A REPORT

ON

DESIGN OF EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT STRUCTURES

By

SRICHARAN G 2007A2PS609P
RAVI KIRAN P 2007A2PS586P

At

BIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE, PILANI

MARCH ,2010
 DESIGN OF EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT
STRUCTURES

INTRODUCTION:

Earthquakes are caused by faulting, a sudden lateral or vertical

movement of rock along a rupture (break) surface.

The surface of the Earth is in continuous slow motion. This is

plate tectonics--the motion of immense rigid plates at the surface
of the Earth in response to flow of rock within the Earth. The
plates cover the entire surface of the globe. Since they are all
moving they rub against each other in some places, sink beneath
each other in others, or spread apart from each other. At such
places the motion isn't smooth--the plates are stuck together at
the edges but the rest of each plate is continuing to move, so the
rocks along the edges are distorted (what we call "strain"). As the
motion continues, the strain builds up to the point where the rock
cannot withstand any more bending. With a lurch, the rock breaks
and the two sides move. An earthquake is the shaking that
radiates out from the breaking rock.

Unfortunately, timing of this natural phenomenon cannot be

predicted scientifically .Historical records reveal the tendency of
earthquakes to revisit regions after an interval of time. This
random time interval is called RETURN PERIOD. This is the basis
of the seismic zonation.
There are four zones in the country and they are denoted as
II,III,IV and V. Zone I which existed in the earlier versions of the
code, has been upgraded to Zone II or higher. The higher the
zone, the more vulnerable is that region to a major earthquake.

The size of an earthquake is measured by the strain energy

released along the fault. It is expressed as MAGNITUDE. The
commonly used scale for expressing the magnitude is the Richter
Scale. Every unit increase in magnitude implies an increase of
about 31 times the energy.

LIST OF MAJOR EARTHQUAKES IN INDIA

Uttarkashi (1991)
Latur (1993)
Jabalpur (1997)
Bhuj (2001)
Sumatra and Andaman (2004)
Kashmir (2005)
 DEFICIENCIES IN MASONRY & CONCRETE
BUILDINGS DURING BHUJ EARTHQUAKE
A Heavy roof made of stones attracts large forces
Absence of plinth,sill,lintel and roof bands causes collapse of
the walls
Absence of supporting cross walls causes long walls to
collapse
Corners of walls collapse due to high stresses and lack of
integrity.
Inadequate frames to resist seismic forces. A frame consisits
of beams and columns with foundation.
Faulty detailing of reinforcing bars and poor quality of
construction.
A ground storey without walls can cave in , leading to
collapse of the building
Weak beams and columns without proper amount of
anchorage of reinforcing bars lead to failure.
Tilting or overturning of the building due to liquefaction of
sandy soil during an earthquake.
 GROUND SHAKING EFFECTS ON STRUCTURES

INERTIA FORCES

Buildings are fixed to the ground as shownin Fig 2.1(a). As the

base of a building movesthe
superstructure including its contentstends to shake and vibrate
from the positionof rest, in a very irregular manner due to the
inertia of the masses.When the base of the building suddenly
moves to the right, the building moves to the left relative the base,
Fig 2.1(b), as if it was being pushed to the left by an unseen force
which we call .Inertia Force.. Actually, there is no push at all but,
because of
its mass, the building resists any motion. The process is much
more complex because the ground moves simultaneously in three
mutually perpendicular directions during an earthquake as shown
in Fig 2.1 (b), (c), and (d).
It is not possible to determine precisely the size or direction of
forces exerted on a structure due to earthquake-induced
motion.The total seismic force that a structure must resist
may be written as

V=C W
Where : V= Total lateral load to be resisted,often called base
shear
C= Seismic coefficient written as a percentage of the weight
of the structure expressed as a decimal.
W = Weight of the structure conntributing to the seismic
force
There are basically two methods for the mathematical
determination of this seismic coefficient C to be used for the
seismic design of buildings :static and dynamic analysis
 STATIC ANALYSIS

The static analysis method relies on the determination of a

seismic coefficient, using a building code formula to determine
the lateral forces that must be used in designing buildings.
The static analysis approach is simple.The determination of the
magnituide of the earthquake load simply utilizesa formula from
the code.
V=ZIKCSW
Where: V = Total seismic force to be resisted (Base Shear)
Z = A numerical coefficient based upon the zone
I = The occupancy importance factor.
K = A numerical coefficient based on the type or
arrangement of resisting elements
C = A numerical coefficient which is a function of the period
of the structure
S = A numerical coefficient for site-structure resonance
W = The total dead load which contributes to the
development of seismic forces
The horizontal force that has been calculated is distributed into
the structure as given by the formula
 CALCULATION OF DESIGN SEISMIC FORCE BY STATIC
ANALYSIS
METHOD

PROBLEM STATEMENT:

Consider a four-storey reinforced concrete office building shown in Fig.

