Introduction

To
HTML & CSS:
Learn To Code Websites Like A Pro

By Danny Ajini
Of Climb New Heights LLC.
ClimbNewHeights.com

Table Of Contents
Chapter 1: Start Here
Chapter 2: Understanding HTML
Chapter 3: Understanding CSS
Chapter 4: Where To Write Your Code
Chapter 5: Browsers
Chapter 6: HTML Structure
Chapter 7: CSS Structure
Chapter 8: Common HTML Elements & Their Rules
Chapter 9: Common CSS Styles And Their Rules
Chapter 10: Getting Started
Chapter 11: Preparing Images For The Internet
Chapter 12: Manipulating Placement Of HTML Objects
Chapter 13: Margins And Padding
Chapter 14: Other Types Of Positioning Techniques
Chapter 15: Fonts, Fonts, Fonts!
Chapter 16: Semantic Code
Chapter 17: Using Color
Chapter 18: CSS Sprites
Chapter 19: Element States
Chapter 20: Handy Things To Consider
Chapter 21: Flash, Javascript & CSS Animations
Chapter 22: Validation & Troubleshooting
Chapter 23: Minified HTML/CSS
Chapter 24: Grid Systems
Chapter 25: Responsive Web Design
Chapter 26: The Favicon
Conclusion & Next Steps

Chapter 1: Start Here!

I know what youre thinking, Oh, an introductionSKIP! However, Id advise you not
to skip this introduction because Im not going to babble on about my qualifications or
some heartfelt story about how my HTML/CSS book cured a dying man of his ailments.
Rather, I just wish to give this book a little bit of context.
As with most things in life, coding a website may seem extremely difficult from the
outside looking in. However, once you know the tricks of the trade itll be a piece of cake
for you.
If youve taken a good look around on the internet then you may have noticed that there
are many different styles of website. Everything from centered 1-page sites to websites
with a sidebar navigation all the way to websites built entirely from Flash animations.
I mention this because this brings up the point that there is more than one way to code a
website. Which we will get to later in the book.

Brief Intro To Website Design History

Disclaimer: This brief history is only based on my own observations. Since this isnt
essential to the book I wont waste any time looking up dates, gathering references or fact
checking. Youll simply have to take this at face value.
The advent of the internet brought about very ugly websites. Originally website designers
would rely on a very outdated technique of laying out their websites using what are known
as tables. You may be familiar with tables because they are used in Microsoft Word.
Essentially the tables would serve to segment content on the page and allow the user to
have 2 & 3 column layouts which are still very much used today.
Once this obsession with tables died down a bit, website designers then switched to laying
out their websites using what are known as divs. A div is another HTML tag which
allows users to segment content as they see fit.
I should also mention that for a while there, Flash became extremely popular. Flash was
loved by many because it allowed the designer to place objects wherever they wanted
without code, to create amazing animations, and do things that simply werent possible
using HTML, CSS or Javascript.
This brings us to today. With the advent of HTML5 and CSS3 (the latest versions of
HTML & CSS) website designers are able to create awesome animations and do things
that were never possible in the past without either Flash animations or the usage of
Javascript.
Today, with the rising popularity of mobile and tablet devices, mobile website design as
well as adaptive web design are becoming the new standard which will take us into the
websites of the future.

What I Hope To Accomplish With This E-book

It is my hope that someone who is unfamiliar with HTML/CSS can pick up this e-book
and use it to get a solid understanding of coding a website with HTML & CSS.
I want to cover all the bases of HTML/CSS without going overboard. Please note that this
subject is very vast and I will be covering a few of the things that are necessary to get
started.
Please note however, that I am extremely long winded. That being said, I know that this is
supposed to be an introductory book but along the way I will be giving you some of the
seeds of knowledge necessary to help you towards your second phase of website building.
Thats when you graduate from coding a static page to full fledged responsive website
design.
There are many resources on the internet which can help you learn how to build a
website. However, none of these resources will give you the edge that can only be gained
by years of experience, hours of troubleshooting as well as yelling at your computer
screen which I hope to impart on you.

That being said lets begin!

Chapter 2: Understanding HTML

So they say that the difference between a master and a novice is that the master knows the
tricks of the trade. Its the tiny, subtle things that the master knows that gives him the edge
over the novice.
You may not know this, but anyone who has ever used a computer (even one without
internet) has probably used and manipulated HTML.
HTML means HyperText Markup Language FYI.
If you have ever used Microsoft Word, then you have most likely come in contact with a
multitude of HTML elements and you didnt even realize it.
These include:
Headings (Heading 1 through Heading 6)
Tables
Ordered Lists (A list with numbered bullet points)
Unordered Lists (This list is an example)
Links (Surely youve encountered a Word document with a link to a website)
Im sure there are a few more examples but are the stand out elements which I knew most
people would be familiar with.
And, just like a Word document, a website can be extremely bland with no stylingor
you can use your imagination and jazz it up a bit using fancy fonts, colored text, images,
backgrounds, etc!
Figure 2.1 On the left is a website and on the right is the same website minus the CSS.

CSS stands for Cascading Style Sheet and when people refer to CSS they will often talk
about the stylesheet which is the document containing the CSS code. As you can see
above in Figure 2.1, on the left you have a website which consists of HTML & CSS. And
on the right you have the EXACT SAME WEBSITE, however I deleted the stylesheet.
The HTML includes all of the elements that are on the page IE: the pictures, the words,
the links, etc. and the CSS is the code that the website designer uses to denote the color,
orientation, font, etc.
As you can see the website on the right (minus the CSS) looks very much like something

you could create in Microsoft Word.

And much like Microsoft word elements, each HTML element comes preset with styles.
For example if you were to take a word and link it to a website, it becomes blue and
underlined. If you were to begin typing, the words would begin in the upper left portion
of the document using a Times New Roman font and utilizing a 12 point font.
The reason why I mention the link and paragraph style attributes in Microsoft Word is
because they are almost identical to the default appearances of unstyled HTML
elements.

Chapter 3: Understanding CSS

So as I mentioned above CSS stands for Cascading Style Sheets. Its what you will be
using as a beginning website designer/ developer to give your websites some flavor.
Its the tool that you will use to transform a page which resembles the ugliest of Word
documents into a beautiful and interactive work of art!
As I mentioned before, HTML elements all have their default styles.
Links look like this.
Paragraphs and other unstyled text default to Times New Roman (or Macintosh
equivalent) 16 point font.
Unordered lists
end up looking
like this.
It will be your responsibility to take these elements and style them to your desire utilizing
CSS.
Things You Can Do With CSS
Change the background of the page (Many options including tiled image, gradient,
image/ background color combo, solid color, etc)
Change the orientation/ position of an element
Change fonts, font size, font color
Give elements background images
In all honesty, there is almost no limit to what you can do visually to a website using CSS.
And with the advent of CSS3 there is all types of cool things that you can do such as
creating animations to happen when the user hovers over an element, rounded corners on
elements, text shadows, etc!

Chapter 4: Where to Write Your Code

Before we go any further on our journey we have to discuss what you will be using to
code the websites that you design.
I personally use Dreamweaver to do all of my coding. Its not what I personally
recommend. I mostly use it because it came with Adobe Creative Suite, something that I
personally use because its required for my profession.
However, you can edit almost any type of code using the standard text editor that comes
with your computer.
With a Windows based computer you can use Notepad to write, view or edit almost any
type of computer code you could ever wish to manipulate. On a Mac the equivalent is
TextEdit.
Its crazy that the simplest program on your computer gives you the ability to code the
most beautiful websites.
Essentially, the code editor that you use is irrelevant. If you use a simple code editor then
you have the potential to become much more proficient in writing code because you wont
have any crutches to rely on.
If you spend your time writing code with a simple text editor, you will most likely end up
having to reference almost every bit of code that you write or commit the code to memory.

Free Code Editors

Although memorizing code will make you an exceptional website developer the purpose
of this book isnt to deter you from getting your feet wet with HTML/CSS.
Therefore Ill give you a few options that you can use if you dont have the option to use a
paid program.
Of course by the time you read this e-book there may be more options so dont be afraid to
Google!
Notepad (TextEdit on Mac) - No frills text editor. Be prepared to Google every step
of the way.
Notepad++ - This is a free, open source download that is essentially a simple text
editor with a few features which will make your life easier.
TextWrangler Similiar to Notepad++ but is Mac only and not open source.

What Is The Deal With Code Editors???

If youre completely new to code. Then you may be asking yourself, how is the code
editor that I use important in anyway?
Basically, the code editor that you use can make your life easier. And you yourself can
make your own life easier by paying attention to the tips that Ill give you in the chapter
about semantic code.
Back to the topic at hand, the editor that you use can help you in a number of ways.
For instance, check out Figure 4-1. The language that youre looking at is CSS. You may
not be able to tell, but Ive decided to target the body of the HTML document. Then I
decided to target the background-color of said body.
Colors on the internet are normally based on a hexidecimal system and each color
designation begins with a hash marking. For instance #ffffff designates white. (Well
get into that more later.)
Figure 4.1 I begin to specify a background color and a helper window pops up to assist
me in choosing a color.

But as you can see, as soon as I began to type the hash mark, a helping hand popped up to
help me choose a color.
This is just one example of how the text editor that you choose can help you get the job
done.
Essentially, the best text editors can help you to remember tidbits of code, help you to
keep your code organized and assist you when you forget essential pieces of code.

Chapter 5: Browsers
I know youre eager to start learning about website building however, the topic of
browsers is one of the most important pieces to the puzzle.
An internet browser is simply the portal that you choose to help you view the abomination
which has come to be known as the internet.

And just as the program you choose to write your code

can help you get an edge, so can your browser.
As of today, the most popular internet browsers are Internet Explorer, Firefox, Opera,
Chrome & Safari.

Why Do Browsers Matter?

If you are going to be coding websites its important to have multiple browsers to test your
websites in.
Not every browser displays the same font in the same way and some browsers have
slightly different protocols for displaying certain objects.
Just as I mentioned before about how Microsoft Word has certain styles that they apply to
different objects. Each browser also abides by certain styles for different HTML elements.
And while each browser has almost the same relative styles for each element, there are
some subtle differences between browsers which can throw off your layout.
Often times the problem browser will be Internet Explorer. This is because Microsoft
abides by a different set of rules pertaining to the way its browser renders certain HTML
elements.
You may think that this isnt an issue because you personally use Chrome, Firefox or
Safari.
In reality, what you dont know is that a majority of people NEVER upgrade their browser
from the default one their computer comes with. And since the majority of people use
Windows, this means that a majority of people not only use Internet Explorer but a good
chunk of those people have an OUTDATED version of Internet Explorer.
Only in recent years has Internet Explorer caught up with the modern browser world and
begun to acknowledge modern website design techniques and render the new website
design features in their own browsers.
What this means is that a good chunk of internet users world wide are viewing websites on
a completely outdated and (for lack of a better word) non-compliant browser.
This makes coding HTML/CSS super fun!!! (sarcasm)

What Browsers To Download

The browsers that I personally recommend to download are:
Internet Explorer
Firefox
Chrome
If you are a Windows user and are concerned about not having Safari, dont be. Google
Chrome is using an open source web browsing system called WebKit which is what
Safari uses. Keep that word WebKit in the back of your head because it will come up later
when we start coding with CSS.
If you are a Mac user you should definitely download Internet Explorer so that you can
make sure your websites perform as intended on Windows.
Between all of the browsers mentioned above you will have a pretty good idea of how
your websites will perform for the myriad of internet users out there.

