122 CHAPTER 2 Axially Loaded Members

Stresses on Inclined Sections

Problem 2.6-1 A steel bar of rectangular cross section

(1.5 in.
2.0 in.) carries a tensile load P (see figure). The 2.0 in.
P P
allowable stresses in tension and shear are 15,000 psi and
7,000 psi, respectively.
Determine the maximum permissible load Pmax.
1.5 in.

Solution 2.6-1 Rectangular bar in tension

sx P
2.0 in. Maximum shear stress: tmax  
P 2 2A
P
allow  15,000 psi allow  7,000 psi
1.5 in. Because allow is less than one-half of
allow, the
shear stress governs.
A  1.5 in.
2.0 in.
Pmax  2allow A  2(7,000 psi) (3.0 in.2)
 3.0 in.2
 42,000 lb
Maximum Normal Stress:
P
sx 
A

Problem 2.6-2 A circular steel rod of diameter d is subjected to a tensile

force P  3.0 kN (see figure). The allowable stresses in tension and shear d
P P = 3.0 kN
are 120 MPa and 50 MPa, respectively.
What is the minimum permissible diameter dmin of the rod?

Solution 2.6-2 Steel rod in tension

d
P P

d 2 Because allow is less than one-half of
allow, the

P  3.0 kN
A 
4 shear stress governs.
P P 3.0 kN
Maximum normal stress: sx  tmax 
or
50 MPa 
A 2A d2
(2) ¢ ≤
sx P 4
Maximum shear stress: tmax  
2 2A Solve for d: dmin  6.18 mm

allow  120 MPa allow  50 MPa
 SECTION 2.6 Stresses on Inclined Sections 123

Problem 2.6-3 A standard brick (dimensions 8 in.
4 in.
2.5 in.) P

is compressed lengthwise by a force P, as shown in the figure. If the
ultimate shear stress for brick is 1200 psi and the ultimate compressive
stress is 3600 psi, what force Pmax is required to break the brick?
8 in. 4 in. 2.5 in.

Solution 2.6-3 Standard brick in compression

P Maximum shear stress:
sx P
tmax  
2 2A
8 in. 4 in. 2.5 in.

ult  3600 psi ult  1200 psi
Because ult is less than one-half of
ult, the shear
stress governs.
P
tmax 
or
Pmax  2Atult
2A
A  2.5 in.
4.0 in.  10.0 in.2
Maximum normal stress: Pmax  2(10.0 in.2 )(1200 psi)

P  24,000 lb
sx 
A

Problem 2.6-4 A brass wire of diameter d  2.42 mm is stretched tightly

between rigid supports so that the tensile force is T  92 N (see figure). T d T
What is the maximum permissible temperature drop T if the allowable
shear stress in the wire is 60 MPa? (The coefficient of thermal expansion for
the wire is 20
106/°C and the modulus of elasticity is 100 GPa.)
Probs. 2.6-4 and 2.6-5

Solution 2.6-4 Brass wire in tension

MAXIMUM SHEAR STRESS
T d T
sx 1 T
tmax   B  E(¢T )R
d  2.42 mm 2 2 A

d2 Solve for temperature drop T:

A  4.60 mm2
4 2tmax  T
A
¢T 
tmax  tallow
  20
106/C E  100 GPa allow  60 MPa E

Initial tensile force: T  92 N SUBSTITUTE NUMERICAL VALUES:

T
Stress due to initial tension: sx  2(60 MPa)  (92 N)
(4.60 mm2 )
A ¢T 
Stress due to temperature drop:
x  E(T) (100 GPa)(20
10 6
C)
(see Eq. 2-18 of Section 2.5) 120 MPa  20 MPa
  50C
T 2 MPa
C
Total stress: sx   E(¢T )
A
124 CHAPTER 2 Axially Loaded Members

Problem 2.6-5 A brass wire of diameter d  1/16 in. is stretched

between rigid supports with an initial tension T of 32 lb (see figure).
(a) If the temperature is lowered by 50°F, what is the maximum shear
stress max in the wire?
(b) If the allowable shear stress is 10,000 psi, what is the maximum
permissible temperature drop? (Assume that the coefficient of
thermal expansion is 10.6
106/°F and the modulus of elasticity
is 15
106 psi.)

