g]kfnsf] e"ld gLlt M Ps ;+lIfKt

ljZn]if0f

zflGtsfnlfu ;femf clEfofg -sf]Sofk_

cgfdgu/, sf7df08f}

k"0f{ axfb'/ g]kfnL -k|:tf]tf_

ljBfjfl/lw cg';Gwfgstf{
e"ld cg';Gwfg tyf gLlt ;Djfbsf nflu ;xsfo{ -sf]nfk{_

g]kfnsf] e"ld gLlt M Ps ;+lIfKt ljZn]if0f

k"0f{ axfb'/ g]kfnL1
ljBfjfl/lw cg';Gwfgstf{
e"ld cg';Gwfg tyf gLlt ;Djfbsf nflu ;xsfo{ -sf]nfk{_
!= kl/ro
o; sfo{kqn] gLlt / gLlt ljZn]if0f sf ;fy;fy} e"ld gLlt;Fu ;DalGwt
ljleGg d'2faf/] rrf{ ug{]5 . bf];|f], o;n] e"ld gLlt
ljZn]if0fsf] ;}4flGts / cjwf/0ffut k/]vf k|:t't u5{ . t];|f], ljBdfg
e"ldgLltnfO{{ ;+lIfKt ljZn]if0f ub{} o;n] ;dfhdf kf/]sf k|
efjnfO{{ pNn]v u5{ . cGTodf, ljZn]if0fdf cfwfl/t ;f/f+z /
lgisif{ k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
@= gLlt / e"ld gLlt
gLltn] ;Gbe{cg';f/ ljleGg cy{ a'emfpF5 . ;fdfGo cy{df gLlt
eg]sf] lgod xf] h;n] JolQm, ;+3, ;+:yf, s[ofsnfkdf k|efj kf5{ .
t}klg gLlt eGgfn] s'g} ljz]if ljifoj:t'df b"/ufdL p2]Zo -cNksfnLg
cg'dflgt d"Nofg xf]O{g_ a'em\g' k5{ . ;fdfGotM o; -gLlt_
nfO{{ lgdf{0f sfo{Gjog, cg'udg / d'Nofg
ul/G5 . ;/sf/ sf] gLlt of]hgf, sfo{qmd, kl/of]hgf
x'G5 h'g ;do , :yfg OToflb cg';f/ qmlds kdf a9L ;fgf], lglZrt
tf]lsFb} nluG5 . h;n] ubf{ sfof{Gjog txdf ;lhn} u/fp5 .
ljutnfO{{ x]bf{ gLlt /fHo jf ;/sf/n] agfpg] rng ePtf klg xfn o;df
ljleGg cGo u}/ ;/sf/L, gful/s ;fdfhsf] gLlt lgdf{0fdf ;+nUgtf
ePsf] b]lvG5 . t;y,{ gLlt eGgfn] ;dfhsf] ax'cfoflds p2]Zo k|fKt
ug{ k|:tt' ul/g] dg;fodf geO{ lglZrt, :ki6 / s8f ;femf k|lta4tf xf]
h;df ;/sf/ lg/Gt/ kdf k|of;/t /xG5 . o;df ;/sf/ / cGo u}/ ;/sf/L ;
+3 ;+:yf lg/Gt/ ?kdf p2]Zo k|fKtL tkm{ gLlt cf}hf/ (Policy
Instruments) h:t} P]g sfg'g lgodfjnL agfP/ ;+nUg eO/xG5g\ .
g]kfnL dfgj tyf k|fs[lts ;+;fwg cWoog s]Gb|, sf7df8f}F ljZjljBfno / Pg=;L=;L=cf/ gy{ ;fpy af6 e"ld ,
hLljsf / ;fdflhs 0df ljBfjfl/lw ub{} x'g'x'G5 .
1

gLlt eGg] ljlQs} hgtf / pgLx?sf ;d:of eGg] a'lemG5. gLlt

ljZn]if0f cGtu{t hGftfsf] ;dfwfg ug{ s], lsg / s;/L < cfkm\gf] k|
of; ;/sf/n] rfln/x]sf] 5 eGg] a'lemG5 . ljfg 8fO{sf cg';f/ gLlt
ljZn]if0f ubf{ ;/sf/n] s] uof], lsg uof] / slt km/s -kl/jt{g_
Nofof] < nfO{{ s]Gb|df /fVg' k5{ . ty;{ gLlt ljZn]if0f ubf{
-s_ hgtfsf ;jfnnfO{{ s;/L kl/eflift / u|x0f ug{]< -v_ /fhgLlts /
gLltut d'4fdf s;/L u|x0f k|:t't ug{] < -u_ gLltsf ljsNk s;/L
cfO{/x]sf 5g\ < -3_ ;/sf/n] lsg / s;/L hgtfsf] ;jfndf sfd ul//x]5 jf
ul//x]sf] 5}g < -_ /fHosf] gLltsf] k|efj slt 5 / s:tf] 5 OToflb
;jfndf ljZn]if0f jf n]vfhf]vf ul/g]5 <
e"ld gLltn] u|fdL0f / zx/sf] j/k/sf] ul/a / Go"g:t/sf hgtfsf]
hLjg:t/ / cfly{s cj;/nfO{{ k|efj kfg'{sf ;fy} lbuf] cfly{s
j[l4 / ;'zf;g lgwf{/0f ug{ ljz]if dxTj /fVb5 . o;n] hldge"ldsf]
pTkfbglzn Ifdtfsf] ;d'lrt k|of]usf ;fy;fy} o;sf] :jfldTj clwgTj,
btf{, dfnkf]t, h:tf ljleGg kIf ;~rfng tyf kl/rfngsf] cfwf/ (Regulatory
Framework)
h;n]
ubf{
hldgsf]
lsgj]r
lgoGq0f,
:yfgfGt/0fnfO{{ lgwf{/0f ub{5 . e"ld gLltn] ;+/rgfut
d'2fnfO{{ ;d]6\g] x'Fbf , nfdf] ;do jf b"/ufdL b[li6n] a[xt\
cfly{s kl/jt{gsf] ;+3f/df u/Lajsf] bIftf, Ifdtf / cGo cfly{s jf
hLljsfsf cj;/ lnglbg ;Sg]g;Sg] df k|efj kfb{5 . e"ld gLltut ;jfn
cfkm}df hl6n k|s[lt ;Gbe{ ljz]if km/s -/fHob]z cg';f/_ /
cToGt} /fhgLlts ?kdf ljjflbt ;jfn xf] . ljleGg /fHosf e"ld ;DjGWfL
gLltut k|of; tyf sfof{Gjog x'bf /fHo sf] pGgtL / k|ult ePsf klg
5g\ . /fHosf /fd|f k|of; x'Fbf x'Fb} klg b]zsf] 7"nfa8f,
a'l4hLlj ;DkGg, ;fx"' dxfhgsf cfkm\gf] lgtfGt JolQmut :jfy{af6
clek|]l/t x'Fbf r'gf}tL cfpg] / e"ld gLlt ljkmn klg x'g] ub{5 .
#= e"ld gLlt ljZn]if0fsfnflu ;}4flGts cjwf/0ff
gLlt ljZn]if0fn] hgtfsf] OR5f / rfxgfsf] k|s[lt, sf/0f / k|efj nfO{{
/fHon] s;/L p2]Zodf kl/0ft uof] < s;/L b[9 tyf j}slNks /0fgLlt
agfof] < / pko'Qm kfOnf s;/L rfNof] < eGg] a'leLG5 . cyf{t\
hgtfsf] OR5f, rfxgf / ;d:ofnfO{{ pko'Qm ljsNk / ;dfwfg ;lxt
ul/g] k|of; xf] . o;n] ;d:of klxrfg, ;jfn lgwf{/0f, ljsNk pTkGg
ljleGg cfwf/df ljsNksf] ljZn]if0f, k|To]s ljsNksf] k|ltkmn
ljZn]if0f, ljsNkdf k|fyldsLs/0f, pQd ljsNksf] 5gf}6 OToflb
kb{5 .
3

ljfg snf]6sf cg';f/ o;nfO{{ b'O{ r/0fdf ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 .

