Unit 1: Present Progressive AFFIRMATIVE STATEMENTS. NEGATIVE STATEMENTS Base Form oF Base Form oF Susject Be Vers + -1wc | | Supject | Be | Nor | VERB + -ING \ am ' am ™ ‘m He/She/tt ' waiting. He/She/It 5 not | waiting. We/You*/They |” We/You/They ae *You is both singular and plural. YES/NO QUESTIONS ‘SHORT ANSWERS Base Form Be _| Supyect | + -Inc ArriRMATIVE Necarive Am | 1 you | are. you | aren’t. Is she standing? Yes, | she | is. No, | she | isn’t. Are | you 1 | am. 1 | 'm not. WH- QUESTIONS W- Worn | Be | Susjecr | Base FoRM + -ING am | Why is | she standing? Where are | youUnit 2: Simple Present Tense AFFIRMATIVE. NEGATIVE STATEMENTS, STATEMENTS, ‘SuBjecT Vers Sumect Do wor | Bast Form \MWe/You"/They | work, lWelYou/They | do not work. He/She/It works. | | He/She/It does not *You is both singular and plural. YES/NO QUESTIONS ‘SHORT ANSWERS Do ‘Supject | Base Form | | AFFIRMATIVE NeGarive Do u 1 | do. 1 * work? Yes, No, Does | he he | does. he WH- QUESTIONS Wa- Woro | Do | Sumecr | Base Form do | you Where yo work? When does | heUnit 3: Non-Action Verbs VERBS WITH NON-ACTION MEANINGS | want to go fishing. He owns a big boat. The weather seems fine. They hate fish. VERBS WITH BOTH NON-ACTION AND ACTION MEANINGS Non-AcTION Action The fish weighs five pounds. He's weighing the fish now. We think it’s a good day for fishing. | We're thinking about going. This fish tastes delicious. I'm tasting the fish now. This food smells good. ‘The cook is smelling the food.Unit 4: Present Progressive and Simple Present Tense PRESENT PROGRESSIVE SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE Base Form Supect | BE | + -ING Supject Vers. I am IMelYou/They | neyer |arrive We/You'/They|are| arriving |now. always on time. He/She/it [Is He/She/tt arrives *You is both singular and plural.Unit 5: Imperative AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE Bast Form Bast Form oF VERB Don’t | oF Vers Bend your knees. bend your knees. Don't Punch with your fists. punch with your fist.Unit 6: Simple Past Tense: Affirmative Statements THE SIMPLE PAST TENSE: BE Susject Be WHe/She/it_ | was young in 1930. WefYou'/They | were *You is both singular and plural. ‘THE SIMPLE PAST TENSE: REGULAR VERBS Susject Vers moved /He/She/It/We/YouThey fifty years ago. worked ‘THE SIMPLE PAST TENSE: IRREGULAR VERBS ‘SUBJECT VERB wrote | poetry. \/He/She/It/We/You/They | became | famous. built | a monument.Unit 7: Simple Past Tense: Negative Statements and Questions SIMPLE PAST TENSE: NEGATIVE STATEMENTS. BE Supject Be__| Nor ‘CONTRACTIONS. WHe/She/it | was was not = wasn’t |} not | here last year. WelVout/They | were were not = weren’t *You is both singular and plural. REGULAR AND IRREGULAR VERBS Base Form Susject Dw nor | oF Vere CONTRACTIONS W/He/She/It call + " k = didn’ Wervourthey | a net | fy last night. | | did not = didn’t SIMPLE PAST TENSE: QUESTIONS YES/NO QUESTIONS: BE SHORT ANSWERS Be ‘Susyect AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE Was |she she | was. she | wasn’t. here last year? | | Yes, No, Were| they they|were,| | they | weren't. WH. QUESTIONS: BE Wu- Worn |Be _| Susject: was |she Why here last year? were| they YES/NO QUESTIONS: OTHER VER! SHORT ANSWERS Dio | Susject | Base Form Asrinmanive| NEGATIVE Did|she | fly to Mexico? Yes, she did, |No, she didn’t. WH- QUESTIONS: OTHER VERBS Wu- Woro |Dip_| Susject| Base FoRM Why did |it disappear?Unit 8: Used to AFFIRMATIVE STATEMENTS, NEGATIVE STATEMENTS Bast Form Bast Form Suject | Use 7o | oF Vers Supject | Diow’r use To | oF VERB 1 1 She used to | wear jeans. | | she didn’t use to | wear jeans. They They YES/NO QUESTIONS SHORT ANSWERS Dio | Susject | Use To | Base Form AFFIRMATIVE Necanive you I 1 Did|she | use to | wear jeans? | | Yes, | she | did.|.No,| she | didn’t. they they they WH- QUESTIONS Wn- Worp | Dio | Susject | Use ro | Base FoRM you What did | she use to | wear? theyUnit 9: Past Progressive ‘STATEMENTS. Base FORM OF Susject Be | (Nor) | Vers + -inc WHe/She/t | was mpin (not) | umpins. ‘We/You"/They | were falling. *You is both singular and plural. YES/NO QUESTIONS SHORT ANSWERS Base Form Be _| Supect | + -Nc Arrinmarive Necarive Was | she pin she | was. she | wasn’t, jumping? | | Yes, No, Were| you | falling: we | were. we | weren't. WH- QUESTIONS Wu- Woro | Be | Susyect | Base Form + -ING Where was | she When jumping? Why falling? How long | were | youUnit 10: Past Progressive and Simple Past Tense PAST PROGRESSIVE AND SIMPLE PAST TENSE Past Procressive | WHEN | SIMPLE PAST TENSE He was speeding | when | the accident happened. SIMPLE PAST TENSE AND PAST PROGRESSIVE Simpue Past Tense Wane | Past Procressive The accident happened | while | you were driving. SIMPLE PAST TENSE AND SIMPLE PAST TENSE Simpe Past TENSE | WHEN | SIMPLE PAST TENSE The police came —_| when | the accident happened, PAST