COURSE TRAINER

Stewart Hodsoll - English

•14 years Pool & Beach Lifeguard Experience
•Worked in UK, Bahamas, Australia and UAE
•Qualifications include; NPLQ Australia, Ellis &
Associates Special Facility Licence, RLSS UK NPLQ,
RLSS UK NBLQ, RLSS UK Pool & Beach Lifeguard
Trainer/ Assessor – Speciality endorsements in
PWC Rescue, Rescue Paddle craft, O2 & AED &
Surf Rescue
•UAE Representative for the Royal Lifesaving
Society UK
•Organiser of the UAE National Lifeguard
Teaching Skills to Save Lives
The Royal Lifesaving Society
UK
• Formed in 1891 by Mr William Henry
• Purpose - to reduce the number of
drownings
• Granted Royal charter in 1924 by
King George V
• RLSS UK – 51 Branches
• RLSS Worldwide – 53 Countries
Teaching Skills to Save Lives
The National Pool Lifeguard Award

• UNIT 1: The Principles of Lifesaving

& Swimming Pool
Supervision

• Lifeguard theory
• Water rescue skills
• CPR knowledge and skills
• First Aid at Work knowledge and
skills
Teaching Skills to Save Lives
The National Pool Lifeguard Award

• UNIT 2: The Application of Supervision and

Rescue in a Swimming Pool
• The Lifeguard and the Law.
• The Swimming Pool and the role of the Lifeguard.
• Normal Operating Procedures.
• Emergency Action Plan.
• Provision and Use of Play Equipment.
• Flumes, Waterslides and other water features.
• Diving in Pools

Teaching Skills to Save Lives

 Unsuccessful Candidates
• Failure of one Element, may
require additional training followed
by a retake of that entire Element
within 28 days.
• Failure of more than one Element
will result in total failure of the
course, this will require the
candidate to undertake the Unit 1
course again.
Teaching Skills to Save Lives
 The Rules and
Regulation's
• MOBILE PHONES OFF or SWITCHED
TO SILENT
• Must follow guidelines laid down by
the Trainer
• All medical problems must be
reported to the Trainer
• Swimming to a depth of 1.5 metres
may cause ear damage
• No Jewellery (Including Watches)
during practical water sessions
Teaching Skills to Save Lives
 Why become a Lifeguard?

• Keep fit • It’s cool!

• Have fun • The girls/ boys love
• Make good friends it!
• Travel • To help/ teach
people
• Learn lifesaving
skills • Money
• Sun
Teaching Skills to Save Lives
The Main aims of a Lifeguard

• Accident Prevention and Water Safety

Education

Teaching Skills to Save Lives

The Role of a Lifeguard

PREVENTION
• Communicatio
n
• Rescue
• Observation
• First Aid
• Teamwork
• Supervision
Teaching Skills to Save Lives
 Hazards & Risk Assessments

Hazard
• Something that has the potential to cause
harm
Risk
• The likelihood of that thing causing harm
Risk Assessments
• Identifying hazards, measuring the risk
and putting in control measure to
minimise chances

Teaching Skills to Save Lives

 Hazards
Lifeguards MUST be fully aware of the
individual Hazards presented by the design
of the pool, the users of the pool, what the
users are doing and the hazards created by
themselves.

•People Hazards
•Activity Hazards
•Physical Hazards
•Lifeguard
Hazards
Teaching Skills to Save Lives
 People Hazards
• Young Children not accompanied
by an Adult
• Old
• Special Needs
• Timid
• Boisterous / Show off’s
• Weak Swimmers / Arm Bands
• Under the Influence of Alcohol or
Drugs
• Poor Health

Teaching Skills to Save Lives

Physical Hazards
• High Walls
• Slippery Surfaces
• Drain Covers
• Guttering
• Underwater Steps /
Step ladders
• Features
• Pool Design / Size
• Depth
• Lighting

Teaching Skills to Save Lives

Activity Hazards
• Ducking • Pushing in
• Bombing
• Fighting / Bullying • Dangerous Diving
• Running • Flippers / Fins / Face
• Gymnastics Masks / Snorkels

