Quantum Mechanics

Basics P∞
Rotations
∂
ih̄ ∂t Ψ(~
r , t) = ĤΨ(~
r , t) f (x) = cn |φn i spin 1/2:
n=1
~ nφ
iS·~
−itĤ − φ φ
Ĥψ = Eψ Ψ(~
x, t) = e h̄ Ψ(~
x, 0) cm = hφm |f i e h̄ = Iˆ cos 2 − iσ̂ · n̂ sin 2
−ih̄∇
p̂ = P ∂
Ê = ih̄ ∂t p = h̄k E = h̄ω spin 1:
1 1 1
!
2 (1 + cos θ) sin θ 2 (1 − cos θ)
√
Iˆ = |φi ihφi | hφm |φn i = δnm hÂi = hΨ|Â|Ψi iθSy 2
i e h̄ = − √1 sin θ cos θ √1
sin θ
Hermitian: A† = A Unitary: U † = U −1 1
2
1 1
2
2 (1 − cos θ) sin θ 2 (1 + cos θ)
2 √
(∆x)2 = hx̂2 i − hx̂i2 h(∆A) ih(∆B)2 i ≥ 41 |[hÂ, B̂]i|
2
 iθ 2
iθSz e 0 0
[x̂, p̂] = ih̄ [ÂB̂, Ĉ] = Â[B̂, Ĉ] + [Â, Ĉ]B̂
e h̄ = 0 1 0
dhÂi
dt = h̄i h[Ĥ, Â]i + h ∂∂t
Â
i 0 0 e−iθ
∂ρ ~ ∗ ∗
∂t + ∇ · J = 0 J~ = h̄
2mi (ψ ∇ψ − ψ∇ψ )
Angluar Momentum
[Jˆi , Jˆj ] = ih̄ijk Jˆk [Jˆ2 , Jˆk ] = 0
Harmonic Oscillator Jˆ± = Jˆx ± Jˆy Jˆx = 12 (Jˆ+ + Jˆ− ) Jˆy = 2i
1 ˆ
(J+ − Jˆ− )
p̂2 mω 2
H̄ = 2m + 2 x̂2 En = h̄ω(n + 2 1
Jˆz |jmi = h̄m|jmi Jˆ2 |jmi = h̄2 j(j + 1)|jmi
p ip̂
p ip̂
p
â = mω
2h̄ (x̂ + mω ) ↠= mω
2h̄ (x̂ − mω ) Jˆ± |jmi = h̄ j(j + 1) − m(m ± 1)|jm ± 1i
N̂ = ↠â Ĥ = h̄ω(N̂ + 12 ) N̂ φ = nφ [Jˆz , Jˆ± ] = ±h̄Jˆ± [Jˆ+ , Jˆ− ] = 2h̄Jˆz
[â, ↠] = 1 [N̂ , â] = −â [N̂ , ↠] = â spin 1/2:
√ √      
â|ni = n|n − 1i ↠|ni = n + 1|n + 1i σ1 =
0 1
σ2 =
0 −i
σ3 =
10
p
h̄ †
p
mh̄ω † 1 0 i 0 −1
0
x̂ = 2mω (â + â) p̂ = i 2 (â − â)
[σi , σj ] = 2iijk σk ˆ ij
{σi , σj } = 2Iδ
spin 1:
1
! −i !
0 √ 0 0 √ 0
2 2
1D Problems Ŝx = h̄ √1
2
0 √1
2
Ŝy = h̄ √i
2
0 −i
√
2
1
scattering/bound states: 0 √ 0 0 √i 0
2 2
ψ, ψ 0 continuous at barrier q