PROGRESSIVE AND PAST PROGRESSIVE {RESSIVE Past Procressive | Wuite | Past ‘They were talking | while | they were drivingUnit 11: Present Perfect: Since and For STATEMENTS Supject Have | (Nor) | Past PaRTiciPLe ‘Since/For \We/You*/They | have lived (not) | played here | since May. He/She/It has beent for a long time. * You is both singular and plural. + Been is an irregular past participle. For a list of irregular verbs, see Appendix 1 YES/NO QUESTIONS Have | Susyect | Past ParTicipLe Since/For Have | they _| lived since May? Played here | for along time? Has | he been SHORT ANSWERS AFFIRMATIVE Necarive they | have. they | haven't. Yes, No, he | has. he | hasn't. ‘Nor: For contractions with have, see Appendix 24. WH- QUESTIONS Past Wu. Worn | Have | Susect | ParTiciPLe SHORT ANSWERS have | the How long *Y | lived here? | | Since January. has |he been For a few months.Unit 12: Present Perfect: Already and Yet AFFIRMATIVE STATEMENTS: ALREADY Supject | Have | Aureapy | Past PARTICIPLE They | have developed a new flu vaccine. already It has saved many lives. NEGATIVE STATEMENTS: YET Susject | Have nor | Past PARTICIPLE Yer They | haven‘t | finished the interview yet. it hasn't | ended YES/NO QUESTIONS: YET Have | Susject | Past PARTICIPLE Yer Have | they | tested the new vaccine yet? Has | it gotten approval SHORT ANSWERS AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE they | have. they | haven't. Yes, | No, | it | has. it | hasn't.Unit 13: Present Perfect: Indefinite Past STATEMENTS Supjecr | Have | (Nor) | Past ParTiCIPLe Th have y (not) | 2PPeared ony. t has been For a complete presentation of present perfect forms, see Unit 11. [ATEMENTS WITH ADVERBS Susject Past PARTICIPLE Apvers They a ppeared 1 eee on. They have (not) appeared ony | lately. it has (not) been recently. YES/NO QUESTIONS ‘SHORT ANSWERS Past Have | Susject | (Even)| Parricipe | | AFFIRMATIVE Necarive Have|th they|have.| [they |haven’t. © | ever) | cted? Yes,” No, Has |she won? she | has, she |hasn’t. WH- QUESTIONS Wu. Woro| Have | Susject | Past PARTICIPLE How often |have| they | acted on this show? Why has | it won an award?Unit 14: Present Perfect and Simple Past Tense AFFIRMATIVE STATEMENTS: Present PERFECT Swp.e Past TENSE She's owned the business since 1996. They've met twice this month. ‘She owned the business from ‘96 to ’98. ‘They met twice last month. NEGATIVE STATEMENTS PRESENT PERFECT Spe Past TENSE She hasn’t owned the business for long. ‘They haven’t met this month. ‘She dicin’t own the business for long. They didn’t meet last month. YES/NO QUESTIONS PRESENT PERFECT Swwp.e Past TENSE Has she owned it for long? Have they met this month? Did she own it for long? Did they meet last month? WH. QUESTIONS PRESENT PERFECT Swwp.e Past TENSE How long has she owned it? ‘When have they met this month? How long did she own it? When did they meet last month?Unit 15: Present Perfect Progressive STATEMENTS: Bast Form oF Susject Have | (Nor) | Beew | Vers + -iNc Since/For Uwervourthey | have || pean) collecting | toys | since 1992. He/She/it has making them | for a long time. *You is both singular and plural. YES/NO QUESTIONS Base ForM Have | Supyect | Been | + -ING Since/For Have | you collecting | toys | since 19927 been Has | he making | them | fora long time? SHORT ANSWERS AFFIRMATIVE NecaTive we | have we | haven't. Yes, No, he | has. he | hasn't. WH- QUESTIONS Bast Form Wn- Wor | Have | Sugject | Bren | + -ING hhave | you How long x been | Collecting | toys? has | he making | them?Unit 16: Present Perfect and Present Perfect Progressive PRESENT PERFECT Elephants have roamed the earth for thousands of years. I've read two books about elephants. Dr. Owen has written many articles. She's lived in many countries. PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE Elephants have been roaming the earth for thousands of years. I've been reading this book since Monday. She's been writing articles since 1990. She's been living in France for a year.Unit 17: Past Perfect ‘STATEMENTS Susject Hap (Nor) | Past PaRTiciPLe VHe/She/We/You'/They decided by then. had (not) It been easy. *You is both singular and plural. YES/NO QUESTIONS SHORT ANSWERS Hao | Susject| Past Parricipte| Arrinmarive | NEGATIVE she | decided by then? she she Had Yes,| — had. | No,| —| hadn't. it been easy? it it WH- QUESTIONS Wa- Wor | Hap | Susject | Past PARTICIPLE she | decided to be a talk-show host? Why had it been easy?Unit 18: Past Perfect Progressive STATEMENTS Bast FoRM oF Supject Hap (wor) Been | VERB + -ING . running Wie/she/tiWervour/They | had (not) been | (ETE all day. *You is both singular and plural. YES/NO QUESTIONS SHORT ANSWERS Bast Form Hap | Susject | Beew | + -InG Arnnmanive | NEGATIVE Had | she been | "Ping | a day? | | ves, she had. | No, she hadn't. working WH. QUESTIONS Wh Worn | Hap | Susject | Been | Base Form + -1nc How long running? Why hhad | she been | working?Unit 19: Future: Be going to and Will STATEMENTS: BE GOING TO Bast Form Susject Be* | (Nor) Goinc To | oF VERB 1 am He/She/It is _ | (not) going to | leave soon, Wervoul/They | are *For contractions with be, see Appendix 24. "You is both singular and plural. YES/NO QUESTIONS: BE GOING TO SHORT ANSWERS Be_| Susyect | Gomnc To | Base Form | | ArrinMATiVE Necarive Am |1 you are. you aren’t. Is | he going to | leave soon? | | Yes,|he |is. |.No,|he | isn’t. Are | you tam. 1 | 'm not. WH- QUESTIONS: BE GOING TO Wu- Worn | Be | Susject | Goinc To | BASE FORM am | | When 2 Why is | he going to | leave? are | you STATEMENTS: WILL SuBject Wit" (wor) | Base Form I/He/She/It/We/You/They | will (not) | leave soon. *For contractions with will, see Appendix 24. YES/NO QUESTIONS: WILL | ‘SHORT ANSWERS Wa Base Form Will SuBject ArrinMaTive | NEGATIVE he leave soon? | | Yes, he will. | No, he won't. WH- QUESTIONS: WILL Wa will Wx. WorD Supject | Base Form When he leave?Unit 20: Future: Contrast AFFIRMATIVE STATEMENTS NEGATIVE STATEMENTS We're going to leave We aren't going to leave We'll leave ‘We won't leave it We're leaving for Mars soon.| sy rent leaving until 1:00. We leave We don’t leave YES/NO QUESTIONS SHORT ANSWERS Is she going to leave she is. she Isn't. Will she leave she won't. for Mars soon?| | Yes, No,| Is she leaving she Is, she isn’t. Does she leave shedoes.} —_|she doesn’t. WH- QUESTIONS When Is she going to leave When will she leave When Is she leaving When does she leave for Mars?Unit 21: Future Time Clauses STATEMENTS Main Ciause Time CLause I'm going to be a ballet dancer | when | grow up. She'll join a ballet company _| after she graduates. YES/NO QUESTIONS Man Cause Time Cause Are you going to be a ballet dancer | when you grow up? Will she join a ballet company after she graduates? SHORT ANSWERS AFFIRMATIVE Necarive lam. I'm not. Yes, No, she will, she won't. WH- QUESTIONS MAIN Cause Time CLAUSE are you going to be | when you grow up? What will she do after she graduates?Unit 22: Future Progressive STATEMENTS Be (wor) conc 10/ | Be + Bast ‘SuBjECT Wa (nor) Form + -ING 1 am (not) going to He/She/lt Is (not) going to | be working | tomorrow. We/You/They re (not) going to VHe/She/It/We/You/They | will (not) be working | tomorrow. YES/NO QUESTIONS Be/Wut | Susject | Goins 70 | Be + BASE FORM + -ING Am \ Is she going to | be working tomorrow? Are you will | you be working tomorrow? SHORT ANSWERS AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE you are. you aren’t. she Is. she Isn't. Yes, No, lam. I'm not. we will we won't. WH- QUESTIONS Wa- Wor | Br/Wi | Supject | Gomc To | Be + BASE FORM + -ING Where is he going to | be working? When will she be working?Unit 23: Future Perfect and Future Perfect Progressive FUTURE PERFECT STATEMENTS Susject Wau (wor) | Have + Past ParriciPLe VHe/She/lt/We/You'/They | will (not) | have saved enough money by then. *You is both singular and plural. FUTURE PERFECT PROGRESSIVE STATEMENTS ‘SuBject Win (wor) | Have BEEN + BASE FORM + -ING /Hle/She/It/We/You/They | will (not) | have been saving for three years. FUTURE PERFECT YES/NO QUESTIONS SHORT ANSWERS Wa | Susyect | Have + Past PaRTICIPLE Arrinmarive | NEGATIVE will | he have saved enough by then? | | Yes, he will. | No, he won't. FUTURE PERFECT PROGRESSIVE YES/NO QUESTIONS SHORT ANSWERS HAVE BEEN + wae | ‘Susject | BASE FoRM + -ING Arrinmative | NEGATIVE will [he | have been saving for long? | | Yes, he will. | No, he won't.Unit 24: Wh- Questions: Subject and Predicate QUESTIONS ABOUT THE SUBJECT Wx. WorD Supjecr | VERB | PreDicate Who. saw | you? ‘ANSWERS (STATEMENTS) Supject | Vers | PREDICATE He saw | me. QUESTIONS ABOUT THE PREDICATE Wa. Woro | Auxiuary Prepicare | VERB Suspect | Vers Who(m) | did you see? ANSWERS (STATEMENTS) Supect | Vers PREDICATE i) saw him.Unit 25: Tag Questions WITH BE AS THE MAIN VERB AFFIRMATIVE | NEGATIVE | | NEGATIVE AFFIRMATIVE ‘STATEMENT Tac ‘STATEMENT Tac You're from LA*, | aren't you? | | You're not from LA, | are you? *L.A. = Los Angeles WITH ALL AUXILIARY VERBS EXCEPT DO AFFIRMATIVE | NEGATIVE NEGATIVE AFFIRMATIVE ‘STATEMENT Tac ‘STATEMENT Tac You're moving, | aren‘t you? You're not moving, | are you? He’s been here, | hasn’t he? He hasn’t been here, | has he? They can move, | can’t they? They can’t move, | can they? WITH DO AS AN AUXILIARY VERB AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE NEGATIVE AFFIRMATIVE ‘STATEMENT Tac ‘StaTeMENT Tac You live here, | don’t you? You don’t live here, | do you? They moved, | didn’t they? They didn’t move, | did they?Unit 26: Additions with So, Too, Neither and Not either WITH BE AS THE MAIN VERB AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE Statement _ | Avomion STATEMENT | Abortion and so is Sue. Isa twi Amy Is