Solution 2.6-5 Brass wire in tension

(a) MAXIMUM SHEAR STRESS WHEN TEMPERATURE

DROPS 50F
T d T
1 sx 1 T
d in. tmax   B  E(¢T )R (Eq. 1)
16 2 2 A
d2 Substitute numerical values:
A
4
tmax  9,190 psi
 0.003068 in.2
  10.6
106/F (b) MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE TEMPERATURE DROP IF
allow  10,000 psi
E  15
106 psi
Initial tensile force: T  32 lb Solve Eq. (1) for T:
T 2tmax  T
A
Stress due to initial tension: sx  ¢T 
tmax  tallow
A E
Stress due to temperature drop:
x  E(T ) Substitute numerical values:
(see Eq. 2-18 of Section 2.5) ¢T  60.2F
T
Total stress: sx   E(¢T )
A

Problem 2.6-6 A steel bar with diameter d  12 mm is subjected to a

tensile load P  9.5 kN (see figure).
d = 12 mm
(a) What is the maximum normal stress
max in the bar? P P = 9.5 kN
(b) What is the maximum shear stress max?
(c) Draw a stress element oriented at 45° to the axis of the bar and show
all stresses acting on the faces of this element.
 SECTION 2.6 Stresses on Inclined Sections 125

Solution 2.6-6 Steel bar in tension

d = 12 mm (c) STRESS ELEMENT AT   45

P P = 9.5 kN
9,000 9,000
 = 45°
y
P  9.5 kN 9,000 x 9,000
0
(a) MAXIMUM NORMAL STRESS 9,000
9,000
P 9.5 kN
sx     84.0 MPa NOTE: All stresses have units of MPa.
A 4 (12 mm) 2
smax  84.0 MPa

(b) MAXIMUM SHEAR STRESS

The maximum shear stress is on a 45 plane and
equals
x /2.
sx
tmax   42.0 MPa
2

Problem 2.6-7 During a tension test of a mild-steel specimen

(see figure), the extensometer shows an elongation of 0.00120
in. with a gage length of 2 in. Assume that the steel is stressed 2 in.
below the proportional limit and that the modulus of elasticity T T
E  30
106 psi.
(a) What is the maximum normal stress
max in the speci-
men?
(b) What is the maximum shear stress max?
(c) Draw a stress element oriented at an angle of 45° to the
axis of the bar and show all stresses acting on the faces
of this element.
126 CHAPTER 2 Axially Loaded Members

Solution 2.6-7 Tension test

2 in.
T T

Elongation:   0.00120 in. (b) MAXIMUM SHEAR STRESS

(2 in. gage length) The maximum shear stress is on a 45 plane and
equals
x /2.
 0.00120 in.
Strain: e    0.00060 sx
L 2 in. tmax   9,000 psi
2
Hooke’s law :
x  Ee  (30
106 psi)(0.00060)
 18,000 psi (c) STRESS ELEMENT AT   45
NOTE: All stresses have units of psi.
(a) MAXIMUM NORMAL STRESS
9,000

x is the maximum normal stress. 9,000
 = 45°
smax  18,000 psi y
9,000 x 9,000
0

9,000
9,000

Problem 2.6-8 A copper bar with a rectangular cross section is held

without stress between rigid supports (see figure). Subsequently, the 45°
temperature of the bar is raised 50°C.
Determine the stresses on all faces of the elements A and B, A B
and show these stresses on sketches of the elements.
(Assume   17.5
106/°C and E  120 GPa.)