• Boisterous Games

• Distance
Swimming Under
Water
(Hyperventilation)
Teaching Skills to Save Lives
 Lifeguard Hazards
• New Lifeguards
• Attention Wanders
• Other Whistle Blowing
• Horseplay
• Observation but not
• Poor Lifeguard supervision or action
Position • Timid Lifeguards
• Swinging Whistle
• Trivial Chatting
• Back to the Pool
• Untrained

Teaching Skills to Save Lives

 TASK
In groups, take a close look at the pool
facility. List down as many of the following
as possible;

•POTENTIAL HAZARDS

•HOW DANGEROUS ARETHEY?

(Low/Medium/High)

•HOW THEY COULD BE CONTROLLED

Teaching Skills to Save Lives
 Supervision & Observation

What’s the difference?

• Observation = watching

• Supervision = watching & controlling

Teaching Skills to Save Lives

10 = seconds for the Lifeguard to
recognise a guest in
distress

20 = seconds for the Lifeguard to

reach the guest and begin to
help them
Teaching Skills to Save Lives
“ Lifeguard Vigilance Training”
PART 1

‘Disappearing Dummies’
What Lifeguards Can’t see.

Dr Tom Griffiths
Teaching Skills to Save Lives
 Zoning
Zoning helps Lifeguards to
understand where their areas of
direct responsibility are.

There are 3 standard types of zoning,

they are……

Teaching Skills to Save Lives

 Intensive Zoning

• The Lifeguard is responsible for a

specific area of water, or water
feature……

…for example…..
Diving pools, water slides, wave
machine outlets

Teaching Skills to Save Lives

 Extensive Zoning

Usually found in smaller, traditionally

designed pools.
• Each Lifeguard is responsible for
scanning the entire pool area
• Each pool is observed by more than
one Lifeguard

Teaching Skills to Save Lives

 Combined Zoning

• This system uses both the intensive

& extensive system together

Intensive + Extensive = COMBINED

The Lifeguard Team work together to

cover ‘special areas’ and ‘regular
areas’
Teaching Skills to Save Lives
INTENSIVE EXTENSIVE
ZONING ZONING

Teaching Skills to Save Lives

What is it?

P – POOL
S – SAFETY
O – OPERATING
P – PROCEDURES

Teaching Skills to Save Lives

 P.S.O.P
By LAW the activities in a pool and
it’s users MUST be managed by
WRITTEN operating procedures.
These procedures MUST be;
• Based on initial risk assessments
• Available to ALL employees
• Understood AND followed by ALL
staff
Teaching Skills to Save Lives
 P.S.O.P
P.S.O.P’s are made up of TWO
different sections. These are……

• N.O.P – NORMAL OPERATING

PROCEDURE

• E.A.P – EMERGENCY ACTION PLAN

Teaching Skills to Save Lives

 Normal Operating
Procedures

A set of instructions and information

on what is needed to run a facility on
a regular day to day basis

Teaching Skills to Save Lives

 Normal Operating
Procedures
Types of things found in an NOP may
include;

• Pool depths & • Lines of

dimensions supervision
• Bather loads • Rotations
• A plan of the • Number of
building lifeguards
• A list of hazards & • Uniforms
their control • Equipment
measures etc….etc
Teaching Skills to Save Lives
 Emergency Action Plans

A set of instructions and information

on what to do in all foreseeable
emergency situations

Teaching Skills to Save Lives

 Emergency Action Plans
Types of things found in an EAP may
include;

• Who calls the • Evacuation

emergency • Casualty’s in the
services water
• Types & locations • Serious injuries
of emergency • Structural failure
equipment • Chemical spillages
• Overcrowding etc….etc
• Lack of water
clarity Teaching Skills to Save Lives
 The CHAIN of Survival