s_ lgdf{0f r/0fM gLltut ;jfn klxrfg b]lv pko'Qm ljsNk 5gf}6 ;Dd
/
v_ sfof{Gjo r/0f M of]hgf p2]Zo nfO{{ jf:tljstf jf Jofjxf/df kl/0ft
ug{] .
o; sfo{kqsf ;Gbe{df, ax'cfwf/ ljZn]if0f (Multi Criteria Analysis)
nfO{{ cjnDjg ul/Psf] 5 . o; k4ltdf k|efjsfl/tf (Effectiveness), e"ld
cwLgTj jf :jfldTjdf ;fdfGo (Equity in Land Distribution), /fhgLlts
;fGble{stf (Political Feasibility) pTkfbg Ifdtf (Efficiency),
pQ/bfloTj
(Responsiveness), lbuf]kgf -Sustainability) jftfj/0fLo ;Gt'ng (Environmental
Balance), ;|f]t cy{tGq (Resource Economy), lgsfosf :jLsfo{tf (Stakeholders
Acceptablity) kb{5g . oL ljleGg cfwf/dWo] d'Vo ?kdf ;fdflhs ;dGofo
-Social Equity_, ulLad'vL -Pro Poor), pTkfbg Ifdtf -Efficiency) / pko'Qmtf
-Feasibility_ nfO{{ o;n] ljZn]if0fsf] cfwf/ agfOPsf] 5 .
e"ld ;'wf/sf ;Gbe{df hlxn] klg ;dGofo (Social equity in fairness in distributon
of land) / pTkfbg Ifdtf -Efficiency) sf] n]vfhf]vf / t'ngf ul/G5 . ljleGg
jfb ljjfb / ts{ ePtf klg gLltdf ;dfGofo x'Fbf ;dfh /
hgtfnfO{{ lgDgfg';f/ kmfObf x'G5 .s_ ;dGofo x'Fbf lbuf]
cfly{s j[l4 / ;DkGgtf, pGglt df ;'lglZrtf NofpF5 . v_ ;dGofon]
pko'Qm ljt/0fk'gM ljt/0f (Fairness in distribution) nfO{{ ;'lglZrt
ub{5 . / u_ o;n] ljutsf P]ltxfl;s c;dfGtf / cGofo nfO{{ ;'wfb{}{
n}hfG5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu, /fhgLlts, cfly{s, ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts,
c;dfgtf ljleGg ;dfhdf cgf}krfl/s ;+3;+:yf lgsfo (Informal Institutions) /
gLlt lgodnfO{{ lgwf{/0f ub{5 . oL lgsfon] k|fKt cj;/ / k|ltkmn
nfO{{ k|efj kfb{5 h;n] ubf{ ;dfhdf cGofok"0f{ k|lqmof -Unfair
process) / c;dfg k|ltkmn -Inefficient outcome) pTkGg ub{5 . cNksfnLg
b[li6Ldf, ;dGofo -Social Equity) n] pTkfbg Ifdtf -Efficiency) nfO{{ k|
lt:yfkg ub{5 . jf Ps l;Ssfsf b'O{ kf6f eGg] a'lemG5 jf oL
b'O{ jLr n]gb]g x'G5 -Equity and efficiency are trade off) . t/ b"/ufdL jf
bL3{sflng b[li6n] x]bf{ Ps csf{sf kl/k"/s x'g t/ k|ltiyfkg
ub{}gg -Equity and efficiency can complement but can not substitute) ;+If]kdf cfly{s
/ /fhgLlts c;dfgtf ;b}j c;dfg cf}krfl/s / cgf}krfl/s ;+3 ;+:yfdf
cfa4 x'G5g\ . o;/L c;dfg ;+3;+:yfsf] ;xcl:tTj / lkFh8fn] - Inequality
trap_ n] ;b}j cfly{s, /fhgLlts, ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts ;+3 ;+:yfdf
gsf/fTds k|efj kfb{5 . o;/L e"ld ;'wf/sf] ;Gbe{df c;dfg lkFh8fn]
4

-Inequality trap_ ljt/0fdf dfq xf]Og, ;du| j[l4 / ljsf;, pGglt / k|ult,
cfly{s j[l4df gsf/fTds k|efj kfl//x]sf] x'G5 .
$= ljBdfg e"ld tyf s[lif lgtLx/m
o;n] ljBdfg e'dL tyf s[lif ;DjlGw lgtL nfO{{ /fhg}lts kl/jt{g
@)^@)^# cl3 / kl5 u/L 5nkmn tyf ljZn]if0f u/]sf] 5 .
$=!= /fhg}lts kl/jt{g @)^@^# cl3sf e'dL lgtL
/fli6oe'dL gLltn] o;sf] :jfldTjclwgTj ljt/0f / k|of]u -Joj:yfkg_df
c;/ kb{5 . P]ltxfl;s sfn b]lv g} e"ldnfO{{ /fHo ;/sf/sf] nflu
k|d'v cfo -revenue) sf] ;|f]tsf] /mkdf lnOG5 . o; p2]Zo jf6 cflek|]l/t
eO{ slt hUuf af6 dfnkf]t p7fpg ;lsG5 eGg] lt/ hf]8 lbPsf]
kfOG5 . t/ o;sf] lbuf] Joj:yfkg n] sd k|fyldstf kfO/x]sf] 5 . lj=;
+= @))& df /f0ff zf;gsf] cGTo kl5 /fHon] e'dLsf] ;jfndf d'
:jfldTjsf] ;'wf/, ljt/0f df]xLsf] cj:yfdf kl/jt{g Nofpg lgDgfg';f/
pNn]vgLo kl/jt{g ug{ vf]hsf] kfOG5 .
s_ e'dL / hf]tfxf sf] ;'rL P]g @)!), v_ t]x| a'b] ;+zf]wg sfO{qmd
@)!@ -!# j'b] of]hgf @)!@_, u_ e'dL ;'wf/ sdL;g @)!@, 3_ ljtf{
pGd'ng P]g @)!^, _ e'dL ;j{]If0f tyf gfkL P]g @)@), r_ s[lif
P]g gofF Joj:yf @)@) @)!(, 5_ e'ld ;'wf/ P]g @)@!, h_ pv8f
P]g @)@!, em_ emf]8f If]qsf] hUuf ;DjGWL P]g @)@$, `_
/fKtLb'g ljsf; If]q sf] hdLgsf] Joj:yf P]g @)@*, 6_ u'7L P]g
@)##, 7_ vs{ hUuf /fli6os/0f P]g @)#!, 8_ dfnkf]t P]g @)#$
dfly pNn]lvt ljleGg P]g dWo] lgDgfg';f/ e'dL lgltdf pnn]vgLo
of]ubfg Pj+ dxtj /x]sf] 5 .
$=!=!= e'dL P]g @)!@M of] /fHosf] d'dL ;'wf/sf] klxnf] k|of;
xf] . o;n] hdLgbf/ / df]xL jLrsf] ;daGwnfO{{ kl/eflift u/]sf] 5 .
h;df df]xLsf] hdLgdf :jfldTj ,hUufsf] ef8f b/ -rent) df]xLsf] >d sf]
;d'lrt k|of]u af/] rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 .
$=!=@ =ljtf{ pGd'ng @)!@M o;n] tTsflng cj:yfdf /x]sf]
e'dL Joj:yf ljtf{ pGd'ng ub{} df]xL lj/m4 ePsf] zf]if0f ,
cGofosf] cGTo / e"dLdf :jfldTj nfO{{ ;'lglZrt u/]sf] lyof] . ;j}
ljtf{ hdLgnfO{{ /}s/ hUufdf kl/0ft u/L / kl/jlt{t /}s/ hUuf n]
5

klg k"j{ /}s/ hUuf wgL ltg{] hlQs} hUuf s/ ltg{] Joj:yf
ldnfO{Psf] lyof] .
$=!=# e'dL ;'wf/ P]g @)@!M of] e'dL;'wf/ P]g ljut sf] eGbf
cToGt} lj:t[t / jx' kIfnfO{{ ;d]t]sf] kfOG5 . o;sf] d'Vo p2]Zo
c;dfg hUuf ljt/0f nfO{{ 36fpg], ;dfg'kflts ljt/0f / s[lif pTkfbg
j[l4 ug{] xf] . o;n] JolQmsf] hdLgdf xbjGbL 3f]if0ff , df]xLsf]
clwsf/ ;'lglZrt ug{], s[lifsf] hUuf sf] ef8f b/ lglZrt ug{] , u|
fdL0f C0f sf] rsf{] Jofhdf lgoGq0f , df]xLsf] Joj:yf, clgjfo{ jrt ;
+sng ug{] Joj:yf, hdLgbf/L pGd'ng , v]tL ug{] ;DjGwdf
lgb{]zg lbg ;Sg] Joj:yf OTofbL u/]sf] lyof] . pQm e'dL ;'wf/
klxnf jif{ @)@! df !^ lhNnfdf , bf];|f] jif{ @% lhNnfdf / t];|f]
jif{ afFsL #$ lhNn fdf nfu' ePsf] lyof] .

tflnsf

! M @)@! ;fndf nfu' ul/Psf] hUufsf]

xbjGbL
ef}uf]lns If]q

s[lifof]U
o e'dL

t/fO{ / leqL dw]z @%

-lj3fdf_
sf7df8f}
pkTosf %)
-/f]kgLdf_
kxf8L If]q -/f]kgLdf_
*)

cfjf;sf] nflu
zx/ u|fdL0f
If]q
!
#
%

!)