1 0 0

2m(E−V0 ) Ŝz = h̄ 0 0 0
E > V : ψ ∼ e±ikx k=
h̄2 0 0 −1
q h̄ e ~ ge ~ ~
2m(V0 −E) Ŝi = 2 σi µ
~ = 2mc L µ
~ = 2mc S H → H0 − µ
~ ·B
E < V : ψ ∼ e±κx κ=
h̄2
if V = λδ(x − a):
ψa+ (a) = ψa− (a)
lim→0 [ψ 0 (a + ) − ψ 0 (a − )] = 2mλ
h̄2
ψ(a) Addition of Angular Momentum
infinite potential well (0 to a):
  
P j1 j2 j
|jmi = |j1 m1 i|j2 m2 i
p 
2 nπx n2 h̄2 π 2 m1 m2 m
φn (x) = sin En = m1 ,m2

a a 2ma2
| {z }
CG coef f icients
J~ = L
~ +S ~ |l − s| ≤ j ≤ l + s
Hydrogen Atom ~ ·S
L ~ = 1 (J 2 − L2 − S 2 )
2
p 2 2 m1 m2 −13.6Z 2 J 2 = J12 + J22 + 2J1z J2z + J1+ J2− + J1− J2+
H = 2µ − Ze µ= En =
r m1 +m2 n2 spin 1/2:
ψnlm = Rnl (r)Ylm (θ, φ) q
  1 l±m+ 1 1 1
−p4 j = l ± 1/2 : |ls; j = l ± 2 |ls; m −
fine: Hrel = HLS = 1 1 1 dVc ~ ·S
L ~ 2 mi = 2l+1 2 2i +
8m3 c2 2 m2 c2 r dr
e q
µe · r̂)r̂ − µ
3(~ ~e · µ
~p l∓m+ 1 1 1
2 |ls; m + −
hyperfine: Hhf = − 8π
3 µ ~ p δ (3) (~
~e · µ r) 2l+1 2 2i
r3 
h̄2
| {z } 1
only f or l>0 ~ · S|jmi
L ~ = 2 l j =l+ 2
−h̄2 1
~ = B ẑ): HZ = −(~
Zeeman (B ~
~ spin ) · B
µorbital
+ µ 2 (l + 1) j =l− 2
egp
 
~ − ege S
= − − 2mee c L ~ ~ ~ e ~ ~ ~ option A: prduct basis - J12 J22 J1z 2 2
J2z
2me c e + 2mp c Sp ·B = 2me c B· L + 2Se −
egp |j1 m1 i ⊗ |j2 m2 i = |j1 j2 ; m1 m2 i = |m1 m2 i
~ ·S
B ~p
2mp c option B: total AM basis - J12 J22 J 2 Jz
|j1 j2 ; jmi = |jmi
Parity
ha|P
−1
PV P
−1
P |bi = ha|V |bi → ηV ηb ηa ∗
≡ 1 for matrix ele-
Tensor Operators/Wigner Eckart The.
| {z } | {z } |{z}
∗ ha| ηV V Tq(k) = spherical tensor of rank k, qth component
ηa ηb |bi
ment to be non-zero hα0 , j 0 m0 |Tq(k) |α, jmi = 0 unless m0 = q +m, |k −j| ≤ j 0 ≤ k +j
x, y, x → −x, −y, −z r, θ, φ → r, π − θ, φ + π
Ylm (π − θ, φ + π) = (−1)l Ylm (θ, φ)
Time Independent Perturbation The-
ory
H = H0 + λV where H0 |n(0) i = En
(0)
|n(0) i
(1) (0) (0)
En = hn |V |n i
hm(0) |V |n(0) i
P
|n(1) i = |m(0) i (0) (0)
m6=n En −Em
(2)
En = hn(0) |V |n(1) i

Variational Principle
1. Choose |ψi - a trial ket which depends on one or more pa-
rameters (λ1 , λ2 , . . .)
hψ|H|ψi
2. Compute hψ||ψi ≥ E0
3. Minimize with respect to λ1 .λ2 , . . . .
4. To get first excited state choose |ψ1 i such that hψ1 ||ψi = 0
and so on.

Scattering