WHAT IS EXCITATION?

IT IS THE REACTIVE POWER

REQUIRED BY A
SYNCHRONOUS MACHINE
FOR ITS OPERATION
IT IS THE ARRANGEMENT
THROUGH WHICH THE
REACTIVE POWER TO THE
GENERATOR IS SUPPLIED
WHEN IT IS CONNECTED
WITH THE GRID.
EXCITATION SYSTEM RESPONSE

 RELIABILITY
 STABILITY
 QUICK RESPONSE
EXCITATION SYSTEM RESPONSE

 RESPONSE RATIO
 CEILING VOLTAGE
 STEADY STATE AND TRANSIENT
STABILITY
EXCITATION SYSTEM RESPONSE

 RESPONSE RATIO= RATE OF RISE OF

EXCITATION VOLTAGE(V/S)/NOMINAL
VOLTAGE
 GENERALLY CALCULATED FOR .5S AND
COMES TO 2x MAXIMUM VOLTAGE
APPLIED/RATED VOLTAGE
 Actual build up of C
voltage
D

voltage

A B

O time .5 S
EXCITATION SYSTEM RESPONSE

CEILING VOLTAGE
IT IS THE MAXIMUM VOLTAGE APPLIED
ACROSS THE FIELD WINDING FOR VERY
SHORT DURATION (APPX. 10S) AND
GENERALLY 1.5 TO 2 TIMES OF RATED
VOLTAGE.
EXCITATION SYSTEM RESPONSE

STEADY STATE STABILITY

CAPACITY OF THE MACHINE TO PRODUCE FORCE EQUAL TO
DISTURBING FORCES SO THAT SYNCHRONISM COULD BE
MAINTAINED.
90
P
O
W
E
R

LOAD ANGLE
EXCITATION SYSTEM RESPONSE

TRANSIENT STABILITY

P
O
W
E
R

LOAD ANGLE
TYPES OF EXCITATION
 DC EXCITATION SYSTEM USING DC EXCITER
AND VOLTAGE REGULATOR
 AC EXCITATION SYSTEM USING PILOT
EXCITOR AND DC CONTROLLER
 BRUSHLESS EXCITATION SYSTEM
 STATIC EXCITATION SYSTEM
DC EXCITATION USING DC EXCITOR AND
VOLTAGE REGULATOR
 THE EXCITATION SUPPLY IS TAKEN FROM
STATION DC AND FED TO INDIVIDUAL
MACHINE THROUGH RHEOSTAT.
 THE RHEOSTAT IS CONNECTED IN SERIES
WITH FIELD WINDING OF THE MACHINE.
 THE TERMINAL VOLTAGE IS ADJUSTED USING
THIS RHEOSTAT.
 SUITABLE FOR LOW CAPACITY MACHINE.
AC EXCITATION SYSTEM
 A SHAFT DRIVEN AC PILOT EXCITOR HAVING ROTATING
FIELD AND STATIONARY ARMATURE.
 THE AC OUT OF PILOT EXCITOR IS FED TO FIELD WINDING
OF MAIN EXCITOR THROUGH CONTROLLED RECTIFIER.
 THE HIGH FREQUENCY AC OUTPUT OF MAIN EXCITOR IS
FED TO THE STATIONARY DIODES AND THE RECTIFIED DC
IS FED TO GENERATOR FIELD THROUGH SLIP RINGS.
BRUSHLESS SYSTEM

 DIODE RECTIFIERS ARE MOUNTED ON THE GENERATOR

SHAFT.
 RECTIFIER OUTPUT IS DIRECTLY FED TO GENERATOR
FIELD.
 THIS AVOIDS SLIP RING AND CARBON BRUSH
ARRANGEMENT.
STATIC EXCITATION SYSTEM

 THE AC POWER IS TAPPED OFF FROM GENERATOR

TERMINALS.
 STEPPED DOWN BY RECTIFIER TRANSFORMER.
 RECTIFIED BY FULLY CONTROLLED THYRISTOR BRIDGE.
 FED TO GENERATOR TERMINALS BY SLIP RING AND
CARBON BRUSH ASSEMBLY.
 THE GENERATOR FIELD INPUT CONTROLS THE
GENERATOR OUTPUT VOLTAGE.
 X-mer prot
Regulator >1
Power Rectifier
supply transformer
Rotor X-mer prot
current 575/380 >1
limiter 15.75kv/575
575/380 Pulse
supervision
Stator
current
limiter
Filter Filter THYRISTOR
Rotor
angle limiter
Fan supply
Auto channel Gate ckt
Grid control Pulse
Automatic
PT voltage amplifier
regulator Pulse final
CT Stage DC source
Auto/Man M Manual channel
Slip Pulse
stabilizer Grid control amplifier Field flashing
M o/ v prot
Comparator&
Follow up
AC source

G
Field
STATIC EXCITATION SYS: BLOCK DIAGRAM breaker
PARTS OF STATIC EXCITATION SYSTEM

 RECTIFIER TRANSFORMER
 SCR OUTPUT STAGE
 EXCITATION START UP AND FIELD DISCHARGE
EQUIPMENT
 REGULATOR AND OPERATIONAL CONTROL
CIRCUITS.
RECTIFIER TRANSFORMER

 THIS IS RESIN CAST COIL, DRY TYPE X-MER WITH

NATURAL/ FORCED AIR COOLING.
 15.75/0.580 KV, DYn5 TRANSFORMER.
 PRIMARY IS CONNECTED WITH GENERATOR OUT PUT.
 SECONDARY IS FEEDING TO 580V 3-PHASE AC BUS
FEEDING TO SCR BRIDGES THROUH FUSES.
SCR OUTPUT STAGE