Solution 2.6-8 Copper bar with rigid supports

45° STRESSES ON ELEMENTS A AND B
A B
105 105
A 52.5
T  50C (Increase) 52.5
52.5  = 45°
  17.5
106/C
y B
E  120 GPa
0 x 52.5 52.5
STRESS DUE TO TEMPERATURE INCREASE 52.5

x  E (T) (See Eq. 2-18 of Section 2.5)
NOTE: All stresses have units of MPa.
 105 MPa (Compression)

MAXIMUM SHEAR STRESS

sx
tmax 
2
 52.5 MPa
 SECTION 2.6 Stresses on Inclined Sections 127

Problem 2.6-9 A compression member in a bridge truss is fabri-

cated from a wide-flange steel section (see figure). The
cross-sectional area A  7.5 in.2 and the axial load P  90 k. P P
Determine the normal and shear stresses acting on all faces of 
stress elements located in the web of the beam and oriented at (a) an
angle   0°, (b) an angle   30°, and (c) an angle   45°. In each
case, show the stresses on a sketch of a properly oriented element.

Solution 2.6-9 Truss member in compression

P P

  
x sin  cos   (12.0 ksi)(sin 120) (cos 120)
 5.2 ksi

P  90 k
9.0
A  7.5 in.2 5.2  = 30°
3.0
y
P 90 k
sx    0 x
A 7.5 in.2
3.0
  12.0 ksi (Compression) 5.2
9.0

(a)   0 NOTE: All stresses have units of ksi.

y
12.0 ksi 12.0 ksi (c)   45
0 x

 
x cos2  (12.0 ksi)(cos 45)2  6.0 ksi
  
x sin  cos   (12.0 ksi)(sin 45) (cos 45)
(b)   30
 6.0 ksi
Use Eqs. (2-29a) and (2-29b):
6.0

 
x cos2  (12.0 ksi)(cos 30)2 6.0
6.0  = 45°
 9.0 ksi
y
  
x sin  cos   (12.0 ksi)(sin 30)(cos 30) x
0
 5.2 ksi
6.0 6.0
  30  90  120 6.0

 
x cos2  (12.0 ksi)(cos 120)2  3.0 ksi NOTE: All stresses have units of ksi.
128 CHAPTER 2 Axially Loaded Members

Problem 2.6-10 A plastic bar of diameter d  30 mm is compressed P = 170 N

in a testing device by a force P  170 N applied as shown in the figure. 100 mm
300 mm
Determine the normal and shear stresses acting on all faces of stress
elements oriented at (a) an angle   0°, (b) an angle   22.5°, and
(c) an angle   45°. In each case, show the stresses on a sketch of a
properly oriented element.  Plastic bar

d = 30 mm

Solution 2.6-10 Plastic bar in compression

100 mm 300 mm P = 170 N   
x sin  cos 
 (962.0 kPa)(sin 22.5)(cos 22.5)
 340 kPa
Plastic bar   22.5  90  112.5
 d = 30 mm

 
x cos2  (962.0 kPa)(cos 112.5)2
 141 kPa
  
x sin  cos 
 (962.0 kPa)(sin 112.5)(cos 112.5)
FREE-BODY DIAGRAM
 340 kPa
141
P = 170 N 340
100 mm 300 mm 821
F y  = 22.5°

0 x
F  Compressive force in plastic bar 821
340
F  4P  4(170 N)680 N 141

NOTE: All stresses have units of kPa.

PLASTIC BAR (ROTATED TO THE HORIZONTAL)
(c)   45

y
F F
 
x cos2  (962.0 kPa)(cos 45)2
0 x
d = 30 mm  481 kPa

F 680 N   
x sin  cos 

sx     2
A 4 (30 mm)  (962.0 kPa)(sin 45)(cos 45)  481 kPa
  962.0 kPa (Compression) 481
481 481  = 45°
(a)   0
y
y x
962 kPa 962 kPa 0
0 x

481 481 481

(b)   22.5
Use Eqs. (2-29a) and (2-29b) NOTE: All stresses have units of kPa.

 
x cos2  (962.0 kPa)(cos 22.5)2

 821 kPa
 SECTION 2.6 Stresses on Inclined Sections 129

Problem 2.6-11 A plastic bar fits snugly between rigid supports at

room temperature (68°F) but with no initial stress (see figure). When p
the temperature of the bar is raised to 160°F, the compressive stress 
on an inclined plane pq becomes 1700 psi.
(a) What is the shear stress on plane pq? (Assume   60
106/°F q
and E  450
103 psi.)
(b) Draw a stress element oriented to plane pq and show the stresses Probs. 2.6-11 and 2.6-12
acting on all faces of this element.