A series of actions that should occur

to ensure a casualty has the best
chance of recovery

Teaching Skills to Save Lives

The CHAIN of Survival
THE CHAIN OF SURVIVAL

1. Early Access – to get help!

2. Early BASIC LIFE SUPPORT – to
buy time
3. Early Defibrillation – to restart the
heart
4. Early ADVANCED LIFE SUPPORT –
to stabilise ( hospital)

Teaching Skills to Save Lives

THE CHAIN OF SURVIVAL

• If one of the ‘links’ is broken the

chain fails
• If all links are completed the casualty
has the BEST chance of recovery/
survival.
• This highlights the importance of
calling for help EARLY
Teaching Skills to Save Lives
 PRACTICAL SESSION

• Casualty Assessment
• Top to Toe survey
• Recovery Position
• Manikin Introduction
• CPR Introduction

Teaching Skills to Save Lives

 Progressive Rescue
• Getting into the water should
always be as a last resort.
When you enter the water you
put yourself in a lot more danger.
PLUS you can no longer retain your
10:20 scan.
EVERY rescue is different so be
prepared and practice using
rescue equipment at your pool.
Teaching Skills to Save Lives
The Progressive Rescue
Sequence
• Talk LEAST DANGEROUS
• Reach
• Throw
----------
• Wade
• Swim with an aid
MOST DANGEROUS
• Swim and tow

Teaching Skills to Save Lives

Types of Rescue Equipment
All types of rescue have advantages
and disadvantages, these depend on:

• Type of casualty
• Number of casualties
• Location
• Situation

Teaching Skills to Save Lives

Types of Rescue Equipment
• You! • Spine Board
• Rescue Tube • Shepherds Hook
• Rescue Can/ • Reach Pole
Torpedo buoy • Throw bag
• Ring Buoy/ Perry
Buoy

Teaching Skills to Save Lives

 TASK
Looking at the different types of equipment,
working out the ADVANTAGES AND/OR
DISADVANTAGES ( If there are any!) for the
equipment .

Present your findings to the group.

Teaching Skills to Save Lives

Casualty Recognition

Teaching Skills to Save Lives

Drowning non-swimmer
• Drowning non-swimmers struggle for
a comparatively short time. It is this
shorter than expected period that
contributes to many deaths.
• Children commonly struggle for up to
20 seconds.
• Adults commonly struggle for less
than one minute.
Casualty Recognition
• Drowning Non • Distressed Weak
Swimmer Swimmer
Casualty Recognition
• Injured
Swimmer • Unconscious Swimmer
Resuscitation &
How the body
works
Teaching Skills to Save Lives
Resuscitation Information
• If a casualty’s
brain has not had
oxygen for more
than 45 Seconds
the brain will
begin to die!
• The Most
important part of
our brains is the
central point, this
is what begins to
die first.
BACKGROUND

• Approximately 700,000
cardiac arrests per year
in Europe
• Survival to hospital
discharge presently
approximately 5-10%
• Bystander CPR vital
intervention before
arrival of emergency
services
• Early resuscitation and
prompt defibrillation
(within 1-2 minutes) can
result in >60% survival
 Basic Anatomy (Air Route)
• Air enters the Mouth and
Nose.
• Pharynx - (Warms and
Moistens the Air.
• Larynx - Voice Box also
Seals air route in the
event of drowning.
• Epiglottis - A Flap guides
food to oesophagus
(Stomach) or Air to the
Trachea.
• Bronchus - Alveoli (Gas
Exchange)
 Respiration (Breathing)

• We breathe in “air”
• 21% of this is oxygen (O2)
• The Body uses 5%
• We breathe out 16%
• O2 is exchanged for Carbon Dioxide
(CO2) in the lungs
• Oxygen (O2) feeds the body.
ADULT, CHILD & BABY CPR
Approach safely
Check response
Shout for help
Open airway
Check breathing
Call for EMS
Give 5 Rescue Breaths
30 chest
compressions
2 Rescue breaths
 APPROACH SAFELY!