a twin, | and Sue Is too. WITH ALL AUXILIARY VI and neither is Sue. ‘Amy isn’t very tall | id sue isn't either. ERBS EXCEPT DO AFFIRMATIVE ‘STATEMENT Apion NEGATIVE Starement —_| ADDITION and so can Sue. Amy can swim, and Sue can too. and neither can Sue. Ar t ski, my can't st, and Sue can’t either. WITH VERBS USING DO AS AN AUXILIARY VERB AFFIRMATIVE. StaTEMENT | ADDITION NEGATIVE Statement _| ApoITion Amy likes dogs, and so does Sue. and Sue does too. Amy doesn’t like cats, and neither does Sue. and Sue doesn’t either.Unit 27: Ability: Can, Could, Be able to \TEMENTS: CAN/COULD Bast Form Susject Can/Courn* | oF VERB can (not) | do spreadsheets now. WHe/She/ItWe/You/They could (not) | use a computer last year. ‘Can and could are modals. They do not have -s in the third person singular. YES/NO QUESTIONS: CAN/COULD SHORT ANSWERS Base Can/Courn | Susject| Form AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE Can she | do | them? she can. she can’t, Yes, No, Could they [use | one? they could. they couldn't, WH- QUESTIONS: CAN/COULD Wu- Worp | Can/Coutn | Susject | BASE FORM can she | do spreadsheets? How well could they | use ‘a. computer? STATEMENTS: BE ABLE TO Supject Be | Abt To Base Form 1 am He/she/it_ | is _| (not) able to | do spreadsheets. Wervou/They | are YES/NO QUESTIONS: BE ABLE TO SHORT ANSWERS BASE Be | Susyect| Ante ro |For Arsinmarive| NEGATIVE Are | you lam. I'm not, able to |do | spreadsheets? | | Yes, No, Is | she she Is. WH- QUESTIONS: BE ABLE TO Wa- Worp | Be | Supject | Ate To | BASE FORM are | you How well able to | do spreadsheets? Is | sheUnit 28: Permission: May, Can, Could, Do you mind if...? QUESTIONS: MAY/CAN/COULD May/Can/Coun* | Susect Base Form oF Vers May Can Vweyhe/she/it/they | start now? Could *May, can, and could are modals. They do not have -s in the third person singular SHORT ANSWERS QUESTIONS: DO YOU MIND IF . . SHORT ANSWERS: Do vou minp i | Supject | VeRB ‘Arrinmarive | NEGATIVE \welthey | start? | | Not at all. Do you mind if he/she/it | starts? | | No, I don’t. | Yes, | do. STATEMENTS: MAY/CAN Suaject May/Can_| Base Form may (not) Ue/Sherltwe/YourThey | TY ey | start.Unit 29: Requests: Will, Can, Would, Could, Would you mind...? QUESTIONS: WILL/CAN/WOULD/COULD Wi/Can/ Base Form Wouo/Courn* | Susject | oF Vers will Can it this for me? Would you | mai s for me Could “These words are modals. They do not have -s in the third person singular SHORT ANSWERS AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE Sure (will), I'm sorry, but I can’t, Certainly | (Jean), | 1 SOM Pull cant QUESTIONS: WOULD YOU MIND... ? Wouto rou min | GeRUND | Would you mind | malling | this for me? SHORT ANSWERS: (AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE No, not at all. Vd be lad to. I'm sorry, but I can’t,Unit 30: Advise: Should, Ought to, Had better STATEMENTS: SHOULD/OUGHT TO/HAD BETTER Stour/OucuT To/ | Base Form Suaject ‘Hao Berren* oF VERB should (not) W/He/She/WefYou/They | ought to look for a new job. had better (not) *Should and ought to are modals. Had better is similar to a modal ‘These forms do not have -s in the third person singular. ‘Nore: For contractions of should not and had better, see Appendix 24. YES/NO QUESTIONS: SHORT ANSWERS SHOULD Base Swou | Susject | Form AFFIRMATIVE NecaTive shoud |! Took? | | Yes, | 7°" | should. | No, | ¥°4 | shoutdn’t. he he WH- QUESTIONS: SHOULD Wu- Wor | SHouto | Susject | BASE Form should for a new job?Unit 31: Suggestions: Could, Why don't...?, Why not...?, Let's, How about...? ‘COULD (Mayas) | Susject Coup* | Bast Form (Maybe) | I/he/she/we/you/they | could | stay ina castle *Could is a modal. It does not have -s in the third person singular. WHY DONT... ? Way | Don‘r | Susject Base Form don’t | |/we/you/they Why stay in a castle? doesn’t | he/she WHY NOT...7 LET'S Way wor | Base Form Ler’s (Nor) | Base Form Why not | stay there? | | Let’s (not) | stay there. HOW ABOUT... 7 How asour | Geruno/Noun staying ina castle? How about a castle?Unit 32: Preferences: Prefer, Would prefer, Would rather ‘STATEMENTS: PREFER/WOULD PREFER Sumect (Woutp) prerer | NOUN/GERUND/ INFINITIVE \WerYour/They prefer He/She prefers newspapers (to magazines). reading newspapers (to reading books). would prefer | (not) to read newspapers. ‘d prefer *You is both singular and plural, /He/She/We/You/They YES/NO QUESTIONS: PREFER/WOULD PREFER Do/Wourp | SuBject PrereR | NOUN/GERUND/INFINITIVE Do you/they newspapers? Does he/she prefer | reading newspapers? to read newspapers? Would you/they/he/she SHORT ANSWERS AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE Viwe/they do. Viwe/they don’t. Yes, | he/she does. | No, | he/she doesn't. \iwelthey/he/she | would. \/we/they/he/she | wouldn't. STATEMENTS: WOULD RATHER ‘Susject Wout rarner | Base FoRM oF VERB would rather | read newspapers (than read