Advantages To Certain Internet Browsers

I personally crack open Google Chrome whenever I am going to begin a heavy session of
coding.
Figure 5.1 I right clicked on the broken image and go to inspect element to see whats wrong.

This is because Google Chrome

has more intuitive and user friendly code diagnostic capability.
In the image above youll see that there are 4 broken images in the box labeled Advertise
Here. In Google Chrome, if I see an element that is behaving strange all I need to do is
right click, followed by Inspect Element.

Figure 5.2 Once I click inspect element this window pops up and gives me some helpful information.

Once I click Inspect Element then this extremely helpful Developer Tools window
pops up.
The red x with the number in the corner, lets me know when files which the document
says are supposed to accompany this file are missing.
I can see that the images which arent showing up are a result of a broken path.
A few things that I want to quickly mention:
1. Almost every modern browser has some sort of Developer Tools option however, I
happen to think Google Chromes version is the most helpful and easiest to use.
Google Chromes Developer Tools window is also very cool because it allows you to
edit HTML & CSS directly in the Developer Tools window so you can experiment
with your code before you actually put it to use on your website.
2. As you can see, when I inspected the element the panel on the right tells me every
CSS style associated with the element in question. If there was a style which I
happened to write incorrectly the Developer Tools window would let me know by
putting a slash through the CSS rule. This lets me know that the CSS statement is
not currently being used because it is written incorrectly.
3. These developer tools options are extremely helpful and have many more capabilities
than I even know about or have the time to mention. If you end up becoming serious
about coding, than you should make a conscious effort to learn more about what
functionality the developer tools can offer you.
One thing that is pretty cool about Firefox is this 3D view option. Im not exactly sure
how useful it is. However, it can help you to understand the hierarchy of the page as well
as show you where there may be errors in terms of elements placed incorrectly inside
other elements.

In all honesty, when I tried to initialize the 3D view on my own computer a window
popped up letting me know that 3D view has failed and to check the troubleshooting page
on Firefoxs website. I suspect its because of my graphic card. However, here is a
picture of what the Firefox 3D view looks like.
Figure 5.3 The 3D view option in Firefox is super cool!

Chapter 6: HTML Structure

Before you begin to get acquainted with HTML you need to know a bit about the structure
of HTML elements.

Beginning And Ending HTML Tags

Any element that can be wrapped around something has a beginning tag and an ending
tag. The beginning tag will be encapsulated with using less than and greater than
symbols (< >) the ending tag will be encapsulated with the same symbols with the
addition of a forward slash (</ >).
Examples:
<body>This is the body tag, it is the body of the HTML document and all HTML
elements which are to be featured on the page are between the beginning and ending of
this element.</body>
<p>This is a paragraph tag. All text that you wish to be included in this paragraph go
here.</p>

Self Contained HTML Tags

Elements that are self contained end themselves using a forward slash located right before
the ending > symbol.
Below is a break tag. The break tag is used to cause a sentence to go to the next line, or
free up some space in your document. The break tag can be used just like the enter key
does when typing in a Microsoft Word document.
In the past using <br> used to be acceptable, valid HTML however in recent years you
need to end the tag within itself (as seen below with a space and a forward slash).
Example:
<br />

Below is a horizontal rule tag. This HTML element creates a horizontal line on the
page. Since this line cannot be wrapped around any other HTML elements, it is self
contained. Below is an example of a horizontal rule.
Example:
<hr />

Chapter 7: CSS Structure

CSS can be a little bit more complicated because there are many CSS declarations that you
can make and each declaration has its own set of rules.
However, there is a few things that never change when it comes to CSS so Ill share them
with you now so that you can have a better understanding before we start jumping head
first into the subject.
CSS follows the structure that you see below. CSS is written like this when you declare
your CSS in the head of the document or in a separate document.
Figure 7.1 Below you can see the structure of CSS stylings.

Some people like to

write their CSS directly in the HTML element itself it is known as inline CSS. Below is
an example.
With inline CSS styles there is no question as to the element being targeted so the
targeting as well as the brackets get omitted. However the CSS property, the colon, the
CSS property declarations and the ending semi-colon are all there.
Best practice with CSS is to keep all your CSS in a separate document and link the
document to your HTML. However, as you can see there are a few different ways to write
your CSS. To save time and to avoid confusion we will be just covering how to write your
CSS in a separate document.
Inline styles are kind of frowned upon because they can increase load times in websites
and are seen as being amateur-ish.

Targeting An HTML Element

In order to begin to write a CSS declaration about any element, you must first tell the CSS
document which element to target.

Broad Example
If you wanted to target every instance of a particular HTML element you would begin
your CSS declaration with the name of that element.
Examples:
body (Targets the body of the HTML document and all elements contained within)
h1 (Targets all h1 header elements in the document)
a (Targets all links)

Targeting An Element by Class

Another way to target elements is to give them classes. Classes allow you to target
elements based not on the type of HTML element but by the classes that you wish to give
those elements.
Classes are great because they allow you to style objects with more precision.
Below is an example of giving an HTML element a class.

As you can see, in order to give an element a class
you must add class=, followed by the class name in quotation marks.
In order to target a class, its very similar to targeting an HTML element. Except you use
the name of the class with a period in front of it.
Below is an example of targeting an HTML element by class.

Targeting An Element By ID
Classes are cool because you can have as many elements on a page as you want with the
same class.
However, there comes a time when maybe there is only one element on the page which
you want to give a bit of significance to.
An ID is a way to target an HTML element. However, there can only be 1 element with
the same ID per page.
Sure you can have multiple elements with the same ID on the same HTML page.
However, when you go to validate the document it will show as invalid in an HTML
validation program, as this is not a valid HTML technique.
To give an HTML element an ID it is very similar to the class declaration.

Giving an HTML element an ID is almost identical to

giving an HTML element a class. Except, instead of typing class =class name you
simply type id=id name.
Targeting the element with CSS is almost identical as well. Except, instead of putting a
period before the id name you use a hash mark (#).

Nested CSS Targeting

To target elements inside other elements simply declare the elements from biggest to
smallest separated by a space. For example to target an image wrapped in a link you
would target those elements by using a img. Keep in mind you can get as deep as you
want with nested CSS targeting.
As long as the element you are targeting is wrapped in the elements you specified your
styles will effect the element in question.

Advanced CSS Targeting

With the advent of CSS3 there has become a few more ways to target HTML elements in
order to style them.
For example, in HTML there are a few different elements that all use the same.
If youre reading this book than chances are youve been around the block a few times and
seen various things on the internet. One of the most common elements in websites is the
web form.
Youve most likely seen a few web forms in your day because there is always some
advertiser or business that wants you to fill out and submit a form.
The input element is an extremely versatile element. This one element can be used as a
text field in a form, as well as a date field, a phone number field AND a submit button!
This brings us to our next question, but how do you style a certain type of input element
whithout disrupting other elements which you dont want to tamper with?

What you see above is a little bit of an advanced CSS declaration.

As you can see Im targeting multiple HTML elements with the same CSS declaration by

separating each individual HTML element with a comma.

Im also targeting two different types of inputs (type=text as well as type=date) using
brackets.
And you may not fully grasp this yet. However, Im targeting EVERY input with the type
equal to text EXCEPT ones where the class is s. And Im doing this using
:not(element in question).
There are a few other advanced techniques to target HTML elements however, I dont
want to overload you. Well just cover some of the basic building blocks to get you going.

CSS Hierarchy
CSS is called Cascading Style Sheets because the rules set for CSS cascade down the
document into other elements. For example, CSS styles that are lower in the document
will over power styles that are higher in the document. A style on line 1 will be
overpowered by a style on line 365 that targets the same element for instance. That means
if you were to declare the default font-family for the document to be be Arial, then later on
in the document you specify Tacoma, than the latter style would take effect.
CSS styles that are more specific in their CSS targeting will over power styles that are
more vague in their targeting. For example a CSS style directed at all paragraph tags will
be overpowered by a CSS style directed at all paragraph tags with a class or id of your
choice.
If you are targeting one HTML object and you give the object two conflicting styles the
browser will render the style that is lower in the document. For example if you give all
headings a margin of 10 pixels and then later say that all headings should have a margin of
15 pixels, the browser will render the latter style.
If the HTML object itself has an inline style than in most cases the inline-style will be
rendered. An example of an inline style would be as follows:
<img src=/images/example.jpg alt=This is alternative text style=float:left; />
In most cases all of these conflicting styles can be bypassed with a declaration of
!important before the closing semi-colon of the CSS declaration.

Chapter 8: Common HTML Elements & Their Rules

Divs
A div is essentially an HTML element which is used to hold other objects. I believe that
div is short for division. Divs are important for laying out websites. Since the word div is
not very descriptive, HTML5 has spawned new kinds of divs with different names. These
new div-like elements are called: header, nav, section, aside, article, details, footer, and
summary.
To use a div simply use this beginning and ending tag to wrap around the elements you
wish to organize. Divs are block level elements, which you will learn about later on in
the book.
<div>Div content goes in here.</div>
The format is the same with the new HTML5 elements.
<header>Header content goes in here.</header>

Heading
Headings are just as they sound. They are text headings which range in size from H1-H6.
H1 being the largest and most important in the eyes of search engines to H6 being the
smallest and least important.
To use a heading simply wrap the heading text with beginning and ending header tags.
Headings are block level elements. This may be obvious but dont mismatch the tags for
the heading.
<h1>This is an H1 heading.</h1>
<h2>This is an H2 heading.</h2>

<h6>This is an H6 heading.</h6>

Images
Images are also pretty self explanatory. Images are inline block level elements. To keep
your code valid, make sure every image you use in your document has an alt specified.
The alt attribute is important for when your image fails to load for any number of
reasons. The alt attribute is also useful for visually impaired website visitors. In both
cases the images would show the alternative text which describes the image so they can
get a better feel for what the website is about.
To use an image simply use the following format.
<img src=path alt=Alternative text />
Obviously the path should point to the place where the image is located and the alternative
text should be replaced with actual alternative text. Since images cant wrap around other
elements the image tag ends itself, as you can see with the forward slash before the ending
greater than symbol (>).