Approach safely
Scene Check response
Shout for help
Rescuer
Open airway
Victim Check breathing
Call EMS
Bystanders 30 chest
compressions
2 rescue breaths
CHECK RESPONSE

Approach safely
Check response
Shout for help
Open airway
Check breathing
Call 112
30 chest
compressions
2 rescue breaths
CHECK RESPONSE

Shake shoulders
gently
Ask “Are you all
right?”
If he responds
• Leave as you find him.
• Find out what is
wrong.
• Reassess regularly.
SHOUT FOR HELP

Approach safely
Check response
Shout for help
Open airway
Check breathing
Call EMS
30 chest
compressions
2 rescue breaths
OPEN AIRWAY

Approach safely
Check response
Shout for help
Open airway
Check breathing
Call 112
30 chest
compressions
2 rescue breaths
CHECK BREATHING

Approach safely
Check response
Shout for help
Open airway
Check breathing
Call EMS
30 chest
compressions
2 rescue breaths
CHECK BREATHING

• Look, listen and

feel for NORMAL
breathing

• Do not confuse
agonal breathing
with NORMAL
breathing
AGONAL BREATHING
• Occurs shortly
after the heart
stops
in up to 40% of
cardiac arrests

• Described as
barely, heavy,
noisy or gasping
breathing
CALL EMS

Approach safely
Check response
Shout for help
Open airway
Check breathing
Call EMS
30 chest
compressions
2 rescue breaths
30 CHEST
COMPRESSIONS
Approach safely
Check response
Shout for help
Open airway
Check breathing
Call EMS
30 chest
compressions
2 rescue breaths
CHEST COMPRESSIONS

• Place the heel of one

hand in the centre of the
chest
• Place other hand on top
• Interlock fingers
• Compress the chest
– Rate 100 min-1
– Depth 4-5 cm
– Equal compression :
relaxation
• When possible change
CPR operator every 2 min
RESCUE BREATHS

Approach safely
Check response
Shout for help
Open airway
Check breathing
Call EMS
30 chest
compressions
2 rescue breaths
RESCUE BREATHS

• Pinch the nose

• Take a normal
breath
• Place lips over
mouth
• Blow until the
chest rises
• Take about 1
second
• Allow chest to fall
 CONTINUE CPR

30 2
ONLY STOP IF……
1.You are too tired to continue
2.The scene becomes unsafe and
you cannot move the casualty
3.If the EMS staff take over
4.If a team member/ trained member
of staff takes over
5.If the casualty comes round (highly
un-likely!!)

Teaching Skills to Save Lives

 ADULT
RESUSCITATION –
SUDDEN
COLLAPSE

Teaching Skills to Save Lives

 Problems with
Resuscitation
• Broken Ribs - Continue • Injury to Mouth or
CPR Breathing is more Nose - Use a Mask or
important use the nose or mouth
• Tracheotomy - Seal the • Cold Casualties - Check
Mouth and nose and
breath through the hole Pulse for 1 Minute
in the neck (Stoma) • Not Inflating - Check
• Air in Stomach - Extend for Obstruction and treat
the Neck More for choking or Extend the
• Vomit - Place the Neck with Babies check
Casualty into the Action for over extension
for Vomit Position
 ADULT –
DROWNING
Approach safely
Check response
Shout for help
Open airway
Check breathing
Call for EMS
Give 5 rescue
breaths
30 chest
compressions
2 rescue breaths
 ADULT
RESUSCITATION –
DROWNING

Teaching Skills to Save Lives

CPR ON CHILDREN

AGES 1YR TO 8YRS

3. ASK PARENTS IF YOU

CAN HELP
4. BE MORE GENTLE THAN
ON AN ADULT
5. MAKE YOUR RESCUE
BREATH SMALLER
6. USE 1 HAND FOR
COMPRESSIONS
7. ONLY PRESS TO 1/3 OF
THE BODY DEPTH
 CHILD
RESUSCITATION –
ALL SITUATIONS

Teaching Skills to Save Lives

CPR ON INFANTS

AGES 0YR TO 1YR

• ASK PARENTS IF YOU

CAN HELP
• BE VERY GENTLE
• MAKE YOUR RESCUE
BREATH A ‘PUFF’
• USE 2 FINGERS FOR
COMPRESSIONS
• ONLY PRESS TO 1/3 OF
THE BODY DEPTH
 INFANT
RESUSCITATION –
ALL SITUATIONS

Teaching Skills to Save Lives

 The Recovery Position

• If the casualty is breathing and has a

regular heart rhythm but is
unconscious…
• Do a full Secondary Survey, then…
• Place the person in the Recovery
position…

Teaching Skills to Save Lives

The Recovery Position
 Communication
There are many forms of communication,
that a Lifeguard might come across.