magazines). ‘d rather (not) read newspapers. W/He/She/We/You/They YES/NO QUESTIONS: WOULD RATHER SHORT ANSWERS Wou | Susject | Ratner | Base Form AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE Would | she rather | read? Yes, she would. | No, she wouldn't. She'd rather not,Unit 33: Necessity: Have (got) fo and Must AFFIRMATIVE STATEMENTS: HAVE (GOT) TO Have 10/ Bast Form SuBject Have cor ro _| oF Vers. CONTRACTIONS \Me/You/They | have (got) to Have got to = ‘ve got to stop. He/Shesit has (got) to Has got to = 's got to NEGATIVE STATEMENTS: HAVE TO Supject Do nor | Have To | Bast Form \MWe/You/They | don’t have to | stop. He/She/It doesn’t YES/NO QUESTIONS: HAVE TO ‘SHORT ANSWERS BASE Do _| Susject | Have To | Form AFFIRMATIVE Necative Do we u | do. don’t. have to | stop?| | Yes, ye No, yeu Does | he he | does. he | doesn’t. ‘STATEMENTS: MUST SUBJECT ‘Musr* (vor) | Base Form | | CONTRACTION \/He/She/It/We/You/They | must (not) | stop. must not = mustn't “Must is a modal. It does not have -s in the third person singular.Unit 34: Choice: Don't have to; No Choice: Must not and Can't DON'T HAVE TO ‘Supject Do nor | Have To | BASE FoRM oF VERB \Me/You/They | don’t stop have to here. He/She/lt doesn't park MUST NOT Susject Musr* wor | Base Form W/He/She/It/We/You/They | must not | stop here, CAN'T Supject can‘T* | Base Form \/He/She/It/We/You/They | can’t stop here. *These words are modals. They do not have -s in the third person singular.Unit 35: Expectations: Be supposed to STATEMENTS Susject Be __| (Not) Supposep ro | BASE FORM oF VERB He/She/tt 1s | (not) supposed to | and here. WelYour/They | tr *You is both singular and plural. YES/NO QUESTIONS Be _| Susject | Supposeo ro | Base FoRM am |, Was Is 2 was | Me supposed to | stand here? Are | oy Were | * SHORT ANSWERS Arrigmarive Necarive | are. | aren't. yo" | were. YOU | weren't. ves,|ne |" | no, | he | '"®: was. wasn’t. » fam 1 | ‘mnot. was. wasn’t.Unit 36: Future Possibility: May, Might, Could STATEMENTS: ‘Supject Mav/Micit/Coutn* | Bast Form oF VERB may (not) W/He/She/It/We/You/They | might (not) get cold. could (not) *These words are modals. They do not have -s in the third person singular. YES/NO QUESTIONS SHORT ANSWERS may (not). 2 roresimenioret | |e) mip x ‘g could(n't). WH- QUESTIONS ‘ANSWERS When are you going to Paris? may | go | tomorrow. We | might How long will you be there? could | be | there a week.Unit 37: Assumptions: May, Might, Could, Must, Have (got) to, Can't STATEMENTS Susject Mopat Base Form oF VERB may (not) might (not) | >& right. VHe/She/lt/We/You/They | could (not) must (not) | work there. can't AFFIRMATIVE STATEMENTS: HAVE (GOT) TO Supject Have (cor) ro | Base Form WWe/You/They | have (got) to | be right. He/Shett | has (got) to | work there. YES/NO QUESTIONS SHORT ANSWERS Mopat/ Cour | Susject | Base Form Have (cor) ro Could | he work there? must (not). may (not). ‘Note: For contractions with could not and might (not), cannot, see Appendix 24 on page 846. | He not). could(n't). can't. has (got) to.Unit 38: Advisability in the Past: Should have, Ought to have, Could have, Might have STATEMENTS, Susject Mopat Have | Past ParTicipie should (not) ought (not) to could might VHe/She/We/You/They have | applied. YES/NO QUESTIONS Snouro | Susject | Have | Past PaRTiCIPLE Should | he | have | applied? SHORT ANSWERS AFFIRMATIVE NecaTive Yes, he should have. | No, he shouldn't have. WH- QUESTIONS Wn- Worp | Suout | Susject | Have | Past PARTICIPLE ‘When should | he have | applied? CONTRACTIONS should have should've could have could've might have might've should not have = shouldn't haveUnit 39: Speculations about the Past: May have, Might have, Can't have, Could have, Must have, Had to have ‘STATEMENTS may (not) might (not) can't could (not) must (not) had to W/He/She/We/You/They seen the statues. YES/NO QUESTIONS: COULD SHORT ANSWERS Past Mopat/ Parnicipte | | Susject | Hap To Have Cou | Susject | Have Could | he | have | seen aliens? may (not) might (not) can't He could (not) | "Y* must (not) had toUnit 40: Adjectives and Adverbs ADJECTIVES ADVERBS They are quiet tenants. | | They work quietly. It’s a fast elevator, It moves very fast. The building seems nice. | | She described it nicely. It’s absolutely perfect. It’s absolutely perfect.Unit 41: Participal Adjectives PARTICIPIAL ADJECTIVES “ING ADJECTIVES -£D ADjectives He is boring. They had a boring date. She is bored. They had a bored look on their faces. She is amusing. ‘They had an amusing date. He is amused. ‘They had an amused look on their faces. ‘The movie was frightening, They saw a frightening movie. They were frightened. They had a frightened look on their faces. The job is tiring. She has a tiring job. She's tired. She has a tired sound to her voice. The weekend was relaxing. He had a relaxing weekend. He felt relaxed. He had