Quick note: your code will still be valid if you leave the alt attribute blank. However, this
isnt the best practice. Essentially it is the alt attribute itself that makes the image valid
and not the text inside.

Paragraphs, Spans & Blockquotes

A paragraph is exactly thata paragraph. I will note that some people use unorthodox
practices such as using a paragraph tag as a div. A paragraph is a block level element. To
use a paragraph simply wrap the text in the following HTML tags.
<p>Your paragraph text goes here.</p>
A span is what you use when you have a piece of text which you wish to make special in
some way. Spans are inline elements and are normally wrapped in block level elements,
such as paragraphs for example.
To use a span, wrap your span text in the following HTML tags.
<span>Span text goes here.</span>
A blockquote is normally used when quoting something from another source or a person.
A blockquote is a block level element and can be wrapped around other block level
elements.
To use a blockquote simply wrap your blockquote in the following HTML tags.
<blockquote>Blockquote text goes here.</blockquote>

Unordered and Ordered Lists

If youve used Microsoft Word than surely youve encountered unordered and ordered
lists. Unordered lists are bulleted lists and ordered lists are numbered. Both of which are
block level elements.
This may seem weird to you, however most people use an extremely styled unordered list
for their navigation bars. This is because an unordered list is specified for use with a list
and a navigation bar is essentially a list of links.
To use an unordered list use the following format.
<ul>
<li>List Item Goes Here</li>
<li>List Item Goes Here</li>
<li>List Item Goes Here</li>
<li>List Item Goes Here</li>
</ul>
UL means unordered list while LI means list item.
To use an ordered list use the following format.
<ol>
<li>List Item 1 Goes Here</li>

<li>List Item 2 Goes Here</li>

<li>List Item 3 Goes Here</li>
<li>List Item 4 Goes Here</li>
</ol>
OL means ordered list while LI means list item.

Links
Links make the internet go around. Links are inline-elements. To use a link use the
following format.
<a href=path>Text, image, or whatever you wish to link goes here.</a>
Obviously keep in mind that the word path should be replaced with the url which you wish
to link to.

Tables
In the past people would lay out entire websites using tables. Today however, that
technique is frowned upon. Tables are great for keeping information neat and tidy. Tables
are block level elements.
To use a table use the following format.
<table>
<th>
<td>Jill</td>
<td>Smith</td>
<td>50</td>
</th>
<tr>
<td>Eve</td>
<td>Jackson</td>
<td>94</td>
</tr>
</table>

TH stands for table header, TR stands for table row and TD stands for table data.
Essentially listing the top row as a table header isnt necessary as all rows can just be
labeled as table rows. However, if you wish to style the top row using CSS you may want
to utilize the TH tag as it will make it easier to target the top row.

Forms
Forms are a little beyond the scope of this book. Not because forms are difficult to use but
because they normally require a bit of Javascript or other type of code to work. I wont go
on to mention much about this. However, I will just give you a quick tip and say that in
order for a text area to be valid code you must specify a cols and rows attribute. This

essentially gives the text area a width and height however you can later manipulate these
dimensions with CSS if you wish.

Chapter 9: Common CSS Styles And Their Rules

I will go into a few different CSS techniques in greater detail later in the book so for now
Ill just list a couple of the important CSS declarations and their rules.

Color
The color attribute always denotes the color of the text. To use the color attribute simply
use the following format. Black is default when it comes to color, unless youre talking
about a link.
color: #000000;
Later on in the book Ill explain how HTML color works and how to use the hexadecimal
system for specifying colors. You can specify color using the hexadecimal system, rgb or
even list them by name.

Fonts
There are a ton of CSS declarations which deal with fonts. Were going to briefly touch
upon a few.
font-family: 1st choice, 2nd choice, last resort;
Fonts are specified by family. More on this later.
font-size: 12px;
Font size can be specified by pixel size, ems, you can even specify by using adjectives
(large, small, etc.)
font-weight: bold;
Font weight can be specified by hundreds (100,200,300, up to 900). 100 being the
thinnest and 900 being the thickest. You can also specify font weight by using bold,
bolder, lighter & normal.
text-transform: uppercase;
Using text-transform you can specify that you want a particular block of text to be
uppercase or lowercase. The text will then be rendered in that specific case regardless of
how its written in the actual HTML document.
line-height: 14px;
Using line-height you can specify the height between lines of text. You can specify the
amount using pixels, ems, etc.

Height & Width

You can specify height and width for various objects. You can use pixels, ems,
percentages, etc. as the unit of measurement. To use height and width use these formats:
height: 100px;
width: 50%;


Borders
There may come a time when you want to give something a border. You can specify all 4
borders at once or you can specify one border at a time. (There may be alternative ways to
specify the border however, well just use the basics for now.)
border: 1px solid #ffffff;
To specify a border, begin with the border width in pixels, followed by the style (options
include: solid, dotted, dashed, thin, inset, etc.), followed by the color. To specify a border
on a specific side use:
border-right: 1px solid #ffffff;
border-left: 1px solid #ffffff;
border-top: 1px solid #ffffff;
border-bottom: 1px solid #ffffff;

Margins & Padding

I go into more detail later on in the book. However, margins form invisible barriers
between objects.
Padding is essentially like a margin however it works as an internal barrier for objects
inside of an HTML element. For example, if you have a div with a padding of 10 pixels
all the way around. Any object inside of the div wont be able to get within 10 pixels of
the edge.
I list out how to use these in detail later in the book.

Floats
Some HTML elements naturally stack on top of each other because they use up all the
width allotted to them and some do not. In order to alleviate this for times when you have
two objects that stack and wish to have them side by side, you can use floats.
To float an object use the following format:
float: left;
You can either float an object left, right or none.
A float basically tells a stack-able HTML element that it should only take up as much
horizontal space as it actually needs rather than hogging up all the horizontal space. Then
it tells the element to begin stacking either left, right or center.

Display
You can use the display attribute to display a block level element as inline, and inline
element as block or not at all.
To use this feature use the following format:
display: block;

Your options here include block, inline, inline-block, as well as none. Display:none; is
for when you dont want to display an object at all.

Overflow
There might come a time when you have a div which you have specified a width or height
for, and you have placed an object inside of the div which extends past the boundaries of
its containing element.
In this case you have an overflow. To style this use the following format:
overflow: scroll;
Your options here include: scroll (which places scroll bars inside the element), hidden
(which hides the excess) as well as visible (this shows the excess).

Position
Later on Ill give you my technique for laying out a website. However, there are a few
different positioning declarations.
To use the position declaration use the following format:
position: relative;
Position has a few options, such as relative (relative to its current position), fixed (fixed in
one position relative to the browser window and doesnt move) and absolute (this is an
absolute position based on any containing elements.)
When you use the position property you must then specify the position based on the
distance from either the top, left, right or bottom.
You do so using the following format:
top: 10px;
You can use any combination of top, left, right or bottom and use any valid unit of
measure you wish. IE: pixels, points, ems, etc.

Things To Remember
There are honestly too many CSS declarations to mention here. Youll have to learn more
as you go along. Some other great CSS declarations include border-radius which gives
you rounded corners as well as some of the CSS3 transitions and animations which are a
little more advanced.
Some things to remember are:
You cant have more than one background image on a particular object
HTML objects inherit default styles
Child elements inherit styles from parent elements
Styles that are lower in the stylesheet override styles which are higher up in the
stylesheet (unless !important is used directly before the ending semi-colon)
You only have to specify as much CSS as you need to. For example if an object
inherited a style that you like, you dont have to redefine the style. Only use as much
CSS as needed.

Chapter 10: Getting Started

Ok, now that weve gotten a few of the lesser boring facts out of the way we can begin to
get our hands dirty a bit.
Anyone can read a book about coding a website however, its not until youve taken that
knowledge and began to apply it that your journey actually begins.

The Mockup
I begin each website that I build with a mockup. A mockup is essentially a Photoshop
document of what the home page of your website is going to look like.
Figure 10.1 Below is a mockup I created for a friends website.

As you can
see in Figure 10.1 this is an example of a mockup. Its a website design that I was
messing around with for a friend who happens to loves a good bargain.
Its the website that I will be using as an example throughout this e-book because its just a
simple 2 column website.
The mockup is extremely important because it serves as the blue print to your website.
Once you have a mockup, you are ready to begin coding!

Setting Up Your Website Folder

Im going to be honest here. When it comes to building a website, the sky is the limit.
You dont have to format the folder that holds your website EXACTLY as I say.
You dont have to format your code the way that you see in my examples.
However, if you keep your HTML documents clean and easy to understand. If you keep
your folders clean and organized. If you keep all your images in one folder. These are all
practices which will help you to code in a professional manner.
That being said, were going to set up a folder for your first HTML/CSS experiments.
1. Create a folder name it website
2. In that folder create 2 folders
1 called css
1 called images
The CSS folder will store your CSS files and your Images folder will store your image
files.

Setting Up Your HTML & CSS Documents

Once youre ready to begin, open up your code editor of your choice and create two
documents.
The first one will be named index.html and the second one will be named style.css. When
it comes to HTML, the index usually denotes the home page and when you upload
HTML to a server the server will serve the index as the home page.
Save this index file in the root folder that you just created, called website. The CSS
stylesheet will be saved in the CSS folder.

Setting up your HTML Document

Since the advent of HTML5, HTML documents have become much more streamlined.
Below youll see the bare minimum that you need to have on your page to have a valid
HTML document.

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang=en>
<head>
<meta charset=utf-8>
<title>Here Is Where You Put The Title Of Your Website</title>
<![if lt IE 9]>
<script src=http://html5shiv.googlecode.com/svn/trunk/html5.js></script>
<![endif]>
</head>
<body>

</body>
</html>
Open up your index.html and type the above code into your document. This is a
barebones HTML document and pretty much everything that you see above is required to
have a valid HTML document. (In the past a valid HTML document would have included
a lot more declarations.)
DOCTYPE = The document type
HTML LANG = en (English) Note that the HTML tag begins at the top of the
document and ends at the bottom to wrap up the document.
Head = The place where your page title, links to CSS style sheets, Javascript code,
and other miscellaneous code that is important for your website but isnt necessary
for the aesthetics of your website.
<![if lt IE 9]> = The code that follows this is to allow for HTML5 elements to
work in older Internet Explorer browsers. Im not sure that this line of code is
necessary to have a valid document, however it doesnt hurt to add it. if lt IE 9
means if later than Internet Explorer 9. The entire block of code basically means, if
the browser viewing this document is Internet Explorer and if it is, if its older than
Internet Explorer than use this document linked here.
Body = In between the opening and closing body tag is where your HTML goes.

Linking Your CSS Stylesheet

Unlike the HTML document the CSS document doesnt need as many declarations or
requirements. The style sheet is basically up to you to style your HTML however you
wish. (Thats not to say that you dont have to use valid CSS.)
In order for your CSS styles to have any effect on your HTML document you need to link
the stylesheet to it.
Go to your index.html and add the line of code which is featured below in bold.