!^

;|f]tM j8fn cfof]u, @)%!

dfly pNn]lvt xbjGbL cg'/mk ;/sf/n] hDdf !=% -@ ^ !@$
x]S6/_ hUuf dfq kQf nufpg ;Sof] / ljt/0f uof] . pQm ljt/0f ubf{
cfjZos nlIft ;d'x ;Dd gk'u]sf] t/ cfkm\gf] dfG5] , gftf
OToflbnfO{{ ljt/0f ul/Psf] ljleGg cWoogn] b]vfpF5 .
ls;fgn] clgjfo{ jrt ug{] k|fjwfg jdf]lhd g]/m !@ s/f]8 ;+sng
ePsf] lyof] pQm /sd dWo] * s/f]8 ufpF :t/sf] ;ldlt dfkm{t s[lif
C0f shf{df pkof]u ul/Psf lyof] . sf]ifdf Jofks ei6frf/ ePkl5 of]
sfo{qmd vf/]h ePsf] b]lvG5 . w]/} hgtfn] cfkm\gf] jrt
lkmtf{ kfPgg\ .
6

;+If]kdf pQm e'dL;'wf/ df cfkm\gf] nf]slk|otf nfO{{ sfod

ug{ vf]lhPsf],ul/j d'vL cjwf/0ff af6 ljrng eO{ ;dkGg / hdLgbf/
sf] OR5f rfxgfn] k|fyldstf kfPsf] b]lvG5 .
of] e'ld P]g 5}7f}F k6s ;Dd ;+zf]wg ePsf] 5 . rf}yf] / kfFrf} ;
+zf]wgsf] ljz]if dxTj 5 . o;sf] rf}yf] ;+zf]wg e'dLdf }w :jfldTj
cGTo u/L df]xLnfO{{ hUufsf] dflns jgfPsf] 5 . pQm k|fjwfg ePtf
klg $ nfv %) xhf/ df]xL -h;n] sfg'gL /mkdf k|fKtL ug{ ;s]gg
jf ;'rgf kfPgg_ nfO{{ gsf/fTds c;/ kof] .
pQm P]g sf] kfFrf} ;+zf]wg n] hUufsf] xbjGbL @)%* ;fndf
lgDgfg';f/ 36fpg] lg0f{o u/]sf] 5 .
tflnsf @ M b]pjf ;/sf/ f/f @)%* ;fndf lgwf{/0f u/]sf]
b/jGbL
If]q

v]tL

cfjf;

t/fO{ -lj3f_
kxf8 -/f]kgL_
sf7df8f}
-/f]kgL_

!)
&)
@%

!
%
%

df]xL
nflu_
$
@)
!)

- v]tLsf

-;|f]t M clwsf/L , @)^@_

$=!=$ pRr :t/Lo e'dL ;'wf/ cfof]u @)%!M lj=;+= @)%! df
g] s kf Pdfn] sf] ;/sf/n] pRr:t/Lo e'dL ;'wf/ cfof]u -j8fn cfof]u_
u7g uof] . pQm cfof]u sf] k|ltj]bgdf lj:t[t kIf ;d]tsf] h;df
e'dLsf] ;DfGoflos ljt/0f , pTkfbg j[l4 ub{}{ ul/lj lgjf/0f ug{]
p2]Zo /fv]sf] ePtfklg ;/sf/sf] 5f]6f] cfo' ( dlxgf ePsf] n]
sfof{Gjog x'g ;s]g o;n] lgDgfg';f/ xsjGbL to u/]sf] 5 .

tflnsf #M j8fn cfof]un] @)%! df ;'emfj u/]sf]

hUufsf] xbjGbL
If]q
!= t/fO{ / leqL dw]; -lj3f_

xbjGbL
$=%
7

@= dWo kxf8L If]q -/f]kgL_

# lxdfnL If]q -/f]kgL_
$= sf7df8f} pkTosf -/f]kgL_
%=zx/L If]q sf7df8f}F, nlntk'/,
eQmk'/ -/f]kgL_
cGo gu/kflnsf, lhNnf, ;b/d'sfd / cGo
zx/L ljsf;sf nflu lgwf{lt If]q -/f]kgL_

$)
*)
@)
!)
@)

;|f]t pRr :t/Lo e'dL ;'wf/ cfof]u , @)%!

$=!=% ;+ljwfg @)$& df e'dL ;DjgwL d'2fM ;+ljwfg g}
cGo sfg'gL Joj:yf cfwf/sf] dxTjk"0f{ cfwf/ xf] . o;n] b]zsf ;+3 ;
+:yfnfO{{ sfg'gL cfwf/ tof/ ub{5 . o; ;+ljwfgdf pNn]lvt @& %_ sf cg';f/ hgtfsf] hLjg:t/ ;'b[4 ug{ s[lif pTkfbg j9fpg' k5{ /
;fy;fy} s[lifnfO{{{ cf}Bf]lusLs/0fsf] nflu -pBf]u wGbfsf] /mkdf
kl/0ft ug{_ e'dL ;'wf/ dfkm{t /fli6o gLlt jgfOg] 5 .
t/ e'dL ;'wf/ P]g @)@! sf] kfFrf} ;+zf]wgn] hUufsf] xbjGbL
x6fOPsf] ePtfklg ;+ljwfgdf AolQmsf] df}lns xsdf -Fundamental right)
df ;'/lIft ul/Psf] x'Fbf tTsfnLg ;/sf/ -b]pjf_ nfO{{ ;jf{]Rr cbfntn]
cfb]z hf/L u/]sf] lyof] .
$=!=^ e'dL j}s / ul/jsf] kx'r clej[l4M e'dLlxg tyf ul/jnfO{{
hdLg pknAw u/fpg hUuf rflxg] ePsf]n] ljleGg >f]t dWo]
xbjGbL eGbf j9L x'g] hUuf Ps >f]t xf] eGg] csf{] >f]t e'dL
a}s P]lR5s qm]tf / P]lR5s ljq]mtf -Willing Buyer & Willing Seller) sf]
l;4fGt cg'/mk ul/jnfO{{ ls:tf jGbL C0f dfkm{t hUufdf lsgg
nufOG5 . o:tf] kl/sNkgf pRr:t/Lo e'dL;'wf/ cfof]u @)%! -j8fn
cfof]u_ n] u/]sf] 5 . pQm j}s k|lt e'dL clwsf/ jfbL tYo lj1x/mn]
of] wgLnfO{{ kmfObf x'g] ul/jnfO{{ C0f sf] af]em j9fpg] t/Lsf
xf] . of] jhf/ d'vL e'dL ;'wf/ sf] cjwf/0ffdf ljlto ;+:yfsf] e'dLsf]
j9L x'g] t/ /fHo TotL w]/} ;+nUgtf g'xg] x'Fbf ul/jd'vL x'g /
;fdflhs Gofo :yflkt ug{ ;Sb}g eGg] cg'dfg 5 ts{ u/]sf] kfOG5 .
$=#= s[lif lgltsf] k'g/fnf]sg
lgDgfg';f/ k|d'v s[lif gLltsf] jf/]df k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
$=@=! bL3{ sfng s[lif of]hgf -@)%)@)&)_M of] @) jif]{
bL3{sflng
s[lif
of]hgf
xf]
h;n]
pTkfbg
j[l4,
8

s[lifnfO{{ Joj;foLs/0f, s[lifsf pkhnfO{{ t'ngfTds kmfObfsf]