a relaxed manner.Unit 42: Adjectives and Adverbs: Equatives ADJECTIVES: EQUATIVES Vers* (wor) | As | Apjective | As The gitl fast the boy. She is good heis. as as Her bike isn't big his The girl’s bike heavy the boy's. *Non-aetion verbs like be, look, seem. ADVERBS: EQUATIVES Vers* (vor) | As | ApvERB As The gitl fast the boy. She rides well he does. as as Her bike doesn’t ride smoothly his The git’s bike consistently the boy's. “Action verbsUnit 43: Adjectives: Comparatives ‘COMPARATIVES COMPARATIVE THAN brighter better The new restaurant is than | the old one. more | comfortable less | beautiful REPEATED COMPARATIVES ‘Compararive | AND | COMPARATIVE better better. worse worse. The food is getting and more more | delicious. less less | interesting. DOUBLE COMPARATIVES Tue | CoMPARATIVE Tue | COMPARATIVE The | more crowded | the restaurant, | the | slower the service.Unit 44: Adjectives: Superlatives You are ‘SUPERLATIVES ‘SUPERLATIVE Apjective FoRM the sweetest the funniest the best person in the world. the most wonderful the least selfish That's the nicest the loveliest the worst card I've ever received. the most amusing the least originalUnit 45: Adverbs: Comparatives and Superlatives ‘COMPARATIVES Comparative Apvers Form | THAN harder better Jordan played than | Bryant. more | aggressively less | consistently SUPERLATIVES ‘SUPERLATIVE ADVERB FORM the fastest the best He threw of anyone in the game. the most | accurately the least | frequentlyUnit 46: Gerunds: Subject and Object GERUND AS SUBJECT Grrunp (Susject) | Vers | Onject Smoking harms | your health. Not smoking makes | you healthier. GERUND AS OBJECT Sumect | VERB GeRUND (OBJECT) You should quit | smoking. My doctor | suggests | not smoking.Unit 47: Gerunds after Prepositions GERUNDS AFTER PREPOSITIONS Preposiion | (Nor) | GERUND Do you have ideas | for improving life on campus? ‘We're good at planning ahead. You can help by taking notes. She believes in (not) | compromising. Are you tired of hearing complaints? Let’s work instead of complaining. They insist on (not) | coming to the meeting. Hook forward | to (not) | having to study next summer.Unit 48: Infinitives after Certain Verbs STATEMENTS: WITHOUT AN OBJECT Supject | Vena (Nor) | tneiwmive decided to call Th Anni "Y | agreed | | to ask ne ‘STATEMENTS: WITH AN OBJECT Susject | Vers | Opjecr | (Nor) | INFINMTIVE urged | John to call They | advised | him | | toask | Pe STATEMENTS: WITH AN OPTIONAL OBJECT Supject | Vers | (Opsect) | INFINITIVE wanted | (john) | to call They | needed | (him) to askUnit 49: Infinitives after Certain Adjectives and Certain Nouns INFINITIVES AFTER CERTAIN ADJECTIVES Apjecrive _| INFINITIVE Ws hard to find | nutritious fast food. We're eager to hear | about the new restaurant. He seemed | surprised | to learn | the amount of fat in a burger. INFINITIVES AFTER CERTAIN NOUNS Noun IneNrriVve Ws time to go. That's a high | price to pay. Does he have | permission | to stay | out late?Unit 50: Infinitives with Too and Enough INFINITIVES WITH TOO Apjective/ | (For + Noun/ ‘ADVERB Too BIECT PRONOUN) | INFINITIVE We're (not) young —_| (for people) to trust. The teacher talked |too | quickly | (for me) totake | notes. It’s (not) hard (for us) to decide. INFINITIVES WITH ENOUGH ‘Apjective/ (For + Noun/ Apvers | Enoucw | Osject Pronoun) | INFINITIVE They're (not) | old (for people) to trust. She hasn't come [often _| enough | (for me) to recognize | her. It's (not) easy (for us) to decide.Unit 51: Infinitives of Purpose AFFIRMATIVE. | put his number in my organizer (in order) to save it. I made a note (in order) to remember our date. | eft at 9:00 (in order) to arrive early. Iran (in order) to catch the bus. NEGATIVE | put his number in my organizer in order not to lose it I made a note in order not to for- get our date. I left at 9:00 in order not to arrive late. Iran in order not to miss the bus.Unit 52: Gerunds and Infinitives GERUNDS INFINITIVES, Marta enjoys going to parties. Marta wants to go to parties. She loves meeting new people. | | She loves to meet new people. She stopped buying ice cream. | | She stopped to buy ice cream. She's worried about forgetting people’s names. Meeting new people is fun. It’s fun to meet new people.Unit 53: Make, Have, Let, Help, and Get MAKE, HAVE, LET, HELP Mane /Have/ Base Form ‘Susject Let/Hewr Opject | oF VERB make have | us The teachers | (don’t) | jt | Students | 4° homework. help GET, HELP SuBject Get/Hewp Opyect | Inewrrive | vm | get [us T rs | (don - he teachers | (don't) help | students todo homework,Unit 54: Phrasal Verbs: Inseparable INSEPARABLI IRASAL VERBS Susject | Vers | Parricue | Direct Oxject came gave | up. They | ate | out. ran | into teacher. stuck | to their decision.Unit 55: Phrasal Verbs: Separable NOT SEPARATED Susject | Vers | Parmici | Direct Onject dreamed | up