CHAPTER 7

Control and Coordination

Living organisms respond and react to various stimuli like heat, light, cold, touch,
pressure etc. Plants and animals both respond to stimuli but in different manner.
Example : withdrawl of hand on touching a hot object.
Control and Coordination in Animals
It is brought about in all animals with the help of two main systems
a) Nervous System

b)

Endocrine System

Nervous System :
Functions
i)

To receive the information from environment

ii) To receive the information from various

body parts. (Stimuli fi
Response)
iii) To act accordingly through muscles and glands.
Stimulus : Any change in environment or within that bring about the reaction eg:
touching a hot plate.
Response : The reaction of our body to these changes. eg. withdrawal of our hand
How do we detect that we are touching a hot object?
Receptors : Are specialised tips of some nerve cells that detect the information
from the environment.
Receptors
are
Sense Organs
Inner
Ear

Photo receptors
Eyes

Skin

Olfactory
Receptor
(Nose)

Gustatory
Receptor
(Tongue)

Hearing/
Balance of
the body

Visual
Stimulus

Pain
Touch
Heat

Smell
Detection

Taste
Detection

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Neuron : Structural and functional unit of nervous system.

Neuron (3 main parts)
I

II

III

Dendrite

Cell body
and Axon

Synapse

Information is
acquired

Information
travels as an
electrical impulse

Part where
electrical signal
is converted into
chemical message
for onward transmission
to next neuron
by release of neurotransmitters

Nucleus
Nerve
ending

Dendrite
Axon

Cellpody

Structure of neuron
Fig. 7.1 (a) P 115

Synapse : The point of contact between the terminal branches of axon of one
neuron with the dendrite of another neuron is called synapse.
Reflex Action
A quick, sudden, immediate response of the body to the certain stimuli that
involves Spinal cord. eg. (not brain) withdrawal of hand, knee jerk etc.
Reflex arc : The pathway through which impulses pass is called reflex arc.

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Stimulus

eg. Heat

Sensory Nerves

RECEPTOR
ORGAN
(SKIN)

Spinal Cord
Response

eg. Withdrawal
of
Hand

EFFECTOR
ORGAN
(MUSCLE)

Motor Nerves

Refer to diagram Fig 7.2 Reflex arc

Response
Responses are of three main types
Voluntary : Controlled by fore brain
eg. Talking, Writing
Involuntary : Controlled by mid and hind brain
eg. Heart beat, vomiting, regulation of heartbeat
Reflex action : controlled by spinal cord
eg. Withdrawl of hand on touching a hot object.
Human Nervous System
Central Nervous
System

Peripheral
Nervous
System

Autonomic
Nervous
System

(CNS

(PNS)

(ANS)

Brain

Spinal
Cord.
Fore Brain
Mid Brain

Cranial
Nerves

Spinal
Nerves

Arise from
the brain

Arise from
Spinal Card

Sympathetic
Nervous
System

Para
Sympathetic
Nervous
System

Hind Brain

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Human Brain
Human brain has three major parts or regions
a) Forebrain b) Mid Brain c) Hind Brain
FOREBRAIN
Most complex/specialized part of the brain is CEREBRUM
FUNCTIONS :
1. Thinking part of the brain
2. Control the voluntary actions.
3. Store information (Memory)
4. Centre associated with HUNGER
5. Receives sensory impulses from various body parts and integrates it
Mid Brain :
HYPOTHALAMUS : Chemical co-ordination
PITUITARY GLAND : Secretes hormones
Hind Brain :
CEREBELLUM i) Controls posture and balance
ii) Control precision of voluntary actions
MEDULLA

Controls involuntary actions

eg. blood pressure, salivation, vomiting

PONS

Involuntary action, regulation of respiration

Fig 7.3 Human Brain

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PROTECTION OF BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD

Brain :
Spinal Cord :

Brain is protected by a fluid filled balloon which acts as shock

absorber and enclosed in cranium (Brain Box)
Spinal Cord is enclosed in Vertebral column.