cfwf/ df k|j4{g ul/g] 5 . o;n] g]kfnsf] ef}uf]lns ljljwtf / ljziftf
cg';f/ /x]sf] pTkfbg Ifdtfsf] ;d'lrt k|of]u cfwf/df ljleGg s[lif pkh
cg';f/ k|fylds/0f u/]sf] 5 .
o;n] e'dL ;'wf/ nfO{{ dfly pNn]lvt p2]Zo k|fKtL sf] klxnf
zt{ jgfPsf] 5 . s[lif j[l4 b/ ! x'bf u}/ s[lif If]qdf !=%n] j[l4
x'g] 5 . e'dL ;'wf/sf] ;Gbe{ e'dLsf] jb\bf] v08Ls/0f / }w e'
:jfldTj ePsfn]] bL3{ sfo{sfn of]hgf sf] p2]Zo k|fKtLdf jfwf x'G5
t;y} o;nfO{{ lg/mT;flxt ug'{ k5{ eg]sf] 5 .
$=@=@ bzf} k~r jifL{o of]hgf -@))@@))&_M o; k~r
jifL{o of]hgfdf e'dL ;'wf/ nfO{{ k|fyldstfsf ;fy /fv]sf] 5 . h;n]
e'dL sf] ;d'lrt ;b'kof]u ub{} cfly{s c;dfgtf 36fpg] / e'dL ;'wf/sf]
cfwf/e"t kIf tof/ u/L e'ldxLgnfO{ ;fdflhs Gofosf] k|
Tofe'lt ;'lglZrt ug{] 5 . o;sf ;fy ;fy} k'j{ sd}ofsf]
k'g:yfkgfnfO{{ hf]8 lbPsf] 5 .
$=@=# /fli6o s[lif lgtL @)^!M o;n] dfly pNn]lvt
bL3{sflng s[lif of]hgf sf] cfwf/nfO{{ lnPsf] 5 . o;n] s[lifsf]
Joj;flos / k|ltifkwf{Tds s[lif k|0ffnLnfO{{ hf]8 lbb} vfB ;'/Iff /
ul/jL lgjf/0f nfO{{ of]ubfg ug{] 5 . o;sf d'Vo tLg kIfx? Ms_
pTkfbg / pTkfbsTj j[l4, v_ Joj;flos / k|ltikwf{Tds s[lif k|0ffnL /
u_ k|fs[lts ;|f]t Joj:yfkg / jftfj/0fLo ;Gt'ng . o;df e'dLxLg /
;LdfGtx/m ls;fg e'dL sf] kx'r clea[l4 u/L pTkfbg j[l4 ul/g] 5 .
$=#= /fhg}lts kl/jt{g @)^@^# kZroftsf e'dL lgtL M
o; P]ltxfl;s /fhg}lts kl/jt{g kl5 eP e'dL gLlt l;t ;djlGwt
kIfnfO{ lgDgfg';f/ pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
$=#=! lj:t[t zflGt ;Demf]tf @)^#, cGt/Ld ;ljwfg @)^# /
cGt/Ld of]hgf M /fhg}lts kl/jt{g @)^@^# kZrft e'dL ;'wf/
df d'2f rrf{df cfPsf] 5 . of] kl/jt{g sf] Ps /fhg}lts zlQm tTsflng
g] s kf dfcf]jfbL ePsf] / e'dLut k"j{ ;fj{hlgs ul/Psf] $) j'b]
sfo{ qmddf e'dLsf] d'2f qmfGtLsf/L ;'wf/ dxTjk"0f{ dflgG5 .
o; e'dLsf] d'2fn] ;du| e'dLlxg, s[lif dhb'/, jw'jf dhb'/ nfO{{ Ps
bzssf] o'4df jf Gbsfndf kl/rfng ug{ ;s]sf] b]lvG5 .
9

o;/L ub}{ /fhg}lts bnx/msf] ;+o'Qm cfo]hgfdf ePsf]

@)^@^# sf] cfGbf]ngdf e'dLlxg , xlnof, sd}of, x/mjf
r/mjfsf] d'2fn] k|fyldstf kfPsf] 5 . t;y{ zflGt ;Demf}tf kZrft
lj:t[t zfGtL ;Demf}tf @)^@ ^# df zf;:q G8nfO{{ tfls{s
lgisif{ df k'ofpg j}1flgs e'dL;'wf/ Ps dfWod xf] . o;sf] #=^
df ;fdGtL cw{ ;fdGtL :jfldTj o'jfldTjsf] cGTo ub{} j}1flgs
e'dL ;'wf/ sf] lgtL lgdf{0f / sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 . #=!)
df ;'s'Djf;L , sd}of , xlnof , x/mjf , r/mjf / cGo k5f8L kfl/Psf
;d'xx/msf] ;fdflhs cfly{s ;'/Iff x'g] 5. &=%=% df sfg'g adf]lhd
JolQmsf] ;DklQ /fHon] lng ;Sg]5 .
pQm lj:t[t zflGt ;Demf}tf df !( - #_ / ## -r_ df pNn]lvt k|fjwfg
cg'/mk cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# df klg j}1flgs e'dL ;'wf/ pNn]v
u/]sf] 5 . !( -!_ df k|To]]s gful/sn] sfg'g adf]olhd ;DklQ lsGg
j]Rg, cfh{g / cGo sf/f]jf/ ug{ kfpg] 5 . !( -@_ df ;fj{hlgs lxtsf
nflu jfx]s s'g} JolQmsf] clwu|x0f ug{ ;DklQ pk/ c/m s'g} k|
sf/n] clwsf/ ;[hgf ug{] 5}g . !( - #_ df /fHon] e'dL ;'wf/
ubf{ jf ;fj{hlgs lxtsfnflu s'g} JolQmsf] ;DklQ clwu|x0f
ubf{ sfg'g adf]lhd Ifltk"lt{ lbg' kg{] 5 .
dfly pNn]lvt cGt/Ld ;+ljwfgdf j}1flgs e'dL ;'wf/ / ;fdGtL e'dL
Joj:yf af/] :ki6 pNn]v 5}g . e'dL sf] Ifltk"lt{ ;DjGwL
;Dfj}wflgs ;'lglZrttf ul/Psf] 5 h'g a}1flgs e'dL ;'wf/sf] ljkIfddf
b]lvG5 . ## -em_ df ;s'Djf;L sd}of xlnof, x/mjf ,
o/mjfnfO{{ hUuf Joj:yf / cfly{s ;fdflhs ;'/Iff elgPtf klg pQm k|
fKtLsfnflu sf]xL klg cbfnt df hfg kfOg] 5}g eGg] :ki6 pNn]v
ul/Psf] 5 . dfly pnn]lvt ljleGg k|fjwfg df :kittf b]lvPtfklg jf:tljs
clwsf/ af6 /f]sg ;lsg] cGo k|fjwfg b]lvG5 . o;df y''k|} k|fjwfg df
jfwf, c:ki6, jfemLPsf 5g\ .
tLg jif{] cfGt/Lo of]hgf -@)^# @)^%_ df j}1flgs e'dL ;'wf/sf
k|fjwfg pNn]v 5 . h;df ;fdfGtL e':jfldTjsf] cGTo hdLgsf]
;dGoflos ljj/0f , xbjGbL lgwf{/0f , ;fdflhs Gofo :yflkt ug{]
pTkfbg j[l4 ug{] /x]sf] 5 . o; of]hgfdf pRr :t/Lo e'dL ;'wf/
cfof]u klg kl/sNkgf u/]sf] 5 .
$=#=@ pRr:t/Lo e'dL;'wf/ cfof]uM dfly pNn]lvt ;j}
/fhg}lts / lgtLut b:tfj]h cg'/mk Plss[t g]skf dfcf]jfbL n] dfggLo
10