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang=en>
<head>

 <meta charset=utf-8>
<title>Here Is Where You Put The Title Of Your Website</title>
<link href=css/style.css rel=stylesheet type=text/css />
<![if lt IE 9]>
<script src=http://html5shiv.googlecode.com/svn/trunk/html5.js></script>
<![endif]>
</head>
<body>

</body>
</html>

This line of code links the stylesheet to your HTML document. The href is the path to get
to the document you are trying to link.

Tying It All Together

Now that you have a blank HTML document and a stylesheet linked to it, youre ready to
rock!
The best practice when coding a website is to have the HTML & CSS documents open in
your text editor while you have the website opened in a browser.
Having the website open in a browser is essential because you want to be able to refresh
the document to see the changes you make take effect. You can open the HTML
document in a browser by right-clicking the file and going to Open With and choose the
browser of your choice.
One thing that I like to do to make sure the CSS document really is linked to my HTML
document is to denote a color for the background to see if it takes effect.
Go to your stylesheet and type the following.

body
{
background-color:#000000;
}

Then once youve saved the stylesheet document you can refresh your browser and check
to see that the background of the document has indeed changed.
The color code #000000 should denote black. Essentially you can put any 6 digit
combination of letters and numbers there. However, if you make it #ffffff then the
background will be white and you wont know if your changed actually took effect
because that is already the default background color.

Backgrounds
I wasnt sure initially how to structure this e-book. However, Ive realized that the best
way to go about teaching my knowledge of HTML/CSS was to go through some of the
most useful properties and drop tiny morsels of wisdom along the way.
I know I mentioned that you should start each website off with a mockup. However, in this
case since youre just learning its not necessary.
If youve been following so far you should have a blank HTML document with a black (or
possibly other color) background.
Go to your CSS document and make it blank again.
When it comes to doing anything HTML/CSS related, there are many ways to do every
task.
That being said, were going to cover a few different ways to accomplish the same goal,
giving our blank website a super cool background!

Tiled Backgrounds
One of the most popular background options is your standard tiled background.

One of my favorite websites for getting cool

backgrounds for my projects is www.subtletepatterns.com, go there and download a
background of your choice and save it in your images folder.
I choose the very first pattern that I saw, called paisley and you can see the pattern over
to your right.
This pattern is seamless, meaning when you tile this pattern it will create a seamless
background which is perfect for website backgrounds.
In order to tile this background we will have to edit our CSS stylesheet to reflect the
changes that we wish to make.
Open up your stylesheet and then add the following code to add your tiled background.
body
{
background-image:url(../images/paisley.png);
}
Figure 10.2 Below is an HTML document with a tiled background.

Of
course you should change images to the title of your images folder if you chose to name
your folder differently, as well as change the name of your actual image file to match the
file you have chosen.
Above is the result of my tiled background.
As I mentioned before with HTML elements all having default styles applied to them,
CSS styles have default properties associated with them as well.
For instance having a declaration for a background-image always denotes that the
background image will be tiled unless you declare otherwise.
Youll see in a minute what other background option choices you have at your disposal.
A quick note about declaring paths.
Essentially, because our CSS file and our images are in different folders then we have to
denote that in the path declaration.
body
{
background-image:url(../images/paisley.png);
}
The ../ in front of the path is there in order to tell the stylesheet that the path to the
image is not in the same folder but is one folder up relative to the CSS folder.
When working locally on your computer you will be dealing with whats known as
relative path declarations. This means that your paths will be based on where they are in
relation to the current folder.
When you begin to upload your files to the internet you will be doing most of the same.
However, there may come a time when you will need to use an absolute path declaration.
One example would be the one you witnessed above in the head of the HTML document.

<script src=http://html5shiv.googlecode.com/svn/trunk/html5.js></script>
Because the Javascript file above is not relative to your website and is located on its own
url, you will need to declare the path beginning with the url.
Simply put, the path will need to be denoted beginning with
http://www.example.com/the-folder-in-question

Gradient Fun!
Ok, as I mentioned above, background images are tiled unless you specify otherwise.
Figure 10.3 Below are two gradient examples. On the left is a gradient tiled on the y-axis and on the right is a gradient
tiled on the x-axis.

You
can make a linear gradient in one of two ways. I used only a simple black to white
gradient to illustrate my point. However, you can get as crazy as you wish with your
gradient. You can even do circular gradients. (Ill show you how after this later)
In order to accomplish to top to bottom gradient youll need an image to tile on its x-axis
(left and right). Since it repeats itself left and right the image only needs to be 1 pixel
wide (you should always be concerned with using as little images as possible to save load
time!)
Choose your two favorite colors to create a gradient. Create a file in Photoshop that is
around 400 pixels tall and 1 pixel wide and fill the file with your gradient.
Figure 10.4 Here I am creating a 1 pixel wide image which will serve as my gradient.

I decided to use
black and blue for mine.
Save your image in your images folder and be sure to remember the name and the
extension.
Go to your stylesheet and type:
body
{
background-image:url(../images/gradient.png);
background-repeat:repeat-x;
}
Obviously replace gradient.png with your filename and extension.
This is the result
Figure 10.5 Below is the result of my tiled gradient.

Now, I know what

youre thinkingI messed up. However, I wanted to show you this to illustrate my next
point.

We declared a background image and told it to tile on the x-axis. It did, however the
default for the background is still white and therefore there is white showing below where
the image was tiled.
In order to fix this well have to also specify a background color along with the
background image so the gradient will look fluid. Lets use our Photoshop eye-dropper
tool in order to get the color code we need!
Figure 10.6 Below Im using the eye dropper tool to get to figure out the color at the very bottom of my gradient. This
will help me to declare a background color and blend my gradient in with the page.

As you can see above we used the color picker tool to find the code for the color that we
need. Now we can fix our gradient and make it continuous!
Go to your CSS and add:
body
{
background-image:url(../images/gradient.png);
background-repeat:repeat-x;
background-color:#00aeef;
}
Obviously replace the hexcode number with the color which you need.
Figure 10.7 Below is my new beautiful continuous gradient!

And
our gradient is now fixed!
Using the above logic we can create a left to right gradient by following the same steps.
Except in this case we use an image that is 1 pixel tall and X pixels wide. And instead
of saying background-repeat: repeat-x; we change it to background-repeat: repeat-y.
Not only do we have control over how the background repeats but we also have control
over the position. The default position for a background is always in the upper left corner.
This allows for a variety of different options.

Figure 10.8 Getting funky with the gradients. This gradient runs along the right side of the browser window!

For
example, the above gradient would be created with a 1 pixel tall by X pixels wide image
which is repeating on the y-axis and the background-position is right.
The code would look like this.

body
{
background-image:url(../images/gradientexample.png);
background-repeat:repeat-y;
background-color:#00aeef;
background-position:right;
}
If youre worried about memorizing each CSS declaration, dont. Each of these things can
be Googled at a later date if you forget. The most important thing is that you understand
the underlying principals and see what is possible using HTML/CSS.

Radial Gradients & Image-less Gradients

The following gradient options have only been available recently. HTML5 and CSS3
have brought along many, extremely cool features that were once only available using
Javascript or extremely image-heavy solutions.
However, now we have the ability to create radial gradients and image-less gradients using
only CSS! The only downside to this solution is that it isnt compatible with older
versions of Internet Explorer. However, as time progresses, the older versions of IE will
die off and worrying about cross browser compatibility will be a thing of the past.
I personally use this website http://www.colorzilla.com/gradient-editor/ to create my
gradients. I found it by Googling gradient generator and its the first organic search
result.
Figure 10.9 This Ultimate CSS Gradient Generator is awesome for creating image-less gradients of all types!.

This
website is awesome because:
It allows you to edit the gradient just like you would using image editing software
You can change the orientation of the gradient from vertical, horizontal, diagonal as
well as radial
The CSS is generated for you and they included CSS declarations for the most
common browsers as well as a backwards compatible solution for older IE browsers
They have pre-made gradients
Best of all it saves you a ton of time
Once youve created a gradient youre happy with, simply copy the CSS and paste it into
your style sheet.

Non-repeating Background Images

Above Ive mentioned a few techniques for creating background effects. However, there
may come a time when you want an element to have just one picture as its background.
You may want the picture to be featured in the bottom right corner. Or you may want a
heading to have a background image just to the left of the text.
In order to do this you need to give the element a background image as stated above.
However, we need to state that the background should not repeat.
Finally we can specify a position for the background. Options for placing the background
image include top, bottom or center followed by left or right. You can use a combination
of two positions when it makes sense. For example, top right or bottom left.
Keep in mind that if youre placing a background image in a text element and you want
the image to be to the left of your text, you will have to use padding in order to make sure
that your text doesnt cover the background image. Also, if your text isnt as tall as your
image you will have to use padding to make sure the background image doesnt get
clipped.

Above is the CSS that I started with

and below is the result.

As you can see my text

is a little too close to the picture so to alleviate that I have to give it a little bit more
padding on the left side.

Above is the result. Obviously we probably dont want to use Times New Roman
however, well learn about fonts a little later in the book.

Chapter 11: Preparing Images For The Internet

So hopefully if youre reading this book you have a little bit of knowledge of graphic
design. And hopefully you have some type of image editing software.
Ill be using Photoshop to show you how to prepare images for the internet.
This is extremely handy to know and is normally something that you would learn through
trial and error.

72 DPI
If youre a graphic designer or come from a print background than you may be familiar
with image resolution.
Typically, when working with images that are being prepared for print the standard
resolution is 300dpi. However, when it comes to the internet most images are 72 dpi. In
some rare instances you may encounter pictures with resolutions which are upwards of
around 90 something dpi, 72 being the standard.
You also want to make sure that the images are saved using the correct file extension and
that you are optimized for the file extension youve chosen.

Most Common Image Extensions

The most common image extensions that you will deal with when it comes to creating
(pixel based) images for the web are .jpg, .gif and .png. Of course you also have .svgs
which are Scalable Vector Graphics however we wont be dealing with those for the
time being.
Each of these extensions have their advantages and disadvantages when it comes to saving
certain types of images.
When it comes to the internet, how you save your images matters. If you save your file in
a format that isnt optimal for the image youre saving then it will take longer to load.

When To Use A .JPG

A .jpg is best for when the image you are trying to save is photographic in nature.
What I mean by that, is if the image is made from thousands of tiny pixels of varying color
and shade than saving it as a .jpg will be the best option for you.
Figure 11.1 As you can see this image is made up of thousands of tiny squares of color.

