Glossary of auditing terms and Vietnamese equivalents

Students:
Dng Th Cc - 1KT 07 - 0704010006
Bi Th Minh Hot - 2 KT 07 - 0704010022
Hong Xun Qunh - 1 KT 07 - 0704010052
V Phng Tho - 2KT 07 - 0704010056
Bi Th An Hoi - CN2 0407010011

Supervisor: Mrs. Vn Anh

Table of content

1.Introduction

2.Literature review

3. Methodology

4. Glossary of auditing terms and Vietnamese equivalents

5. Limitation and conclusion

54

6. References

55

1.Introduction:
Highly-developed business environment nowadays are in increased demand of assurance about reliable and trusted financial
information. Auditing, therefore, is there to achieve this objective for the public. The role of audit has been becoming more and more
important, especially after the collapse of some giant United States corparations causing the world economy to face up with a very
hard period of time. In Vietnam particularly, there are the same great need for auditing and competent auditors. Consequently, many
universities and many colleges such as Hanoi University have brought auditing subject to their curriculum in order to help the country
train and create future knowledgable auditors.
Besides, at time of globalization and integration, its another neccesity that the students who learn about auditing understand the
audit-related terms apparently not only in Vietnamese but also in English. This research, establishing the glossary of auditing terms
and equivalents in Vietnamese, is hopefully a foundation for students to fulfill the goal.

2. Literature review
a. Auditing
Auditing is defined as the accumulation and evaluation of evidence about information to determine and report on the degree of
correspondence between the information and established criteria (Arens Shailer & Elder, 2010). This job should be done by a
competent and independent person, who is called an auditor. There are 3 main types of audit, namely Financial statement audit,
Performance audit and Compliance audit.

Financial statement audit: Determine whether the overall financial statements of an entity are stated in accordance with
applicable accounting standard and accounting framework.

Performance audit: Evaluate the effectiveness and efficiency of any part of an organizations operating procedures.

Compliance audit: Determine whether the organization follows specific procedures, rules, or regulations set by some higher
authority by reviewing its financial records.

Auditing terms are the specializing terms that relate to a lot of aspects of audit concepts and procedures.
b. Auditing standards in Vietnam
Auditing practices in Vietnam must follow Auditing standards which are regulated by the Ministry of Finance. Up to date, there are
seven Decisions, consisting of thirty seven standards with detailed guidelines about auditing and other related activities. The first
Decision (120/1999/Q-BTC) was issued in 1999 and the latest one (101/2005/Q-BTC)was in 2005.
3. Methodology
To reach the objective of the research, stated in Introduction part, we contacted the consulting teacher to obtain standard auditing
glossary in English, which include a list of auditing terms. Then, our task is to look up in the regulations in Vietnam and other
references to find out the equivalent terms and equivalent explanation in Vietnamese. Our main source to carry out this task is
Vietnam Auditing Standards. Besides, some other laws and regulations involve in the research process such as Law on Goverment
auditing and Code of ethics for professional accountants and auditors. We also look at online sources to have deeper and more clearly
understanding about these auditing terms. Finally, we combine all the sources to create a complete auditing glossary in both English
and Vietnamese.
4. Auditing glossary and Vietnamese equivalents

Terms

Definition

Nghi

Gii thch

Notes

Access controls Controls designed to prevent

Kim sot
unauthorised use of IT equipment, data truy cp
files and computer programs

H thng kim sot c thit k ngn

chn vic s dng khng c cho php ti
cc trang thit b cng ngh thng tin, h s
d liu v cc chng trnh my tnh.

Accountability The responsibility of an entity to report Trch nhim Trch nhim ca mt t chc v vic phi
on its use of resources allocated for a gii trnh
gii trnh v vic s dng cc ngun lc
specific purpose.
c phn b cho mt mc ch c th no
.
Accounting
An approximation of a financial
c tnh k L mt gi tr gn ng ca mt ch tiu lin Decision
estimate
statement item in the absence of exact ton
quan n bo co ti chnh c c tnh 143/2001/Qmeasurement
trong trng hp thc t pht sinh nhng BTC /Standard
cha c s liu chnh xc hoc cha c
540/article 4
phng php tnh ton chnh xc hn, hoc
mt ch tiu thc t cha pht sinh nhng
c c tnh lp bo co ti chnh

Accounting
misstatement

Occur when an accounting item is not Sai st0k

expressed to show its objective and
ton
truthful economic value. Include
understatements and overstatements,
through the use of inappropriate
accounting treatment or disclosure
policy

Xy ra khi mt hng mc k ton khng

c trnh by mt cch khch quan v
ng vi gi tr kinh t thc ca n. Bao
gm0bo co thp hn hoc cao hn thc t
do0vic hch ton v chnh sch cng khai
thng tin khng ph hp.

Accounting
standards

Set as generally accepted accounting Chun mc

methods for specifec accoungting items k ton

c thnh lp ging nh cc phng php

k ton c tha nhn chung cho tng
hng mc k ton c th.

Accounting
system

The series of tasks and records of an

entity by which transactions are
processsed as a means of maintaing
financial records

H thng k L cc qui nh v k ton v cc th tc k Decision

ton
ton m n v c kim ton p dng 143/2001/Qthc hin ghi chp k ton v lp bo co ti BTC/ standard
chnh.
400/article 11

Accounts
A computer file containing details of
payable master suppliers, details of transactions with
file
suppliers, and the balance owed.

S0tng hp0 Mt tp d liu trong my tnh cha ng

cc khon
cc thng tin chi tit v nh cung cp, chi
phi tr
tit v cc giao dch vi cc nh cung cp
v s d cn li.

Account
receivable
master file

A computer file containing details of S0tng hp

customers, details of transactions with cc khon
customers, and the balance owed.
phi thu

Mt tp d liu trong my tnh cha ng

nhng thng tin chi tit v cc khch hng,
cc giao dch vi cc khch hng v s
d cn li.

Accounts
receivable
subsidiary
ledger

A ledger recording details of

S0chi tit cc S ghi chp li chi tit v cc giao dch cho
transactions by customer and showing khon phi tng khch hng c th v ch ra s d cn
the balance owed.
thu
phi thu.

Adverse opinion An opinion expressed when the effect kin khng kin khng chp nhn (hoc kin tri
of a disagreement of a conflict between chp nhn ( ngc) c a ra trong trng hp cc
applicable financial reporting
kin tri
vn khng thng nht vi Gim c l
frameworks is an extreme case and the ngc)
quan trng hoc lin quan n mt s lng
auditor concludes that a qualification of
ln cc khon mc n mc m kim ton
the auditors report is not adequate to
vin v cng ty kim ton cho rng kin
disclose the misleading or incomplete
chp nhn tng phn l cha th hin
nature of the financial report
tnh cht v mc sai st trng yu ca
Bo co quyt ton vn u t hon thnh,
bng mu cu: "Theo kin ca chng ti,
v nh hng trng yu ca nhng vn
nu trn, Bo co quyt ton vn u t
hon thnh l khng trung thc v khng
hp l trn cc kha cnh trng yu...".

Decision
03/2005/QBTC/standard
1000/article 66

Agency theory

Analytical
evidence

Analytical
procedures

A theory that presupposes that when

L thuyt
investors entrust their resources to
ngi i
managers- as agents- all parties
din/ Hc
involved in the relationship will act
thuyt v i
rationally and attempt to maximise their din.
benefits. The agent is the source of the
demand for the audit. This theory is
also known as the stewardship
monitoring hypothesis. Agent theory
assumes that agents are self-interested
individuals and that there is information
asymmetry between the agent and the
principals. Information asymmetry
refers to the fact that agents have
control over the information regarding
resources whereas the principals do not.
Self-interest agents will pursue selfinterest which, in turn, will result in
agenct cost to the principals
Audit evidence obtained through
Bng chng
applying analytical procedures. This
phn tch.
involves considering or comparing
relationships that exist in the entitys
financial information.
Procedures that involve the study and Quy trnh
comparison of relationships among data phn tch.

Mt hc thuyt gi s rng khi cc nh u

t tin tng v trao vn ca h cho cc nh
qun l- ngi th y- th tt c cc bn lin
quan n mi quan h ny s hnh ng mt
cch c suy tnh v n lc ti a ha li
nhun ca h. Ngi th y chnh l ni m
kim ton cn tm n nhiu. Hc thuyt
ny cng c bit n nh Hc thuyt v
ngi qun gia. Hc thuyt v i din cho
rng ngi th y l nhng c nhn t li v
c tn ti tnh trng thng tin bt cn xng
gia ngi th y v nhng ngi ch. Tnh
trng thng tin mt cn xng m ch n s
tht rng ngi th y c s kim sot
nht nh i vi thng tin trong khi nhng
ngi ch th khng. Ngi th y t li s
chy theo li ch c nhn, ri sau , s gy
ra chi ph i din m nhng ngi ch phi
gnh chu.
Bng chng kim ton t c thng qua
vic p dng th tc kim ton. iu ny
lin quan n vicxem
0
xt, so snh cc mi
quan h tn ti trong cc thng tin ti chnh
ca n v c kim ton.
L vic phn tch cc s liu, thng tin, cc Decision
t sut quan trng, qua tm ra nhng xu 219/2000/Qhng, bin ng v tm ra nhng mi quan BTC/standard
h c mu thun vi cc thng tin lin quan 500/article 26
khc hoc c s chnh lch ln so vi gi tr
d kin.

Application
controls

Assertion

Assessing
control risk

Assurance

Controls that apply to the processing of Kim sot

specific types of transactions, such as ng dng.
invoicing customers, paying suppliers
and preparing payroll. For
computerised information system
activities, application controls refer to
control procedures that provide
reasonable assurance that the recording,
processing and reporting of data are
properly performed for specific
0
applications.
Statement made by management in
C s dn
financial statements that relates to
liu (ca bo
economic actions and events
co ti chnh)

H thng kim sot c ng dng cho qu

trnh x l cc loi nghip v c th no ,
v d nh ghi ha n cho khch hng,
thanh ton cho nh cung cp v lp bng
lng. i vi vic x l h thng thng tin
trn my tnh, kim sot ng dng m ch
ti quy trnh kim sot cung cp m bo
tng i rng vic hch ton, x l v bo
co s liu c thc hin theo phng thc
ng n cho tng ng dng c th.

L cn c ca cc khon mc v thng tin Decision

trnh by trong bo co ti chnh do Gim 219/2000/Qc (hoc ngi ng u) n v chu trch BTC/standard
nhim lp trn c s cc chun mc v ch 500/article 14
k ton qui nh phi c th hin r
rng hoc c c s i vi tng ch tiu
trong bo co ti chnh.
The process of evaluating the
nh gi ri Qu trnh nh gi0hiu qu ca0thit k v0
effectiveness of the design and
ro kim sot hot ng ca h thng0kim sot ni b
operation of an entitys internal controls
ca mt cng ty trong vic ngn chn hoc
in preventing or detecting material
pht hin ra sai st trng yu trong cc bo
misstatements in the financial
co ti chnh.
statements
The provision of confidence and
m bo
0Quy nh v s bo
0 mt v ng tin cy0ca
credibility regarding the integrity
0
of a
thng tin
subject matter.
0

Assurance
engagement

An engagement performed by a
Dch v m
professional accountant with the
bo (Hp
intention of enhancing the credibility of ng m
information about a subject matter.
bo)

L hp ng dch v, theo kim ton

Decision
vin hnh ngh a ra kin kt lun nhm 87/2005/Qnng cao mc tin cy ca ngi s dng BTC/art 15
thng tin. Hp ng m bo c thc
hin cung cp: a) S m bo mc
cao cc vn ph hp vi cc tiu chun
c t ra t trc xt trn cc kha cnh
trng yu; hoc b) S m bo mc
va phi cc vn hp l trong cc trng
hp c th.
Assurance
The risk that the practitioner expresses Ri ro dch L ri ro m ngi tin hnh dch v0a ra
engagement risk an inappropriate conclusion when the v m bo. mt kt lun khng0ph hp khi thng tin d
subject matter does not conform with
liu khng khp vi nhng tiu ch c
the identified criteria.
nh trc.
Attest services

Professional services that verify the

truthfulness of a subject matter.

Dch v
chng thc

Mt dch v0chuyn nghip xc minh tnh

trung thc ca0thng tin

Attribute
sampling

A sampling approach to determine the

proportion of the population exhibiting
a particular attribute, such as items in a
transaction class whose processing
deviates from laid-down control
procedures.