>L xl/jf]n uh'/]n sf] cWoIftfdf e'dL cfof]u u7g uof] . pQm
cfo]u sf] cjlw /xb} /fhg}lts kl/jt{g / ;/sf/ kl/jt{g kZrft g]skf
Pdfn] sf] g]t[Tjsf] ;/sf/ n] dfggLo >L wg]Gb| j:g]tsf] ;
+of]hsTjdf k"gM cfof]u u7g eof] . o; cfof]u k|ltj]bgdf j}1flgs
e'dL ;'wf/ nfO{{ 5f]6s/Ldf e'dLsf] ;dGofoLs ljt/0f , Jojl:yt
e'pkof]u / ck]Ifs[t /mkfGt/0f / pTkfbsTj j[l4 ug{' eg]sf] 5 . o; k|
ltj]bgn] jx' cfolds kIf ;fdGtL e':jfldTjdf cGTo e'dLsf] ;dGoflos
ljt/0f , 3/jf;sf] ;'lglZrt pTkfbg j[l4 , jftfj/0fLo ;Gt'ng ltj|
zx/Ls/0fsf] Joj:yfkg OTofbLnfO{{ hf]8 lbPsf] 5 .
Psyl/sf lj1 / e'dL clwsf/ sdL{n] o;nfO{{ cToGt ;fGble{s / ul/j
d'vL 5 eGg] ub{5g eg] csf{] y/Lsf lj1 / e'dL clwsf/sdL{x?n]
emg ;}4fGtLs /mkdf ;'Gb/ b]lvPtfklg o;n] ul/j nfO{{ Gofo ug{
;Sb}g ls eGg] tkm{ /fV5g . lsg lsM s_ pQm xbjGbL n] jf8\g
ldNg] hdLg pknAw x'Fb}g . ul/j / e'dLxLg nfO{{ sxfFjf6 hUuf
lbg] <, v_ ;/sf/L ;+:yfnfO{{ xbjGbL gnufObf jf8\g] hdLg k|
ofKt x'Fb}g / ;+3 ;+:yf cGtu{tsf hldg sf] ;d'lrt k|of]u x'Fb}g /
jfemf] /xG5 . ef8fdf lbbf klg ul/jsf] kx'rdf x'Fb}g . /, u_ e'dL
j}ssf] cjwf/0ff cg';f/ dfly pNn]Vo u/] jdf]lhd of] jhf/d'vL
cjwf/0ffxf], o;n] ul/j nfO{{ Gofo lbg'sf] ;ftf] C0fsf] af]em dfq
y'kf5{ .
tflnsf $ j}1flgs e'dL;'wf/ cfof]u @)^^ sf] ;'emfj u/]sf]
hUufsf] xbjGbL
If]q
t/fO{ / leqL dw]z -lj3f_
lhNnf ;b/ d'sfd, gu/kflnsf / zx/
pGd'v If]q -sf7df8f} gu/kflnsf
jfx]s_ -/f]kgL _
kxf8L If]qdf -/f]kgL_
lxdfnL If]qdf -/f]kgL_
sf7df8f}
nlntk'/
eQmk'/
gu/kflnsf -/f]kgL_
sf7df8f} nlntk'/ eQmdk'/ g=kf=
jfx]s -/f]kgL_

xbjGbL
$
@)
%%
&)
!)
@)

;|f]t pRr :t/Lo j}1flgs e'dL ;'wf/ cfof]u , @)^^

11

$=#=# ;+ljwfg ;efsf] lgjf{rgdf /fhg}lts bn sf] 3f]if0ff

kq @)^$M ljutdf lj:t[t zflGt ;Demf}tf @)^# df ;femf k|ltj4tf
bzf{Ptf klg e'dL ;'wf/sf] ;jfnn] leGg :yfg / k|fyldstf kfPsf]
b]lvG5 . ;j} jfdkGyL bnx/m qmf\lGtsf/L e'dL ;'wf/ h;sf] hf]t
p;sf] kf]t pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ . ;ljwfg ;efsf] lgjf{rg kZrft ;aeGbf
7"nf] bn Plss[t g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_ n] k'gljt/0f d'vL e'dL ;'wf/ / ltj|
cfly{s j[l4 b/nfO{{ hf]8 lbPsf] 5 . o;}sf] ;]/f]km]/f] df t;|f]
7"nf] bn g]skf Pdfn]n] k'gljt/0f d'vL e'dL ;'wf/ / s[lif ljsf; -s[lif
qmfGtL_ nfO{{ k|fyldstf lbPsf] 5 . bf];|f] 7"nf] bn g] sf n]
j}1flgs e'dL ;'wf/nfO{{ ;xsfo{ / ;xdtL cg'/mk j}1fgLs
e'dL;'wf/ / e''dL gLlt nfO{{ cl3 j9fpg] pNn]v u/]sf] 5 . / cGo
dw]z tyf If]qLo bnx/mn] s[lif ljsf;, pTkfbg j[l4, ahf/d'vL,
pbf/jfbL cfly{s / gLltsf kIfnfO{{ ;d]t]sf] kfO{G5 .
oBkL ljleGg k|fyldstf ePtf klg ;xdlt / ;xsfo{df hfg] xf] eg]
j}1flgs e'dL;'wf/sf jx'cfoflds kIfnfO{{ ;d]6]sf] 5 . lj:t[t zfGtL
;Demf}tf nufPt cGo b:tfj]hdf pNn]v eP jdf]lhd e'dL ;'wf/
dfkm{t ul/j / e'dLljlxg nfO{{ Gofo lbFb} cfd'n /fhg}lts
;fdflhs / cfly{s /mkfGt/0f df 6]jf lbg ;S5 . olb ;xdlt gx'Fbf
e'dL;'wf/df /x]sf leGg dt / :yfgn] /fhg}lts Pscfk;df b'/L j9fpg] ,
lvrftfgL / em}emu8f dfq j9fpF5 . o;f] x'bf e'dLlxg, ul/j, jw'jf
dhb'/n] P]ltxfl;s kl/jt{gsf] dx;'; tyf k|Tofe'lt ug{ kfPgg eg]
;f+rf] cy{df g]kfnsf] zflGt k|s[of cufl8 j9b}g . xfn /fli6o?
kdf /x]sf /fhg}lts zlSt bn_ sf] nf]slk|otf u'Dg] / lj:yflkt x'g]s|d
hf/L /xg] / gof+ /fhg}lts zlStsf] pbo x'g ;S5 .
$=#=$
lqjifL{o
of]hgfsf]
cfwf/kq
-@)^&^*
@)^()&)_M o; of]hgfn] p2]Zodf k/Dk/fut e':jfldTj ;'wf/ /
j}1flgs e'dL;'wf/ tyf Joj:yfkg f/f e'dL sf] pTkfbsTj j[l4 u/L
cfly{s ;fdflhs /mkfGt/0f sf] cfwf/ tof/ ug{] elg pNn]v u/]sf] 5 .
o; of]hgfsf] dxTjk"0f{ kIf a}1flgs e'dL ;'wf/ k4lt cg's'n x'g] u/L
/fli6o e'dL lgtL / e' pkof]u gLlt tof/, ;'s'Djf;L tyf e'dLxLg
kl/jf/sf] ;d'lrt Joj:yfkg, }w :jfldTj cGTou/L df]xLsf]
clwsf/ ;'lglZrt, e' ;'rgf k|0ffnLsf] Joj:yf, e'dL k|zf;g tyf
Joj:yfdf ;'wf/ ul/g] /x]sf] 5 .
%= e'dL gLlt n}Ls hghflt / blnt sf] b[li6sf]0fdf
12

e'ldgLlt nfO{{ lgDgfg';f/ b[li6sf]0fn] x]l/Psf] 5 .