Name as many as you can…

Voice Hand Signals
Whistle Body Language
Megaphone Alarms – Visual/
Walkie Talkie Audible
Mobile Phone Flags

Teaching Skills to Save Lives

Lifeguard Communications
One Blast
Attracts the attention of a bather

Two Blasts
Attracts the attention of a Lifeguard

Three Blasts
Indicates that emergency action is about to take place

One Long Blast

Indicates the Pool should be cleared.
Pool Alarm
•Pool Alarm
must be
activated in
the event of a
major
incident.
Communication
Verbal
Communications
between lifeguards
who are on pool duty
should be kept to a
minimum - Hazard
reports only.
Lifeguard Communication -
Hand Signals

OK - Look Stop
Understand There
FIRST AID

Teaching Skills to Save Lives

 The Aims of First Aid
•The Three ‘P’s
• Preserve - The vital signs of the
Casualty and ultimately the life of
the Casualty
• Prevent - Further Injury and
deterioration
• Promote - Recovery of the
Casualty
 First Aid Procedure

• Assess the situation, Is it

SAFE FOR YOU to Enter ! ! !
• Diagnose the Injuries,
Priorities multiple injuries,
using the three ‘B’s
• Treat the injuries
• Transfer the Casualties.
 Assess the
Situation
• Look all around the area
• Check for Gas
• Never attempt a rescue when
high voltage is the cause
• Never directly touch domestic
cables if they have caused the
injury.
 Diagnose
• History
What happened ?
• Symptoms
What Casualties tell you !
• Signs
What is happening to the
casualty ?
 S.A.M.P.L.E QUESTIONS

• S – Signs & Symptoms

• A – Allergies
• M – Medication
• P – Previous History
• L – Last Oral intake
• E – Events leading up to

Teaching Skills to Save Lives

The Four ‘B’s
• Breathing
– Check for Airway, Breathing and signs of
Circulation.
• Bleeding
– Check for signs of severe bleeding.
• Broken Bones
– Check for fractures
• Burns
– Check for burns.
Hygiene Measures
• Always wear • Clean and blood / Body
protective gloves and fluids with 1:10
wash hands before disinfectant.
and after use. • Dispose of any used
• Aprons as uniform medical dressings in a
offers little protection. yellow bio-hazard bag and
• Never talk or cough ensure bag is incinerated.
over a wound or • Needles should be
dressing. disposed of in a sharp
needle box.
 Recording and After
Care
• Accident Form
• Staff Accident Book
– Detailed
– Accurate
– Clear
• Rescue Report From
• Witness Report Forms
• Incident Report
Basic First Aid
Treatments
• Asphyxia • Electric Shock
• Bleeding • Shock
• Burns • Fractures
• Heart Attack • Fainting
• Asthma Attack
• Unconsciousness
• Epileptic Fit
• Sprains and
• Diabetic Attack
Strains
• Chest Injury
• Poisoning
• Eye Injury
• Choking.
Causes of
Asphyxia
• Drowning
• Gas Poisoning
• Severe bleeding
• Chest injury
• Deep unconsciousness
• Drug overdose
• Electric shock
• Suffocation
Drowning

“Death by asphyxia caused

by immersion in liquid”
Wet Drowning
• Form of Asphyxia
insufficient oxygen
reaches the blood.
• Initial Stages of
Drowning.
Submerged water
enters mouth
automatically safety
mechanism closes
Larynx (Apnea).