 CONSISTS OF SUITABLE NO OF BRIDGES CONNECTED IN

PARALLEL.
 EACH BRIDGE COMPRISES OF SIX THYRISTORS WORKING
AS SIX PULSE FULLY CONTROLLED BRIDGE.
 CURRENT CARRYING CAPACITY OF EACH BRIDGE
DEPENDS ON THE RATING OF INDIVIDUAL THYRISTOR.
 BY CHANGING FIRING ANGLE, VARIABLE OUTPUT IS
OBTAINED.
SCR OUTPUT STAGE

 EACH BRIDGE IS CONTROLLED BY ONE FINAL PULSE

STAGE AND COOLED BY FAN.
 N-1 BRIDGE OPERATION IS ENSURED.
 FAILURE OF TWO BRIDGES LIMITS THE EXCITATION
CURRENT.
 FAILURE OF THREE BRIDGES ENSURES GENERATOR
TRIPPING.
SHUNT CIRCUIT

 THIS TAPS THE POWER FROM GENERATOR TERMINALS

AND FEEDS DC POWER TO SLIP RINGS THROUGH FIELD
BREAKER.
 FOR INITIAL EXCITATION, A SEPARATE SUPPLY SOURCE
IS REQUIRED AS THE REMANENCE VOLTAGE OF
GENERATOR IS TOO LOW.
 THIS SOURCE GETS DISCONNECTED AUTOMATICALLY
WHEN THE THE GENERATOR OUTPUT VOLTAGE
REACHES TO 70% OF ITS RATED VALUE.
EXCITATION CURRENT LIMITER

 PREVENTS THE THERMAL OVERLOADING OF ROTOR BY

LOWERING THE OUTPUT VALUE OF THE VOLTAGE
REGULATOR AND THUS THE FIELD VOLTAGE.
LOAD ANGLE LIMITER

 INCREASES THE FIELD VOLTAGE AND THUS

STOPS THE GENERATOR FROM FALLING OUT
OF STEP.
STATOR CURRENT LIMITOR

 THIS REDUCES THE EXCITATION CURRENT WHEN THE

STATOR CURRENT EXCEEDS A SAFE PERMISSIBLE LIMIT
IN INDUCTIVE DIRECTION.
PULSE MONITOR

 THIS IS CONNECTED TO THE BUS BAR.

IF FAULTY PULSES OR PULSE FAILURE
ARE DETECTED, THE CHANNEL
CHANGES TO ANOTHER STANDBY
CHANNEL .
PULSE COMPARING STAGE

 IT COMPARES PULSE POSITION OF

BOTH CHANNELS.
 MATCHING IS AFFECTED WITH FOLLOW-
UP CONTROL DEVICE.
PROTECTIONS PROVIDED

 O/C RELAY WITH INST. TRIP.

 O/C RELAY WITH DELAYED TRIP.
 TEMPERATURE PROTECTION.
 ROTOR E/F PROTECTION
EXCITATION START UP

 FIELD FLASHING IS REQUIRED FOR

INITIAL BUILD UP OF GENERATOR
VOLTAGE.
 BOTH DC & AC FIELD FLASHING ARE
PROVIDED FOR RELIABILITY.
FIELD DISCHARGE EQUIPMENT

 ON TRIPPING OF GENERATOR, ITS

STORED ENERGY IS REQUIRED TO BE
DISCHARGED.
 THIS IS DONE THROUGH A NON LINEAR
DISCHGARGE RESISTENCE.
DIGITAL VOLTAGE REGULATOR

 THE PRESENT DAY MICROPROCESSOR BASED

EXCITATION SYSTEM NOT ONLY MEET THE VOLTAGE
REGULATION FUNCTION BUT ALSO PROVIDES ENHANCED
INTERNAL CONDITION MONITORING AND EXTENSIVE
FAULT DIAGNOSIS BESIDES PROVIDING OPERATING
FLEXIBILITY AND OTHER ADVANTAGES ASSOCIATED
WITH DIGITAL SYSTEM.
DVR OPERATION

 THE DVR PERIODICALLY CALCULATES

THE CONTROL SIGNAL FROM THE
MEASURED AND REFERANCE
VALUES.THE CALCULATION IS
REPEATED AT VERY SHORT TIME
INTERVALS (= 3.3 ms) RESULTING IN
APPARENTLY CONTONUOUS
REGULATOR OUTPUT SIGNAL.
DVR FUNCTIONS

 CONTROL OF GENERATOR VOLTAGE

 LIMITATION OF FIELD CUURENT
 LIMITATION OF LOAD ANGLE
 LIMITATION OF STATOR CURRENT
 SLIP STABILISATION
 FORMATION OF GENERATOR VOLTAGE
ACTUAL VALUE SIGNAL
 REFERENCE /ACTUAL VALUE DIFFERENCE
 PID ALGORATHIM
ADVANTAGES OF DVR

 FAST RESPONSE(<20ms) TO NETWORK DISTURBANCES.

 SYSTEM REDUNDENCY AT INTERNAL POWER SUPPLY,
CONTROLS & EXCITATION POWER OUTPUT.
 SELF MONITORING & DIAGNOSTIC FEATURE.
 MAINTAINS DRIFT FREE PARAMETERS
 AVAILABILITY OF SINGLE/DUAL AUTO CONTROL
CHANNEL.
ADVANTAGES OF DVR

 FACILITY TO PROVIDE ADOPTIVE TYPE

PSS.
 LOW FAILURE RATE OF CKT
COMPONENTS.
 FACILITY TO PROVIDE SECURITY
MEASURE FOR UNWANTED OPERATION.
 POSSIBILITY OF ON LINE REPAIR.