%=!= n}+lus b[li6sf]0fdf
sl/j cfwf cfsfz 9fSg] dlxnf -%!=( hg;+Vof_ h;n] s[lifdf sl/j ^!
k|ltzt of]ubfg u5{g, -logLx/msf]_ hDdf sl/j *=! dfq s[lif
e'dLdf :jfldTj 5 . To;}n] y'k|}| k|Zgx/m ug{ ;lsg] :ki6 cfwf/x/m
5 . lkt[;Qfsf sf/0f d'n'sL P]gdf y'k|} lje]bsf/L n}Ls k|fjwfgx/m
b]lvG5g\ . t;y{ lgDgfg';f/ s]xL ;'wf/sf k|of; ePsf 5g\ s_ d'n'sL
P]g sf] P3f/f} ;+zf]wgn] k}t[s ;DklQ ;dfg xs -hGd l;4 clwsf/_,
v_ dlxnfsf] gfddf hUu fbtf{ u/fpFbf @) 5'6, u_ cGtl/d ;+ljwfg
@)^# k}t[s ;DktLdf ;dfg xs df}lns xsdf pNn]v 5, 3_ dlxnf
ePsf] cfwf/df ;DklQsf] xs af6 lje]bx'g] 5}g, _ dlxnf lj/m4 x'g]
zl//Ls, dfgl;s / cGo lx+;fnfO{ sfg'g adf]lhd b08gLo dflgg]5 .
cGt/f{li6o sfg'g l;8 dlxnf dxf;GwL -dlxnf lj/m4 ;j} k|sf/sf
e]befj pGd'ng ug{] dxf;GwL_ n] dlxnfsf ;f/e"t;jfn ;'lglZrt u/]sf]
5 . -s_ n}Ls v08Ls[t ;'rgf tYof /fVg] -v_ dlxnfsf] gfddf
ubf{ %) 5'6, / -#_ ;+o'Qm nfnk'hf{ OToflb
e'dLdf dlxnf clwsf/sf]
qmddf ljlegg k|Zgx/m pJhG5 .
o;nfO{{ e'dL clwsf/ sdL{ tyf cg';Gwfg stf{n] lgDg kIf :yflkt
u/]sf] 5 M s_ e'dL clwsf/ dfgj clwsf/ xf], v_ e'dL clwsf/ n] dlxnf
;zlQms/0f nfO{ ;'lgl:rt u5{, u_ e'dL clwsf/ lbuf] hLljsf]kfh{gsf]
:f|f]t xf], 3_ n}Ls ;+j]bgzLn e'dL ;'wf/n] pTkfbg, pTkfbsTj
j9fp5, _ e'dL ;'wf/n] ;|f]tsf] ;'lglZrttf ug]{ x'Fbf dlxnf
lj/m4df ;j} k|sf/sf lx+;f sd x'G5 . r_ o;n] jftfj/0f ;+/If0f,
;Dj4{g / ;Gt'ng sfod ub{5 .

%=@ hghfltsf] b[li6sf]0fdf

nueu #&=@ hg;+Vof ePsf] hghftL sl/j !)) eGbf j9L efiff
jf]Ng] %( hft hflt x/m 5g\ . lt cfkm}df ljljwtf ePsf] x'Fbf g]kfn
cflbjf;L hghflt dxf;+3n] $ ;d'x df ljefhg 5 . s_ nf]kGd'v hghftL,
v_ clwstd jlxis[t hghftL, u_ jlxis[t hghftL, / 3_ pGgt hghflt

13

e'dLsf] ;Gbe{df pgLx/m cfkm\g} k|sf/sf] dfu / clwsf/ 5 . ljut

b]lvg} cflbjf;L hghftL sf] k|fs[lts ;|f]t ljz]if lsl;dsf ;DjGw /
klxrfg 5 . lskft e':jfldTj Ps pbfx/0f xf] . /fHosf] lggL lgod h:t}
e'dL ;'wf/ @)@! n] ubf{ clwsf;+ hghftLn] e'dL u'dfO{ e'dLxLg
ePsf] cWoogn] b]vfPsf] 5 . e'dLxLg eP kl5 hLjsfkfh{gsf] cGo
>f]t gx'Fbf c;dfg zlQm ;DjGw :jLsfb}{ dhb'/ jf6 jw'jf dhb'/
h:t} sd}of , sdn/L , x/mjf , y/mjf_ ePsf] b]lvG5 .
o;/L cflbjf;L hghfltsf] cl:tTj , klxrfg hf]lvd x'Fb] hfFbf tL
clwsf/ ;+/If0fsf] nflu lgDgfg';f/ lgtLut kl/jt{g ePsf] b]lvG5 . s_
cflbjf;L hghflt ;djGwL /fli6o cfof]u @)%^, v_ :yfgLo :jfoQ
zf;g P]g @)%%, / u_ cGt/fli6o >d ;+u7g -cfO Pn cf]=_ !^( .
o;sf ;fy;fy} cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# n] klg ;fdflhs ;f+:s[lts
cfly{s / /fhg}lts clwsf/ ;'lglZrt u/]sf] 5 .
%=#= blntsf] cfvfdf e'dL gLlt
blnt ;d'bfo ;j} kIfdf -;fdflhs, cfly{s, /fhg}lts / ;f+:s[lts_
lxGb'j0f{ Joj:yfdf cfwfl/t hflto ljefhgsf sf/0f k5fl8 kfl/Psf] 5 .
sl/j !# hg;+Vof cf]u6\g] blntx/m ! v]tL of]Uo hldg dfq
cf]u6]sf 5g . o'Pg8LkLsf] dfg; ljsf; k|ltj]bg @))$ sf cg';f/
clwsf+; blnt e'dLxLg -!% kxf8L / $% k|ltzt dw]l; blnt_
e'dLlxg 5 . cGo ljleGg gd'gf cWoog n] s[lif e'dLxLg -@ /f]kgL
eGbf sd hUuf ePsf_ x/m && blnt / dw];L blnt () 5g . o;sf
sf/0f s_ lxGb'j0f{ Joj:yfdf cfwfl/t ;fdflhs ;+/rgf / ljlzi6 k|s[ltsf]
ju{ lgdf{0f k|s[of v_ hflto k]zfdf hLjLsfnflu e/ kg'{ / kl5
;fdGtLcw{ ;fdGtL k|yfaf6 ;~rflnt
jfln3/], vnLof k|yf
O{Toflb_, u_ hLjLsfkfh{gsf c;'/Iff, k/lge{/tf / jw'jf dhb'/sf] ;
+:yfut j[l4 -xlnof, vlnof, x/mjf_ x'Fb} ul/jLsf] b'zrqmdf kg]{,
3_ P]ltxfl;s e'dL ljt/0f k|0ffnL -ljtf{ lbg]_ 8_ /fHosf] ;+/rgf /
zlQm k|of]u u/L dgk/LtGq
dfly pNn]lvt ljleGg sf/0fsf] d'n h/f] lxGb'j0f{ Jojj:yfdf cfwfl/t
;fdGtjfbL ;fdflhs ;+/rgf / hflto k|yf xf] . o;jf6 lgwf{l/t hft /
ju{ ;lxt ljlzi6 k|s[tLsf] ju{sf] lgdf{0f . of] ju{sf] lgdf{0f nfO{{
;fdfGo ;DkQL -;DkGgtf / ljkGgtf_ l;t hf]8Lg' jf t'ngf ug' x'Fb}g
. o; k|s[ofn] ubf{ e'dLxLgtf, bf:fTjsf] pTkQL, jw'jfdhb'/sf]
14

