Reencounters with Colonialism: New Perspectives on the Americas Mary. alley, AMERICAN HISTORY, DARTMOUTH COLLEGE [Agnes Lig-Ori-ATIN AMERICAN STUDTHS, DARTMOUTH COLLEGE Dian Trl UATINE AMERICAN AND LATINO STUDIES, NEW YORK ances. Apri Satna Chive-Sveran open: Towa Reprerenaton of Latina apy and Sentiment Curl hangs Amarin Lert, 182-15 Aer Ring Pip Wr: Presence an essence non New Bland (cai nto, ean and tion V. Sales neq i ary America Rene L. Degant ‘he Netionl nso dln Gh ond rion Suite ‘ae America Chief lat Mart eral and Moder bx SpmithAmerce Core Kitt Wayne: PstodernianandCantempoary Psion of be rns Pronter The American Chronicles of José Marti Journalism and Modernity in Spanish America Susana Rotker Translated from the Spanish by Jennifer French and Katherine Semler University Press of New England anova andsUnive Prot of New Engen, Hanover NEEONTSS With Love ceeeceeaenend To Solna, in her own language iy use Spheres deo Mar by aoa Ce Ami Ou. 2) To Tomds Bloy Martinez, who began it all Ate remred sary of Congres Calon Pbiaton Date ote, Sus, 954- (Pandan ce nn riers. ag] "Te Ameria oie of Jone Mit joa and aera Spanish Amst 1 Sana Rte tae orth pny Ser Pac hd Kase See caesar wi soloiaim now pererteron i Aeris) Inches bibiogapie reece (=) ne. ss o-§1451-90-2(lo al yope)—i¥0-F451-go-o al. ape) 1 Mar fo 1859-1895~Ceren cd eration, al a ‘are—Lata Ar. 3 Mar Jos, 1859-19 Heres reese. Tle Sere rosigaaz77313, 200 ssideat soraigns Wid LC PA 7389 “AZ 2771313 a 2000 JUN 9 > 200 B2722Contents Preface Chapter 1. The Lope of Literary Repesentaon Chapter 2. The Writer Role Chapter 3, The Emergenseof he Chresicle Chapter 4, Weg the Present Chapter 5. ‘The Year ia North America: Creating Local Lore ‘hor Abroad Chapter 6, Conclusion: Adventure and Transgression in Wing snd Reading Note Index 5 st 6 105 coPreface ‘Most tooks hol oor interest beiy before hey lus go: tis ose has eld mine fr years without ever loosening its grip. Perhaps this i because Tse ‘Maret wing ras oto be uly ieshansbe, forever suggesting ed de rmanding new readings Or petaps the proximity of «nw fr de ste invites te to Jk closely the previous centr. Perhaps te cniele os «teary tnd journalist sya nt yet fund is du recognition despite the exo ‘inary prdvcton of lasails in Spanish Amerson a aly bass, Pethaps the vewpoit of en cul nthe Uated Sats challenges us to consider our (en ieaity, All hese themes a explored his book al ve enveloped te tT dn’ hin they lever lt go. "The idea for thi project began in 1983 al the Univer of Maryan while 1 wa taking core taht by Graila Nemes. By pure chance, she assigned ‘nc an anfis of Jue Marts chronicle onthe death of Jesse James. That ‘lose presetton ws exponent amonograh and then ter, nice to his projet. Tho et age lsed mare tn ve yeurs and nce esearch in ars, ros arcives, and newspaper les in Washingtoa, Carcts, fa Boenos Ales, Te second tage comes a end now, sen eas le. Tome te ies of compariag the North American press, La Opinion No- clonal of Cassa, 08 La Nacln of Buenos Aises to Jorge Agila Mara. He “ko showed me that ere to dlsetangle the complex tery web of pe Tie needed to tk int secant tends of tought, history, and ferent odes of tera producon. Pat of my research was supported by » grant {om th Soil Scenee Research Cou thank Joan Das, Francine Ma- sell, Beatriz Sario, an Josefina Ladner for hi elp in defining w discus tive geae betwecn Jounal and iterate, Special metion goes to Doris Somer who gave me nt oly generne torical suggestions from the xt Set but eo the dps deve farther nto new perspectives on Marts ‘roailes. "Thanks to Joe Emilio Pacheco forthe thetric ofthe sblime to Sylvia [Molloy Marfa ise Bases, Jean Franco, and An Masa Amar Since: foe the mater ley supplied to Ricacd Morse for the etovery of Sousa ‘Andree’ Now York poe o Mateos Rees, Peano