Heisenberg van vleck model
for magnetic exchange
Manjunath neeruganti
Atul Mohan m
Praneeth choda
Whatmagneticexchangereallyis ?
. Purelyquantummechanical phenomenon
. Increasesordecreasestheexpectationvalueof
theenergyorthedistancebetweentwoormore
identicalparticleswhentheirwavefunctionsoverlap
Whatmagneticexchangereally is ?
Interaction is purely quantum mechanical phenomenon
Increases or decreases the expectation value of energy or
the distance between two or more identical particles
when their wave functions overlap each other.
Three types of exchange interactions
(1)Direct exchange:- Interaction between two same
magnetic ions of same spin
Indirect exchange :-Interaction of two metal ions by an
anion in between. them .They are of two types
(a)Super exchange:-Involves coupling between two
next nearest neighbour positive ions through a non
magnetic ion . Usually occurs in ferro magnetic
crystals
(b)Double exchange:-Usually occurs when crystal
contains two magnetic ions of different spins
interacting among each other .
Ising model
1
It is D model of interaction
H=-∑ j SiSj (i<j)
j=exchange integral=Es-ET
Heisenberg model
. It is extension of Ising model to 3D model of interaction
. Spins as 3D vectors oriented in space
. H=-∑ j (rij) Si Sj
j (rij)>0 for ferromagnets
j (rij)<0 for anti ferro magnets
Properties of exchange integral
(1)j(rij) falls exponentially with increasing distance between i th & jth
atoms
(2)It depends on the degree of overlap of the atomic wave
functions
(3)The value of exchange integral is different in different
directions
(4)atomic moments may be coupled more strongly in some
directions
(5)usually exchange integral is assigned the value J for nearest
neighbours and 0 for other interactions
Ferromagnetism and Heisenberg Hamiltonian .
. J>0
. Clearly the ground state is one in which all spins are aligned
(symmetry breaking) and the excited state is in one in which
spins are flipped (magnon or spin wave)
. At finite T, each spin will “fluctuate” around its mean value
(even at T=0 due to quantum fluctuations)
. Ferro magnetic order breaks down below temperature Tc ,.
Anti ferromagnetism and Heisenberg Hamiltonian
. J<0 due mostly to
super-exchange
.Spin aligns anti parallel
to each other
.But thermodynamically
favoured state at T<TN
TN is Neel temperature
Nature in real crystals
1.Real crystals are anisotropic
2.Isotropy is broken by other magnetic effects that were
neglected in original Hamiltonian like dipolar
interactions
3.External magnetic fields can also effect isotropy
Anisotropic Hamiltonian
H= -∑ J(rij)Si.Sj - ∑gµB Si ,(i<j)
Paramagnetism & coupling
1.Generally atoms , molecules possessing odd number of
electrons show paramagnetism
2.Even though O2 has even number of electrons shows
paramagnetism
3.Metal ions like Mn+2 and actinides U+4 with partly filled inner
shell
Spin orbital coupling is of two types
(1) Russel - saunders coupling :-we can
define j=s + l, where
s is sum of all orbital spin quantum
numbers
l is sum of all azimuthal quantum number
j defines the net angular momentum o f the
system
J-J coupling :-Individually find out j value for
each electron ,ji =si + li and take the resultant of all j
.On applying a magnetic field paramagnetic material
gets magnetised in the direction parallel to the field
.Magnetic susceptibility χ α 1/(T-θ),where θ is curie-
wiess temperature
.As energy difference between the ground state and
excited state increases and Δ>>kB T
χ α 1/Δ ,which is independent of temperature
. This type of temperature independent
paramagnetism is called van – vleck paramagnetism
conclusion
Click icon to add picture
.Both ferro and anti
ferro magnetic crysta
-ls reduce to parama
-gnetic materials
after a particular
temperature
.
Special thanks to
Asst.prof. Ramesh chandranath(physics)
Asst.prof. S.Shankarnarayan (physics)
C.P.priya kumari(P . hd student)
Deepthi jose(P . hd student)
Jissy A.K(P . hd student)
Sreerekha (P . hd student)