• WET DROWNING.
Unconscious casualty
larynx opens, water
will enter lungs.
Dry Drowning

•Larynx Closes and

remains closed.
•Common in
Children airway.
•Treatment for
Shock and Monitor
A - B - C.
Secondary Drowning

• Small amount of
water in lungs
interfere with
diffusion.
• Delayed up to 72
Hrs.
• Medical attention for
all near drowning
even if full recovery.
 Hyperventilation
• Rapid, deep breathing • Physical activity
• Some swimmers believe uses up oxygen
increases oxygen content. before CO2 level has
• Reduces CO2 level in reached a point to
blood. restore breathing.
• CO2 levels helps the brain
control breathing. • Runs out of oxygen
• CO2 levels fall desire to and looses
breath reduced. consciousness.
Bleeding
Types of wounds
• Laceration – Tear
• Abrasion – Graze
• Contusion – Bruise ( internal)
• Puncture
• Stab/ incised – knife or sharp edged
object
• Gunshot wound
 Major Bleeding

• Sit or lie the

casualty down
• Scan the wound for
foreign bodies
• Put some medical
gloves on
• Elevate the Limb
• Apply direct
Pressure
• Clean and Dress
the wound.
Major Bleeding Foreign
Body
• Lie or sit the
casualty down
• Scan the wound
• Put some medical
gloves on
• Apply pressure
either side of the
wound.
Major Bleeding Foreign
Body

• Place two
dressings
rolled up
either side of
the foreign
body.
Major Bleeding Foreign
Body
• Apply pressure
two both sides of
the foreign body
• Bandage around
the foreign body.
 “GRAB THE BLEEDER,
RAISE THE BLEEDER,
LAY THE BLEEDER DOWN”
 Burns & Scalds
Can be caused by….

• Flames, contact with hot surfaces, friction

( Dry burn)
• Steam, hot liquids ( Scald)
• Low/ high voltage currents, lightning
( Electrical burn)
• Chemicals ( fumes, gases, cleaning fluid)
• Sun/ radiation ( Radiatation burn)
 Burns
• Treatment
• Alert the lifeguard team
• A casualty should be sent to hospital if:
– He or she is a child
– The burn is the full depth of the skin
– Burns extend around a limb
– You are unsure about the extent of a burn
– Burns cover the feet, hands, face or genitals
– Burns cover an area greater than the size of the palm of
the hand.
• Immerse the affected area in very cold running water
for at least ten minutes
• If the clothing is stuck to the burned area, don’t try to
remove it.
• Remove any rings, watches or jewellery
• Cover the burn with a clean, dry, sterile dressing with a
lightly applied bandage
• Treat for shock
 Scalds
• Submerge
under water
for ten
minutes
• Do not remove
any clothing
that is stuck to
the skin.
• Do not burst
any blisters
• Remove Wrist
Watch or
Rings.
 Heart Attack
(Symptoms and Signs)
• Chest Pain
• Tightness of
Chest
• Pain in the left
arm
• Pale clammy
skin.
Heart Attack Treatment

• Sit the Casualty Down in

a Semi-recumbent
Position.
• Ask if they have any
medication ?
• Call for a Paramedic
Unit !
• If they fall Unconscious
check A.B.Signs of Life
• Carry our full C.P.R.
 Heart Problem
(Angina)
• Possibly knows
what's
happening
• Similar
Symptoms and
signs of Heat
Attack.
 Fainting
• Lack of Blood (Oxygen) to
the Brain - Face Pale, Skin
cold / Clammy, Shallow
breathing.
• Treatment lay down the
casualty and raise legs
• Place casualty into the
recovery position if
casualty does not come
round.
ASTHMA

The muscles of the air

passages go into spasm
and swell, making
breathing difficult
Causes

• Allergy
• A cold
• Particular Drugs
• Cigarette smoke
• No obvious trigger
Signs & Symptoms
• Difficulty in breathing out
• Wheezing
• Difficulty in speaking
• Grey/ blue tinge to lips ( cyanosis)
• Distress/ anxiety
• Cough
• Exhaustion
Treatment