Ly mu
kim ton
(Ly mu )
theo thuc
tnh

Mt cch ly mu 0chn ra mt phn ca

tng th mang mt0thuc tnh c th no ,
v d0quy trnh x l0mt loi nghip v0no
khng tun theonhng
0
th tc kim sot
ra.

Audit

A service where the auditor provides a Dch v kim

high level of assurance through
ton
The issue of a positive
expression of an opinion that enhances
the credibility of a written assertion
about an accountability matter
The provision of relevant and
reliable information and a positive
expression of opinion
0
about an
accountability matter where the party
responsible for the matter does not
make a written assertion

Audit and
attestation
function

Activities which aim to provide the

assurance of an accountability matter
regarding its truthfulness

L dch v i hi chuyn mn k ton,

Decision
kim ton hoc cc k nng c lin quan do 87/2005/Qmt ngi hnh ngh k ton, kim ton,
BTC/article 10
thu, t vn qun l v cc dch v t vn
khc

Chc nng Cng vic thc hin vi mc ch cung cp

kim ton v s m bo v tnh trung thc0ca thng tin
chng thc gii trnh

Audit committee A committee of non-executive directors y ban kim y ban gm nhng gim c phi iu hnh
responsible for overseeing financial
ton
ph trch theo di0chc nng bo co0ti
reporting functions
chnh
Audit evidence Information obtained by the auditor in Bng chng 0L tt c cc ti liu, thng tin do kim ton Decision
arriving at the conclusions on which the kim ton
vin thu thp c lin quan n cuc kim 219/2000/Qaudit opinion is based
ton v da trn cc thng tin ny kim ton BTC/standard
vin hnh thnh nn kin ca mnh
500/article 5
Audit
The gap that exists between what users 0
expectation gap expect of an auditor and the service
auditors provide. This gap is due ,in
part, to the inadequate performance of
auditors

L khong cch tn ti gia nhng iu m

ngi s dng bo co ti chnh mong i
t kim ton vin v dch v m kim ton
vin cung cp. Khong cch ny mt phn
gy ra bi s khng hon thnh y cng
vic ca kim ton vin

Audit manager Staff member in charge of an audit. The0Gim c

audit manager coordinates and
kim ton
supervises the execution of the audit
work program and is responsible for
client liaison

Thnh vin ca nhm kim ton ph trch

cng vic kim ton.0Gim c kim ton
iu phi v gim st hot ng0kim ton
v chu trch nhim0lin h bo co vi
khch hng

Audit mandate An authority to undertake an audit and y thc kim

provide a report. The mandate may
ton
prescribe the nature of the audit and the
type of audit report expected.

y nhim thc hin cng vic kim ton

vo cung cp bo co. Trong y thc c th
nu r bn cht ca kim ton v loi bo
co kim ton nh

Audit planning The preparation of an overall audit

strategy for the expected conduct and
scope of the audit

Lp k hoch L vic lp k hoch kim ton tng th cho Decision143/20

kim ton
cuc kim ton v phm vi kim ton
01/Q-BTC/
standard 300

Audit program A detailed description of tests of

controls and substantive procedures
that are planned to be performed

Chng trnh L ton b nhng ch dn cho kim ton

Decision143/20
kim ton
vin v tr l kim ton tham gia vo cng 01/Q-BTC/
vic kim ton v l phng tin ghi chp standard 300/
theo di, kim tra tnh hnh thc hin kim article 6
ton. Chng trnh kim ton ch dn mc
tiu kim ton tng phn hnh, ni dung,
lch trnh v phm vi ca cc th tc kim
ton c th v thi gian c tnh cn thit
cho tng phn hnh.
Audit risk
The risk that an auditor may give an
Ri ro kim L ri ro do kim ton vin v cng ty kim Decision143/20
inappropriate opinion on the finacial ton
ton a ra kin nhn xt khng thch hp 01/Q-BTC/
information that is materially misstated
khi bo co ti chnh c kim ton cn standard 400/
c nhng sai st trng yu. Ri ro kim ton article 7
bao gm ba b phn: ri ro tim tng, ri ro
kim sot v ri ro pht hin.
Audit risk modelA model that express the relationships M hnh ri L m hnh th hin mi quan h gia ba b
among audit risk components. It simply ro kim ton phn ca ri ro kim ton. n gin l ri ro
states that audit risk = inherent risk
kim ton = ri ro tim tng ri ro kim
control risk detection risk
sot ri ro pht hin

10

Audit team

A group of people responsible for an Nhm kim L nhm bao gm: Kim ton vin hnh
Decision
audit, comprising a partner, a manager, ton (Nhm ngh, cc kim ton vin v tr l kim ton 87/2005/Qan audit senior and staff assistants
cung cp dch tham gia hp ng kim ton (Hp ng
BTC/article 24
v m bo) m bo)

Audit trail

A chain of evidence provided by

coding, cross-references and
documentation that connects account
balances and other summary results
with original transaction data
An independent examination of
financial or non-financial information
for the purpose of providing an
assurance on the credibility of that
information to intended users

Bng chng H thng cc bng chng a ra di dng

kim sot
m ha, tham chiu cho hay bng ti liu
(Du vt kim nhm mc ch i chiu s d ti khon v
ton)
cc kt qu thng k khc vi d liu gc 0
ca cc giao dch
Kim ton
L mt qu trnh kim tra c lp nhng
thng tin ti chnh hoc0phi ti chnh nhm
mc ch cung cp s m bo v tin cy
ca thng tin ti nhng ngi s dng
thng tin

Methods and techniques used by the

auditors to gather and evaluate audit
evidence

Quy trnh
kim ton

Phng php v k thut s dng bi kim

ton vin thu thp v nh gi bng
chng kim ton

Chun mc
kim ton

Cc chun mc bao gm nhng nguyn tc

c bn, nhng quy trnh0c bn, v nhng0
hng dn c lin quan c ban hnh cho
hot ng kim ton

Auditing

Auditing
procedures

Auditing
standards

Standards that contain that basis

principles and essential procedures,
together with related
guidance,promulgated by the
profession for the practice of auditing
Auditor liability the liability of an auditor for breaching
a duty or for not fulfilling a contract

Bank
confirmation

Trch nhim Trch nhim ca kim ton vin khi vi phm

ca kim ton ngha v ca mnh hay khng tun th theo
vin (trch
ng hp ng
nhim ngh
nghip)
Written confirmation of the balance at Th xc nhn Bn xc nhn bng vn bn ca ngn hng
bank and other matters received
ca ngn
v s d ti khon ca khch hng ngn
directly by the auditor from the entity's hng
hng v cc thng tin khc
bank

11

Bank
reconciliations

Schedules agreeing the balance of cash 0Bng i

at bank per the entity's record with the chiu s d
balance shown on the statement of
ngn hng,
accounts received from the bank. The iu gii
most common reconciling items are
ngn hng)
outstanding deposits and unpresented
cheques

Bank transfer
schedule

Schedules prepared by the auditor

Danh mc
Danh mc lp bi kim ton vin trong
listing bank transfers for a few days
chuyn khon lit k cc khon chuyn khon ngn hng
either side of the end of the reporting ngn hng
mt vi ngy trc hoc sau thi k bo
period, and the dates recorded in the
co,ngy chuyn khon v bo co ca ngn
records and the bank statements
hng
The largest four international
Big Four
Bn hng kim ton ln nht th gii, bao
accounting firms in the world-KPMG,
gm KPMG, PricewaterhouseCoopers,
PricewaterhouseCoopers, Ernst&Young
Ernst&Young v Delloite Touche Tohmatsu
and Delloite Touche Tohmatsu

Big Four

Bng0i chiu s d tin gi ti ngn hng

trong s cng ty vi s liu0trn0s ph ca
ngn hng. Cc khon i
0 chiu thng dng
nht l0tin0ang chuyn) v sc cha0thanh
ton

Block selection Selection of sampling units from a

Chn nhm
population by random or haphazard
selection of characteristics held by
clusters of sampling units, such as the
initial letters of customers' names or the
date at which the transaction occurred
Business risk
The risk that the entity will not achieve Ri ro kinh
its objectives or execute its strategies doanh

L vic chn cc n v ly mu t mt tng

th bng phng php ly mu ngu nhin
hay la chn bt k cc nhm n v ly
mu c cng tnh cht nh ch ci u ca
tn khch hng hay ngy cc giao dch din
ra
L ri ro m cng ty khng t c mc
tiu ra hay khng thc hin c k
hoch ca mnh

Cash counts

L mt quy trnh kim ton trong kim

ton vin kim k tin mt ti qu v khp
ng s d vi s0k ton0

Audit procedure of counting cash on Kim0qu

hand and agreeing the balance with the
records

12

Cash cut-off
tests

Audit procedure verifying the

Kim tra th
agreement of cash receipts recorded in tc phn chia
the accounting records at close of
nin ca
business with the physical movement of tin
cash
A substantive procedure designed to
Kim tra th
obtain reasonable assurance that cash tc phn chia
receipts are recorded in the accounting nin nhn
period in which they are received
tin

Quy trnh kim ton xc nhn s ng khp

ca lng tin nhn ghi chp trong s k
ton vi lung vo thc t ca tin.

Cash receipts
journal

A journal recording cash receipt

0Nht k thu
transactions for posting to the ledgers tin

L s ghi chp cc giao dch0thu tin

phn nh vo s ci

Common law

Unwritten law formulated, developed

and administered by the courts

Lut bt thnh vn c hnh thnh, pht

trin v s dng bi ta n

Comparatives

Amounts or disclosures of one or more Thng tin c

previous0periods that are presented on a tnh so snh
comparative basis with those of the
current period

Cash receipts
cut-off test

Compilation
engagements

Completeness

Thng lut

Mt quy trnh0kim ton chi tit0c xy

dng m bo hp l0rng0tin thu v
c ghi chp trong ng0nin 0k ton0

Cc thng tin c tnh so snh trong bo co

ti chnh c th c trnh by di dng s
liu (nh tnh hnh ti chnh, kt qu hot
ng kinh doanh, lu chuyn tin t) v cc
gii trnh trong Thuyt minh bo co ti
chnh ca n v trong nhiu nm ti chnh
ph thuc vo chun mc k ton v trnh
by bo co ti chnh c p dng
Engagements that require professional Dch v tng L dch v i hi ngi hnh ngh k ton
accountants to prepare or compile a
hp thng tin lp hoc tng hp mt bo co da trn
subject matter based on certain criteria
nhng tiu ch nht nh
An assertion relating to financial
information that all transactions and
accounts have been presented in the
financial statements

Decision
03/2005/QBTC/Standard
710/article 3

Decision
03/2005/QBTC/standard
930

Tnh y Mt tiu chun ca c s dn liu ca bo Decision

co ti chnh trong ton b ti sn, cc 219/2000/Qkhon n, nghip v hay giao dch xy ra BTC, Standard
c lin quan n bo co ti chnh phi c 500, point 14d
ghi chp ht cc s kin lin quan

13

Compliance
audit

An audit that involves obtaining and

Kim ton
evaluating evidence to determine
tun th
whether certain financial and operating
activities of an entity conform to
specified conditions, rules or
regulations
Comprehensive Auditing that occurs when an auditor Kim ton
auditing
undertakes a range of audit and audit- ton din
related services within an audit
mandate for a client. It encompasses the
elements of a financial statement audit,
a compliance audit and a performance
audit
ComputerTechniques that involve using the
K thut
assisted
computer in performing auditing
kim ton do
audit techniques procedures
vi tnh h tr

L loi hnh kim ton kim tra, nh gi Law on

v xc nhn vic tun th php lut, ni quy, government
0
quy ch m n v c kim ton phi thc auditing of
hin.
Vietnam, Article
04, point 03.
L cuc kim ton trong kim ton vin
thc hin mt s hot ng kim ton v cc
dch v lin quan n kim ton cho mt
khch hng. Kim ton ton din bao gm
cc yu t ca mt cuc kim ton bo co
ti chnh, kim ton tun th v kim ton
hot ng.
Cc k thut lin quan n vic s dng
my tnh trong vic tin hnh cc quy trnh
kim ton.