DiGiovanni, Marcy ‘Schwarta and nner French for comectons of te vised teat ia Cas ‘ova a Teaifer Ras, who researched inthe ibraris to nd guotaions in thoi orginal English wording, o Margo Prin fr her readings of my ele ‘elects to Roberto Feeder Remar fr his Maries altho Sergio ‘alba for sharing my intrestin te “cose: and to my pares for geing ‘books and papers fom one ed ofthe coment othe ke forme.x Prfce Taso thunk Fata Lar for inviting met give seta theehonile the University of Mar dl Plat; Jalae Allo snd Gabriel Gaea Misgaez for Ieting me confont ay tories na workshop athe Foundation fr New Spanish American Journalism in Catigena de Ins: he jury ofthe Casa de Jas Américas for he 1990 prize awarded tothe Spanish eon ofthis bok; ‘ny colleagues inthe Depart of Spanish and Portugese at Rutgers Uni ‘versity foe hei profesional spt; Donald Pess, Dian Talon, Apres [Lago-Ortizfr believing tat ts book deserved anlaton; nd Rs Ferd ez, Jefe Belnsp, an Julio Roigue-Lus fr inching recent frags ‘of my work on Martin ther eons Jo Marts “Our Ameria”: From Na- final 10 Hemispheric Cultural Studies (Duhass: Duke Univesity Press 1098) and Recreadng Jo Mart (1859-189): One Hundred Years After (Al- ‘any: State Unversity of New York Press 1999), “To my sweet SolAna, who was brn With ths research projet. and who, despite having lived since then with my obsessive presence in font of the ‘computer to with many moves and readjosueas, his managed toe the pi tur of solidarity and cherules. To Tem Eloy, generous companion ene demanding reader, for “La seganda Vids de Araya” (E1 Nacional 1978) td his book Lagar com a muerte, which lode to disove tht ving form ‘ofteratre hal fund lace in te daly pages of journalism long bere my counter with “esse Tames” Hs apron fo iteratre aod joualin hat ‘rated Ife int this project fom begining to ead ‘The American Chronicles of José MartiChapter | The Logic of Literary Representation |The Problem of Modernity ‘By 1888, the terms “moder” ond “modem” were so atimilly raed fot write’ that Rub Dao wat thing te two interchangeably. AL tat ine in Spnish America, modelty meant he perception of the beplanng of i- tlstiiaion and the concolion of songs bureaucratic saes—oaly (Co and Putt Rico rertinod unde Spsnsh agemony—end the ieoepont- ‘Sonof tat hemispere lt th intemllona economic te, "To be made meant a geacral terms, new stmospiee: sia, sam engines, face tslegrapte, dally newspaper lephones, seetife dicow- (Ses aban center that changed the sage of soxety andthe dsbuion ‘tendon socal less, Tp be moder, im Westen terms, mean fit ia eve ehnologes: mn, at designe, woul! inprove the miei world ando- ‘ety would become «wap thanks wo bis ew efficiency. Te be modem wa fn the eg, to sujet ener tte Taw ofthe make, o adopt a tanscont- cata ater han replona ono, ado face man's ew conto senna Taorans bet of burden "cccadng to Angel Rama, th eationship of modemism to mode in Spanish Amerie can be explained tha: “Modernism is but the conjonton of ray forms which explain the efferet ways in which Lain America was corpse ito modesty, eoso-slal concept which was peered by the bourgeois indus vito ofthe aoetcath entry” This socio tora covept generated Hy th les hove terest it served, was being that ‘ropes would brings bounds fture. According to this log, the con fitios la the fees aad the real constions of Spanish Amis’ heteo- fzneous populaon were exacerbated, che social costs incared by growth ‘woul eventually be nualzed, Jee Mat explana ‘As clang rewen, eventing inate ht egal spe ob conta ‘Sey Auto happen ta hs pio pln expansion andor de ‘sical cosas grates men pops themsieto cnt one mothe ‘ings of ings i ne for pc, for st men. Te confixon hth change of Soto and ovement beige tou aks laine of bea 8 pn2+ The American Chronicles of Jot Mart ih te re te mon tse ne to ‘to