As you can see from the image above, that tiny spot on that dogs forehead alone has so
much variance in the color from pixel to pixel that saving this image as a .png or .gif will
cause your website to load extremely slow.
Saving your photographic images as a .jpg is great because in photo editing programs such
as Photoshop, it gives you the option to lower the quality of the image so that the file will
be smaller.
You are able to lower the quality of the image and see how the final image will be
effected, as well as how long the image will take to load BEFORE you actually save the
file.
What I like to do is lower the image quality, while watching the estimated load time of the
image. This allows me to get the image to a point where the image quality is acceptable,
while the image load time is not excessive.

I took this same image above (it is 1920x1080 pixels this is very large for internet
pictures) and using the Save For Web And Devices menu in Photoshop figured out how
long this same image would take to load using the most common file extensions.
Figure 11.2 Below you can see a preview of the load time on the puppy picture using various image extensions.

As you
can see, for the same exact image, saving this image as a .png would cause this image to
take 402 seconds @ 56.6 Kbps, a .gif would take 190 seconds and a .jpg at 100% quality
would take 114 seconds.
Keep in mind the .png and .gif could be altered to load in less time however the image
quality would drastically suffer but, the .jpg could be lowered in quality with minimal
difference in the final product and still load extremely fast.

.PNGs And .GIFs

.PNGs and .GIFs are best used when the image in question is based on areas of solid
color rather than thousands of pixels of various color.
Figure 11.3 Since the image below is based off blocks of solid color a .png or .gif file extension would work best.

The picture above would be better suited to be saved as either a .gif or a .png. If the image
were to be animated it would most certainly be saved as a .gif because .gifs support
animation.
Both .gif and .png support transparent objects, however .png is much better at
transparency.
You probably cant tell by looking at the above picture however it has a transparent
background. When you try to save an object with a transparent background as a .jpg the
transparent part will be turned white.
Lets do the same experiment as we did with the dog pictures.

As you
can see, when trying to save the above image as a .jpg at 100% image quality the image
will take more than twice the amount of time it would have taken the .gif and .png to
load. Not to mention the fact that the .gif and the .png will have transparency.
Also not to mention the fact that if if you did try to save the above image as a .jpg and you
tried to lower the quality in order to save load time, this would happen.
Figure 11.4 When attempting to save this image as a .jpg some mild compression artifacts beings to appear.

As you
can see, I lowered the quality of the image down to 31%. At 31% quality the image takes
4 seconds to load. And as you can see, lowering the quality of the image has caused the
image to suffer greatly.
If youll look at the areas on the image that I have circled you can see subtle variances in
the color of the individual pixels causing an extremely ugly effect to take place.
This is known as a .jpg artifact.

A Word About Transparency

When I was going to college to learn about website design. I created a website for a
school project. The website had an image with a transparent background featured in front

of a colored background.
When I looked closer I noticed that there were tiny pixels around the edge of the
transparent image which werent quite right.
In order to illustrate the problem, Ill create a web page with a red background, save the
image above as a .png as well as a .gif and place the image on the page to show you the
issue I was having.
Figure 11.5 The small amount of white pixels surrounding the picture below is an issue of matting.

This is
what happens when you save the image as a .gif. As you can see there are white pixels
surrounding the image in certain places.
Now, lets try the same thing with a .png.
Figure 11.6 Same image saved as a .png. The .png offers superior transparency without having to mess around with
matting.

As you

can see the image now doesnt have those pesky pixels there anymore!
But what caused this?
In all honesty, this was a problem which effected me for a while when I first started web
design. And even when I asked my teacher at the time he seemed to be of no help.
What Ive found is that this effect is caused because of what is known as anti-aliased
pixels. When it comes to transparent pixel based pictures. The pixels around the outside
of the image cant be a solid color. If that were the case then the outer edge of the image
would look blocky.

The image to the right illustrates this fact. Its a

little hard to create rounded edges and beautiful, picturesque photographs using only tiny
squares of color. So in order to alleviate this problem, anti-aliasing is done and it
essentially creates half filled in pixels around the edge of the image to create the illusion
of a smooth edge.
This causes problems when it comes to saving transparent images because if you try to
save this image as a .gif these anti-aliased pixels will have a white background by default.
This causes the effect that you saw above with the white pixels around our cat image.
However, when saving your transparent images in .gif as well as .png format you have the
option to choose a matte that is a background color for those anti-aliased pixels.
That way, if you want to use a transparent image on a red background you can specify red
as the matte color so the anti-aliased pixels will be less noticeable.
Of course you can skip all this by saving the image as a .png-24 which has superior
transparency abilities. However, high quality, transparent .pngs can sometimes take a
long time to load.
For this reason, I use a website called www.tinypng.com to lower the file size on my
transparent .pngs as well as all my .pngs in general.
Figure 11.7 The car image below had an extremely large file size before I used tinypng.com to compress it.

Tiny PNG is great for when

you have a .jpg quality image that you still want to have superior transparency. The car in
the above website is fully transparent, including the shadow the car is casting as well as
the light rays coming from behind the car. Saving a transparent image like this will cause
the image to take a long time to load. However, with image compression software its a
piece of cake!

Chapter 12: Manipulating Placement Of HTML Objects

Knowing how to place objects where you want them is extremely important when it
comes to designing a website the way you want it to look.
In order to do this however, you must first know a little bit about how HTML objects
behave.
HTML objects are either considered to be inline or block level elements.

Inline vs. Block Level Elements

In order to illustrate the difference between an inline element and a block level element
Ill be creating different HTML elements on a blank page and then inspecting them using
Google Chromes element inspect option.
Figure 12.1 I clicked inspect element on the Heading 1 tag at the top of the page to show you that block level
elements take up as much horizontal space as possible. Even though the text itself only utilizes about 1/16th of the page it
is still causing elements below it to be placed on the next line.

It is a little
hard to tell, but I filled the page with a bunch of block level elements and a few inline
elements.
The difference between a block level element and an inline element is that a block level
element will take up as much space as it needs vertically and as much space as it can
horizontally.
As you can see I have inspected the H1 tag (thats whats known as a heading 1) and the
blue and pink region illustrate the amount of space that the object takes up. Clearly, the
Heading 1 element is taking up the entire width of the page.
If I were to put the same H1 tag in a container which spanned only half the width of the
browser window the H1 tag would still take up as much room as it could horizontally.
Except in that case it would be limited by its container which only allows it to take up
half the width of the browser window.
The page above has mostly block level elements and as you can see they stack on top of
each other.
The very last line however, has 3 different inline elements. Lets choose the inspect
element option to learn more about the nature of those inline elements.
Figure 12.2 I clicked inspect element on a span element. The line with the span element contains 3 different span
elements. Notice that they are all on the same line. This is because they are inline elements.

The
very last line of the document includes 3 span tags. A span is a type based element
which holds less significance/ importance than a paragraph which could be considered the
spans older brother.
As you can see as I inspected the span element, the element itself takes up only as much
space as it needs to. This is the same with all inline elements.
The relationship between block level and inline level elements is important to know
because there may come a time where you want to have two block level elements directly
next to each other.
Or there may come a time where you want to display an inline element as though it were a
block level element.

Inline-block Elements
Inline-block elements are inline elements that have a width and a height, rather than only
taking up as much space as necessary. This is something that is encountered rarely but is
still great to know and another tool in your arsenal.

Floating Elements
Before we get too deep into this Ill show you basically how people normally set up
websites.
I will do so by taking a mockup which Ive already done and using a yellow outlins to
show the different dividing boxes which I used to create the layout.
In modern website development people use what is known as a div to separate and
layout their content.
A div is a block level HTML element and is very handy for laying out websites if you
know how to manipulate them.
Figure 12.3 I wrapped every div this page contains in a yellow box to illustrate laying out a website.

If
youre a little confused than thats great! It means you understand how a block level
element works.
If youre not confused than basically each of these boxes, based on the way theyre
supposed to behave should be stacked on top of each other. In fact they would be, if it
werent for CSS.
Lets revisit the picture we saw earlier in the book.

As you can see the image on the right

is the exact same code with the CSS removed.
So this tells us is that with CSS we are able to lay out objects the way we want them.
If you want two block level elements to sit side by side then they need to:
1. Each element needs to have a specified width. Block level elements usually take
up as much room as they can horizontally so without a specified width they will
just stack on top of each other.
2. The combined width of all the elements to be placed side by side can not be
greater than the width of the containing element. Lets say youre making a
website that is 1,000 pixels wide. You cant create two 600 pixel wide divs and
expect them to stack side by side. Also, you cant have two 500 pixel wide divs
with 10 pixel margins and expect them to stack side by side because the
combined width plus the 10 pixel margins will make the total width of the
objects 520 pixels.
3. The objects need to be floated. A float, is a CSS style declaration which tells the
object to basically stack horizontally to either the right or left. This is based on
whether you specify the object float either right or left. The CSS declaration looks
like this.
Div
{
float:left;
}
You can also specify that there be no float by typing (float:none;). This practice of floating
objects is extremely important for modern website design. In the past people would have
to use tables to get the same type of effect.

Clearing Elements
Floats and clears go hand in hand. Lets say that you have two floating objects inside of a
container object.
Using CSS you have specified a red background for the container element and the two
floating objects dont have any kind of background.
The container object is wrapped around both objects so what will the background of the
entire area be? If youre a logical person than you would assume that since the container
has a red background that the background of the entire area would be red.
However, since floating objects dont behave quite like block level elements anymore they
dont trigger the container element to wrap completely around both floating elements.
I know it sounds a little confusing so Ill just illustrate it.
Figure 12.3 Below are two divs side by side inside of a container div. I specified for the container div to have a red
background however there is no background color presentwhat gives???

Ok, so
above youll see the result of what I was talking about.
I created a div with a class of container. I said for the div to be 1,000 pixels wide and be
centered in the middle of the page.
Within that container div I created two divs which are supposed to have a width of 50%
and are to be floated left.
They are stacked side by side however the container isnt wrapped around them. We
know this because the container div is supposed to have a red background.
Lets use the inspect element option to see what happened to our container div.
Figure 12.4 I clicked inspect element on the container div only to see that it isnt wrapped around the elements
inside it.

As you
can see the container is not wrapping around the two divs which are inside of it.
The reason for this is because the HTML document doesnt really see floating objects as if
they were there.
Its a little hard to explain so lets put a block level element after our two floating divs and
see what happens.
Figure 12.4 Its beginning to look a little better, we can see the red background but it isnt completely covering the
elements inside it.

I
placed a H1 tag after both divs and as you can see the container now sees that there is a
block level element inside it and wraps around it.
You may be wondering why the H1 tag didnt go below both of the floating divs.
This is because, just like we write from left to right. HTML goes from left to right. And if
you dont specify otherwise each element will try to go directly into the upper left corner
of the screen.
In order for the H1 tag we just placed in the document to go beneath the two floating
objects, we have to use another CSS property called a clear.
I purposely put half as many objects into the right column div as the left column div so it
would be shorter. And because there is nothing there to tell the H1 tag to clear both of
those floating elements, it goes to the nearest upper left corner that is available.