Conceptual
framework
for auditing

A theoretical framework that supports Khun kh v L khun kh l thuyt, trong s dng

the key elements of an audit, using
l thuyt
cc khi nim c tnh logic, h tr cc thnh
logical concepts
cho cc hot t c bn ca cuc kim ton.
ng kim
ton
Confirmation of Written enquiry of suppliers, requesting Xc nhn cc L vic kim ton vin ngh n v c
accounts
confirmation directly from an
khon n
kim ton gi th yu cu xc nhn ti nh
payable
independent source outside the entity phi tr
cung cp nhm xc minh cc khon n phi
tr nh cung cp.
Confirmations

A form of enquiry that enables the

Xc nhn
auditor to obtain information directly thng tin t
from an independent source outside the bn ngoi
entity

L qu trnh thu thp v nh gi bng

chng kim ton thng qua vic lin h trc
tip vi bn th ba nhn c phc p
ca h v cc thng tin c th nh hng
n c s dn liu c ban Gim c lp
v trnh by trong bo co ti chnh ca n
v c kim ton.

14

Decision
101/2005/QBTC, Standard
505, point 06

Conformation
role

The auditor's function in ensuring that Vai tr tun

the organization conforms to policies, th
procedures and statutory matters

Contingent
liability

A potential liability that becomes an

N tim tng L (1) ngha v n c kh nng pht sinh t
actual liability when one or more future
cc s kin xy ra v s tn ti ca ngha
events occurs or fails to occur
v n ny s ch c xc nhn bi kh
nng hay xy ra hoc khng xy ra ca mt
hoc nhiu s kin khng chc chn trong
tng lai m doanh nghip khng kim sot
c; hoc (2) ngha v n hin ti pht
sinh t cc s kin xy ra nhng cha
c ghi nhn v (a) khng chc chn c s
gim st v li ch kinh t do vic phi
thanh ton ngha v n hoc (b) gi tr ca
ngha v n khng c xc nh mt
cch ng tin cy.
Auditing activities that provide an
Kim ton
Cc hot ng kim ton cung cp mc
ongoing level of assurance on a subject lin tc
m bo lin tc i vi mt vn .
matter

Continuous
auditing

Chc nng ca kim ton vin trong vic

m bo n v0tun th theo cc chnh
sch, quy trnh v cc vn php l 0

Contractual
relationship

A relationship between two contracting Quan h hp Mi quan h gia hai bn tham gia vo hp
parties
ng
ng.

Contributory
negligence

The failure of the plaintiff to meet

certain required standards of care

Control
activities

Policies and procedures that

Hot ng
management establishes to help ensure kim sot
that its directives are carried out

Li do bt
cn

Bn nguyn n khng p ng mt s
chun mc theo quy nh v mc cn
trng
Cc th tc v chnh sch m ban qun tr
a ra m bo cc ch th c thc
hin y .

15

Decision
100/2005/QBTC, Standard
18, point 07.
(VAS or VSA)

Control
environment

Control
procedures

Control risk

Co-regulation

The overall attitude, awareness and

actions of management regarding
internal control and its importance in
the entity

Mi trng
kim sot

L nhng nhn thc, quan im, s quan

Decision
tm v hot ng ca thnh vin Hi ng 143/2001/Qqun tr, Ban gim c i vi h thng
BTC, Standard
kim sot ni b v vai tr ca h thng
400, point 12
kim sot ni b trong n v.
Those policies and procedures, in
Th tc kim L cc quy ch v th tc do Ban lnh o Decision
addition to the control environment,
sot
n v thit lp v ch o thc hin trong 143/2001/Qthat management has established to
n v nhm t c mc tiu qun l c BTC, Standard
ensure that , as far as possible, specific
th.
400, point 13
entity objectives will be achieved
A risk that a material misstatement will Ri ro kim L ri ro xy ra sai st trng yu trong tng Decision
not be prevented or detected on a
sot
nghip v, tng khon mc trong bo co ti 143/2001/Qtimely basis by an entity's internal
chnh khi tnh ring r hoc tnh gp m h BTC, Standard
control structure
thng k ton v h thng kim sot ni b 400, point 05
khng ngn nga ht hoc khng pht hin
v sa cha kp thi.
The environment within which both
ng kim
Mi trng trong c Chnh ph v cc
the government and the auditing
sot
cng ty kim ton cng thc hin vai tr
profession exert active controls
kim sot

Corroborating
information

Evidence obtained by an auditor in

Thng tin
support of transactions recorded in the chng thc
accounting records of an entity

Credibility (of
information)

An assurance on the relevance and

reliability of information

Current file

A file that contains corroborating

H s kim
information relating to the execution of ton nm
the current year's audit program

Chng c c kim ton vin thu thp

nhm h tr cc giao dch c ghi trong s
sch k ton ca doanh nghip.

Mc tin L mt m bo v tnh ph hp v tin

cy ca thng cy ca thng tin.
tin
L h s kim ton cha ng cc thng tin Decision
v khch hng ch lin quan ti cuc kim 120/1999/Qton mt nm ti chnh.
BTC, Standard
230, point 05

16

Cut off

An assertion that relates to whether all Tnh ng k L mt tiu chun ca c s dn liu ca

transactions, events and accounts have
bo co ti chnh trong ton b cc giao
been recorded in the correct period
dch, s kin v ti khon c ghi nhn vo
ng thi k.
0

Cut off tests

Tests performed on the transactions

around year-end to ensure the
completeness and occurrence of
transactions

Cyclical
inventory
counts

Periodic inventory counts that count, Kim k nh L vic nh k

0 kim k, trong sut mt
over a year, all or most inventory items
0 hng
nm k ton, ton b hoc hu ht hng tn
tn kho
kho.

Damages

An amount awarded as compensation Bi thng

for the losses suffered by plaintiffs in a thit hi
legal action

Mc n b cho nhng thit hi bn nguyn

n phi chu trong mt s v php l.

Deposit slip

A listing of bank notes, coins and

Bin lai tin
individual cheques for deposit with the gi
bank, a copy of which is receipted by
bank teller and retained by the entity

L bn lit k cc loi tin c gi vo

ngn hng.

Detection risk

A risk that the auditor's substantive

procedures will collectively fail to
detect a material misstatement.

L ri ro xy ra sai st trng yu trong tng Decision

nghip v, tng khon mc trong bo co ti 143/2001/Qchnh khi tnh ring r hoc tnh gp m
BTC, Standard
trong qu trnh kim ton, kim ton vin v 400, point 06
cng ty kim ton khng pht hin c.

Cc th
nghim kim
tra tnh
ngk
0

Ri ro pht
hin

L cc th nghim nhm kim tra cc giao

dch pht sinh vo cui nin m bo
cc giao dch ny thc s pht sinh v c
ghi nhn y .

17

Deviation

The failure to apply a control properly Sai phm

and consistently, or its application by
an unauthorized employee.

L vic khng thc hin hoc thc hin sai

th tc kim sot, pht hin c qua cc
th nghim kim sot hoc cc sai lch v
thng tin hoc s liu pht hin c qua
cc th nghim c bn, do c nhn hoc tp
th gy ra mt cch c (gian ln) hoc
khng c (sai st). Tng sai phm c
tnh bng t l li hoc tng gi tr sai lch
v s liu.
T l sai phm L t l cc giao dch khng tun th theo
cc th tc kim sot trong mt mu c
th nghim.

Decision
143/2001/QBTC, Standard
530, point 05

Deviation rate

The proportion of a sample of

transactions tested that have not been
processed in accordance with laiddown control procedures.

Disclaimer of
opinion

Expressed when possible effect of a

limitation on scope is an extreme case
and the auditor has not been able to
obtain sufficient appropriate audit
evidence and accordingly is unable to
express an opinion on the financial
report.

kin t chi L kin c a ra trong trng hp hu

(hoc kin qu ca vic gii hn phm vi kim ton l
khng th
quan trng hoc thiu thng tin lin quan
a ra kin) n mt s lng ln cc khon mc ti
mc m kim ton vin khng th thu thp
y v thch hp cc bng chng kim
ton c th cho kin v bo co ti
chnh.
Documentary Information about financial transactions Bng chng Thng tin v bo co ti chnh c bao
evidence
contained in documents such as source chng t
gm trong cc loi chng t nh chng t
documents, agreements, contracts,
gc, tha thun, hp ng, ha n v bo
various types of forms, invoices and
co.
statements.
Documenting
Documenting a description of the
Ghi nhn
Lu vo h s kim ton m t c cu kim
the
internal control structure in the form of hiu bit v sot ni b ca n v c kim ton di
understanding completed internal control
n v
hnh thc cc cu hi iu tra v kim sot
questionnaires, flowcharts or narrative
ni b, biu din tin hoc bin bn
memoranda.
tng thut.
Documents and Documents provide evidence on
Chng t v Chng t cung cp bng chng v cc giao
records
specific transactions that have occurred, s sch k
dch c th pht sinh v cc ghi chp l tm
and records are summaries of
ton
tt ca cc giao dch pht sinh.
transactions that have occurred.

Decision
120/1999/QBTC, Standard
700, point 42

18

Dual-purpose
test

A test that serves as both a test of

controls and a test of details of
transactions.

Due care

Not being negligent-that is, planning Tnh thn

and performing an audit and issuing an trng ngh
audit opinion with skill and
nghip
competence, having regard to the needs
of users.
The measures applied to accounts and Hnh vi ph
financial information in order to
php li
express a certain desirable outcome for nhun
the entity's financial position.

Kim ton vin phi thc hin cng vic

check
kim ton vi y nng lc chuyn mn
cn thit, vi s thn trng cao nht v tinh
thn lm vic chuyn cn.

Electronic
evidence

Any information produced and

Bng chng
maintained by electronic means that an in t
auditor uses to form opinion about an
assertion.

Bt c thng tin no c to ra v duy tr

bi cc cng c in t m kim ton vin
s dng a ra kin v mt c s dn
liu.

Emphasis of
matter

A paragraph highlighting a matter in an on lu

unqualified auditor's report following
an audit opinion in specified
circumstances, such as uncertainty over
the question of the entity's going
concern status.

L mt on nhn xt nm trong bo co
Decision
kim ton a ra kin chp nhn ton phn 120/1999/Q lm sng t mt s yu t nh hng
BTC, Standard
khng trng yu n bo co ti chnh,
700, point 37
nhng khng c nh hng n bo co
kim ton. on nhn xt ny thng t
sau on a ra kin nhm gip ngi c
nh gi nh hng ca cc yu t nh
hng n bo co ti chnh.

Earnings
management

Th nghim Mt th nghim trong kim ton vin c

kp
th thc hin th nghim kim sot cng vi
th nghim c bn cho cng mt nghip v.

L cc bin php p dng chocc

0 ti khon
v thng tin ti chnh khc nhau a ra
mt kt qu mong mun v tnh hnh ti
chnh ca n v0

19

Engagement
letter

A letter (contract) stating the scope and Hp ng

terms of the audit
kim ton
engagement.

L s tho thun bng vn bn gia cc bn Decision

tham gia k kt (cng ty kim ton, khch 120/1999/Qhng) v cc iu khon v iu kin thc BTC, Standard
hin kim ton ca khch hng v cng ty 210, point 04
kim ton, trong xc nh mc tiu, phm
vi kim ton, quyn v trch nhim ca mi
bn, hnh thc bo co kim ton, thi gian
thc hin v cc iu khon v ph, v x l
khi tranh chp hp ng. Hp ng kim
ton phi c lp v k chnh thc trc
khi tin hnh cng vic kim ton nhm bo
v li ch ca khch hng v ca cng ty
kim ton.
Enquiry
Either oral or written questions by the iu tra
L vic tm kim thng tin t nhng ngi Decision
auditor.
c hiu bit t bn trong hoc bn ngoi n 219/2000/Qv. iu tra c thc hin bng vic chnh BTC, Standard
thc gi vn bn, phng vn hoc trao i 500, point 23
kt qu iu tra, s cung cp cho kim ton
vin nhng thng tin cha c, hoc nhng
thng tin b sung cng c cc bng
chng c.
Enterprise risk A process applied in strategy setting
Qun tr ri L quy trnh c p dng trong khu thit
management
and across the entity designed to
ro cho
lp chin lc kinh doanh v xuyn sut
identify potential events that may affect doanh nghip hot ng ca doanh nghip nhm pht hin
the entity, and manage risk to be within
nhng bin c c kh nng nh hng ti
its risk appetite, to provide reasonable
n v v kim sot ri ro trong phm vi cho
assurance regarding the achievement of
php; ng thi m bo mc hp l rng
the entity's objectives.
n v s t c cc mc tiu kinh doanh
ra.
Environmental An audit that responds to the growing Kim ton
Kim ton mi trng l cng c qun l
audit
concern of business to control their
mi trng bao gm mt qu trnh nh gi c tnh h
environmental performance more
thng, nh k v khch quan c vn bn
effectively and to comply with a range
ha v vic lm th no thc hin t chc
of environmental regulations.
mi trng, qun l mi trng v trang
thit b mi trng hot ng tt.

