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BIO 205 Chapter 8 Powerpoint

This chapter discusses gene transfer, genetic engineering, and genomics. It describes the different mechanisms of horizontal gene transfer in prokaryotes, including transformation, conjugation, and transduction. Transformation involves the uptake of naked DNA from the environment. Conjugation is the direct transfer of DNA between cells via contact. Transduction involves viruses transferring DNA fragments from infected cells. The chapter also explains how genetic engineering uses techniques like restriction enzymes and DNA ligase to combine DNA fragments from different organisms, allowing traits to be altered. Examples are given of plants and cows that have been genetically engineered.

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254 views16 pages

BIO 205 Chapter 8 Powerpoint

This chapter discusses gene transfer, genetic engineering, and genomics. It describes the different mechanisms of horizontal gene transfer in prokaryotes, including transformation, conjugation, and transduction. Transformation involves the uptake of naked DNA from the environment. Conjugation is the direct transfer of DNA between cells via contact. Transduction involves viruses transferring DNA fragments from infected cells. The chapter also explains how genetic engineering uses techniques like restriction enzymes and DNA ligase to combine DNA fragments from different organisms, allowing traits to be altered. Examples are given of plants and cows that have been genetically engineered.

Uploaded by

DrPearcy
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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BIO 205

Chapter 8
Gene Transfer, Genetic
Engineering, and Genomics
Genetic Recombination in Prokaryotes
Genetic Information in Prokaryotes Can Be Transferred Vertically and
Horizontally

•Vertical gene transfer (VGT) is the transfer of genetic material from


parent cell to daughter cell

•Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) is the transfer of DNA from a donor


cell to a recipient cell
Transformation Is the Uptake
and Expression of DNA in a
Recipient Cell

By integration of a new DNA


fragment, the recipient has
gained some ability it
previously lacked

Transformation was first


described by Frederick
Griffith in 1928

Competence is the ability of


a recipient cell to take up
DNA from the environment
Conjugation Involves Cell-to-Cell Contact for Horizontal Gene
Transfer

•In conjugation, a donor cell transfers DNA directly to the


recipient

•The donor cell forms a conjugation pilus to make contact


with the recipient

Bacterial conjugation in E. coli


The F factor DNA in the donor replicates by the rolling-
circle mechanism
Transduction Involves Viruses as Agents for Horizontal
Transfer of DNA

In transduction, a virus (bacteriophage) carries a


chromosomal DNA fragment from donor to recipient

In the lytic cycle, virulent phages:

•destroy the host chromosome


•replicate themselves
•destroy the cell

In the lysogenic cycle, temperate phages integrate their


DNA into the host chromosome (as a prophage)
Virulent phages perform generalized transduction

•A fragment of host cell DNA ends up in the phage


during packaging, which they transfer to a new host cell

•In the lysogenic cycle, the prophage eventually excises


itself from the host chromosome

•Sometimes it takes a few flanking host genes and


leaves a few phage genes behind
Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology
•Genetic Engineering Was Born from Genetic Recombination

•Genetic engineering involves changing the genetic


material in an organism to alter its traits or products

•A recombinant DNA molecule contains DNA fragments


spliced together from 2 or more organisms
Specific fragments can
be obtained by cutting
short stretches of
nucleotides with a
restriction
endonuclease

The fragments are


joined by DNA ligase
Plants have been
engineered using
microbial genes for:

•herbicidal activity
•viral resistance

Cows produce more


milk when injected with
bovine growth
hormone produced by
engineered bacteria
End of Chapter 8

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