the idea. He worked | out the details. SEPARATED Supject | Vers | Direct Object | Parricue dreamed re idea up. He - worked | te details out, themUnit 56: Nouns Heyerdaht sailed Ra Il across the Atlantic. ‘COMMON NOUNS: ‘The explorer sailed his boat across the ocean. COUNT NOUNS NON-COUNT NOUNS ARTICLE/ Numeer | Noun | Vers Noun | Vere ane sallor | is Fire brave. | |Sallig | i, | dangerous. (The) | sailors | are TwoUnit 57: Quantifiers QUANTIFIERS AND QUANTIFIERS AND ‘COUNT NOUNS NON-COUNT NOUNS Quanmirter | Noun Quannitter | Noun some some enough ‘enough a lot of a lot of Ihave Ihave afew alittle several batteries. a great deal of | candy. many cookies. much water. ‘any any m enough enough I don’t have alot of | don’t have a lot of many muchUnit 58: Articles: Indefinite and Definite INDEFINITE DEFINITE SINGULAR COUNT NOUNS SINGULAR COUNT NOUNS A/An | Noun Tue | Noun Let’srent |__| video game. Let's rent |_| game by Cerebro. the Its an | adventure. Its adventure | of Zado. PLURAL COUNT NOUNS/ PLURAL COUNT NOUNS/ NON-COUNT NOUNS NON-COUNT NOUNS (Some) | Noun Tae | Noun Let's play video games. | | Let’s play games | we rented. (some) the Iwon gold. Is gold | Zado lost.Unit 59: (No Articles) and The NO ARTICLE (INDEFINITE) THE (DEFINITE) @ + Non-Count Noun Tue + Non-Count Noun Do you like cotton candy? The cotton candy in this park is great. @ + Prurat Count NOUN Tue + PLurat Count NOUN Rides can be very exciting. The rides in this park are exciting. Tue + Sincutar Count Noun The ride near the entrance is exciting,Unit 60: Reflexive Pronouns and Reciprocal Pronouns REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS. RECIPROCAL PRONOUNS ‘SuBJECT REFLEXIVE ‘SuBjecT RECIPROCAL Pronoun Pronoun Pronoun Pronoun ' myself we each other. You looked at You yourself. one another. They He himself. She herself. looked at tt itself We ourselves. You yourselves. They themselves.Unit 6 : The Passive: Overview ACTIVE PASSIVE Osject A SuByect Millions of people buy it. It is bought by millions of people. Osject Suet Someone published it in 1922. It was published in 1922. PASSIVE STATEMENTS AST Susject | BE (Nor) | PARTICIPLE (By + Opject) It is(not) | bought _| by millions of people. It was (not) | published in 1922, YES/NO QUESTIONS SHORT ANSWERS Past Be | Susject | Parnicirte AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE Is is. Isn't. it sold in China? | | Yes, it No, it Was was. wasn't. WH- QUESTIONS Wu- Worp | Be Where isUnit 62: The Passive with Modals ‘STATEMENTS Past Susject_| Mopat* Be | PARTICIPLE will (not) r The crew | oul (not) be | replaced | next month. ‘Have (cor) T0/ Past Sumect | BE conc To Be | ParticipLe has (got) to The crew | doesn’t have to | be | replaced | next month. is (not) going to *Modals have only one form. They do not have -s in the third person singular. YES/NO QUESTIONS SHORT ANSWERS Past Mopat | Supect | Be | PanticipLe AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE will will, won't. it be| replaced? | | Yes, it No, it Should should. shouldn't. YES/NO QUESTIONS SHORT ANSWERS ‘AUXILIARY Have To/ Past Vers Susject | Gownc To | Be | PanvicipLe | | AFFIRMATIVE Necarive Does have to does. doesn’t. it be | replaced? | | Yes, it No, it Is going to is. isn’t.Unit 63: The Passive Causative ‘STATEMENTS Past Subject | Have/Ger Opjecr | Participte| (By + AGENT) She [has her hair | cut by André —_| every month. He has had his beard | trimmed before. 1 got my nails | done at André’. She Is going to get| her ears | pierced. YES/NO QUESTIONS ‘Auxiuary Past Vers. Sumject| Have/Ger | Ojecr _| Parvicipte| (By + AGENT) Does she have her hair | cut by André? Has he had his beard | trimmed? Did you get your nails | done? Is she going to get | her ears | pierced?Unit 64: Factual Conditionals: Present STATEMENTS ‘STATEMENTS Ir Ctaust Resutr CLause Resuir Ciause | Ir CLause it snows, | the airport closes. The airport closes it snows. i" per re it it’s foggy, | planes can’t leave. Planes ean‘t leave |_| it’s foggy. YES/NO QUESTIONS ‘SHORT ANSWERS Resutt Cause Ir Cause AFFIRMATIVE Necarive Does the airport close |__| it snows? it does. it doesn’t. a Yes, No, Can planes leave it’s foggy? they can. they can’t. WH- QUESTIONS Resutt CLAUSE Ir Clause Why does get lighter | ifit expands?Unit 65: Factual Conditionals: Future AFFIRMATIVE STATEMENTS Ir Cause: PRESENT Resutt CLause: FUTURE he'll raise taxes. Baker wins, he's going to fight crime. NEGATIVE STATEMENTS Jr Cuause: Present Resuct CLause: FUTURE Ifhe doesn’t lower taxes, | businesses won't return. YES/NO QUESTIONS Resutt Crause: Furure | Ir Cause: PRESENT Will he lower taxes Is he going to fight ithe wins? SHORT ANSWERS AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE will, won't, Yes, he No, he is. isn’t. WH- QUESTIONS Resutt Ciause: Furune | Ir Cause: PREseNT will he do What | The going todo | ‘fhe wins?Unit 66: Unreal Conditionals: Present AFFIRMATIVE STATEMENTS Jr CLause: SimPLE Past | RESULT CLAUSE: WoULD + BASE FORM OF VERB a | he loved her, he would get married. he were* in love, *Note that were is used for all subjects with be. NEGATIVE STATEMENTS. Ir Ctause: Simpte Past | Resutt CLause: Woutp + BASE FORM OF VERB. idn’t low i | he didn’t love her, | he would not get married. he weren't in love, YES/NO QUESTIONS SHORT ANSWERS Resutr Cause Ir Cause Asrinwarive | NEGATIVE Would | get married | if | |loved her? Yes, | would. | No, | wouldn't. I were in love? WH- QUESTIONS Resutt CLAUSE Ir CLause you loved her? What would you do | if at wou you &° | | You were in love? ‘Nore: For contractions with would, see Appendix 24,Unit 67: Unreal Conditionals: Past ‘STATEMENTS, Ir Cause: Past PERFECT Resutt Cause: Wout (wor) Have + PAST PARTICIPLE if\had (not) had money, | would (not) have moved away. YES/NO QUESTIONS Resutt CLAUSE Ir CLause Would you have left | if you had had money? SHORT ANSWERS AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE Yes, | would have. | No, | wouldn't have. WH- QUESTIONS Resutt CLAUsE Ir CLause What would you have done ifyou had had money? would have = woul would not have = wouldn't haveUnit 68: Wish: Present and Past | «WISHES ABOUT THE PRESENT =| Maun Ciause | Wisi CLause had | some food right now. She wishes she weret | rich. *Note that were is used for all subjects with be. WISHES ABOUT THE PAST Man Ciause | Wis CLause had had_ | food last night. He wishes | he had been rich as a child.Unit 69: Adjective Clauses with Subject Relative Pronouns ADJECTIVE CLAUSE AFTER THE MAIN CLAUSE MAIN CLAUSE | ADJECTIVE CLAUSE ‘Susject RELATIVE PRONOUN | VERB That's my friend | who lives | in Rome. ADJECTIVE CLAUSE INSIDE THE MAIN CLAUSE MAIN CLAUSE ADJECTIVE CLAUSE MAIN CLAUSE (conr.) Suayect Retarive PRONOUN | VERE My friend who lives | in Rome | is a dancer,Unit 70: Adjective Clauses with Object Relative Pronouns ADJECTIVE CLAUSE AFTER THE MAIN CLAUSE Opject RELATIVE PRONOUN Sumect MAIN CLAUSE ADJECTIVE CLAUSE | Vers y / He reads all the books | that she writes. ADJECTIVE CLAUSE INSIDE THE MAIN CLAUSE Opject RELaTive Pronoun | Susject MAIN CLAUSE ADJECTIVE CLAUSE Vers MAIN CLAUSE (cont.) ‘The book that they | orrowed seems very interesting.Unit 71: Adjective Clauses: Identifying and Non-Ildentifying IDENTIFYING ADJECTIVE CLAUSES ‘SuBjEcT RELATIVE PRONOUN The computer | which is in the family room | is broken. (Opject Retarive Pronoun) ‘The computer | (which) she bought last week | is not working. NON-IDENTIFYING ADJECTIVE CLAUSES ‘SUBJECT RELATIVE PRONOUN The computer, | which is in the family room, | is broken. Osject RELATIVE PRONOUN ‘The computer, | which she bought last week, | is not working.Unit 72: Direct and Indirect Speech: Imperatives DIRECT SPEECH Rerorrinc Supject | Vers Dinecr Sreecit a “Drink milk.” He said, “Don't drink coffee.” INDIRECT SPEECH Reportinc | NouN/ Suject | VERB Pronoun | INDIRECT SPEECH He told her to drink milk. said not to drink coffee.Unit 73: Indirect Speech: Statements (1) DIRECT SPEECH REPORTING Suaject | Vers Direct STATEMENT “| likke the dress.” She said, “I bought it on sale.” “V've worn it twice.” INDIRECT SPEECH Reportinc | Noun/ Supject | Vers Pronoun | INDIRECT STATEMENT Jim she liked the dress. She told me (that) | she had bought it on sale. said she had worn it twice.Unit 74: Indirect Speech: Statements (2) DIRECT SPEECH REPORTING Susject | Vers Direct STATEMENT “Vl leave now.” “I'm going to drive.” "Traffic may be bad.” “She might move.” He said, “He can help.” "They have to stay.” “You must be careful.” “They ought to buy batt “We should have left sooner.’ INDIRECT SPEECH Reportinc | Noun/ Susject | VERB PRronoun | INDIRECT STATEMENT he would leave then. he was going to drive. traffic might be bad. Jim He told me (thae) | She might move. he could help. them they had to stay. Wwe had to be careful. they ought to buy batteries. said they should have left sooner.Unit 75: Indirect Questions DIRECT SPEECH: YES/NO QUESTIONS REPORTING Susect | Vers Direct Question He asked, “Do you have any experience?” "Can you use a computer?” Reportinc | (Noun/ Supject | VERB NOUN) He (Melissa) she had any experience. (her) she could use a computer. DIRECT SPEECH: WH- QUESTIONS REPORTING Suject | Vers Direct Question He ashed, “Who told you about the job?” “When do you want to start?” INDIRECT SPEECH: WH- QUESTIONS REPORTING ¢ joun/ RC Supject | VERB ;ONOUN) | INDIRECT QUESTION He asked (Melissa) | who had told her about the job. (her) when she wanted to start.Unit 76: Embedded Questions MAIN CLAUSE V'm not sure EMBEDDED QUESTION if Left the right tip. whether it was enough. Can you remember how much it was? where we ate? I don’t know whether to tip. Do you know how much to tip? where to leave the tip?