Solution 2.6-11 Plastic bar between rigid supports

p


  60
106/F E  450
103 psi (b) STRESS ELEMENT ORIENTED TO PLANE pq

Temperature increase:   34.18
  1700 psi   1150 psi
T  160F  68F  92F   34.18  90  124.18

 
x cos2  (2484 psi)(cos 124.18)2
NORMAL STRESS
x IN THE BAR
 784 psi

x E(T ) (See Eq. 2-18 in Section 2.5)
  
x sin  cos 

x  (450
103 psi)(60
106/F)(92F)
 (2484 psi)(sin 124.18)(cos 124.18)
 2484 psi (Compression)
 1150 psi
ANGLE  TO PLANE pq 784

 
x cos2 For plane pq:
  1700 psi 1150 1700  = 34.18°
y
Therefore, 1700 psi  (2484 psi)(cos2)
0 x
 1700 psi
cos2u   0.6844 1700
 2484 psi 1150
784
cos   0.8273   34.18 NOTE: All stresses have units of psi.
(a) SHEAR STRESS ON PLANE pq
  
x sin  cos 
 (2484 psi)(sin 34.18)(cos 34.18)
 1150 psi (Counter clockwise)
130 CHAPTER 2 Axially Loaded Members

Problem 2.6-12 A copper bar is held snugly (but without any initial
stress) between rigid supports (see figure). The allowable stresses on the
inclined plane pq, for which   55°, are specified as 60 MPa in
compression and 30 MPa in shear.
(a) What is the maximum permissible temperature rise T if the
allowable stresses on plane pq are not to be exceeded? (Assume
  17
106/°C and E  120 GPa.)
(b) If the temperature increases by the maximum permissible amount,
what are the stresses on plane pq?

Solution 2.6-12 Copper bar between rigid supports

p
 Shear stress governs.
x  63.85 MPa
Due to temperature increase T:

q
x  E(T) (See Eq. 2-18 in Section 2.5)

63.85 MPa  (120 GPa)(17
106/C)(T)
  17
106/C
¢T  31.3C
E  120 GPa
Plane pq:   55 (b) STRESSES ON PLANE pq
Allowable stresses on plane pq:
x  63.85 MPa

allow  60 MPa (Compression)

 
x cos2  (63.85 MPa)(cos 55)2
allow  30 MPa (Shear)
  21.0 MPa (Compression)
(a) MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE TEMPERATURE RISE T

 
x cos2 60 MPa 
x (cos 55)2   
x sin  cos 

x  182.4 MPa  (63.85 MPa)(sin 55)(cos 55)
  
x sin  cos 
 30.0 MPa (Counter clockwise)
30 MPa  
x (sin 55)(cos 55)

x  63.85 MPa

Problem 2.6-13 A circular brass bar of diameter d is composed

of two segments brazed together on a plane pq making an angle
  36° with the axis of the bar (see figure). The allowable d
P  p P
stresses in the brass are 13,500 psi in tension and 6500 psi in
shear. On the brazed joint, the allowable stresses are 6000 psi q
in tension and 3000 psi in shear.
If the bar must resist a tensile force P  6000 lb, what is
the minimum required diameter dmin of the bar?
 SECTION 2.6 Stresses on Inclined Sections 131

Solution 2.6-13 Brass bar in tension

n Tensile stress:
 
x cos2

P p  = 54° P
d  sallow 6000 psi
q sx  2 
cos u (cos 54) 2
  36  17,370 psi (3)
  90    54 Shear stress:   
x sin  cos 
P  6000 lb
sx  ` ` 
tallow 3,000 psi
d2 sin ucos u (sin 54)(cos 54)
A
4  6,310 psi (4)

STRESS
x BASED UPON ALLOWABLE STRESSES ALLOWABLE STRESS

IN THE BRASS
Compare (1), (2), (3), and (4).
Tensile stress (  0):
allow  13,500 psi
Shear stress on the brazed joint governs.