come. (VIL 224° oe ero of hangs of ota nna a te mio ‘Stkioisg of en pant atin sede ana felon in dmhseraly joie wn see seen och Stren of tn Gk Tha in we power ee Creed gy any svn wa soe change far tte? Titogh ral nation tne cele! Sp Ane cay ater ge i mals mk oes ef deme ‘a anise flow fies feng at fost vit zon ants pth ogee Epis nd pmertl tesate ce arah tap, ‘ening he te Sts wwe hn a Spee tStamecen comes vse Cle Unga, Again.” uber, ‘Sor ont as Rama sfoon wey ie Lan Ans ‘epson r tip poplin he ty yu fer es cnr fp anally ow oft prec was ovine expr nalts sea ‘ar cool hu 0 ped aon el og ‘Besa seals The ew Sasi man npr org oC Va, chased wt cle -La ee end ae weston heya om spas ih Enea ety Varin ht sp ga ngs Eo Ppa ts a mate Be Eas tne wel "Pepe tre ep ‘ging om Pace el Great Sin To oped cp oft ‘Se cc nd ny fat ty mers Socio td cae eon fo sit ety er wo oe pea ea 8) “Paola were raphe’ een cent, he wes inet get ite inpratie ceae'o ese tne st real n bopapy of Mr, ag Mach es Cas theca new" dapyd tt pens pel a oe hs got feet eo ing ce sl onsen ty a ting ca nu iy fe ‘on the past and on peasantry.” meet “ Bb nro at epi argebn cner sc Mes- ic iy and aes Aiea woo spe, lng wt fi ots Sow pit omer Spenco ss Tt poe Selo te nna aver eon “The Logi of Lisary Representation + 3 ‘remain immune othe interes information that eve with increasing regularity, not only ough tavel and boos, bar trough juralsn a well cart was i i fist tance, x rtm of noon. progress, como politi, sundance, at an inexhaustbie dese fr nove, Al of these ‘tee derived tom pi ecological advances, new systems of eommanic- on andthe logic of consmpton wich belonged 1 He laws ofthe new Imeratonsl arte" Nonetiless, mater the violent tasfomations tha vets beganingf trode new peveges vo the capita exe na the “pvcalypic ete ofthe iatinnoe ofthe century’ en can completely eX plan oe concrete fat oardng te modems the intense mai." 2 Imbalance and the Coesstnee of eterogeneous Elements ‘Thee ae numatonstetinonie of nbalanee la modest poe They ca be found nN” by in del Casa "Nothing of he tre gas my ‘Satan othing of epee des stage well at a /if oka he hor on alls ado, if sun owned the eat lis sh” tn"Las Als Hae {Em (Te Ope Sly Cues Nien dyin of ithe xpoed sul esting Who bought x? Whee di we come fa? 7 ‘Wheres eer home, our ous” “The poems of Rabla Dao aso sbow signs of his obession wi aot Arn hte we arguing rem whence eco as in“Lofaa (Te fh) fin Cantor delay eer Songs fife an hope). Dass stn we id dion he cnt of ply: “Out paras wee blr han We a hy hd pase for someting The good oars f te 18308 ‘ree oth sows tines nore thn wea, Our own ines eth di cae of tt moa agnatn: we don ink stot aig with edo ‘Ne epee wiht and soa “at ad hapene projets ofthe fue, oth power offing Hie he abode ote it of age Tn 187, Ts Mar posed new fa win tienen of Pee Leow eting the who gable fr ‘eco “in ert hunt one dy mip ve we i, a ee of ‘ih fey bbored™ en sboutnanerysymes or echamber ahs, TRtrner the bth of anche dav ofthe debate eign andthe retith iinun is yg vet in wr sound fe sting sides, ‘earn cies ete sand the enaed sve” CI 140-80 ‘Whi one camot comply enfitemedemisn wi Mar, eo pred hs ext for modem mun wi «sae of dsenchannent wih ihn fe Ths embrelece vat i aco Verso ies fe ipl tine modems on be charac yt deseo cee spaces of4+ The American Cronies of José Marti ‘condensation fr contactor clements—a nthe sym othe chonile— the ssc isinction between coe ad be oes lay in Mart foltion of ‘ce of soliton fer th contacts af i time, othe pardon of ie: son and hope, For Marthe coaualcons could only be resolved ithe et sy space of te stage Not cre the abnor sy of be wontrae mv mote ca sy (ang wits ease te jas np dos no ind tw he de Sead ati. Wed tae teeth et ough oad he felch ta es of mao ord we have ae ne ws ofonoa nd on ha come fom gay the dn matin. Vo ‘The