20

Ethical issues

Ethical
Relativism

Existence

Situations where individuals have to

make a choice from unclear and
complex alternatives, where each
alternative may be the right choice
according to a specific moral or
viewpoint.
A view that moral values are relative to
a particular environment, and
that they vary according to
circumstances.

Xung t v L tnh hung m trong mt c nhn phi

o c
la chn gia nhng phng n phc tp v
khng r rng; mi phng n c th l la
chn chnh xc theo mt chun mc o c
hoc quan im nht nh.

An assertion relating to financial

statements that assets and liabilities
exist at a given date.

Hin hu

Thuyt tng L mt quan im cho rng cc gi tr o

i v
c l tng i trong mt
o c
mi trng c th v chng thay i theo
tng hon cnh.

Expected error The error that the auditor expects to be Sai st d

present in the
tnh
population.

Mt tiu chun ca c s dn liu ca bo

co ti chnh trong mt ti sn hay mt
khon n phn nh trn bo co ti chnh
thc t phi tn ti (c thc) vo thi im
lp bo co.
L sai st m kim ton vin d tnh l tn
ti trong tng th.

Decision
219/2000/QBTC, Standard
500, point 14a

L mt c nhn hoc mt t chc c nng

lc, kin thc v kinh nghim chuyn mn
cao trong mt lnh vc ring bit ngoi lnh
vc k ton v kim ton.

Decision
03/2005/QBTC, Standard
620, point 04

Experts

Specialists in areas other than auditing Chuyn gia

who may be consulted or called on to
assist in the audit.

Extent of
substantive
procedure

The number of items or sample size to Phm vi thc S lng phn t hoc c mu m trn
which a particular test or procedure is hin cc
mt th nghim hoc th tc kim ton c
applied.
th tc c
th c tin hnh.
bn

Decision
101/2005/QBTC, Standard
320, point 63

External
auditors

Individual practitioners or members of Kim ton

public accounting firms who render
vin
professional auditing services to clients.

Decision
28/2003/QBTC, Standard
220, point 07

L nhng ngi c chng ch kim ton

vin ng k hnh ngh ti mt doanh
nghip kim ton c thnh lp v hot
ng theo php lut Vit Nam v c cng
ty kim ton giao trch nhim k bo co
kim ton.

21

Financial
statement
assertions

Statement made by management in

financial statements that relates to
economic actions and events.

C s dn
L cn c ca cc khon mc v thng tin Decision
liu ca bo trnh by trong bo co ti chnh do Gim 219/2000/Qco ti chnh c (hoc ngi ng u) n v chu trch BTC, Standard
nhim lp trn c s cc chun mc v ch 500, point 14
k ton quy nh phi c th hin r
rng hoc c c s i vi tng ch tiu
trong bo co ti chnh.
Financial
An audit that enables an auditor to
Kim ton
Mt cuc kim ton cho php kim ton
statement
express an opinion as to whether the
bo co ti
vin v cng ty kim ton a ra kin xc
audit
financial statements are prepared, in all chnh
nhn rng bo co ti chnh c c lp trn
material respects, in accordance with an
c s chun mc v ch k ton hin
identified financial reporting
hnh (hoc c chp nhn), c tun th
framework.
php lut lin quan v c phn nh trung
thc v hp l trn cc kha cnh trng yu
hay khng?
Financial
Dishonest activities that result in
Gian ln bo L nhng hnh vi c lm sai lch thng tin Decision
statement fraud misleading financial statements
co ti chnh kinh t, ti chnh do mt hay nhiu ngi 143/2001/Qtrong Hi ng qun tr, Ban Gim c, cc BTC, Standard
nhn vin hoc bn th ba thc hin, lm
240, point 4
nh hng n bo co ti chnh
Flow chart
A schematic diagram using
Lu
L biu s dng nhng biu tng c
standardized symbols, interconnecting
tiu chun ho, ng ni v ch thch
flow lines and annotations that portrays
din t cc bc lin quan n vic x l
steps involved in processing
thng tin thng quan h thng thng tin
information through information
qun l
system
Forensic audit Auditing activities that involve in
Thm tra
Cng vic kim ton lin quan n iu tra
investigation of fraud and fraudulent php l
gian ln v cc hnh vi gian ln. Trong qu
activities
trnh kim ton, kim ton vin v cng ty
kim ton c trch nhim gip n v pht
hin, x l v ngn nga gian ln.
Fraud
An intentional act of dishonesty or
Gian ln
Hnh vi khng trung thc hoc sai phm
moral lapse
o c mt cch c

22

Generalised
audit software

Audit software that auditor uses under a Phn mm

variety of data organization and
kim ton
processing methods
tng qut

Global reporting An independent initiative started in

initiative
1977 to develop and disseminate
globally applicable sustainability
reporting guidelines. It provides a
generally accepted framework for
reporting an organisation's economic,
environmental and social performance
Going concern

An entity that envisages no major

curtailment of its operation in the
foreseeable future, and that assumes its
going viability by being able to pay off
its debts.

Going concern 0 An assumption that an entity an entity

assumption
will continue in the future unless
evidence is available to the contrary

L mt trong nhng cng c IT Kim ton

vin s dng c c bng chng trc
tip v cht lng ca cc h s sn xut v
duy tr bi cc h thng ng dng. V d,
phn mm kim ton tng qut c th hon
thnh nhim v kim ton sau y: Kim tra
h s cht lng, y , nht qun, v s
ng n (ngn hng xem xt nhu cu tin
gi cc tp tin i vi tin gi v rt tin ln
bt thng)
Sng kin bo L sng kin c lp bt u t nm 1977
co ton cu nhm pht trin v ph bin hng dn
nhng nguyn tc n nh v bo co c
ng dng trn ton cu. GRI l mt chng
trnh khung c chp nhn rng ri, p
dng vo vic bo co tnh hnh cht lng
hot ng kinh t, mi trng v x hi ca
mt t chc.
Hot ng
Mt n v c coi l hot ng lin tc Decision
lin tc
trong mt tng lai gn c th d on c 193/2003/Q(t nht l mt nm k t ngy kt thc nin BTC, standard
k ton) khi khng c nh hoc yu 570, point 4
cu phi gii th, ngng hot ng hoc thu
hp ng k quy m hot ng, tm kim s
bo h t cc ch n theo php lut v cc
quy nh hin hnh.
Gi nh hot Gi nh hot ng lin tc l mt nguyn Decision
ng lin tc tc c bn khi lp v trnh by bo co ti 193/2003/Qchnh. Theo gi nh ny, ti sn v n phi BTC, standard
tr c ghi nhn da trn c s l n v c 570, point 5
kh nng thc hin gi tr cc ti sn v
thanh ton cc khon n phi tr trong iu
kin kinh doanh bnh thng.

23

Government
auditors

Haphazard
selection

Independence

Public sectors auditors who audit the Kim ton

Kim ton vin nh nc l cng chc nh
account of municipalities and state and vin nh nc nc c b nhim vo ngch kim ton
federal governments, and who report
thc hin nhim v kim ton.
their audit findings to the respective
parliaments
Hot ng kim ton vin nh nc l vic
kim tra, nh gi v xc nhn tnh ng
n, trung thc ca bo co ti chnh; vic
tun th php lut; tnh kinh t, hiu lc v
hiu qu trong qun l, s dng ngn sch,
tin v ti sn nh nc.

Law on
government
audit 37/2005/
QH11, article 3

i tng kim ton ca Kim ton Nh

nc l hot ng c lin quan n qun l,
s dng ngn sch, tin v ti sn nh nc.
Selection of sampling units from
La chn bt L mt trong s cc phng php la chn Decision
population by observation
k
phn t vo mu, trong kim ton vin 143/2001/Qla chn cc phn t khng theo mt trt t BTC, Standard
no nhng phi trnh bt k s thin lch 540, point 44,
hoc nh kin ch quan no (V d: b qua appendix 3
cc phn t kh tm hoc lun lun chn cc
phn t nm dng u tin hoc dng cui
ca trang) ng thi phi m bo cho tt c
cc phn t trong tng th u c c hi
c chn. Phng php la chn bt k
khng ph hp khi ly mu thng k.
Ability to withstand pressure from
c lp
L nguyn tc hnh ngh c bn ca kim Decision
management influence when
ton vin. Trong qu trnh kim ton, kim 120/1999/Qconducting an audit or providing audit ton vin phi thc s khng b chi phi
BTC, standard
related services, such that one's
hoc tc ng bi bt k li ch vt cht
200, point 16
professional integrity is not
hoc tinh thn no lm nh hng n s
compromised
trung thc, khch quan v c lp ngh
nghip ca mnh.

24

Independence
checks

Information
asymmetry

Information
hypothesis

Information
processing
controls
Information
system

Inherent risk

The verification of work previously

Kim tra c
performed by other individuals or
lp
departments, or the proper valuation of
recorded amount

L vic thc hin cc th tc kim ton i 0source of

vi cc d liu c s dng xc nh v Vietnamese
trnh by gi tr hp l v nh gi xem gi definition
tr hp l ny c c xc nh mt cch
ng n trn c s cc d liu v cc gi
nh ca Ban Gim c n v c kim
ton hay khng.
Occurs when there are differences in Thng tin bt L vic cc bn tham gia giao dch c tnh 0source of
the degree of control and understanding cn xng
che y thng tin. Khi , gi c khng phi Vietnamese
of information between parties
l gi cn bng ca th trng m c th qu definition
thp hoc qu cao.
A hypothesis that posits that the
Gi thuyt
demand for auditing is a result of
thng tin
investors wanting reliable information
that can be used effectively in decision
making. Unlike agency theory, the
emphasis is not so much on the agent as
on the reliability of the information.
Controls that cover risks related to the Kim sot x
authorisation, completeness and
l thng tin
accuracy of transactions

L gi thuyt tha nhn rng nhu cu ca 0source of

kim ton l kt qu ca vic nh u t
Vietnamese
mun c nhng thng tin ng tin cy v
definition
hu dng trong vic a ra quyt nh u
t ca h.

The information relevant to financial

reporting objectives consists of the
procedures and records established to
initiate, record, process and report
entity transactions (as well as events
and conditions) and to maintain
accountability for the related assets,
liabilities and equity
A material misstatement that could
occur in the absent of internal controls

H thng
thng tin

Nhng thng tin lin quan n mc ch bo0source of

co ti chnh, bao gm:
Vietnamese
+ Nhng quy trnh v bo co v vic bt definition
u, ghi li, x l v bo co nghip v ca
cng ty
+ Duy tr cng vic k ton cho cc ti
khon: ti sn, n v vn s hu lin quan

Ri ro tim
tng

L ri ro tim n, vn c do kh nng tng Decision

nghip v, tng khon mc trong bo co ti 143/2001/Qchnh cha ng sai st trng yu khi tnh BTC, Standard
ring r hoc tnh gp, mc d c hay khng 400, point 4
c h thng kim sot ni b.

L kim sot trnh nhng ri ro lin quan

ti0ph duyt nghip v, tnh chnh xc v
y ca cc nghip v

25

Initial audit
engagement
(Initial
engagement)

The first audit of an entity by the

particular audit firm

Kim ton
L kim ton nm m Bo co ti chnh nm Decision
nm u tin trc :
219/2000/Q- Cha c kim ton; hoc
BTC, Standard
- c cng ty kim ton khc kim ton. 510, point 5

Inspection

Careful scrutiny or detailed

Kim tra
examination of documents and records,
and the physical examination of
tangible sources

Xem xt k lng hoc kim tra chi tit

chng t,0s sch hoc xem xt trc tip
nhng ti sn hu hnh hoc ngun hu hnh
khc

Insurance
hypothesis

A view that posits that managers and Gi thuyt

professional participants in financial
m bo
activities seek to use an auditor as a
means of insurance - that is, as a means
of shifting financial responsibility if
any losses are expected from litigation

L gi thit rng0cc nh qun l v nhng 0

ngi tham gia vo cc hot ng ti chnh 0
c xu hng coi kim ton vin nh mt
phng thc0bo him-0 c ngha l0trch
nhim ti chnh pht sinh do tn tht t cc
v kin tng c chuyn sangkim
0
ton
vin.