• Calm and Re-assure

• Give them their in-haler to use
• Ask to breathe slowly and deeply
• Make them comfortable

A mild asthma attack should ease in 3

mins
CALL EMS IF………

• If it is their first attack

• The inhaler has no effect after 5
minutes
• The casualty is getting worse
• Talking is difficult
• The casualty is becoming exhausted
Treatment
• Treat the cause
• Lay the casualty down
• Calm/ re-assure
• Raise the legs
• Loosen tight clothing
• Keep casualty warm
• Call EMS
• Monitor vital signs
 Electric Shock
• Your Safety 1st. • Use a non-
• Never Attempt a Conductive Pole to
Rescue when high remove any
Voltage is the cause electrical Appliances
(Sub Stations) • Check A.B.C if
• Isolate the electrical Unconscious
Supply, turn of the • Minor blister on
switch using a Entry and Exit
non-conductive item.• Major internal Burns
Shock

“ Failureof the circulatory

systems to supply blood to
the vital organs”
Causes
• Severe blood loss • Hypothermia
• Diarrhoea • Severe allergic
• Vomiting reaction
• Severe burns • Drug overdose
• Heart disease • Spinal cord injury
• Infection • Trauma
• Low blood sugar
Signs & Symptoms
• Rapid pulse
• Pale, cold clammy • Restlessness
skin • Aggressiveness
• Grey/ blue skin • Yawning/ gasping
for air
• Weakness/
dizziness • Unconsciousness
• Nausea
• Thirst
• Rapid/ shallow
breathing
 Diabetes

Failure of the body to regulate

blood sugar levels adequately
There are 2 major types of
diabetes…….
• HYPER – Glycaemia HIGH
blood sugar

• HYPO – GlycaemiaLOW blood

sugar
Signs & Symptoms of
HYPO….
• Pale • Confusion
• Profuse Sweating • Aggressive
• Rapid Pulse • May appear to be
• Shallow breathing drunk
• Fainting
• Unconsciousness
• Trembling
Treatment of
Hypoglycaemia
• If conscious give them a sweet drink
• Only give candy IF you think the
person is capable of swallowing it
• Calm them/ re-assure them
• Make them comfortable
• Keep them warm
If they don’t improve call for help asap
 Epilepsy

“Irregular electrical activity in the

brain”
Minor Fit
Symptoms and
Signs
• 1. Dazed Look
Treatment
• Allow to come out
of fit naturally.
 Major Fit
Symptoms, Signs and Stages
1. Cry out
2. Rigid Body
3. Convulsions
4. Sleep
Treatment
• Remove any Obstructions
• Support person so head remains above water
• Recovery Position.
• Send to Hospital
Fractures

Types

3. Closed – Skin is NOT broken

4. Open – bone is exposed
5. Complicated – bone has caused
damage to other internal areas
Treatment - CLOSED

1. Immobilise – sling/ bandage/ splint

2. Calm/ Re-assure casualty
3. Treat for signs of shock
4. Monitor vital signs
5. Arrange for transport to hospital
Treatment- OPEN

• Immobilise
• Control bleeding
• Prevent infection
• Calm/ Re-assure casualty
• Treat for signs of shock
• Call EMS
SPINAL INJURIES
Types of injuries

• Flexion – head is forced forwards

• Extension – head is forced backwards
• Compression – spine is compacted
• Fracture – vertebrae fracture
• Dislocation – vertebrae are moved
out of position
 Signs & Symptoms
• Pain
•Irregular shape
•Tenderness
•Loss of control of limbs
•Loss of sensation
•Loss of bladder/ bowel control
•Breathing difficulties
Treatment

• Call EMS
• Immobilise the affected area
• Calm/ re-assure the casualty
• Monitor vital signs
• Treat for signs of shock
Shock