x  13,500 psi (1)

x  6310 psi
Shear stress (  45): allow  6500 psi
DIAMETER OF BAR
sx
tmax  P 6000 lb
2 A   0.951 in.2
sx 6310 psi

x  2 allow
d2 4A 4A
 13,000 psi (2) A
d2 
dmin 
4  B
STRESS
x BASED UPON ALLOWABLE STRESSES ON THE dmin  1.10 in.
BRAZED JOINT (  54)

allow  6000 psi (tension)

allow  3000 psi (shear)

Problem 2.6-14 Two boards are joined by gluing along a scarf joint,
as shown in the figure. For purposes of cutting and gluing, the angle
 between the plane of the joint and the faces of the boards must be
between 10° and 40°. Under a tensile load P, the normal stress in the
boards is 4.9 MPa. P P

(a) What are the normal and shear stresses acting on the glued
joint if   20°? 
(b) If the allowable shear stress on the joint is 2.25 MPa, what
is the largest permissible value of the angle ?
(c) For what angle  will the shear stress on the glued joint be
numerically equal to twice the normal stress on the joint?
132 CHAPTER 2 Axially Loaded Members

Solution 2.6-14 Two boards joined by a scarf joint

y

P P
x


10    40   33.34 or 56.66

Due to load P:
x  4.9 MPa   90   ‹   56.66 or 33.34
Since  must be between 10 and 40, we select
(a) STRESSES ON JOINT WHEN   20
  33.3
n
= Note: If  is between 10 and 33.3,
90° a
||  2.25 MPa.

If  is between 33.3 and 40,
|| 2.25 MPa.
  90    70

 
x cos2  (4.9 MPa)(cos 70)2 (c) WHAT IS  if   2
?
 0.57 MPa Numerical values only:
  
x sin  cos  || 
x sin  cos  |
| 
x cos2
 (4.9 MPa)(sin 70)(cos 70)
` ` 2
tu
  1.58 MPa su

x sin  cos   2
xcos2
(b) LARGEST ANGLE  IF allow  2.25 MPa
sin   2 cos  or tan   2
allow  
x sin  cos 
  63.43   90  
The shear stress on the joint has a negative sign. Its
numerical value cannot exceed allow  2.25 MPa. a  26.6
Therefore, NOTE: For   26.6 and   63.4, we find
 
2.25 MPa  (4.9 MPa)(sin )(cos ) or 0.98 MPa and   1.96 MPa.
sin  cos   0.4592

Thus, ` `  2 as required.
1 tu
From trigonometry: sin u cos u  sin 2u su
2
Therefore: sin 2  2(0.4592)  0.9184
Solving : 2  66.69 or 113.31
 SECTION 2.6 Stresses on Inclined Sections 133

Problem 2.6-15 Acting on the sides of a stress element cut from a bar in
5,000 psi
 = 10,000 psi
uniaxial stress are tensile stresses of 10,000 psi and 5,000 psi, as shown
 
in the figure.

(a) Determine the angle  and the shear stress  and show all stresses
on a sketch of the element.
(b) Determine the maximum normal stress
max and the maximum
shear stress max in the material.

 
10,000 psi 5,000 psi

Solution 2.6-15 Bar in uniaxial stress

5,000 psi From Eq. (1) or (2):

sx  15,000 psi

10,000 psi tu  sx sin u cos u
  (15,000 psi)(sin 35.26)(cos 35.26)
 7,070 psi
Minus sign means that  acts clockwise on the plane
for which   35.26.
10,000 psi

5,000
5,000 psi

10,000
y  = 35.26°
(a) ANGLE  AND SHEAR STRESS 
7,070

 
x cos2
0 x 7,070

  10,000 psi
su 10,000 psi 10,000
sx   (1)
cos2u cos2u 5,000

PLANE AT ANGLE   90

NOTE: All stresses have units of psi.
su90  sx [cos(u  90) ] 2  sx [sin u] 2
 sx sin2u (b) MAXIMUM NORMAL AND SHEAR STRESSES

su90  5,000 psi smax  sx  15,000 psi

su90 5,000 psi sx

sx   (2) tmax   7,500 psi
sin2u sin2u 2

Equate (1) and (2):

10,000 psi 5,000 psi

cos2u sin2u
1 1
tan2u 
tan u 
u  35.26
2 2