maize of Mats cotemporuies originated in the contadictions ofr onatism, hoe, te dislacatlon of man in he face of cheng nd the chim berneen itue and eck, eviginte, scoring to Ange Rema, inthe eo. ‘nomic displacement of moderits, the rapid incense in readership, the ‘akdown of lngstending utr model, and the intncess of new standard of values (Rams, “La dala” 190. For Cas Real de Aa, “th new coneiousiess of inlegratng@ social ‘goup wih amore mtked specicly than bad before ta so sya nel liens... tare nome" Tis mals alsievaved th fn ager _eming bade ovored the movers ot bcais othe oct wok in al ‘nef utter hetaose of ir actives wii offical juralam, dp ‘acy, busines high bavesbercy,specch writing, and eer special seve “This was a pviod of drastic wanston infty; inevity the ps 0 reserve or ingos modes foreach scarf society became more inten. The Importing bouyeoisi urged constructivist Biber discourse, The educated lass—withot opposing economic Iberalion —forwanied a conserve die course more ashore inthe past nd terested in ean nto model, ‘Land and anch owners declared hi ulramontae belts while ne pole sicongen supported poplin. Peasant groups rebelled ad eganized in logiily around religion belies, while the wba poet of Burepcan i Imran ew more and mote pitied” In Ca and Puerto Rica a tion to the internal conits moog economic sctrs, were the ies ef Independence trom Spin andthe expansions tet of te United States vas s conictbeneen old and nov, betmeen heterogenous discourses ‘ramed by a cosnopoian consclousaest dt scented conta. As Mar wrote in 891: "We wee a vision, retire with the chest of an ate the hands of dandy andthe forehead ofa sid. We weve masquerade iE al underwear, a Pasian ves, a Nort American jacket, aed a Spaish ‘mountain hat. We were chariots and ngs incon that came nt tie ‘The Logic of Lieny Representation + 5 ‘wold wearing espuis on hei ft nd headandson tired” (VI, 20) ‘Sortre was more thin oe reality ae mere than ooeiesogy Inte of ‘modemity a8 malaise ne can see the poblem 2 moat tastamoual 1 the fisence of elie whose singularity is part ofthat very malise. Although these dvsioes in Latin Ametean societies wre not absolute, we cannot i> nore the fact that the mogemiss perceived themselves oben apoio si iro that ofthe nneceuh-estary European wes: boated between the utoducted lasses andthe Bourges, Woe et albough hin po son was very predoctive many of the most cal medeaist text bea Wit ‘os tee sthon’ frsaton and ui abou serving the importing inter- ‘ts ofthe boupedsic intermediary between iatral power slatons and ‘wold capil ® Modernism was about nintellotl litt lt mari- ‘mized and alionted bythe redjosteat o seca vations. 2m the Crossroads: Man Maris chronicles offer oe ofthe ys to deciphering th-map of he power lines runing tough modernist senate. His work gos beyond what is clit inthe aforementioned discourses “Science ncrestes man's ay 0 Jide ad eds hm with secure ta, but inthe end the problem Will never be ‘solved. Iwi simply be beter led oat Man cannot be God, ince san. ‘We must admit how insertable the mystery is an do ged, since this po- duces positive plese and Its an ceve sane preston al growth= ‘sch ber ee dt ofireble myeywas mei ‘emologie! lemma crossing of various sensihlies and vaiou modes Joowldge. Mart combined bea faith in progress, eason, goed deeds, ad ‘hepefectilty of man ("snot enough js tobe bor: one must make one sel" be wrote ins ots XI, 40-41 wit Kantian discipline of wil wit fut educag scene meted to ltarznism at Auguste Comte had done. “The above passage reflects Carl Chistian Fisdich Kraus’ ea that beauty ‘expresses good and tut, a wells the redempJonst bent of Sint Simon end his disciples, who concivedof the post as» pist in seach of hamnan. “lowove, be scaowledges at “the problem Will ever be rslved il, ‘simply be beter