The clear property has a few different options. You can either clear objects to the left, to
the right, or both.
Now, let me give that H1 tag a class of clear. And then I can use CSS to specify that any
element with a class of clear should clear both.

Above
is the HTML as well as the CSS thats involved. And below is the result.

As you
can see, floats and clears are extremely helpful when it comes to laying out websites.
Next we will learn about margins and padding which will also be helpful when it comes to
lay outs as well as styling objects the way you want them to look.

Chapter 13: Margins And Padding

Margins and padding are both extremely powerful tools. Both of which do almost the
same thing with a few minor differences.

Margins
A margin works to basically serve as a barrier, pushing objects away from other objects.
If you set a margin of 10 pixels to an object that means that no other HTML element can
get within 10 pixels of that element.
While margins dont add to the actual size of the element, they do sort of add size to the
coverage of the element.
For example, if you were to have a containing div which you specified to be 1,000 pixels
wide. Then you placed two floating divs inside the container. Each of the two floating
divs were said to have a width of 500 pixels. Then both divs would fit directly side by
side with each other in the container.
However, if you were to give both of the floating divs a margin of 10 pixels, they would
stack on top of each other because they wouldnt have enough room to fit side by side.
Figure 13.1 These two divs are supposed to sit side by side inside of a 1,000 pixel wide container. Each div is 500
pixels wide. However, now because each div has a margin of 10 pixels around, they dont fit next to each other anymore.

Above
is the same website from earlier. However instead of the containing div having a red
background I gave each of the floating divs a red background, as well as a margin of 10
pixels around the entire border.
As you can see, even though the width I specified was 50% they dont fit side by side
anymore because of the margins. And as you can see by the inspect element tool in
Google Chrome, it illustrates the margin using that peach type color.

Padding
Padding is almost identical to margins, except padding works inside the element. If you
were to specify a 10 pixel padding to an element, the element would grow 10 pixels on
each side. Also, no element would be able to get within 10 pixels of the edge of the
element.
In the above example you can see that the text inside each div actually touches the edge of
the div itself. This isnt very attractive, so lets give those divs a padding of 10 pixels so
we can see what happens when we do!
Figure 13.2 I gave this div a padding of 10 pixels all around and clicked inspect element.

As you
can see the text is not touching the edge anymore. Google Chrome uses a green color to
denote padding however you arent able to tell in this example because its being
overpowered out by the red background of the divs.

Specifying Margin & Padding

Specifying margins and padding both work the same way. Keep in mind you can specify
your margin size in a variety of increments including px, pt, cm, etc.
The simplest ways to specify margin and padding is as follows.

You can go a little further and simplify it.

You can go even further to simplify it.

And of course you have the furthest

simplification.

Negative Margins
There may come a time when you want to position an object and you find no better
alternative. This is when you can use negative margins.
Before I even mention how or why you would want to use them Ill say that this isnt the
most professional option. However, I have been known to use this HTML cheat code
from time to time.
In all honesty, you probably wont find an excuse to pull this trick out of your hat until
you become a little bit more advanced as a website designer.
And I cant think of an example that would be understandable to the person who is just
getting acquainted with HTML/ CSS.

Ive used a negative margin in the past when dealing with code that Im using in my
website that I havent written. And for some reason I cant get a particular object to be
where I want it to be using conventional means. Thats when Ill begin to start messing
with a negative margin in order to push an object to go where I want it to go.

Centering Objects With Margin

This is one of the most widely used HTML/CSS techniques. I personally use this in just
about EVERY website Ive ever done.
Website designers use this in order to center the website content in the middle of the page.

As you can see, Ive created a class called container and specified a margin of 0 auto.
What this means is that on the top and bottom of this container there should be a margin
of 0 pixels and on the left and right the margin should auto regulate.
This is a great technique however, dont go thinking that you can center ANY object using
this technique.
In order for this technique to work:
The object needs to be a block level element (or at least specified to display block
using CSS)
The object needs to have a width specified
The object cant be floated
The object cant have a fixed or absolute position (well cover that next)

Chapter 14: Other Types Of Positioning Techniques

In all honesty, I try to use floats to layout most of my websites. However, there are some
exceptions that pop up from time to time.

Relative Positioning
This type of positioning is relative to the objects original position.
Basically after youve laid out some objects on the page. You may find that a particular
object is not exactly where it needs to be.
Using relative positioning, you simply specify that the position of that element is
position: relative; and then you are able to move it based on its original position. You
can say top: 10px or whatever the case may be using top, bottom, right & left.

Absolute Positioning
Absolute positioning is absolute, however it is based on any parent elements. For instance
if you want to position an object absolutely and that object was inside of a div. The
position you specify will be relative to that div.
If the object is not wrapped in other elements it will be relative to the HTML page itself.
Absolutely positioned elements dont have any effect on other elements. They wont push
any other elements out of the way and are basically taken out of the general flow of the
document.

Fixed Positioning
Fixed positioning is relative to the browser window itself. In other words when you open
your web browser, depending on your screen size, if the browser is minimized or full
screen, etc.
As you scroll a fixed position element wont move. Ive used this in the past for times
when I wanted the background of the page to be a fixed image and I didnt want the image
to scroll as the page scrolled.
Ive also used this for a social media sharing box which was affixed to the side of the
browser window.
Other uses you might have seen before include the arrow at the bottom right of the screen
that pops up when youve scrolled a significant amount. (The button that allows you to
quickly scroll up to the top of the page.)

Using Positioning
In order to use this type of positioning you simply have to specify the positioning type
using CSS.
One line of CSS will be dedicated to:
position: (relative, fixed or absolute);
Followed by lines of code which will tell WHERE to position the element based on: top,
right, left, and bottom. You are able to use pixels, points, Ems, etc. as your unit of
measure.

Chapter 15: Fonts, Fonts, Fonts!

Alright, so if you have a background in graphic design you would know that a serif font is
one with tiny pointy things at the tips of the letter. Serif fonts are great for print because
the serifs seem to blend the words together and are said to make it easier for the reader.
However, on the internet, where everything is made up of pixels, serif fonts are not ideal.
Not saying you shouldnt use them, however if youre going to use a serif font its better
to use them for only headers or special type elements rather than body text.
The reason for this is because pixels are square and when translating tiny squares into a
serif font, the fonts often get lost in translation. This is where the term web safe fonts
comes into play.

How Declaring Fonts Works

So, keep in mind that Times New Roman (or equivalent) is the default font unless
specified otherwise. This means that unless you want to use Times New Roman youll
definitely need to specify which font youd like to use.
Fonts get specified by family. To specify which fonts you want to use you start off with
the CSS declaration font-family.

As you
can see my text editor is trying to provide me with a list of suggestions.

Above is the typical font

declaration. You basically list your options separated by a colon. The first on the list is the
prioritized font, followed by all of your second choices and finally either serif, sans-serif
or cursive depending on the font family.
What this does is, no matter what fonts the person has on their computer you will have a
greater chance of having the type be rendered the way you want it.
In the above example, if the person has Arial than the computer will render the font as
Arial. If the person is using a Mac, then they probably dont have Arial and in that case
the computer would render the font as Helvetica. And if all else fails, the computer would
just use the default sans-serif font.
Most of the default/classic declarations only have 3 options, however you can specify as
many fall back fonts as youd like.

Other Font Methods

Obviously, not everyone will want to use normal fonts for their web design projects.
Some people will want to use special fonts because it fits in with their design, or company
branding, etc.
There are a few other options for creating websites using special fonts. Of which Ill be
covering the one that I use most often.

Google Fonts
Google has a library of web safe fonts listed at www.google.com/fonts where you can find
a font that you like and use it on your web page.
Figure 15.1 Below is the Google web font archive located at www.google.com/fonts.

Above
is a screen shot of Googles font website. On here you can choose the font you want to
use, as well as the weights of the font that you want to use. (The weight is the thickness of
the font.)
I will warn you however, the more Google fonts as well as the more weights that you
choose for your project the longer it will take your website to load.
In order to use Google fonts, simply choose the font you wish to use. Google will give
you the link to a CSS stylesheet that you will have to link to in the header of your
document. Then you will need to use the font-declaration that they give you whenever
you want to use the font.
Figure 15.2 I am able to use as many font weights as I wish. However on the right, the page load graphic will tell me
how much load time the fonts will add to my site.

As you
can see above once youve chosen the font, you can choose the font weights you wish to
use. Then Google updates the Page Load Tool to let you know how much the fonts will
effect page load time.
Once youre done, scroll down to see

Im
pretty sure Ive mentioned this but different browsers render the EXACT same font
DIFFERENTLY. This is important to know because what looks great in one browser may
look totally weird in another if the font is of a slightly different size.
Lets check out how the same font renders in Firefox, Google Chrome and Internet
Explorer. Keep in mind that these fonts are supposedly Google fonts. I think youll be
surprised!

Above
youll see Open Sans, rendered in Google Chrome, Firefox as well as Internet Explorer.
As you can see each font appears slightly different. Each line of text is a different length
even though each line contains the EXACT same characters.
And the funniest thingGoogle Chrome isnt the best at displaying its own font. Internet
Explorer, the worst browser of all time, is arguably the best at displaying fonts.

Google Font Disclaimer

This is another tip that Ive learned through experience. Some Google fonts such as
Oswald will display oddly if you have the font downloaded on your computer.
What Ive found is that some Google fonts, Oswald in particular will display only the top
half of the font when you are using a medium weight font.
Figure 15.3 Below is a firearms blog which utilizes Oswald in a medium weight. Only the top half of the text is
displayed.

If you happen to notice this,

you can remedy this by using a different font weight. However, just realize that you are
noticing this glitch because you have the font downloaded on your own computer and that
most internet users will not have this problemunless they are also web designers. As of
today, I believe this issue happens mostly with Firefox.

Chapter 16: Semantic Code

Semantic code is basically the act of making sure that the code that you write is easily
understandable to anyone who wants to work with it.
In the past (some people including myself still use this today), people would lay out their
websites using divs and give the divs classes according to their function. The divs would
be named header, nav, sidebar, footer, etc.
However, with the advent of HTML5 new div-like elements have emerged. These new
HTML5 elements basically work exactly the same as a div however they are more
semantic, as they are named after their function.
The new elements are named header, nav, aside, section, article, summary, details and
footer. Because older versions of Internet Explorer dont recognize these elements people
often add the code directly beneath this sentence to the head of their document to alleviate
this problem.
<![if lt IE 9]>
<script src=http://html5shiv.googlecode.com/svn/trunk/html5.js></script>
<![endif]>
You may remember the above code from the HTML5 document I had you set up earlier.