1.1. The building is located in
Shillong (seismic zone V). The soil conditions are medium stiff and the
entire building is supported on a raft
foundation. The R. C. frames are infilled with brick-masonry. The
lumped weight due to dead loads is 12
kN/m2 on floors and 10 kN/m2 on the roof. The floors are to cater for a
live load of 4 kN/m2 on floors and
1.5 kN/m2 on the roof. Determine design seismic load on the structure
as per new code.
 DYNAMIC ANALYSIS

Dynamic analysis shall be performed to obtain the design seismic

force, and its distribution to different
levels along the height of the building and to the various lateral
load resisting elements, for the following buildings:
a) Regular buildings Those greater than 40 m in height in
Zones IV and ~ and those
greater than 90 m in height in Zones II and 111
b) irregular buildings All framed buildings higher than 12m in
Zones IV and V and those greater than 40m in height in Zones
11and III.
The analytical model for dynamic analysis of buildings with
unusual configuration should be such that it
adequately models the types of irregularities present in the
building configuration. Buildings with plan
irregularities, cannot be modelled for dynamic analysis by the
method.
Dynamic analysis may be performed either by the Time History
Method or by the Response
Spectrum Method. For cases where a more refined design analysis
is desired, response spectra are used as the means for
determining lateral forces. A Response spectra for a particular
earthquake shows in a relatively simple way the dynamic
characteristics of a given earthquake.
 RESPONSE SPECTRUM METHOD

The response spectrum method is suitable for irregular buildings.

The calculations are based on the likely maximum values of the
response quantities from the equations of motion. The method is
applicable for all buildings , except those incorporating
supplemental energy dissipation devices and some types of base
isolation systems
This method is also known as the modal analysis procedure and
can be performed in accordance with the requirements of clause
7.8.4,IS 1893:2002.The method is based on superposition of
modes. Hence, free vibration modes are computed using
eigenvalue analysis. The maximum value of a quantity termed as
the modal response, is obtained for each mode. The number of
modes to be used in the analysis should be such that the sum total of
modal masses of all modes considered is at least 90 percent of the
total seismic mass and missing mass correction beyond 33 percent.
If modes with natural frequency beyond33 Hz are to be considered,
modal combination shall be carried out only for modes upto 33 Hz.
The effect of higher modes shall be included by considering
missing mass correction following well established procedures. The
peak response quantities ( for example, member forces,
displacements, storey forces, storey shears and base reactions ) shall be
combined as per Complete Quadratic Combination ( CQC ) method.
If the building has a few closely-spaced modes (see 3.2), then the
peak response quantity due to these modes shall be
obtained as

where the summation is for the closely spaced modes only. This
peak response quantity ( * )
due to the closely spaced modes is then combined with those of
the remaining well-separated modes

Buildings with regular, or nominally irregular plan configurations

may be modelled as a system of masses lumped at the floor levels
with each mass having one degree of freedom, that of lateral
displacement in the direction under consideration. In such a case,
the following expressions shall hold in the computation of the
various quantities:
a) Modal Mass - The modal mass (Mk) of
mode k is given by

Where g = Acceleration due to gravity,

i k = Mode shape coefficient at floor i in
mode k, and
Wi = Seismic weight of floor i.
b) Modal Participation Factors - The modal participation factor (Pk) of
mode k is given by:

c) Design Lateral Force at Each Floor in Each Mode -The peak lateral
force(Qik) at floor i in mode k is given by

d) Storey Shear Forces in Each Mode The peak shear force (Vik)
acting in storey i in mode k is given by
e) Storey Shear Force due to All Modes Considered - The peak
storey shear force (Vi) in storey i due to all modes considered is obtained
by combining those due to each mode in accordance with 7.8.4.4.

f) Lateral Forces at Each Storey Due to All Modes Considered -The

design lateral forces, F roof and F i, At roof and at floor i:

TIME HISTORY ANALYSIS

In this analysis ,the equations of motion representing the

response of a building to ground motion are solved. From the
solution , the variations of axial force, bending moment and shear
force in a member can be noted . The maximum value of an
internal force is selected for subsequent calculation of the
demand under load combinations.
CALCULATION OF DESIGN SEISMIC FORCE BY DYNAMIC
ANALYSIS METHOD
PROBLEM STATEMENT:
For the building of Example 1, the dynamic properties (natural periods,
and mode shapes) for vibration in the X-direction have been obtained
by carrying out a free vibration analysis (Table 2.1). Obtain the design
seismic force in the X-direction by the dynamic analysis method
outlined in cl. 7.8.4.5 and distribute it with building height.