lid oot” This sa curing theme of his: humanity i 20 Tages the way ised to be sad “ows no ow ix” andthe nvidolBas ot defined heights, “knowing nether how, nor before whom het vind ‘ate them” (KXI, 26), This dots sii to that of Baudelaire, who, pe pleted by he cossaictons of onal, social urban hoops, ass," curt, cher, Que cherche i” sad answers, “il serch quelque chose qu'on ‘nous pers apple moder"6 + The American Chronicles of Jos Mart ‘A Rationale and Remanticem Accodlng w Max Weber, the proces of modemization was in past propelled bythe replacment of ore system by anther The ied and ests parm cess which eadionallyseuctured human life were suddenly removed the oncopt of detny was decosecrated as human sce was engined aru ‘ane concep: ia thr i sence, no mysterio and unpredictable farce leering and tht, moreover, al things canbe donated by caleuhtion™= Weber termed tis proces raianalaton: the mastery of te mati word, the sysmatizatin ofall mods of Bf the soularzaton of metaphysics > ‘Although itis now common practice apply Weber’ canept tthe nine ‘wax century, the crisnty sounding human cont of space aod ate began few centuries eat. Tes posable wo trace secuariaton ck to the Refomtion dees to saj—to the discovery of America, which caged the coordinate of West ce imowledge drumacally. The en ofaeity mpi athe very con pion of Ameria a the "New Ward" * "Tis dempeicain of he eld trncendent onder ened & return to he ides hit soil ality san de deter by rain, The ies tok oot uti he ighteon-ceaury Euopen Eaihenment In Spanish Asi, reat incamation was perhaps th dona spl of post idependence ‘witing precisely during the stage tha precoles modernism ifone can cee ‘uly laconic history of though ‘Using Weber’ ideas about sodeszation and raonaliation, one could argue that Spanish Amerie modems wee the writers ofthe post independence perio, For thnkes lke Domingo F. Sarmiento, fo xaos, ‘wring was the way 1b console widespread tenes snd dives lu ‘ages under 2 cena anor: the void of dicoure let hy te antiquated Colonial syste aed be files For Stmiesto, isouse was a meas fo ili Latin Americ’ wilferess. He wie “Wom the ay afte evo. Jn, ncedd otra ou eyes a all Seton ina effort the voi hat smust have been left by the destroyed Ingusioe, by vanished absolute ower, by widespresd religious exlsion™ Tn Mart ani Daco's tine, oa the oter band, modest writers satfeed from dgplacemeat an vertigo. Pamir orzo were asta in pepe ual fox If we take it account he fc tht Weber was thearzing fa Ba ope at the da of hs cnr —hie tes were of he ened vintage and ‘consider te pesod from 1 contemporary vantage poi, We at 20 lager eine modernity simply rationalization, The rig of method ante will to systematic began to wane atthe clo ofthe nnstenth ena, a the fll climax of postive, In Spanish Amica, tha we the beginning of another “Te Logic of Literary Repesention + 7 peo, hat of the crambling of eran, he age of suspicion. The modernity ‘hat deine and dene te wears wa a confontation beeen ranalza- thn aad sabjectvam, between the tedious route of dally fe asd mythic ‘comsioses,beteendsappolnzsat nd flint uu: I was dese ‘te consel the eontaditons spd fagmetation of ely desire fr novel. tnd ines change na commopolitn envionment. ‘The lives and dco ofthe moder 2 ona oie guise the nist of echnologial age. They incor the sete suggestions and odes of perception of Gane, de Line, Hugo, Menits, Wide, Huystans, nd Poe, cle ota fev: They became asortof echo chamber forall of West {rn cotre combining serch forall ings perso anew with th est of eadigonal elements. Tis wot torememiber Octavia Pars observation abot the historical fone ‘on of moderasm a smart the (Baropeae] romantic reacon atthe dawn of the nintenth ceatry [Gnd ta thelr version was not a repetition bat & tipo: different omanciem” Iwas loa response