hGd, ;dfhdf cfly{s zf]if0f / pTkL8g ePsf] b]lvG5 . of] g]kfndf

dfq geP/ blIf0f Pl;ofsf] cGo d'n's hxfF hflto k|yf 5 Toxf kfOG5 .
ljlzi6 k|s[tLsf] hltntf -;d:of_ nfO{ ;Djf]wg ug{ 7f]; ljZn]if0f
;lxtsf] e"dLgLlt to gePsf] b]lvG5 . tyflk s]xL lgDg k|of;x? ePsf
5g M s_ gjf} / bzf} k~rjifL{o of]hgfdf blntnfO{ e'dL ljt/0f
ul/g] Joj:yf 5 . v_ pRr:t/Lo e"dL;"wf/ cfof]u @)%! -j8fn cfof]u_
n] klg sd}ofsf ;d:of e/k"0f{ pNn]v u/]sf] 5. t/ xlnofsf ;d:of
;Daf]wg gu/]sf] kfOG5 . of] lgot eGbf klg g]kfnL ;dfhsf] -dfly
pNn]v eP jdf]lhd_ ;xL ljZn]if0fsf] sdL jf cefj xf] . u_ cGt/Ld ;
+ljwfg @)^# , cGt/Ld of]hgfn] klg tb cg'/mk ljZn]if0f ljgf
blntsf kIfdf pNn]v u/]sf] kfOG5 . 3_ lj=;== @)^# df ;jf{]Rr
cbfntn] k/dfb]z hf/L u/]sf]] / /fHon] xlnof k|yf vf/]hLsf]
d'lQmsf] 3f]if0ff u/]sf] 5 . t/ Goflos k"g{:yfkgf k|of; ePsf]
5}g .=/ 8_ xlnof k'g:yfkgfsf]nflu cfjfZos tYof g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
zflGt dGqfnon] -e"dL;"wf/ tyf e"dL Jofj:yfkg dGqfnon] gu/L_
xlnof ;+sng ug{ vf]h]sf] b]lvG5 . h'g ts{ ;+ut b]lvb}g .
^= ;f/f+z / lgisif{
g]kfnsf] e"ld gLltdf P]ltxfl;s ?kdf ljz]iftM /fhgLlts, ;fdflhs /
;f+:s[lts
d'NodfGotf -kl/l:ytL_ k|ltljlDjt ePsf] 5 . t;y{,
cgf}krfl/s ;+3 ;+:yf -;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts l/tLl/jfh hf] ;sf/fTds /
gsf/fTds
b'j}
k|s[lt
5_
/
cf}krfl/s
;+3;+:yf
-/fHosf lgsfox?_ sf] e"ldgLltdf k|efj k|efj k/]sf] x'G5 . o;n] ;du|
e"ldsf] kl/rfng -;|f]t kl/rfng_ / Joj:yfkgnfO{ lgwf{/0f ub{5 .
;du|df, l;4fGt t e"ldgLlt lj:t[t / gLltut ?kdf ;fdflhs cfly{s Gofo k|
bfg ug{] gLltut lgb{]lzt cjwf/0ff xf] . e"ld;'wf/ gLlt n] hdLgsf]
c;dfg ljt/0fnfO{{ dfq ;'wf/ gu/L a[xt/ ;fdflhs cfly{s j[l4 b/sf]
cfwf/ tof/ u/L e"ldxLg tyf ul/anfO{{ ;|f]tsf] dflns agfO{ ;fdflhs
Gofo :yflkt ug'{ xf] . ljleGg sfn v08 -sl/a ;ft bzs cufl8b]lv_
e"ld;'wf/ sf] k|of; ePtf klg of] jf:tljstfdf -Jojxf/df_ kl/0ft x'g
;s]g . o;sf ;fy;fy} o;n] e"ldxLg, ul/a, ;dfhLs ?kn] jlxis[t
;d"xsf] ;f/e"t ;jfnx? (Substantive Issues)_ nfO{{ ;d]tg jf ;+jf]wg
ug{ g;s]sf] b]lvG5 .

15

;f/f+zdf xfn;Ddsf e"ld ;'wf/ gLlt lgDg sf/0fn] ul/ad'vL b]lvb}g

lsglsM
s_
xbaGbL
cToGt}
j9L
b]lvG5
.
h;n]
ubf{ ul/jnfO{{ af8\g k'Ug] hldg k|ofKt x'b}g . o:f/L e"ldlxg,
>d hLjL hgtf -pTkfbgsf zlSt_ nfO{{ ;|f]tsf] dflns agfpg
;lsb}g . v_ e"ld ;'wf/ df ;DkGg ju{sf -juL{o_ rfxgf / OR5f
hf]l8P/ cfpF5 . o:f/L e"ldxLg / ul/asf] dfgjclwsf/ eGbf e"ldkltsf]
dfgjclwsf/sf] :j/ 7'nf] / alnof] x'G5 . -e"ld ;'wf/n] ul/j sf] d'2f ;
+zf]wg ug{] ls ;dkGgsf] <_ u_ e"lda}ssf] cjwf/0ff jhf/d'vL
cjwf/0ff xf] h;df ljtLo ;+:yfsf] j9L e"ldsf / /fHosf] sd e"ldsf
x'G5 . o;n] ul/j hgtfnfO{{ C0fsf] af]em j9fpg ;Sg] cfz+sf
ug{ ;lsG5 . 3_ ljleGg tYof / cWoog n] gLlt lgdf{0fdf ;+nUg
dxfg'efj -/fhgLlts bn, sd{rf/L tGq, gful/s ;dfh=== OTofbL _ df
clwsf+z pRr / dWod ju{sf k|ltlglwTj b]lvG5 . t;y{, o;/L
agfOPsf] gLlt ul/an] kIfdf x'G5 ls x'Fb]g eGg] olsg ug{ ;lsG5 .
e"ld;'wf/sf] 5nkmndf ;b}j pTkfbg Ifdtf (Effieiency) / ;fdflhs Gofo
-Equity_ df ljjfb x'g] ub{5 . cNksflng b[li6n] x]bf{ Ps cfk;df
pN6f]h:tf] b]lvG5 . tfklg bL3{ sflng b[li6n] oL Ps cfk;df kl/k'/s
x'g t/ k|lt:yfkglj:yfkg ub{}gg (Both can complement each other, rather
than substitute) bL3{ sflng b[li6sf]0f ;fdflhs ;dGofo -Equity_ n]
pTkfbg Ifdtf (Efficiency) df ;sf/fTds k|efj kfb{5 .
t;y{ ;f/f+zsf] cfwf/df g]kfnsf ;Gbe{df lgDgfg';f/ e"ldsf gLltut
;jfnx? cuf8L ;fg{' pko'St b]lvG5 .
s_ e"ldxLgtf u|fdL0f ul/aL / ;fdflhs alxis/0fsf] Ps
dxTjk"0f{ sf/0f xf] . o;n] e"ldsf] pTkfbg Ifdtf df c;/ kf/L ;du|
cfly{s j[l4b/ / lbuf] ljsf;df x|f; Nofp5 / c;dfgtf j[l4 ub{5 . oL
;fdflhsf 08, lx+;f / c;'/Iffsf] pj{/ e"ld xf] .
v_ u|fdL0f ;dfhdf tyf s[lifdf cfwfl/t cy{tGq ePsf] ;dfhdf
hdLgljgf ul/j x'G5 . a9L ul/aL eof] eg] u}/s[lif cj;/sf wf]sf aGb
x'G5 . ! s[lif j[l4 b/n] !=% u}/ s[lifsf] j[l4 b/nfO{{ 6]jf lbG5
. e"ldxLgul/jnfO{{ e"ldsf] kx'r clej[l4 x'bf ul/jL b'/ rqmaf6
jrfpg ;lsG5 . o;/L s[lif lgb{]lzt ljsf;sf] j[l4sf] af6f] (Agriculture-led
Economic Growth_ n] cfly{s qmflGt jf kl/jt{g Nofp5 . -e"ld ;'wf/
k6s k6s ug{] xf]Og t/ Ps k6s u/L cfly{s j[l4 b/nfO{ lg/Gt/tf
lbg] xf]_ .
16

u_ y'k|} ;fdlfhs kfk, cGofo h:t} jw'jf dhb'/ -cw{_ / bf;Tj -cw{_
xlnof, x?jf, r?jf, sd}of e"ldxLgtfsf sf/0f pAh]sf x'g\ . oL ;a}df
leGgtf ePtf klg ;femf ;jfn, bf;Tj -cw{+_, C0fsf] af]em,
c;dfgGo"g Hofnf, ;dflhs cfly{s z]fif0f, lje]b, Gofoflos -;|f]tsf]
dflns_ k'g:yfkgf , ;fdflhs ;'/Iff 5g\ .
3_ ab\bf] ;x/Ls/0f -e'd08Ls/0fsf] j]u ;+u;+u} _ /f]Sg g;lsg] k|
fs[lts k|s[of xf] . o;nfO{{ e"ld;'wf/ sf] dfWod jf6 hdLgsf]
juL{s/0f, zx/Ls/0fsf] of]hgf / Joj:yfkg af6 ug{ ;lsG5 .
o;nfO{{ /fd|f] l;t Joj:yfkg ubf{ ;fgf] ;+Vof / cfsf/df ePtfklg u}/
s[lif If]qdf /f]huf/L ;[hgf ug{ ;Sb5 . o; ufp zx/sf] ;DjGw :yflkt
ub{} u|fdL0f j]/f]huf/L sf] ;d:of ;dfwfg ub{5 . (Promotion of Urban
led economic Growth through Land Reorm)