Interim audit

Audit work performed before the end Kim ton

of the reporting period. Typically, this gia k
involves performing tests of controls
and tests of details of transactions

Cng vic kim ton c thc hin trc

khi kt thc nm ti chnh. Thng thng,
kim ton s b bao gm thc hin th
nghim kim sot v th nghim chi tit ca
nghip v.
Interim
A set of half-yearly statements,
Bo co ti Bo co ti chnh s b ca mt cng ty
financial report including an income statement, a
chnh gia k c chun b vo mi na nm, bao gm:
balance sheet/statement of financial
Bo co thu nhp, bng cn i k ton, bo
position, a statement of cash flows and
co lu chuyn tin t v thuyt minh bo
selected explanatory notes, to be
co ti chnh, c cng b bi cng ty .
prepared by a disclosing entity

26

Internal audit

An independent appraisal function

Kim ton ni Kim ton ni b l hot ng nh gi v Decision
established within an organization to b
t vn c lp trong ni b t chc, c 143/2001/Qexamine and evaluate the activities of
thit k nhm ci tin v lm tng gi tr cho BTC/standard
the entity as a service to an entity as a
cc hot ng ca t chc , gip t chc 610, point 04
service to the entity. The overall
t c cc mc tiu bng vic nh gi v
activities that are performed within an
ci tin mt cch h thng v chun tc tnh
organization aimed at adding value by
hiu lc ca quy trnh qun tr, kim sot v
evaluating systems of internal control
qun l ri ro
and providing advice. The scope of
internal audit ranges from internal
L mt b phn trong h thng kim sot
control to risk management t corporate
ni b ca mt n v, c chc nng kim
governance.
tra, nh gi tnh ph hp, hiu qu, s tun
th php lut v cc quy nh ca h thng
k ton v h thng kim sot ni b ca
n v
Internal auditor Those engaged as-in house employees Kim ton
L thnh vin0ni b ca doanh nghip,
of an organisation who are responsible vin ni b. ngi chu trch nhim nh gi c lp cc
for providing
0
independent audit
hot ng ca doanh nghip0
appraisals of the organization's
activities
Internal control Management's philosophy and
Kim sot ni L cc qui nh v cc th tc kim sot do Decision
operating style and all the policies and b
n v c kim ton xy dng v p dng 143/2001/Qprocedures adopted by management to
nhm bo m cho n v tun th php lut BTC/standard
assist in achieving the entity's
v cc qui nh, kim tra, kim sot, ngn 400/article 10
objectives, including the safeguarding
nga v pht hin gian ln, sai st; lp
of assets, the prevention and detection
bo co ti chnh trung thc v hp l; nhm
of fraud and error, the accuracy and
bo v, qun l v s dng c hiu qu ti
completeness of the accounting records,
sn ca n v. H thng kim sot ni b
and the timely preparation of reliable
bao gm mi trng kim sot, h thng k
financial information.
ton v cc th tc kim sot.
Internal control Lists that can enumerate the types
Bn cu hi Bn lit k danh sch cc loi sai st tim
evaluation
of potential misstatement that could
kim tra nh tng c th xy ra trong mt c s dn liu
checklists
occur in specific assertions
gi kim sot c th no .
ni b.

27

Internal control Where there are discrepancies in

problems
the internal system that result in
control failures

Cc vn Vn xy ra khi tn ti s khng nht

kim sot ni qun trong h thng ni b v dn n s00
b.
tht bi trong kim sot.

Internal control A series of questions about accounting Bng cu hi

questionnaire and control policies and procedures that kim sot ni
the auditor considers necessary to
b.
prevent material misstatements in the
financial statements
Inventory count Pre-prepared sheets for recording
Bng k hng
sheets
inventory description and quantity as tn kho.
counted. These are usually
prenumbered.

Mt danh mc cc cu hi v chnh sch

k ton v kim sot cng nh cc quy trnh
m kim ton thy cn thit ngn chn
cc sai st trng yu trong cc bo co ti
chnh.
Bng c chun b sn ghi chp cc
m
0 t v s lng c kim0k ca hng
tn kho. Bng k hng tn kho thng c
nh s trc.

Inventory
master file.

A computer file containing details of S0tng hp Tp d liu trong my tnh lu tr cc chi

invetory items, their movement and the hng tn kho. tit v s bin ng v s lng cn li ca
quantity on hand
cc hng mc hng tn kho.

Investment
register

Subsidiary ledger recording individual

investment in shares and debentures.
Entries show purchases and sales,
the cost of each bundle purchases,
and the quantity and cost of the
balance owed
An irregularity overstating the cash
balance by intentionally
0
recording a
bank transfer as a deposit in the
receiving bank while failing to show a
deduction from the bank account on
which the transfer cheque is drawn.

Kiting

Lead schedule

0S chi tit

cc khon
u t

S k ton chi tit ghi chp cc hng mc

u t c nhn vo c phiu v tri
phiu.Cc mc trnh by cc nghip v mua,
bn, chi ph ca mi nghip v mua v s
lng v chi ph ca s d cn n.

Vit chi phiu S phng i khng hp l s d tin mt

khng tin
bng cch0c ghi nhn chuyn khon0l
bo chng. khon tin gi0trong ngn hng nhn0tin
trong khi li khng0tr tin0t ti khon
ngn hng0khi vit chi phiu 0

A summary working sheet that is

Dn lch.
supported by individual working papers

Bng ni dung, tng hp mt s cng vic

cn c thc hin, hon thnh.

28

not sure

Limited
assurance
engagement.

An engagement that provides only

a limited level of confidence in the
reliability of the subject matter.

Low - balling

Hp ng bo Mt hp ng kim ton m ch cung cp

m hn mc mt mc m bo nht nh cho s ng
tin cy ca vn lin quan.

A practice whereby a bid price of an

audit service is quoted at an
unreasonably low level so as to win the
bid, with any "losses" subsequently
recovered through other means
Lower assessed An audit strategy based on the
level of
assumption that control risk is medium
control risk
to low for an assertion
approach

t ph thp Hnh ng nh gi cc thp cho mt dch Decision

v kim ton nhm thng gi thu v sau
87/2005/Q s dng cc hnh thc khc b l.
BTC/ point0229

Management

The individuals who control and are

responsible for the resources invested
within an entity.

Qun tr.

Management
letter.

A letter written to the management of

an entity by an auditor. It contains
recommendations for improving the
efficiency and effectiveness of
significant matters that were noticed
during the course of an audit
A letter that contains representations
from management to an auditor

Management
representation
letter.

Phng php Mt0chin lc kim ton da trn gi

nh gi thp nhrng
0
ri ro kim sot ca mt c s
ri
dn liu0 mc trung bnhhoc
0
thp.
ro kim sot.
L m t cng vic ca nhng ngi c
giao nhim v ch o, iu hnh, gim st,
kim sot mt lnh vc no hoc ch
o, iu hnh mt php nhn. Ban lnh
o chu trch nhim m bo cho n v
hot ng c hiu qu, t c mc tiu
m n v ra, gim st hoc cung cp
bo co ti chnh cho cc bn hu quan.
Th qun l. Th qun l cp n nhng im thiu
st cn khc phc v kin xut ca
kim ton vin v cng ty kim ton nhm
ci tin h thng k ton v h thng kim
sot ni b
Th gii trnh Th gii trnh ca ban gim c gi ti
ca ban gim kimton
0
vin.
c.

29

Decision
101/2005/QBTC/standard
260/article 5

Decision
03/2005/QBTC/standard
1000/appendix 1

Materiality

In respect of accounting information,

an omission, misstatement or nondisclosure that could adversely affect
the decisions of the user in given
circumstances

Trng yu.

Mathematical
evidence

Audit evidence that results from

recalculations by the auditor and
comparisons of those results with
client calculations.

Bng chng
ton hc.

Mean - per unit

method

A sampling method where the amount Phng php Mt phng php ly mu m s lng
being estimated is the average value of bnh qun
c c tnh da trn gi tr trung bnh
each sampling unit
n v.
ca mi n v mu.

Modified
auditor's
report

Issued when the audit opinion is

qualified or when it is apporopriate for
the auditor to draw attention to or
emphasise a matter that is relevant to
users
In relation to controls, involves
assessing the design and operation of
controls on a timely basis and taking
necessary corrective action

Bo co kim
ton c
sa
i.

c a ra khi kim ton vin a ra

kin chp nhn tng phn v thy thch hp
thm on lu v mt vn ph hp
cho ngi s dng.

Theo di.

Gim st trong kim sot l vic nh gi 0

thit k v0thc hin0hot ng kim sot0
kp thi v a ra gii php iu chnh cn
thit.

Written comments concerning the

auditor's consideration of the internal
control structure.

Bin bn
Nhng gp di hnh thc vn bn ca
tng trnh. kim ton vin v c cu kim sot ni b.

Monitoring

Narrative
memoradum

L thut ng dng th hin tm quan

Decision
trng ca mt thng tin hoc mt s liu
143/2001/Qtrong bo co ti chnh.
BTC/ standard
Thng tin c coi l trng yu c ngha l 400 /article 9
nu thiu thng tin hay thng tin thiu
chnh xc th s nh hng n cc quyt
nh ca ngi s dng bo co ti chnh.
Mc trng yu tu thuc vo tm quan
trng ca thng tin hay ca sai st c
nh gi trong hon cnh c th. Tnh trng
yu ca thng tin phi c xem xt c trn
tiu chun nh lng v nh tnh.
L bng chng kim ton c c da vo
vic tnh ton li cc s liu c cung cp
bi khch hng v so snh vi kt qu tnh
ton ca chnh khch hng .

30

Nature of
substantive
procedures

Negligence

The type and effectiveness of the

auditing procedures
0
to be performed.
The types of substantive procedure are
analytical procedures, tests of detail of
transactions and test of details of
balances.
Not exercising due care

Networking firmA firm that is associated or affiliated

with another firm under the same
management or ownership

Non-attest
service

Non-audit
services

Non-sampling
risk

Ni dung ca
th nghim
c
bn.

Loi hnh v tnh hiu qu ca th tc kim

ton c tin hnh.Th nghim c bn
gm quy trnh phn tch, cc kim tra chi
tit cc nghip v, s
d0cc ti khon

Thiu ch

Thiu nng lc chuyn mn

v tnh thn trng

Mng li
cng ty

L cc t chc chu s kim sot, quyn s Decision

hu hoc qun l chung ca mt cng ty
87/2005/Qhoc bt c t chc no m bn th ba d BTC/article 28
dng kt lun c l mt phn ca cng
ty trong phm vi quc gia hoc quc t, nh
cng ty m, cng ty, chi nhnh, vn phng
i din
A service that does not result in the
Dch v
L dch v m kim ton vin hnh ngh
expression of an opinion, negative
khng phi khng cn a ra kin, m bo ph nh,
assurance, a summary of findings, or dch v chng tm
0 tt nhng pht hin hay bt k hnh thc
any other form of assurance by the
thc
m bo no khc. Phn ln cc dch v
public accountant. Most non-attest
khng phi dch v chng thc u c lin
services are those provided in respect
quan n dch v k ton, thu, t vn qun
of traditional accounting and taxation,
l, ph sn v khi phc kinh doanh
management consulting or advice, and
insolvency and business recovery
Services that are not audit related.
Dch v phi0 L cc dch v khng lin quan n cng
Examples are accounting, management kim ton
vic kim ton nh k ton, t vn qun l,
consulting and insolvency and business
ph sn v khi phc kinh doanh
recovery
The component of audit risk that is not Ri ro ngoi
due to examining only a portion of the ly mu
data, such as through the use of
inappropriate procedures or the
misinterpretation of evidence

L ri ro khi kim ton vin i n mt kt Decision

lun sai v cc nguyn nhn khng lin quan 143/2001/Qn c mu. V d: kim ton vin c th s BTC/Standard
dng th tc kim ton khng thch hp hay 530, article 9
kim ton vin hiu sai bng chng v
khng nhn din c sai st.

