSRARRATE aww awEwrarr> 2nd $28.74 428.74 +18.00 —18.00 20.52 $20.52 31.26 $8.52 8.2 +4.26 10.74 +10.74 26 3rd $28.85 428.85 417 -I13 18.93 +1893 =31.15 +6.06 ~6.06 +2.78 -12.2 +1172 This table shows the process of converging, which coocurs more slowly in pipes that are commton to two oops. Resulting final flows, L/s: Given all pipes (junctions) are at the same elevation. Final approximated flows from a to d from a to c, and 19.34 Lis from ¢ to d. ‘The head losses are given by h, = KQ? + neglecting velocity heads: 31.25 Us i) 31.3) al = Pal ~ (t)ac ~ (hy)ag * 40 ~ $36(32.28/1000)* - 670(19.34/1000)? = 40 - 0.523 - 0.251 =3.3m 4298 sec. 8.32, Prob. 8.120 fm Carry the solution for the pipe network of Fig. P8.120 through five trials, to find the flow in each pipe. The 12-in and 16-in pipes are of average cast iron, while the 18+in and 24%in sizes are of average concrete (€ = 0.003 SM). Assume n = 2.0, and use the values of f from Eq. (6.54) for complete turbulence. If the pressure at h is 80 si, find the pressure at f. Per Eq. 8.66 and Sec. 8.19 (nonrigorous solutions) fy, = KQ? with K = 8fL(a72D%) = fUG9.1D, “Table 8.1 for average cast itom: ¢ = 0.00085 Using f = fuss for complete turbulence from Eq. 8.54 (or Fig. 8.11), the pipe characteristics are: Pipe Mal ot Dt oD of a avgcone 1000130 00200 0.0033 be avgeone 300130 00200 0.0033 ed avgcoe 500130 01200 0.0233. ef avg CL. 500 1.00 0.00085 0.0188 Se eC. 5001.00 000085 0.0188 hi avgcone 1000 2.00 0.00150 0.0218 J — avpecone 1000 2.00 00150 0.0218 ah —avgcone 1600 2.00 0.00150 0.0218 be Ne 800 0.00062 0.0175 @avgeone 800 00200 0.0033 7 omecl 800 coca 9.0175 de ay. 800 come 0.0175 at avgconc 800 0.00200 0.0233 Initial flow assumptions (cfs): ey 1000 n+ s00 tf s00n of” a — tan —B) tame] Tem af I 16m) 2 © leon ‘in| t6in| | loan A gg fe-t2inf | 12m we x 2 18in| D 18in| soot hea i avin | Figure P8.120 fi a x 2.7DF 7390077 739 0.0386 739 0.0386 100 0.237 100 0.237 32.00 p17 is 32.00 01715, 32.00 0.0274 421 0.0836 159 0.0618 421 0.0836 421 0.0836 159 0.0618 feont..Sec. 8.32, Prob 8120 299 maion (note that +/— signs are used to indicate clockwise/counter-clockwise flows im the oops indicated); Loop A Loop B Fipo 2 a Pvt] Pipe) OF Viol ha +3 +0.247 0.0823 be +2 +0.1545, 0.0772 % 43 408950. ¢ +2 $0335 0.1673 be + 0.0836 0.0836 be -1 0.0836 0.0836, n -T 0.840 0.1200 g = 47 0473 e+ =a Quzay — — z Fanos 0.165 z ai oar AQ = ~{-0.803)(2 ~ 0.765) = +0.525 ofs AQ = -(-O.SHIYC2 * 0.801) = 0.338 of Loop C Loap D Pipe Os koe VJQ,! Pipes K Ona trol a a 0.000 0.000 fe +4 +0,989 0.247 ef +1 +0.237, 0.27 g +2 +047 0.473 Gg -2 0335 0.1673 yj -3 -015as asia e¢-2 0335673 js 30.556 0.854 vg -1 20m 8 6om = -0sn 0st = 0.989 119s AQ = -(-OSTINQ « 0.571) = +0379 cfs AQ = (40.989)E2 x 1.198 + 0.414 cfs After $ tials, the flows (cfs) within approx 19% are: ab = 354; be = 248: of = O40: f= LAT: af = 1.85; Ai = 6. be = 106: ie = 3.41; of = 208: pd = 160; Je = 3.05 ‘Hed less (Eq. £.95) fom h to ftany path): Ai = 0.716; fe = 0.719 M; of = OSIM; ‘Total = 1.945 ft. py = 80 - LOGS(SRAYIAE = 8 - 0843 = 79.2 psi Y= 305; ha 358