8_ e"ldsf] :jfldTj , cwLgTjn] dflxnf ;zlQms/0fdf ;xof]u ub{}

{ dlxnf lj?4 x'g] ;j} k|sf/sf lx;f+ sd ub{5 .
r_ g]kfndf ;fdflhs ljljwtf -hfthftL_ 5 . pgLx?sf] ;f/e't ;jfnx?
-lxGb' j0f{ Joj:yfdf cfwfl/t ljlzi6 k|s[tLdf ju{ lgdf{0f / jw'jf
dhb'/, ;fdflhs ;f+:s[lts hdLg pkof]u, ;DklQ dflysf ;dfgxs
nfO{{ e"ld ;'wf/ n] k|fyldstfsf ;fy ljz]if ;Dzf]wg ug'{ k5{ .
-cGt/f{li6o sfg'g ILO 169 , ICERD , CEDAW sf k|fjwfg nfu' ug'{kb{5)
5_ clwsf+z 3/w'/lsf] ;fgf] cfsf/sf] hUuf 5 / yf]/} dfG5]sf] w]/}
hUuf 5 - / pgLx? cg'kl:ylt klg b]lvG5g_ . ;fgf cfsf/sf] hUufsf]
pTkfbg Ifdtf j9L 5 .
Hf_ ;fj{hlgs ;fd'bflos hUuf sf] ;'dlrt k|of]u ul/g' k5{ . cfly{s,
;fdflhs / jftfj/0fLo Gofo / ;Gt'ng agfO{ lj]z]if hf]8 lbg' k5{ .
Efm_
/fli6o
e"ld
gLlt
/
e'pkof]u
gLlt
agfpFbf
ax'kIfnfO{{ dWogu/ ub{} ;DjGwLt ;j} lgsfox? -s[lif ,jg ,
jftfj/0f , e"ld;'wf/ / Joj:yfkg_ / ;/f]sf/jfnfx? - jlxis[t ;d'xdf ;+hfn ,
km]8/]zg, ljifo ljz]if1 =====_ nfO{{ ;s[o ;xeflutfsf] ;'lglZrt
ul/g' k5{ .
cGTodf, ljut cfwf ztfAbL eGbf j9L x]bf{ ;j} /fhgLlts kl/jt{gdf
e"ldsf d'2f s]Gb| \ljGb'df /xg] ub{5 t/ pSt /fhgLlts kl/jt{sf] ;
+:yfut ljsf; x'g;s]sf] 5}g . :yfgLo :t/df /x]sf e"ldxLg tyf ul/j
hgtfn] kl/jt{gsf] k|Tofe"lt ug]{ cj;/ kfPsf 5}gg\ . o;/L k|hftGq,
nf]stGq x'Fb} u0ftGq;Dd cfO{k'u]sf] 5 . ;fFrf] cy{df cfly{s ?
kfGt/0f gx'Fbf;Dd of] qmd rln/xG5 . t;y{, g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df
17

e"ld;'wf/sf] gLlt to u/L ;du| cfly{s, ;fdflhs, /fhgLlts / ;f+:s[lts ?

kfGt/0f u/L /fhgLlts l:y/tf, lbuf] zflGt / ljsf; ug{ ;lsG5 .

;Gbe{ ;fdu|L
!= cfx'lt -@))&_ lxGb' ;dfhdf hftLo d'lQmsf] k|Zg d]/L 8];]g / k|To"if jGtL, ;+= . g]kfnsf]
;Gbe{df ;hdfzf:qLo lrGtg . sf7df8f}F , ;f];n ;fOG; jxfM
@= /f]sf, xl/ - @))&_ blnt d'lQm / e"ld ;'wf/ . klnl6S; ckm :k]l;cn /fO6 P08 l/he{];g .
sf7df8f}F M hfu/0f ldl8of ;]G6/ .
#= j8fn cfof]u k|ltj]bg . ;g\ @)%@ . j8fn pRr:t/Lo e"ld ;'wf/ ;'emfj cfof]u ;g\ !((% .
sf7df8f}F M lk=lj= klJn;/ .
$= cfx'lt - @)^)_ e"lddf blnt :jfldTj Ps gd"gf cWoog . sf7df8f} , cfTdflge{/ ljsf; d~r .
%= /fli6o blnt cfof]u - ;g @))@_ gful/stf / e":jfldTj /fli6o blnt cfof]u, sf7df8f}F . cflb .
^= pk|]tL , lji0f'/fh , zdf{ ;fu//fh , j:g]t hut -@)^^_ g]kfndf e'dL /fhgLlt / G, u|dL0f
/mkfGt/0fsf oyfy{ / ;Defjgf g]kfnL cg'jfb_ sf7df8f} M
cg';Gwfgdf bIftfsf] nflu :jL; /fli6o s]Gb|, ;fd'bflos cfTdlge{/ d~r / dfgj tyf k|fs[lts ;+zf]wg
s]Gb|, sf7df8f}+ ljZj ljBfno
&= j8fn , s]zj , leotgfd / e'dL ;'wf/ , sf7df8f}+ M ;fd'bflos cfTd lge{/ s]Gb|
*= g]kfn ;/sf/ -@)^&_ j}1flgs e'dL ;'wf/ ;DjGwL pRr:t/Lo cfof]usf] k|ltj]bg sf7df8f}+M
j}1flgs pRr:t/Lo e'dL ;'wf/ cfof]u
(= s[lif tyf ;xsf/L dGqfno - @)^!_ /fli6o s[lif gLlt @)^! M sf7df8f}+ s[lif tyf ;xsf/L dGqfno
!)= clwsf/L, hunfy -@)^#_ g]kfndf e'dL;'wf/ M ;d:of / ;defjgf, sf7df8f}+ M g]kfn ljsf;
cWoog ;+:yf -lg8;_
!!= /fli6o of]hgf cfof]u - @)^&_ lqjifL{o of]hgf sf] cfwf/ kq -@)^&^*-@)^()&_
sf7df8f}M g]kfn ;/sf/ /fli6o of]hgf cfof]u
!@= Kofs'/ofn, s}nf;, g]kfnL, k"0f{ axfb'/ , l;+x , ldi6L / l3ld/] , ;kmn - @)^^_ jblnbf]
/fhg}lts ;Gbe{df e'dL ;DjGWL ;jfnM /fli6o ;Djfb sfo{qmd sf] ;f/kq, sf7df8f}+ M e'dL
cg';Gwfg tyf lgtL ;Djfbgsf] nflu ;xsfo{ -sf]nfk{_
!#= o' Pg 8LkL -@)^%_ g]kfnsf] cGt/Ld ;+ljwfg, @)^# -klxnf] b]lv 5}7f} ;+zf]wg ;lxt
sf7df8f}+M o'Pg8LkL
!$= g]kfnL, k"0f{ jxfb'/ -@)^&_ g]kfndf j}1flgs e'dL ;'wf/ M e'dL v08Ls/0f, xbjGbL /
rSnfjGbL ;DjGwL pRr :t/lo e'dL ;'wf/ cfo]fu @)^% df k|:t't ul/Psf] sfo{kq sf]nfk{ / pRr :t/Lo
e'dL ;'wf/ f/f cfof]lut uf]i7L
!%= g]kfnL k"0f{ jxfb'/ -@)^%_ j}1flgs e'dL ;'wf/sf] ;Gbe{df blntsf] clwsf/ pRr :t/Lo
e'dL ;'wf/ sfnflu k|:t't ul/Psf] sfo{ kq sf]nfk{ / pRr :t/Lo e'dL;'wf/ f/f cfof]lht uf]i7L
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Kathmandu: Authas.
Adhikari, J. ( 2006). Land Reform in Nepal: Problems and Prospects. Kathmandu: NIDS.
Chapagain, D. P (1999). Land Tenure in Nepal: Status and Main Issue. A Discussion Paper prepared for GTZ/IMU.
Nepal.
Chapagain, D. P (2001). National Strategy for Sustainable Development, Status Review and Dialogue, Land and
Agriculture. Kathmandu: IUCN (International Union of Nature Conservation)
CSRC. 2003 .Land Rights in Nepal: Prevent Reality and Strategic for Future (A study Report) Kathmandu: Community
Self Reliance Center.
CSRC. 2004 Land First (Bi-Annual Publication January 2005). Kathmandu: Community Self Reliance Center.
CSRC. 2004 Land First (Bi-Annual Publication August 2005). Kathmandu: Community Self Reliance Center.
Pykuryal, K.N. (2007). Introduction: A conceptual framework. In K.N.Pyakuryal, K. March., and B. Acharya (Eds.),
Conflict in Nepal: Theoretical underpinnings, conflict resolution, conflict transformation, and peace
buildings (pp 1-10), Kathmandu: Social and Anthropological Society of Nepal (SASON).
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Regmi, M.C. (1999). Thatched Huts and Stucco Palaces: Peasants and Landlords in 19th Century Nepal. Delhi: Adroit
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Upreti, B.R. (2001). Conflict management in natural resource: A study of land, water and forest conflict in Nepal.
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