o poss an, farther to the ilitaianism hat impregnate Spanish American seool with the ideas of Dox Tracy orem Bent. Beathan' das were par- Tay convenient forthe emerging Wourgecise, sed a hey wer oa te Principle of maximum plarie forthe masimum sunber of people semanas < Adept xiteion™ F Liking Senin Armercan modern to Buropean romani, as Paz, propose discus hei asa governing ston of ear rodueon Tt Ibe oer cla implications at well In Europe, conan was a move- neat of socal pots nd eis, esthete and moral poli. ook place Garin «period of rach major revision of tought Ha We might, folowing ‘ighe cil ea eolanary pod rater ans roman one ight, 330) "Ae egarde modernist espzaly 3088 Marthe Hist formulae he ew poner -Cutirea Gide ssympathet othe Inking of male ‘rit romantic if one considers thse movement revlutonary. He sas, Aewag oa Heigge: nth one Mar wasn revoltonay"=- fh z- ltt we mean, ott ‘the ansformaton” seis has seni ut tha with he eangrmaton be uminaes hat whic decisive Interprets, \ ponders it considers (Gatenen iret 78 emp ed), Tas defi. tin exons be velo when considering the role of molest pots. ‘One deisv arpct ofthe desi wa secularization. But twas 23 treme scalars, fr the peoces that had begun several cents before became, tthe od of Mars rary, the metsphor af the death othe abseace ‘of God, or those art a serch of romance at an andte tthe materi ‘ulgarintion of every if, the abence of God alo meant he end of tine, the lot ofa meatingfl staal proces in human history a its replace. teat bythe mre certainty of progres8 + The American Chronicles of José Mart ‘This void was fied by modernists wit a search fer oto enayca- able of reflecting the absolute, the infite™ The fl of fut and he search fortuemoai tates were paral, s were the need to ook fr mmanence In the word andthe Sese that writers bad no place within the ne marke ivr Socket. Caught buswsen vulgar reality end the dese fer eter the ‘ew man an "the davning of he Birth of newer didnt exaly achieve the redeoming and “define religion” to which Jexé Mart spied. The now ‘man was mowe akin to the amphitian in Hegel's Aeshetcr an amphibish forced o move among conditions ater the dente of aren. 5 Subjetvism, Historic, and Leiimiztion In the prologue to Pérer Boold's“Poema dl Nigra? José Mart sys that ins tinea persona ie fl of ub, lam, gustion, anxiety, belizasty, sm inkimate fe ful of fever, isturbance, vigor, ad clamor hus comet be the Cent sve sad, slog with natu, the only lepimate sve in meer osty” (VIL, 229). Since they no longer believed ina sacred aio ran b> folt ew, men wer lft oerpanie theron coexistence. The experience of sel-umitaton for human beings is ne, in istorcal ters, and even mae 50 in Spanish America, tthe te intoathcotry Span Ama remained Inerogenous, pt ttally independent fom the Spanish seopols, and in reed of covering is Own identy. The horizons of the fiir weld ‘hanged veriginosly unde the banner of progress, making i necessary to tear for gnarl pencplen on which ond wc crde. Al was ebjet to ‘Modernist tlived shat eveything, somehow had o move toward Sl harmony: But th ery concep of everthing entered nt ie Whspoo of cit ihn, Modernist suffered or began to perceive—an epistemological rp ture: thoy no Longer ad before them “established maps tht charted all he routes snd paths and knowlege sel, reviously an invisible elason- ‘hip between the mowing sot and he object of knowlege" woderwent tn inoperable aleraion. Fou afin ta athe nineteenth entry the Westen episime underwen’ a genera estat, whea he writes hat "ihe ‘nowladge of mat should appear ins sian is, as contemporaneous and ofthe same origin as biology, economics and plogy” 349). "The eitrnclogel debate hat examined the pivilegs of sacs a well 1s the notion of historicity, lv incorported soch claims as Hegel tht at Id ceatedto