Coordination between Nervous and Muscular Tissue

Information
[collected by
Nervous tissue]
(Sensory Nerve)

Central
Nervous
System
[CNS]

Information
Processed
by
[CNS]
Decesion
made
[by CNS]

Action
Muscle shorten
Contraction
[Muscle cell]

(Motor Nerves)
Message
Muscles
[Change in shape
and arrangement
of proteins]

Passed to
muscles

Coordination in Plants
Movement in Plants
Movement dependent
on growth

Movement independent
of growth
[immediate response
to stimulus]
eg. dropping of leaves
of Touch-me-not
plant on touching it

Tropic movements
[directional movements
in response to stimulus]
Phototropism

Geotropism

Chemotropism

Hydrotropism

Movement
towards light

Movement
towards gravity

Movement
towards Chemicals/
growth of pollen
tube towards avule

Movement
towards /
water

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Plant hormones :
Are chemical compounds which help to coordinate growth, development and
responses to the environment.
Plant hormones : Main plant hormones are :
a) Auxin : [Synthesized at shoot tip]
Function : Helps in growth
Phototropism : more growth of cells towards light.
b) Gibberellin : Helps in the growth of the stem
c) Cytokinins : Promotes cell division
d) Abscisic acid : Inhibits growth, cause witting of leaves.
(Stress hormone)

Hormones in Animals
Hormones : These are the chemical messengers secreted in very small amounts by
specialised tissues called ductless glands. They act on target tissues/organs usually
away from their source.
Endocrine System helps in control and coordination through chemical compounds
called HORMONES

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S.
No.

Hormone

Endocrine
Gland

Location

Functions

1.

Thyroxine

Thyroid

Neck/
Throat
region

Regulation of metabolism
of carbohydrates, fats
and proteins.

2.

Growth
hormone

Pituitary

Mid

Regulates growth and

development.

3.

Adrenaline

Adrenal

Above
both
kidneys

Regulation (increasing)
of blood pressure, heart
heat, carbohydrate
metabolism (during
emergency)

Testosterone
in Males

Testes

Changes associated
with puberty
(Sexual maturity)

estrogen

Ovaries

Genital/
lower
abdomen
area

Insulin

Pancreas

Below
stomach

Reduces and regulates

blood sugar level

4.
SEX
Hormone

5.

G
O
N
A
D
S

IODISED SALT IS NECESSARY BECAUSE :

Iodine mineral is essential part of thyronine hormone so it is important that we
must consume iodised salt as in turn it is essential for thyroid gland as it controls
carbohydrate, proteins and fat metabolism for best balance of growth deficiency of
iodine might cause disease called goitre
Diabetes :
Cause : It is due to deficiency of Insulin hormone secreted by Pancreas that is
responsible to lower/control the blood sugar levels.
Treatment : Patients have to internally administer injections of insulin hormone
fi
which helps in regulating blood-sugar level.
Feedback Mechanism
fi
makes sure that hormones should be secreted in precise quantities and at right
time, which is regulated by feedback mechanism.

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SWITCH OFF
Feedback sent

Sugar level in the blood rises

Detected by cells of Pancreas
Synthesis insulin
Blood sugar level falls

(like a float in watertank)

Stop secreting more
insulin

EXERCISE
(Question Bank)
Very Short Answers (1 Mark)
1.

Where is auxin synthesized in plants?

2.

Which gland is known as Master gland?

3.

Name the hormone that regulates blood sugar level.

4.

What is synapse.

5.

What are tropic movements? Give one examples

6.

Define hormones

7.

Which hormone has inhibiting effect on growth of plants

8.

What is phototropism?

9.

What are the components of central Nervous System.

10.

What happens at synapse between two neurons.

Short Answers (2 Marks)

1.

Draw diagram of neuron and label cell body, dendrites and axon.

2.

What is reflex arc? Explain with the help of a flow-chart.

3.

Mention one function of each of the following

i)

Cerebellum

ii)

Pons.

4.

What is the cause of diabetes? How it can be controlled.

5.

Why it is advisable to use iodised salt.

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6.

What are the different receptors present in our body? What are their
functions.

7.

What are plant hormones? Name a plant hormone that promotes growth in
plants.

8.

What are sensory and motor neurons? Write their functions.

Long Answers (5 Marks)

1.

2.

What are hormones (in animals) List four characteristics of hormones. Name
the hormone required for the following.
i)

Development of moustache and beard in human male

ii)

Lowering of blood glucose.

Mention the functions of

a)

Fore brain

b)

Mid brain

c)

Hind brain

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