31

Non -statistical The use of judgement to determine

Ly mu phi L phng php ly mu khng c mt hoc Decision
sampling
sample size and to0interpret the results thng k
c hai c im sau: a) Cc phn t c
143/2001/Qla chn ngu nhin vo mu; b) S dng l BTC/Standard
thuyt xc sut thng k nh gi kt qu 530, article 11
mu, bao gm c vic nh lng ri ro ly
mu.
Observation
The act of watching or witnessing the Quan st
L vic theo di mt hin tng, mt chu Decision
performance of some activity or
trnh hoc mt th tc do ngi khc thc 219/2000/Qprocess
hin (V d: Kim ton vin quan st vic BTC/Standard
kim k thc t hoc quan st cc th tc
500, article 22
kim sot do n v tin hnh...).
Occurrence
An assertion relating to financial
Pht sinh
Mt nghip v hay mt s kin ghi chp Decision
information that transactions did occur
th phi xy ra v c lin quan n n v 219/2000/Qtrong thi k xem xt;
BTC/Standard
500, article 14
Operating
The extent to which laid-down control
effectiveness of procedures are being complied with
the control
procedures
Operational
auditing

Opinion
shopping

Hiu qu hot Phm vi m cc qui trnh kim sot c

ng ca qui a ra c tun th
trnh kim
sot

A systematic process of evaluating an Kim ton

organisation's effectiveness, efficiency hot ng
and economy of operations under
management's control, and then
reporting to appropriate persons the
results of the evaluation
A practice whereby an audit client
invites another firm of accountants to
offer a second opinion on a
disagreement the client's management
has with the auditor over a proposed
accounting treatment. This action can
pressure the auditor to issue an
unqualified auditor's report so as not to
lose the audit to the second firm

Mt qu trnh c tnh h thng nh gi s

hiu qu, hiu nng ca mt t chc v tnh
tit kim trong vn hnh ca n di s
kim sot ca ban lnh o, sau bo co
n ngi c lin quan kt qu cuc nh
gi
Hnh ng m khch hng mi cng ty
kim ton khc a ra kin v s bt ng
gia ban qun tr ca khch hng vi kim
ton vin v hch ton k ton. Hnh ng
ny c th gy p lc cho kim ton vin
phi a ra bo co chp nhn ton phn
khi mt khch hng

32

Oral evidence

Responses to oral enquiries of officers Bng chng0 L tr li ca vin chc v nhng nhn vin
and key employees of the entity
li ni
ch cht ca n v cho nhng cu hi bng
li

Organisational Ensure segregation of duties within the Kim sot t m bo s phn nh trch nhim trong ni
controls
information technology (IT) and
chc
b phng cng ngh thng tin v gia phng
between IT and user departments
cng ngh thng tin vi cc phng0chc
nng khc
Overall review An overall review of financial
statements so as to arrive at the
conclusion that the financial
information as a whole is consistent
with the auditor's knowledge of the
entity's business
Parallel
0
A method of testing controls that
simulation
simulates the entity's processing of real
data. Actual entity data are processed
using auditor-controlled software. The
output is then compared with the
entity's actual output.
Partner
A member of a partnership of public
practitioners. A partner has the overall
and final responsibility of an audit
engagement
Pay-slips

Sot xt tng Vic nh gi tng th bo co ti chnh

th
i n kt lun rng v mt tng th, thng
tin ti chnh ph hp vi hiu bit ca kim
ton vin v tnh hnh kinh doanh ca n
v.

M phng
L bin php th nghim m phng qu
tng ng trnh x l d liu thc t ca n v. D
liu thc t ca n v c x l bng phn
mm kim sot ca kim ton. Phn d liu
u ra ny sau c so snh vi d liu
u ra thc t ca n v
Gim c
L ngi i din theo php lut cao nht
(ngi ng ca cng ty kim ton v chu trch nhim
u) cng ty cui cng i vi cng vic kim ton.
kim
ton),Partner
Forms that indicate the make-up of an Phiu tr
Biu mu trn ghi s tin ngi lao ng
employees'current
0 0
period's net pay, and lng
nhn c trong thi k hin ti v ch r
that show the hours worked, gross
tng s gi lm vic, tng s lng v cc
wages and the payroll deductions
khon gim tr

Payroll register A journal recording details of the

Bng0lng
calculation and amount of wages paid
to each employee

S k ton chi tit ghi chp vic tnh ton v

s tin lng tr cho mi ngi lao ng

33

Decision
28/2003/QBTC/standard
220/article 5

Payroll
A computer file recording details of
transactions file wage payments paid to employees.

0S tng hp

Tp tin ghi chp chi tit s tin lng tr

cho ngi lao ng

Performance
audit

Kim ton
hot ng

Mt qu trnh kim tra c lp v c h

thng mt doanh nghip no nhm mc
ch (1) hnh thnh kin rng doanh
nghip ang c qun l mt cch tit
kim, hiu qu v hiu nng v (2) xc nh
rng qu trnh thc y v gim st tnh kinh
t, s hiu qu v hiu nng ni b l ph
hp.

Performance
reviews

An independent and systematic

examination of the organisation,
program or function for the purpose of
(1) forming an opinion on whether it is
being managed in an economical,
efficient and effective manner, and (2)
determining whether the internal
procedures for promoting and
monitoring economy, efficiency and
effectiveness are adequate
Management review and analysis of
reports that summarise the detail of
account balances, such as reports of
sales activity, and of actual
performance compared with budgets,
forecasts or previous period amounts.

Permanent file A permanent file that contains data

useful in an audit on many future
engagements

tin lng

Th tc kim Cc th tc kim sot bao gm: Lp, kim

sot
tra, so snh v ph duyt cc s liu, ti liu
lin quan n n v; Kim tra tnh chnh
xc ca cc s liu tnh ton; Kim tra
chng trnh ng dng v mi trng tin
hc; Kim tra s liu gia s k ton tng
hp v s k ton chi tit; Kim tra v ph
duyt cc chng t k ton, ti liu k ton;
i chiu s liu ni b vi bn ngoi; So
snh, i chiu kt qu kim k thc t vi
s liu trn s k ton; Gii hn vic tip
cn trc tip vi cc ti sn v ti liu k
ton;Phn tch, so snh gia s liu thc t
vi d ton, k hoch.
H s kim Tp tin c nh bao gm cc d liu hu ch
ton chung cho nhiu cuc kim ton v sau

34

Decision
143/2001/QBTC/standard
400, art 26

Decision
120/1999/Q00
BTC/Standard 0
230, article 130

Personnel data A computer file containing details of H s d liu Tp tin trn my tnh cha ng d liu v
master file
employees, such as wage rate and date gc v nhn nhn vin nh bc lng, ngy bt u lm
of hiring
vin
vic
Personnel file

A record maintained by the personnel H s nhn

department recording details of
vin
employees such as wage rate and date
of hiring

Bn ghi chp lu li bi phng nhn s

trong c cc chi tit v nhn vin nh
bc lng v ngy0tuyn dng

Physical
controls

Controls that limit access to assets and Kim sot0

important records.

H thng kim sot hn ch vic s dng ti

sn hay truy cp vo nhng s liu quan
trng

Physical
evidence

Audit evidence obtained from physical Bng chng

examination or inspection of tangibles thc t
assets

Bng chng kim ton c c do kim tra

thc t hay kim tra ti sn hu hnh

Planned
detection risk

A detection risk that is considered

tolerable

Ri ro pht L ri ro pht hin mc chp nhn c

hin c tnh

Planning
materiality

Materiality determined during the

planning phase of the audit

Mc trng
Mc trng yu c xc nh trong giai
yu c tnh on lp k hoch cho cuc kim ton

Plant register

A record of plant and equipment items S khai bo

containing such information as
ti sn c
description, supplier, serial number and nh
location, as well as cost and
depreciation charges that reconcile with
the control account in the general
ledger

S ghi chp0ti sn c nh nh0nh xng,

my mc thit b bao gm nhng thng tin
nh m
0 t ti sn, tn nh cung cp, s seri,
v tr, nguyn gi,0mc khu hao i
chiu vi ti khon0s ci

35

Population

Predecessor
Auditor

Preliminary
assessment
of control risk

Presentation
and
disclosure
Privity of
contract

Transactions in a transaction class or

items making up an account balance
that the auditor believes to be
consistent as far as the likelihood of
deviation or misstatement of the type
being sought is concerned

Tng th

L ton b d liu m t kim ton vin Decision

ly mu c th i n mt kt lun. V 143/2001/Qd, tt c cc phn t trong mt s d ti
BTC/Standard
khon hay mt loi nghip v cu thnh mt 530, article 7
tng th. Mt tng th c th c chia
thnh cc nhm hoc cc tng th con v
mi nhm c kim tra ring. Trong
trng hp ny, thut ng tng th bao
hm c thut ng nhm.
An auditor who has since been replaced Kim ton
L kim ton vin hnh ngh thc hin Decision
by a current auditor
vin tin
hp ng kim
87/2005/Qnhim
ton hoc thc hin cng vic k ton, BTC, Code of
thu, t vn cho khch hng k trc hoc ethics for
cc k trc.
professional
accountants and
auditors,
General
provisions,
point 22
An assessment for the purpose of
nh gi ban L nhng nh gi s b v tnh hiu qu
obtaining a reasonable
u v ri ro ca h thng kim sot ni b ca n v
expectation as to the effectiveness of kim sot
c kim ton, m t chng trnh kim
controls such that the detailed audit
ton chi tit s c thit lp da trn cc
program can be designed under the
chin lc kim ton ph hp.
appropriate audit strategy.
An assertion that components of
Trnh by v Mt tiu chun ca c s dn liu ca bo Decision
financial statements are
cng b
co ti chnh trong cc khon mc c 219/2000/Qpresented and disclosed in accordance
phn loi, din t v cng b ph hp vi BTC, Standard
with a financial reporting framework.
chun mc v ch k ton hin hnh
500, point 14g
(hoc c chp nhn)
The contractual relationship that exists Quan h hp L mi quan h tn ti gia cc bn tham
between two or more
ng
gia vo hp ng.
contracting parties.

36

Professional
ethics

Professional
indemnity
insurance

The written code of ethics put forward Chun mc L vn bn quy nh cc nguyn tc, ni
Decision
by a professional
o c
dung v hng dn p dng cc tiu chun 87/2005/Qbody.
ngh nghip o c ngh nghip ca kim ton vin
BTC, Code of
hnh ngh v ngi lm kim ton trong cc ethics for
doanh nghip v t chc nhm m bo t professional
c nhng tiu chun cao nht v trnh accountants and
chuyn mn, v mc hot ng v p auditors,
ng c s quan tm ngy cng cao ca General
cng chng.
provisions,
point 1
An insurance taken by a professional Bo him
L loi hnh bo him trong ngi cung
person to indemnify the assured against (trch nhim) cp dch v
loss resulting from the proven
ngh nghip chuyn nghip s phi bi thng nhng
negligence of the professional person.
thit hi gy ra bi s bt cn ca h.

Professional
judgment

An exercise of an opinion by an
Xt on
accountant or auditor that is
chuyn mn
based on the assumption that he or she
has the professional skills and expertise
to exercise due professional care and to
be objective in providing advice or
opinions on matters presented to him or
her.
Projected error Population error based on the
Sai st d
projection of error rate in the
tnh trong
sample tested.
tng th

L s vn dng cc k nng, kin thc v

kinh nghim ph
hp v ti chnh k ton, kim ton, chun
mc o c ngh nghip, php lut v cc
quy nh c lin quan a ra quyt nh
v cc hnh ng ph hp trong bi cnh
ca cuc kim ton.

Proposed
auditor

L kim ton vin hnh ngh (kim ton

Decision
vin hin thi hoc
87/2005/Qkim ton vin tin nhim) c khch hng BTC, Code of
mi thc hin cc dch v lin quan n
ethics for
kim ton, k ton, thu, t vn hoc cc
professional
dch v tng t, hoc ngi c yu cu accountants and
cung cp dch v t vn nhm muc ch p auditors,
ng yu cu ca khch hng.
General
provisions,
point 22.