“ Failureof the circulatory

systems to supply blood to
the vital organs”
Causes
• Severe blood loss • Hypothermia
• Diarrhoea • Severe allergic
• Vomiting reaction
• Severe burns • Drug overdose
• Heart disease • Spinal cord injury
• Infection • Trauma
• Low blood sugar
Signs & Symptoms
• Rapid pulse
• Pale, cold clammy • Restlessness
skin • Aggressiveness
• Grey/ blue skin • Yawning/ gasping
for air
• Weakness/
dizziness • Unconsciousness
• Nausea
• Thirst
• Rapid/ shallow
breathing
Treatment
• Treat the cause
• Lay the casualty down
• Calm/ re-assure
• Raise the legs
• Loosen tight clothing
• Keep casualty warm
• Call EMS
• Monitor vital signs
Fractures

Types

3. Closed – Skin is NOT broken

4. Open – bone is exposed
5. Complicated – bone has caused
damage to other internal areas
Treatment - CLOSED

1. Immobilise – sling/ bandage/ splint

2. Calm/ Re-assure casualty
3. Treat for signs of shock
4. Monitor vital signs
5. Arrange for transport to hospital
Treatment- OPEN

• Immobilise
• Control bleeding
• Prevent infection
• Calm/ Re-assure casualty
• Treat for signs of shock
• Call EMS
Heat Stroke/ Heat
Exhaustion
Heat Exhaustion
Loss of salt and water from the body
through excess sweating

Heat Stroke
The failure of the ‘thermostat’ in the
brain, which regulates body
temperature
Heat Exhaustion
Signs & Symptoms

• Headache, dizziness, confusion

• Loss of appetite and nausea
• Sweating
• Pale/ clammy skin
• Cramps
• Rapid, weak pulse & breathing
Treatment

• Shift to shade/ cool area

• Give plenty of water – weak salt
solution if possible/ weak sugary
drink
• Lay the casualty down
• Raise legs
• Monitor vital signs
Heat Stroke

Signs & Symptoms

• Headache dizziness and discomfort
• Restlessness & confusion
• Hot, flushed and DRY skin
• Rapid deterioration in level of
response
• Full, bounding pulse
• Body temperature above 40 degrees
Treatment
• Quickly move the casualty to a cool
place
• Remove as much outer clothing as
possible
• Call EMS
• Cool the body by applying water until
temperature falls.
• Monitor
HEAT STROKE IS A LIFE THREATENING
ILLNESS
Sun Burn

“Aburn caused by over

exposure to the sun”
Signs & Symptoms

• Red skin
• Pain in the area of the burn
• Blistering of the area affected
Treatment
• Cover the casualty’s skin with light
clothing or a towel
• Cool the skin with water or by
soaking are in a cold bath for 10
minutes
• Encourage the casualty to have
frequent sips of cold water
• For mild burns, calamine lotion or
after sun may help
SHOCK

“Failure of the circulatory

system to supply oxygen
to the vital organs”
Signs & Symptoms
• Rapid Pulse
• Pale, cold, clammy • Restlessness
skin • Aggressiveness
• Grey, blue skin • Yawning and
( cyanosis) gasping for air
• Weakness/ • Unconsciousness
dizziness
• Nausea/ vomiting
• Thirst
• Rapid, shallow
breathing
Treatment

• Treat the cause

• Lay the casualty down
• Calm/ Re-assure
• Raise and support legs
• Loosen tight clothing
• Keep the casualty warm
• Call for EMS
DO NOT
• Eat, drink or smoke. ( If thirsty
moisten lips with water)
• Leave the casualty unattended,
except to call for EMS
• Try to warm the casualty with a
direct heat source

Remember…shock is LIFE
THREATENING
Anaphylactic Shock

“Potentially fatal MASSIVE allergic

reaction”
Causes

• Insect Sting
• Food
• Animal
• Drug
Signs & Symptoms
• Shock • Puffiness around
• Anxiety the eyes
• Swelling of the face • Impaired breathing
and neck • Rapid Pulse
• Blotchy Skin • Nausea
• Unconsciousness
Treatment

• Send to Hospital STRAIGHT AWAY

• If conscious get them to sit in a
comfortable position
• If unconscious treat as normal