Writing Semantic Code

When coding websites, I recommend that you always keep the concept of semantic code
in the back of your mind.
You never know when a website that you have worked on in the past may need to be
worked on by someone else.
In order to make sure that your websites are easily understandable make sure to:
Use logical names when giving classes and ids to HTML elements
Use the above mentioned HTML5 elements to mark the important sections of your
document
Use HTML as well as CSS comments whenever necessary in order to help people
understand whats going on in the document

HTML & CSS Comments

HTML & CSS comments can help you to break up the clutter of messy HTML & CSS
documents and help you to better understand the code.

The format for an

HTML comment is located in the picture below.Above youll see an extremely old
fashioned layout. Its an example of a website that was laid out using tables.
HTML techniques have come a long way since these days. However, the format for
writing an HTML comment is still the same.
To write a comment in CSS the format is illustrated in the picture below.

The CSS
comments are highlighted in the above picture. I think CSS comments are great when you
have a specific section of your website that a large chunk of CSS styles correspond to.
You can place a CSS comment at the beginning and end of the chunk of code to let others
know what the styles were meant for.

Chapter 17: Using Color

In most cases when you need to specify a color, you will be using a hexadecimal system.
You can see the format for specifying these colors below.

Hexadecimal colors, are based off of 6 numbers/

letters as the name suggests. The characters used in hexadecimal colors range from a-z
and 0-9. Smaller numbers indicate darker colors while larger numbers indicate brighter
colors.
This is because computer colors are based off an additive color system. That is, a system
where color is made by adding light. The more light added of each color the brighter the
color will be.
In the image above you can see the color code for black. As you can see there is 0 red, 0
green and 0 blue which results in a black screen. Whereas full red, full green and full blue
would result in white.
Also in the image above you can see that a 6 character color code can be converted to a 3
character color code if it is made up of 3 groups of matching characters. For example
#330011 can be shortened to #301, #999999 can be shortened to #999 and #FFFFFF can
be shortened to #FFF. However, #030303 or #996500 cannot be shortened.
Essentially numbers 0-9 indicate levels of color from low to high. Equal amounts of red,
green and blue create either white, black or a shade of gray. #000000 indicates a color of
black because it uses equal parts (zero) red, green and blue whereas #FFFFFF indicates
white because it is equal parts (F possibly stands for full in this case) red, green and
blue.
Also, you can get pure red, green or blue by specifying them to be full while the other two
colors are specified to be zero. For example, to specify red you could say #FF0000 (or
#F00) which means full red, 0 green and 0 blue. Obviously, there are many more hues of
red, green and blue available however, this is for when you want to use the purest form of
each.

Hexadecimal Color Usage

One of the most common uses of this hexadecimal color code is when you are specifying a
font color. You can do this by using the CSS declaration (color: #000000;) where
#000000 is the color of your choice.
Other uses for specifying color can come in handy when specifying background color
(background-color: #000000). As well as when specifying the color of a border (border:
1px solid #000000;)

RGB Color Code

Sometimes, you will need to specify color using a RGB color system. These instances
occur much less frequently than the hexadecimal system.
Instances where you would use this happen mostly with new CSS3 declarations such as
when specifying opacity, you need to use the RGBa code followed by the opacity using a
decimal system. Or when specifying a CSS3 gradient.
I wont get into specifics on when to use them because you can easily find out how to use
them when the time arises using a quick Google search.
The way to specify RGB colors are as follows:

Each number can be any value from 0-255. 0

being none and 255 being full. Same rules apply as the hexadecimal. For example
rgb(255,0,0) is pure red and rgb(25,25,25) is some light shade of gray.

Opacity: RGBA Color Code

With HTML5 and CSS3 we now have options for declaring opacity. RGBA is essentially
the same declaration as RBG however there is one more object that gets declared and
thats the opacity. The opacity level goes from 0.0 0.1. 0.0 being 0 percent and 1.0
being 100 percent. The format looks like this.

Specifying Color By Name

Recently, you have been able to specify colors by name. However, this is fairly new to
CSS3 and I havent gotten used to using it, nor have I used it.
Correction, I use it only when specifying a color as transparent (AKA no-color).
Check it out and get comfortable with it if you wish! As I mentioned earlier, theres more
than one way to skin a cat when it comes to HTML/CSS!

Using The Correct Color From Your Mockup

After youve created your mockup in Photoshop, youre going to want to get the correct
colors to specify in your CSS. Luckily, this is very easy to do.
Simply use the eye-dropper tool to grab the color then double click on the foreground
color which pops up (this should be the color you chose). The resulting dialogue window
should have both the hexadecimal color code as well as the levels of red, green & blue to
use for rgb color codes.
Figure 17.1 In Photoshop, you can use the Color Picker window to figure out what hexidecimal or RGB color codes to
specify in your CSS document.

Chapter 18: CSS Sprites

The more images you use as well as the size of the images makes for a slow loading
website.
In order to combat this phenomena, some people utilize a concept known as CSS sprites.
A CSS sprite is when you have multiple images in one image. So rather than loading a
bunch of tiny images the browser has to load 1 slightly larger image which results in faster
load time. Normally these sprites are PNG format because PNGs support superior
transparency capabilities.
I love to use CSS sprites when dealing with social media icons.
Figure 18.1 Below is an image that I setup to be used as a CSS sprite image. Notice the rulers are visable and the
guides are being used. This makes it easier for me to use actual coordinates in my CSS declarations.

Above
youll see an example of a CSS sprite image that I created. I created black and white
versions of the same social media icons as well as red versions which would be used when
the user hovers over the icons.
As youll notice I made use of the Photoshop guides and the ruler is set to pixels. This is
important because these coordinates will be of use to us later.

Using CSS Sprites

To use a CSS sprite you need to specify how tall and wide the image will be then you must
specify the background image plus the coordinates (from the left as well as top of the
image).
a.social
{
height:65px;
width:65px;
display:block;
float:left;
margin:0 5px 10px 0;
}
As you can see above, I gave the links which will be my social media CSS sprites a class
of social. Then I proceeded to give each a height and width of 65 pixels. I said for the
links to display block because otherwise a link would be an inline element.
Each link will float left so that they will line up next to each other left to right, and then I
specified a margin.
Then each individual symbol needed to specify the background as well as the coordinates.
.fbblack
{
background:url(../images/socialsprite.png) 0 0;
}
Above youll see the CSS for the black Facebook icon. The 0 0 means that the image
begins 0 pixels from the left as well as 0 pixels from the top.
.twblack
{
background:url(../images/socialsprite.png) -65px 0;
}
Above youll see the CSS for the black Twitter icon. The -65px 0 means that the image
begins 65 pixels from the left and 0 from the top.
And finally I specified a hover state for each of the icons. Ill show you how I did that
and well talk about element states next!
.fbblack:hover, .fbwhite:hover
{
background:url(../images/socialsprite.png) 0 -130px;

}
Above is the hover state for the black Facebook icon as well as the white Facebook icon. I
made the graphic so that both white and black social media icons would have a red hover
state, which is why both of these use the same background image and CSS sprite
coordinates.
As you can see above, the red hover state is 0 pixels from the left and 130 pixels from the
top.
This topic may be confusing to some so dont be afraid to do a little bit of your own
research as well as experimentation to learn more. I mostly wanted to tell you about this
technique so youd have it as part of your arsenal.

Chapter 19: Element States

Interactive elements such as links and inputs (search bars, text boxes, etc) have what are
known as different states.
Because of this, you are able to style the state of each element using CSS.
Before I confuse you any further the states Im referring to are:
Active
Hover
Focus
Visited
Figure 19.1 When you write click an element inside the Developer Tools window in Google Chrome you can force an
element state that is, cause an element to behave as if it is displaying a state of your choice. This is useful when trying
to style a specific element state.

Above is
a screenshot of the Google Chrome developer tools and this is another reason why I love
Chrome so much for coding websites. After you right click and inspect element on an
object. You can right click in the developer tools window and go to force element state
followed by the state you want to see.
This is great for testing your CSS, because as I mentioned before you can style all of these
element states using CSS.

Active
Active refers to an active link.

Hover
Hover refers to a link or object that is being hovered over with the cursor.

Focus
Focus refers to an input element which is currently active. For example when youre
filling out a form and you hit the tab button. The next form field to get the blinking cursor
in it is the field that has focus.

Visited
Visited refers to a link that you previously visited.

Styling Element States

In order to style these element states you simply need to target the HTML element using
either a class, id or other technique followed by a colon and the element state.
An example of this would be from the CSS sprite chapter where I specified the portion of
the image to display for a regular social media icon versus a social media icon the user is
hovered over.

Chapter 20: Handy Things To Consider

There are a few CSS styles which make it into every stylesheet that I write for a number of
reasons. Well go over those now.

Handy Internet Explorer Style

When you wrap an image with a link, Firefox and Google Chrome dont have an issue
with this. However, for some reason, older versions of Internet Explorer absolutely LOVE
to place an ugly blue border around all images wrapped in links.
Figure 20.1 Older versions of Internet Explorer used to place an ugly blue border around any images that are wrapped
in links. Using developer tools in Internet Explorer I was able to display the page as if it was rendered in an older
version of Internet Explorer. The red circle is around the area in the developer tools window in Internet Explorer where
you can manipulate the display to reflect older browser versions.

Apparently, they fixed this issue in newer versions of Internet Explorer. However when
you hit F12 you can open the developer tools window. I used the window to show what
the website would look like using Internet Explorer 8.
As you can see there is a blue border around the image. In order to combat this I add the
following style to EVERY stylesheet I write.
a img
{
border:0 none transparent;
}
It targets all img (images) wrapped in an a (link). In case you dont understand the CSS
declaration, the standard protocol for defining a border is border: (width in pixels)
(style:solid, dotted, dashed) (color);. So I specified a border 0 pixels wide, no style and
the color to be transparent.

Global Resets
So as I mentioned earlier, each HTML element has a default style attached to it. Different
browsers have a bit of leeway when deciding how each element should be displayed.
For this reason many people link to a CSS stylesheet known as a reset. This stylesheet
basically styles each element in a way which is uniform across all modern browsers.
I dont feel like this is necessary. However I do use the following style in all my
stylesheets.
html, body
{
margin:0;
padding:0;
}
Some people like to add * along with html and body. The asterisk is whats known as a
wild-cat and basically targets EVERY element. However, I feel that just denoting html
and the body element is good enough.

Default Link Hover Styles

When you begin to get fancy with your link styling. Dont forget to style the hover
state.
Oftentimes youll finish making a link look like a super cool button and then youll go to
test it out and sayoh crap, when I hover over this button the text turns blue and gets an
underline.
To combat this make sure you specify a font color for the hover state as well as specify
text-decoration: none; if you dont want there to be an underline.