The incoming auditor who is appointed Kim ton

to replace the
vin c
existing auditor.
mi

L lng sai st trong tng th c c

Decision
tnh da trn t l
143/2001/Qsai st pht hin c trong mu kim ton. BTC, Standard
530, point 51

37

Purchases cutoff test

A substantive test of details of

Th nghim
transactions designed to
kim tra
obtain reasonable assurance that
tnh ng k
purchase transactions occurring near ca giao dch
the end of the reporting period are
mua hng
recorded in accounting period in which
the transactions occurred and that the
corresponding entries for inventories
are made in the same period.
Qualified audit Expressed when the auditor concludes kin chp
opinion
that an unqualified
nhn tng
opinion cannot be expressed but that phn
the effect of any scope limitation,
disagreements with those charged with
governance, or a conflict between
applicable financial reporting
frameworks is material but not extreme.
Chn mu
ngu nhin

L th nghim c bn v chi tit ca giao

dch t c
mc m bo hp l rng cc giao dch mua
hng pht sinh vo gn cui nin k ton
c ghi nhn ti thi k m giao dch pht
sinh v cc bt ton hng tn kho tng ng
cng c ghi nhn ti cng mt thi k.
L kin c a ra trong trng hp
Decision
kim ton vin cho rng khng th a ra 120/1999/Qkin chp nhn ton phn, v nhng phn BTC, Standard
khng chp nhn do khng ng vi Gim 700, point 39,
c hay do cng vic kim ton b gii hn, 41
l quan trng nhng khng lin quan ti mt
s lng ln cc khon mc ti mc c th
dn n kin t chi, hoc kin khng
chp nhn.
L vic la chn cc phn t ca mu t
mt tng th bng
cch s dng bng s ngu nhin hoc mt
chng trnh chn s ngu nhin.

Random
selection

Selection of sampling units from a

population by the use of
random number tables or computergenerated random numbers.

Reasonable
assurance
engagement

Performed to provide a reasonable level Dch v m L dch v m trong kim ton vin hnh Decision
of confidence in
bo
ngh a ra
87/2005/Qthe subject matter.
kin kt lun nhm nng cao mc tin cy BTC,Code of
ca ngi s dng thng tin.
ethics for
professional
ccountants and
auditors,
General
provisions,
point 15

38

Reasonable care Professionalism or due professional

Nng lc
and skill
care and competence
chuyn mn
reasonably expected of a professional v tnh thn
person (as opposed to a layperson)
trng
under the circumstances of the case.
The professional is expected to have
considered all facts (and their
reliability) to arrive at a responsible and
well-informed opinion on the matter.

Kim ton vin phi thc hin cng vic

kim ton vi y nng lc chuyn mn
cn thit, vi s thn trng cao nht v tinh
thn lm vic chuyn cn. Kim ton vin
c nhim v duy tr, cp nht v nng cao
kin thc trong hot ng thc tin, trong
mi trng php l v nhng tin b k
thut p ng yu cu cng vic.

Recalculation

Checking the mathematical accuracy of Tnh ton li L vic kim tra tnh chnh xc v mt ton
records and
hc ca s liu trn chng t, s k ton,
documents.
bo co ti chnh v cc ti liu lin quan
khc.

Records

The main accounting records of an

entity, in the form of
journals and ledgers.

Regulation

The framework that provides the

Php lut v
support and control the
cc quy
market with the authority of either the nh
government or the profession.

S sch k
ton

Decision
87/2005/QBTC,Code of
ethics for
professional
accountants and
auditors,
General
provisions,
point 39

L nhng ghi chp k ton quan trng ca

n v di dng s chi tit v s ci.

L nhng vn bn quy phm php lut do Decision

cc c quan c
219/2000/Qthm quyn ban hnh (Quc hi, y ban
BTC, Standard
Thng v Quc hi, Ch tch nc, Chnh 250, point 6
ph, Th tng Chnh ph, cc B v c
quan ngang B, c quan thuc Chnh ph;
vn bn lin tch ca cc c quan, t chc c
thm quyn, Hi ng Nhn dn v y ban
Nhn dn cc cp, v cc c quan khc theo
quy nh ca php lut); cc vn bn do cp
trn, hi ngh nghip, Hi ng qun tr v
Gim c quy nh khng tri vi php lut,
lin quan n hot ng sn xut, kinh
doanh v qun l kinh t, ti chnh k, ton
thuc lnh vc ca n v.

39

Related party
transactions

Transactions consummated by related Giao dch

parties (that is, by
gia cc bn
parties who are involved in an
lin quan
economic action or the event to the
extend that 'arm's length' bargaining of
terms is not possible).
Re-performance Recalculating or reconciling financial Tnh ton
data. This process
also involves recording certain aspects
of the processing of selected
transactions.
Representation A request of the entity's lawyers to
Th yu cu
letter to
confirm the
chuyn gia
a lawyer
reasonableness of management's
t vn php
estimates of the likely financial
lut ca n
settlement of legal matters and the
v
completeness of legal matters identified
by management.
Review-level
engagement

L vic chuyn giao cc ngun lc hay cc Decision

ngha v gia cc bn lin quan, khng xt 195/2003/Qn vic c tnh gi hay khng.
BTC, Standard
550, point 6

L vic kim tra tnh chnh xc v mt ton Decision

hc ca s liu trn chng t, s k ton,
219/2000/Qbo co ti chnh v cc ti liu lin quan BTC, Standard
khc hay vic thc hin cc tnh ton c 500, point 25
lp ca kim ton vin.
L th do n v c kim ton k v do Decision
kim ton vin gi i trong yu cu
28/2003/Qchuyn gia t vn php lut ca n v xc BTC, Standard
nhn tnh hp l trong cc nh gi ca
501, point 39
Gim c n v c kim ton v hu qu
ca cc v kin tng, tranh chp v c tnh
nh hng v mt ti chnh ca v vic ,
k c cc chi ph php l c lin quan.
An assurance service in which an
Cng tc sot L cng tc gip cho kim ton vin v
Decision
auditor provides a
xt bo
cng ty kim ton
195/2003/Qmoderate level of assurance. It is a
co ti chnh da trn c s cc th tc sot xt a ra BTC, Standard
lower level of assurance than that
kin kt lun l khng (hoc c) pht hin 910, point 3.
provided in an audit. The outcome of a
ra s kin trong yu no lm cho kim ton
review-level engagement is a statement
vin cho rng bo co ti chnh khng c
of negative assurance.
lp ph hp vi Chun mc k Vit Nam
(hoc chun mc k ton c chp nhn),
xt trn mi kha cnh trng yu (m bo
va phi).
Cng tc sot xt bo co ti chnh khng
cung cp tt c cc bng chng kim ton v
cng khng a ra s m bo hp l nh
mt cuc kim ton bo co ti chnh.

40

Rights and
obligations

An assertion that entity holds or

controls the rights to assets and that
liabilities are the obligations of the
entity

Quyn v
ngha v

Mt tiu chun ca c s dn liu ca bo

co ti chnh trong mt ti sn hay mt
khon n phn nh trn bo co ti chnh
n v phi c quyn s hu hoc phi c
trch nhim hon tr ti thi im lp bo
co.
Risk assessment A process whereby management
nh gi ri L qu trnh ban qun tr nhn nh cc ri
identifies risks pertaining to the entity ro
ro lin quan n doanh nghip thc hin
in order to put effective controls into
cc bin php kim sot hiu qu nhm0
operation to control those risks
kim sot ri ro.0
Risk
management

The entire culture, process and system Kim sot ri L tng th bao gm vn ha doanh nghip,
establishes to manage opportunities and ro
cc quy trnh v h thng c thit lp
minimize or control risks
tn dng ti a c hi v gim thiu hoc
kim sot ri ro.

Risk of incorrect Risk that arises when the sample in a

acceptance
substantive test of details supports the
conclusion that the recorded account
balance is not materially misstated
when it is materially misstated
Risk of incorrect Risk that arises when the sample in a
rejection
substantive test of details supports the
conclusion that the recorded account
balance is materially misstated when it
is not materially misstated
Risk of
The risk of assessing control risk as
overreliance
being too low

Ri ro chp
nhn sai

Risk of
underreliance

Ri ro v Ri ro khi nh gi ri ro kim sot qu cao

tin cy qu
thp

The risk of assessing control risk as

being too high

Ri ro pht sinh khi mu kim ton trong

kim tra chi tit cc s d ch ra kt lun
rng s d ti khon ghi0khng c sai
phm trng yu trong khi thc t c sai
phm trng yu.
Ri ro loi b Ri ro pht sinh khi mu kim ton trong
sai
kim tra c bn v chi tit cc s d ch ra
kt lun rng s d ti khon ghi l c sai
phm trng yu trong khi thc t khng c
sai phm trng yu.
Ri ro v Ri ro khi nh gi ri ro kim sot qu thp
tin cy qu
cao

41

Decision
219/2000/QBTC, Standard
500, point 14b.

Roll-forward
testing

Analytical procedures or tests of details Kim tra

of transactions performed on
cun tin
transactions that occur between the date
of testing (when testing is done before
the end of the year) and the end of the
reporting period
Sales cut-off test A substantial procedures designed to Th nghim
obtain reasonable assurance that sales kim tra
and accounts receivable are recorded in tnh ng k
the accounting period in which the
ca giao dch
transactions occurred, and that the
bn hng
corresponding entries for inventories
and cost of sales are made in the same
period
Sales journal
A journal listing completed sales
S nht k
transactions
bn hng

L quy trnh phn tch hoc kim tra chi tit not sure
cc giao dch pht sinh gia ngy kim tra
(kim tra c tin hnh trc khi kt thc
nin ) v cui thi k bo co.

Sales return cut- A substantial procedures designed to

off test
obtain reasonable assurance that sales
returns are accounted for in the period
in which the original sales transaction
occurred
Sales
A computer file listing details of all
transactions file sales transactions

Th nghim
kim tra tnh
ng k ca
hng bn tr
li
0S tng hp
bn hng

L th nghim c bn c thit lp m
bo hp l rng hng tr li c ghi nhn
trong thi k giao dch bn hng ban u
thc s pht sinh.

Sampling
interval

Khong cch L khong cch gia hai n v ly mu lin Decision

ly mu
tip c tnh bng cch chia s lng phn 143/2001/Qt ca tng th cho c mu.
BTC, Standard
530, Appendix
03, point b.

The interval between successive

sampling units selected for testing
where systematic selection is being
applied

L th nghim c bn c thit lp m
bo hp l rng doanh thu bn hng0v cc
khon phi thu c ghi trong thi k k
ton m cc giao dch pht sinh; v cc bt
ton v hng tn kho v0gi vn0hng bn
tng ng c thc hin trong cng k.
S k ton lit k cc giao dch bn hng
pht sinh.

D liu my tnh lit k chi tit cc giao

dch bn hng pht sinh.

42

Sampling risk

The possibility that a properly drawn

sample may, by chance, not be
representative of the population

Ri ro ly
mu

Sampling unit

Items making up a transaction class or n v ly

account balance out of which the
mu
sample is to be selected for testing

Segregation of
duties

Procedures that ensure individuals do

not perform incompatible duties

L cc phn t ring bit cu thnh tng th. Decision

n v ly mu c th l mt n v tin t, 143/2001/Qmt n v hin vt hoc s lng.
BTC, Standard
V d: cc sc trong bng k np tin, cc 530, point 10
nghip v ghi C trn s ph ngn hng,
Ha n bn hng hoc s d N cc khon
phi thu khch hng.
Phn tch0 Quy trnh m bo cc c nhn khng thc
trch nhim hin cc nhim v chng cho nhau.

Selective testing The examination of specific items

Kim tra
within a population based on the
chn lc
auditor's knowledge of the business and
the characteristics of the population
being tested
Statistical
Sampling that uses probability theory to Ly mu
sampling
determine sample size and to interpret thng k
the results
Stocktake/
The process of ascertaining inventory
physical
quantities by count, weight or
inventory count measurement
Stratification

Subdivision of a population, such as

monetary value. The sub-population0
need to be defined so sampling units
can belong only to one stratum

L kh nng kt lun ca kim ton vin da Decision

trn kim tra mu c th khc vi kt lun 143/2001/Qm kim ton vin t c nu kim tra
BTC, Standard
trn ton b tng th vi cng mt th tc. 530, point 08

L vic kim tra cc phn t trong mt tng

th da vo hiu bit ca kim ton vin v
doanh nghip v c tnh ca tng th c
kim tra.

