HYBRID
+ VEHICLE
PREPARED BY:
AMIT NIRANJAN
INTRODUCTION
o Hybrid vehicles are vehicles with two or more power sources in the
drivetrain.
o The term most commonly refers to hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs),
which combine an internal combustion engine and one or more
electric motors
POWER SOURCES
On-board or out-board rechargeable energy storage system (RESS)
Gasoline or Diesel fuel
Hydrogen
Compressed air
Liquid nitrogen
Human powered e.g. pedalling or rowing
Wind
Electricity
Compressed or liquefied natural gas
Solar
Waste heat from internal combustion engine
Coal, wood or other solid combustibles
CLASSIFICATION
Parallel-Hybrid
o These hybrids have both an internal
combustion engine (ICE) and an
electric motor connected to a
mechanical transmission.
o To store power, a hybrid uses a large
battery pack with a higher voltage
than the normal automotive 12 volts.
o Parallel hybrids can be categorized
by the way the two sources of power
are mechanically coupled.
o If they are joined at some axis truly
in parallel, the speeds at this axis
must be identical and the supplied
torques add together.
o With cars it is more usual to join the
two sources through a differential
gear.
Series-Hybrid
o They are also referred to as Range-
Extended Electric Vehicle (REEV) .
o The vehicle is driven by electric
motors with a generator set providing
the electric power.
o Unlike piston internal combustion
engines, electric motors are efficient
with exceptionally high power to
weight ratios providing adequate
torque over a wide speed range.
o These vehicles do not require a
transmission between the engine and
the wheels shifting torque ratios.
o The generator provides power for the
driving electric motors.
Power-split or series-
parallel hybrid
o They incorporate power-split devices
allowing for power paths from the
engine to the wheels that can be
either mechanical or electrical.
o In a power-split hybrid, a smaller,
less flexible, and highly efficient
engine can be used.
o The Two-Mode Hybrid name is
intended to emphasize the
drivetrain's ability to operate in all-
electric (Mode 1) as well as hybrid
(Mode 2) modes.
o The objective of the design is to vary
the percentage of mechanically vs.
electrically transmitted power to
cope both with low-speed and high-
speed operating conditions.
Types by Degree of Hybridization
1. Full hybrid
It is a vehicle that can run on just the engine, just the batteries, or a
combination of both.
These vehicles have a split power path that allows more flexibility in the
drivetrain by interconverting mechanical and electrical power.
A large, high-capacity battery pack is needed for battery-only operation.
2. Power Assist hybrid
Power assist hybrids use the engine for primary power, with a torque-
boosting electric motor also connected to a largely conventional powertrain.
The electric motor, mounted between the engine and transmission, is
essentially a very large starter motor, which operates not only when the
engine needs to be turned over, but also when the driver "steps on the gas"
and requires extra power.
3. Mild hybrid
Mild hybrids are essentially conventional vehicles with oversized
starter motors, allowing the engine to be turned off whenever the
car is coasting, braking, or stopped, yet restart quickly and cleanly.
The larger motor is used to spin up the engine to operating rpm
speeds before injecting any fuel.
4. Plug-in hybrid
It can be plugged in to an electrical outlet to be charged.
It has some range that can be travelled on the energy it stored while
plugged in.
They are full hybrid, able to run in electric-only mode, with larger
batteries and the ability to recharge from the electric power grid.
Types by nature of the power source
1. Electric-internal combustion engine hybrid
2. Electric-fuel cell hybrid
Fuel cell vehicles are often fitted with a battery or supercapacitor
to deliver peak acceleration power and to reduce the size and
power constraints on the fuel cell
3. Hydraulic-internal combustion engine hybrid
A hydraulic hybrid vehicle uses hydraulic and mechanical components
instead of electrical ones.
A variable displacement pump replaces the motor/generator, and a
hydraulic accumulator replaces the batteries.
4. Internal combustion engine-pneumatic hybrid
Compressed air can also power a hybrid car with a gasoline compressor
to provide the power.
5. Human power and environmental power hybrids
Many land and water vehicles use human power combined with a further
power source.
Few examples are, a boat being rowed and also having a sail set, or
motorized bicycles, or a human-electric hybrid vehicle.
Environmental issues
Hybrid vehicles can reduce air emissions of smog-forming
pollutants by up to 90% and cut carbon dioxide emissions in
half.
Significant battery storage capacity to store and reuse
recaptured energy, especially in stop-and-go traffic.
Shutting down the engine during traffic stops or while
coasting or during other idle periods increases efficiency and
reduces emmissions.
THANK
YOU