Default Font
By default, the font will be Times New Roman (or Mac equivalent). To get around this
you can specify the default font of your choice at the top of your stylesheet by targeting
the body with the font-family of your choice.
body
{
font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-serif;
}

Chapter 21: Flash, Javascript & CSS Animations

In the past, the only way to utilize simple and even some complex animations was to use
either Flash or Javascript. However, with the advent of CSS3, now animations can be
done using CSS alone!
This is great news because Apple products hate flash and some browsers (especially
Internet Explorer) tend to block Javascript.
Keep in mind however that these animations may not have support in older Internet
Explorer browsers. However, what else is new. Internet Explorer tends to not work with a
lot of cool HTML/CSS features.
I wont go into extreme details on how to use CSS animations. However, just keep it in
the back of your mind that it is possible to animate the color, position, etc of elements
using CSS exclusively.
You can even set time delays, animation speed, and other aspects of the animation which
were never possible using CSS!

Chapter 22: Validation & Troubleshooting

There comes a time in every web designers life when they have absolutely no idea why
their code isnt working.
Luckily I have a few different solutions for you.

Developer Tools
One of the first things that I do when faced with problem is to use developer tools in the
browser that Im viewing the website in.
Pretty much every modern browser is equipped with developer tools to help you figure out
your code.
Google Chrome happens to be my favorite because you are able to edit the HTML and
CSS directly in the developer tools window and preview the changes before you commit
them to your document.
If you notice that a certain CSS style isnt working correctly, check your developer tools
and see if there is something wrong.
Google Chromes developer tools window will put a slash through any CSS style that
either:
Is written incorrectly
Is meant for a different browser (some CSS styles arent global yet so they have
different prefixes for Mozilla and WebKit based browsers) Google Chrome will put
a slash through all Mozilla based styles
Figure 22.1 The Developer Tools window is telling me that the style is not taking effect for some reason, the caution
symbol next to the style lets me know its invalid.

Above you can see that there is a

little caution symbol and a slash through the incorrectly defined style. I tried to define a
style for links wrapped in images. I gave them a border 1 pixel wide, with a thin style
then I purposely spelled turquoise wrong so the style would be invalid.
Developer tools will also let you know if you forgot to link a file, if the file path is invalid,
etc.

W3C Validator
The second way to diagnose your HTML/CSS is to validate it. W3C stands for World
Wide Web Consortium and all HTML has standards.
When you are having a particularly difficult time with your code it helps to validate the
code and see if it throws any errors. Sometimes your code isnt behaving properly
because it is invalid.
Simply go to http://validator.w3.org (or Google W3C validator) and there are a few
different ways to submit your code.
You can either submit the entire url, you can submit by file upload or you can simply copy
your entire HTML document and paste it into the textbox.
Once W3C validator checks your code theyll let you know if you have a missing tag, if
you have a mismatched tag or if you did anything else that is against protocol.

Chapter 23: Minified HTML/CSS

Up until this point, Ive given you a ton of information on writing code as well as the
ability to inspect other peoples code using web browser developer tools. I felt that it may
be necessary to include a little tid-bit on minified HTML/CSS.
As I mentioned earlier, the formatting of your HTML/CSS is mostly for you and other
developers that may touch your code. Neatly formatting your code makes it easier to read,
understand and edit.
However, this neat formatting is for humans only. The browser is a machine and that
properly formatted code amounts for little to the browser except pesky white space
surrounding the code that it is trying to read.
For this reason, many people tend to minify their HTML and CSS. What this means is
they format their code without unnecessary white space.
Figure 23.1 Below is minified CSS. Minified CSS takes less time for the browser to load.

Above youll see an image

of some minified CSS. As you can tell its very difficult to read for human eyes however,
for an internet browser this minified CSS can save load time over a non-minified
stylesheet.
As you become more advanced in your coding skills you may choose to minify your
code. There are plenty of CSS and HTML minifying code generators that make it easy by
doing all the minifying for you.
I personally dont minify my HTML however I use http://www.cssminifier.com to minify
my CSS stylesheets.
When minifying code, make sure to keep a non-minified version on file just in case any
mishaps occur.

Chapter 24: Grid Systems

I wanted to briefly touch on grid systems because when I first started out I used to love
this grid system known as the 960 grid system.
My very first websites were all 1,000 pixels wide and I used to have to use my best
judgment to come up with widths for items in my layouts. For example if I was doing a
two column layout, I would probably use an 700 pixel wide content area and a 300 pixel
wide side bar.
Then I found the 960 grid system. The idea behind it was that 960 pixels was the perfect
balance between older computer monitors which normally maxed out at around 1,000
pixels wide and newer computers with full resolution screens.
Having a container of 960 pixels showed up well on almost all monitors and the number
960 is divisible by more numbers than say 1,000 for instance. That way you could have,
up to 12 equally sized columns.

Why Grid Systems?

The reason why Im mentioning grid systems is for 2 reasons:
1. Grid systems make it easier for the website designer for a number of reasons.
They normally come with a Photoshop document based on the dimensions of the
grid so that you can lay out websites with ease and not have to worry as much about
the dimensions because theyre already accounted for.
They save time because the website designer doesnt have to spend as much time
thinking of how wide particular objects are going to be, thinking of class names to
name divs of varying sizes, or doing math to get correct dimensions.
2. Grid systems paved the way for Bootstrap. Bootstrap is a responsive grid system
that is used by many web designers today, including me!
I will briefly mention that after the popularity of the 960 grid system died off, a new grid
system emerged for a moment. This new grid system was based off a 1,200 pixel wide
container. I believe the reasoning behind this was the fact that computer monitors were
becoming wider and older computer monitors were being phased out.
If you want to check out the 960 grid system simply visit http://960.gs.

Chapter 25: Responsive Web Design

Once you have a solid grasp on general website design, responsive website design will be
easy for you to pick up.
I recommend messing around with just pages which dont respond to the width of the
browser window before you try to incorporate any responsive web design techniques in
your arsenal however.
But, I want you to get the most out of this e-book so well touch on a few of the
cornerstones of responsive web design.

The Viewport
One difference between static and responsive website design is the fact that with
responsive design you need to designate that the width of the screen should be the width
of the website.
You do this by adding a declaration to the head of the document. Also in this declaration
you can specify if the user can zoom in as well as how much they can zoom.
<meta name=viewport content=width=device-width, initial-scale=1>
Above is an example of one of these declarations.

Specifying Widths
In static website design, when we create a 2 column layout, we think of how wide we want
our columns to be in pixels and create them.
However, when it comes to responsive design, static widths dont cut it.
When you want the widths of objects to change with the width of the browser window its
imperative to designate widths in percentages.
This way your website stays in proportion whether the device is 1,200 pixels wide or 350
pixels wide.

Responsive Images
The width of your images is also important because as the screen gets smaller your images
obviously cant be full resolution or else your end user will have to scroll on their phone to
see the entire picture.
To alleviate this you need to specify a width or maximum width of 100% or less. The
height can be auto regulating by simply specifying that the width be auto. That is, an
automatic height relative to the current width.

Responsive Type
Obviously when your screen is wide all Heading 1 elements can be large, however when
you view the same website on a smaller screen that heading will most likely take up the
entire screen.
Since this isnt the most aesthetic way to build a website, some people like to specify their
font sizes in ems rather than pixels.
I for one dont like to do this so I use the next topic to alleviate this.

Responsive Navigation
Obviously when your screen reaches a point below 1,000 pixels you cant have a wide
navigation bar anymore. At some point the width of the browser will be too narrow to
support your navigation bar.
However, dont fear because there are a variety of responsive navigation solutions to
choose from. All you have to do is Google it!

Break Points & Media Queries

These next two topics go hand in hand.
I will also mention that if youre going to be doing responsive web design you NEED to
download a resolution plugin. That is, a plugin that tells you the width of the browser
window at any given time.
The reason for this is when youre dealing with a responsive website, as you make the
browser window smaller you need to see exactly WHEN the website begins to look weird.
Then you can say with authority, ok when the website is less than 1,000 pixels wide this
object gets knocked out of place. This is whats known as a break point.
You can then specify a media query that says, when the browser window is less than
1,000 pixels width than do this. Obviously this can be anything you want it to be because
you will be specifying your will using CSS.
The way media queries work is you can either say: when the browser is below this width
do this, when the browser is above this width do this or when the browser is between this
width and this width do this.
When the browser is below this width do this.

@media only screen and (max-width : 320px) {
/* Styles Go In Here */
}

When the browser is above this width do this.

@media only screen and (min-width : 321px) {
/* Styles Go In Here */
}When the browser is below this width and above this width do this.

@media only screen and (min-device-width : 768px) and (max-device-width : 1024px){
/* Styles Go In Heret */
}

Something To Remember
Remember that media queries should go at the end of your CSS document because when it
comes to CSS the things at the bottom hold more precedence than the things at the top of
the document.
As the browser window gets smaller the media queries that pertain to that browser width

will begin to take effect and the CSS styles that pertain to wider screens fall back.
If you encounter a particularly difficult CSS style that doesnt take effect and youve tried
everything and done your developer tools research, than you can add !important just
before the semi-colon of the CSS style declaration. !important gives the CSS style
precedence over any other inherited styles.

Chapter 26: The Favicon

The icing on the cake to your website is the favicon. That is the little 16x16 pixel image
that is associated with your website and gets saved with the title of your website when
someone adds your site to their favorites.
To create a favicon, simply create a 16x16 pixel document in Photoshop or the image
editing software of your choice. Create an icon to represent your website. Since you will
need to save the file as a .png, your favicon can be transparent.
I then use http://favicon-generator.org/ to generate my favicon. I save the resulting file in
the root folder of my website. The favicon extension is .ico and the favicon generator
website also gives you the code that you need to attach your favicon to your site. That
code goes into the head of your documents.
Figure 26.1 This website changed since I first started using it. However, when creating your favicon, make sure to
select the Generate only 16x16 favicon.ico. This saves you from downloading unnecessary files that you dont need.

Conclusion & Next Steps

I hope youve enjoyed my e-book. I sincerely hope that Ive given you a solid foundation
of knowledge to build upon.
Going forward, there are some amazing resources online for learning about HTML, CSS
as well as Javascript.
One of my favorite websites, where I learned a majority of my coding knowledge was a
website called www.w3cschools.com. There youll find easy tutorials about pretty much
anything you could want to know related to code. Including your next steps which will be
to get further acquainted with HTML & CSS as well as learn about Bootstrap (widely used
responsive grid system) and responsive web design.
When you are in a bind, dont forget to use your Google skills.
There youll find resources from a few of my other favorite websites. One of which is
called www.stackoverflow.com. This website is basically a forum of experienced code
ninjas answering each others questions pertaining to code.
Another one of my favorite websites is www.css-tricks.com. There youll find tons of
great resources related to HTML & CSS.
Before I conclude this book. Im going to give you one of the most important tips in this
entire book. This is one of the tips which makes me such a fast coder.
Every time you Google an HTML element or CSS style, if you find yourself looking up
the same stuff over and over. After a while, try to commit it to memory. The more stuff
you commit to memory the faster you will be because you can spend less time on the
internet trying to find out how to write code and more time actually writing code.
Thank you so much for reading!