L phng php ly mu c hai c im

sau: (1) cc phn t c la chn ngu
nhin vo mu, (2) s dng l thuyt xc
sut thng k nh gi kt qu mu, bao
gm c vic nh lng ri ro ly mu.
Kim k0hng L qu trnh xc minh s lng hng tn
tn kho
kho bng cch cn, o ong, m.

Phn nhm

Decision
143/2001/QBTC, Standard
530, point 11

L vic phn chia tng th thnh cc tng Decision

th con hoc cc nhm, mi tng th con
143/2001/Qhoc mi nhm l mt tp hp cc n v BTC, Standard
ly mu c cng tnh cht (thng l ch tiu 530, point 12
gi tr).

43

Subsequent
events

Subsequent
period's bank
statement

Substantive
procedures

Systematic
selection

Events occurring between the period Cc s kin L nhng s kin c nh hng n bo co Decision
end and the date of auditor's report, and pht sinh sau ti chnh pht sinh trong khong thi gian 28/2003/Qfacts discovered after the date of the
ngy kha s t sau ngy kha s k ton lp bo co ti BTC, Standard
auditor's report
k ton lp chnh kim ton n ngy k bo co
560, point 04
bo co ti
kim ton; v nhng s kin c pht hin
chnh
sau ngy k bo co kim ton.
The first bank statement issued after the Bn sao k ti Bn sao k ti khon u tin c cng b0
end of the reporting period that is used khon ca
sau k bo co c kim ton vin s dng
by the auditor to verify the existence of ngn hng
xc minh s tn ti ca cc khon tin 0
outstanding deposits and unpresented trong0k tip ang chuyn v cc sc cha0thanh ton
cheques listed on the bank
theo
c lit k trong bn i chiu0s d ngn
reconciliation as at end of the reporting
hng vo cui thi k bo co.
period
Procedures that provide evidence as to Th nghim L vic kim tra thu thp bng chng
Decision
the substance of management's
c bn (kim kim ton lin quan n bo co ti chnh 219/2000/Qfinancial statement assertions.
tra c bn) nhm pht hin ra nhng sai st trng yu BTC, Standard
lm nh hng n bo co ti chnh. Th 500, point 07
nghim c bn gm: (1) kim tra chi tit cc
nghip v v s d, (2) quy trnh phn tch.
Selection of sampling units from a
La chn
L phng php la chn cc phn t ca Decision
population at regular intervals known theo h thng mu trong trc ht xc nh khong
143/2001/Qas the sampling interval
cch ly mu c tnh bng cch chia s BTC, Standard
lng phn t ca tng th cho c mu; sau 530, Appendix
chn im xut pht bt k ca phn t 03, point b.
u tin v c th cch mt s lng phn
t bng khong cch ly mu xc nh s
chn mt phn t vo mu.

44

Technical review A review by a partner or manager to

Sot xt k
ensure that the form and content of
thut (bo
financial statements are in accordance co ti chnh)
with accounting standard, the
Corporations Act and Australian
Securities Exchange requirement
(where applicable)

L cng vic ca kim ton vin v cng ty Decision

kim ton da trn c s cc th tc sot xt 193/2003/
a ra kin kt lun l khng (hoc c) Q-BTC,
pht hin ra s kin trng yu no lm cho Standard 910
kim ton vin cho rng bo co ti chnh
khng c lp ph hp vi chun mc k
ton Vit Nam (hoc chun mc k ton
c chp nhn), xt trn mi kha cnh
trng yu (m bo va phi). Cng tc sot
xt bo co ti chnh khng cung cp tt c
cc bng chng kim ton v cng khng
a ra s m bo hp l nh mt cuc
kim ton bo co ti chnh.
Test data
A method of testing controls in a
Phng php L mt trong nhng phng php th
approach
computerized information system
th nghim nghim kim sot c s dng khi mi
environment. The auditor prepares
d liu
trng h thng d liu thng tin c iu
fictious transactions and has these
khin bng my vi tnh. Cng vic ca kim
tested using the entity's software. The
ton vin l chun b nhng nghip v gi
output from processing test data is then
tng v dng nhng nghip v ny th
compared with the expected output.
nghim trn phn mm ca cng ty c
kim ton. Kt qu t qu trnh th nghim
d liu sau c em so snh vi kt qu
c mong i lc ban u.
Tests of controls Audit tests performed to provide
Th nghim Kim ton vin phi thc hin cc th
Decision
evidence about the effectiveness of the kim sot
nghim kim sot thu thp y bng 143/2001/
design and operations of internal
chng v tnh hiu qu ca h thng k ton Q-BTC,
controls
v h thng kim sot ni b trn cc
Standard 400,
phng din:
point 33
- Thit k: H thng k ton v h thng
kim sot ni b ca n v c thit k
sao cho c kh nng ngn nga, pht
hin v sa cha cc sai st trng yu;
- Thc hin: H thng k ton v h thng
kim sot ni b tn ti v hot ng mt
cch hu hiu trong sut thi k xem xt.

45

Tests of details
of account
balances

Substantive procedures to obtain

Kim tra chi
evidence directly about an account
tit s d cc
balance rather than about the individual khon mc
debits or credits in an account, to reach
a conclusion about the account balance
Tests of details Tests to obtain evidence of a sample or Kim tra chi
of transactions all of individual debits or credits in an tit cc
account, to reach a conclusion about the nghip v
account balance

L mt th nghim c bn thu thp trc

tip bng chng v s d ca mt ti khon0
rt ra kt lun v tnh chnh xc ca s d
ca ti khon.

Third parties

Parties other than a contracting party

L cc i tng i tng khng phi cc

bn tham gia k kt hp ng

Time budget

The estimated amount of time required Qu thi gian L thi gian d tnh cc thnh vin ban
at each staff level (partner, manager,
kim ton ( cc cp ) hon thnh cng
senior and staff0assistants) to complete
vic kim ton ca mnh
each part of audit

Timing of
substantive
procedures

The time at which substanttive

0
Lch trnh
procedures are performed relative to the thc hin cc
end of the reporting period
th nghim
c bn

Bn th 3

L th nghim thu thp bng chng v

mt phm vi mu hoc0ton b pht sinh0n
v0c ca mt ti khon, rt ra kt lun
v tnh chnh xc ca s d ti khon.

Khi thc hin cc th nghim c bn giai Decision

on gia k, kim ton vin phi thc hin 101/2005/
cc th nghim c bn b sung hoc cc th Q-BTC,
nghim c bn kt hp vi cc th nghim Standard 330,
kim sot bao qut c c giai on cn point 58
li nhm to ra c s hp l cho vic m
rng phm vi kt lun ca kim ton vin t
giai on gia k cho n giai on cui k.
Tolerable error The maximum error in the population Sai phm c L mc sai phm ti a trong mt tng th Decision
that the auditor can accept as being
th b qua
m kim ton vin v cng ty kim ton c 143/2001/
consistent with the conclusion that
th chp nhn c. Sai phm c th b qua Q-BTC,
sample results confirm achievement of
l sai phm di mc trng yu.
Standard 530,
the audit objective
point 13
Tracing
Following through a transaction from i chiu
L theo di mt nghip v t ngun chng not sure
source of documents to accounting
t ca nghip v y n h s k ton ca
records
nghip v.

46

Transactions

Exchange of assets and services

0Giao dch
between an entity and outside parties,
as well as the transfer use of assets and
services within an entity.

True and fair

view

A term that is synonymous with "fairly Phn nh

presented". It is used when expressing a trung thc v
fair opinion on financial statements
hp l
when required by the Corporation Act

Truth and
fairness

L vic trao i ti sn v dch v gia mt

thc th v nhng i tng bn ngoi,
cng nh vic chuyn giao s dng ca ti
sn v dch v trong mt thc th.

Ngha l kin ca kim ton vin a ra Decision

trn bo co kim ton mt s m bo chc 120/1999/
chn rng bo co ti chnh phn nh
Q-BTC,
trung thc v hp l trn cc kha cnh
Standard 700,
trng yu; nhng khng m bo tuyt i point 7
rng khng c bt k mt sai st no trn
bo co ti chnh c kim ton.
The expectation that financial
Trung thc v Ngha l bo co ti chnh c chun b
statements are objectively prepared
hp l
mt cch khch quan da trn0nguyn tc v
based on generally accepted accounting
cc phng php k ton c0tha nhn
practices and methods and are
rng ri v0phn nh trung thc v0bn cht
representative of the true economic
v gi tr kinh t ca giao dch pht sinh0
transactions and values

Underlying
Information about economic actions
Nhng d
L nhng thng tin v cc hot ng v s
accounting data and events contained in the accounting kin k ton kin kinh t c ghi trong cc h s k
records of an entity
cung cp ton ca mt thc th.
Unmodified
An auditor's opinion on a generalauditor's report purpose financial report prepared in
accordance with a financial reporting
framework designed to achieve fair
presentation that states that financial
report "gives a true and fair view" or
"presents fairly, in all material
respects", in accordance with the
applicable reporting framework

Bo co kim
ton vi
kin chp
nhn ton
phn

L kin ca kim ton vin khi bo co ti Decision

chnh phn nh trung thc v hp l trn cc 120/1999/
kha cnh trng yu tnh hnh ti chnh ca Q-BTC,
n v c kim ton, v ph hp vi
Standard 700,
chun mc v ch k ton Vit Nam hin point 35
hnh (hoc c chp nhn).

47

Unqualified
opinion

Expresses the auditor's belief that the kin chp

financial statements accomplish the
nhn ton
stated purpose by presenting a true and phn
fair view of the entity's financial
position (balance sheet), its financial
performance (income statement) and its
cash flow

Valuation and
allocation

An assertion that assets, liabilities, and nh gi v

equity interests are included in the
phn b
financial report at appropriate amounts
and any resulting valuation or
allocation adjustments are appropriately
recorded
Selecting entries in the accounting
Xc minh
records, and obtaining and inspecting
the documentation that served as the
basis for entries

Vouching

kin chp nhn ton phn c trnh by Decision

trong trng hp kim ton vin v cng ty 120/1999/
kim ton cho rng bo co ti chnh phn Q-BTC,
nh trung thc v hp l trn cc kha cnh Standard 700,
trng yu tnh hnh ti chnh ca n v
point 35
c kim ton, v ph hp vi chun mc
v ch k ton Vit Nam hin hnh (hoc
c chp nhn). kin chp nhn ton
phn cng c hm rng tt c cc thay i
v nguyn tc k ton v cc tc ng ca
chng c xem xt, nh gi mt cch
y v c n v nu r trong phn
thuyt minh bo co ti chnh.
L mt c s dn liu trong ti sn, n v0which
li ch s hu c ghi trong bo ci ti
starndard?
chnh mt gi tr ph hp v bt k iu
chnh no v nh gi v phn b cng c
ghi li mt cch hp l.
L la chn nhng bt ton trong s k
0not sure
ton; tp hp v kim tra chng t lin quan
n nhng bt ton .

Working paper Documentation stored on paper, film or Giy t lm

in electronic media containing audit
vic
evidence in support of the audit opinion

L nhng chng t c lu trn giy, trn

phim, hoc cc phng tin in t khc,
bao gm bng chng kim ton c kim
ton vin dng gip a ra kin kim
ton.

5. Limitation and conclusion

This research, based on current laws and regulations on audit and secondary data, is establishing a glossary of audting terms and
Vietnamese equivalents. In the process of doing the research, there were some drawbacks that we had to deal with. First, some terms
can not be found in Vietnam auditing standards because normally, the procedures relating to the terms are not in auditing pratices in

48

Vietnam. Second, due to time limit and lack of real auditing experiences, there might be some problems with translation. These
problems hopefully can be solved in the further study on this topic.
Overall, we hope that this research is the useful basic material for students, especially future accouting students in FMT to help a
better and more practical understanding of auditing subject.

6. References

49

2009. Window dressing. Ti chnh u t, [internet] 12 September. Available at: http://www.taichinhdautu.com/2009/12/

window-dressing.html [Accessed 24 October 2010]

Ahu, 2007. Qun l cht lng ng b (TQM). Saga [internet] 28 September. Available at URL: http://www.saga.vn/
Kynangquanly/Lythuyetquantri/6426.saga [accessed October 23 2010]

Arens, B. Shailer, F. & Elder, B., Auditing, 2010. AUDITING, Assurance Services and Ethics in Australia. 8th ed. Australia:
Pearson.

Decision 03/2005/Q-BTC

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