be the frm n wich uth manifested ine tose omtompory issues ed the modcmis to tke a deeper intrest in philology Ta the efor to schiove both social leita and reconclition, they esd snd Wrote about ‘Bhllogy becaese it suggested wecking with ngage ina way that was nt Tee Logic cf Literary Representation = 9 simple signifeaton, Marts comments soggest 2 combination of sate Haar ister profendty od aesthetic sexsi: "Words ave a ayer tt Eavelos them, ht is mages aecesary to get down their bodies, Some- things troken inthis xan, nd depth revealed, Words most be used ti ey ae sea nts depth, wid tel ral eymlogial and pate i tian, whic she only ones robe tht assures hat thee tex presses wil last” (XXL, 164). Piolgits wate language in way tat was “Etlopou ode work of Boogie or archacoogists, which produced param ‘ies consnat withthe sient thn is vogue. Parhetore,pitolgy wes dered as Rentn pind out" exact ince of mates ofthe pi [Phillogy othe humanities what pysis and chemist aet the pil- ‘opel slenve of mater™ iced with tie demise of eveything permanent, tbe modernist writers found in plllogy & scenic med of approaching knowledge, Yet st he Same tne they sve away rom sence ecanse they rejected rationalism 8 tring “a mod fo ole probleme [tnt denies] tn Universal applicability of ae toad ed social tall They hao search for new notion ‘tut inthe intersection of conraictions and opposites, formulating 8 posi sytem hat cold recone eeaigue and emotion the progres of m= {el soy andthe neo fr wanscensence “Thiscuage appv onortmed he pate of epeetaon gent athe ‘Smee te gency of repseaon bape an int hr ae ie eel question te bing et fancanent 9 pokes, dee cold m0 [eine an esas th fom wach al nove coud cnstdbe- foe wad pone eec foro. cane at wc ows tuto douball max Inorg (oan 339) “This oberon wil be eri othe analysis of aos poe. The” cre ash oly way ache ase, b Da expla in Dio- Slacenr' the medion he jet execs and ave wed feck te highest fea expressed wha rts fy Sole x real an het ed open son of tes and ake nell Ws teseniveralsol.veinued he yc insrment ity mom ‘ceo tu am mpafia nan fens asoos an vale ject {he whim of esp ae or etosma ‘an European manic, aw erie dcr te chasis con ceptaf ares anion of tre Slips served buh asa poof dpa {ifr ese crenion and ast vay to ctan Kaede ofthe xis of [isnt wen no mneealaw Tho me erated ken (ras ‘wean Wi he tla sem of represen: the modem id ot teal wh ima Te" ited so Wo argue he neryoveedscouses10 + The American Chronicles of Jos Marth of sions, technology, philology, and terry and cosmopait eon a ‘he “organ ofthe inst” To th exteme indvidnlem underscored daring this pid, the modernise responded by vndaling isa method of Dearing ‘hat whi waste through hat whic was mort athe Inthe ll. "He, Mart alu ha his ow nt. He claimed «ceatvewbjctviy that vas united wit story: “Le us make ou on history looking ato ur sl td that of others looking at herded There wil aways retain, ovr evry phan th subjective muse andthe historcl one” QOXL, 236). Mast thus opened anther “space of condestion” thet sony, unkue represen tation hat inks several asociave cla, and eid a the point of ttre tion of those eas. The space opened ere is that of he etal net mantic nor anonymous, 2s Fina Garcia Mari aply observes, bat ae Collective "that asuned man tobe the “Universe eed, The universe i ka in is warts” OI, 361." {6.The Era of Suspicion Aftiming subjctivism a a sure of subentiiy seted contaicion in the age of echslogca fervor. The moderate ncoporated nto thle en age he avarnes of philology atthe scence of language Ele tey bad Ie off the imation of Nate in favor of the moves of prouction,axording ‘oliteray ete Nos Jk oi thee seach fora new barony, hy incl 1 once ideas taken from Pyhagoreanism the occ, nd Cao eonogr- sah. They undestod techigue rather tha ioepirtiont be the essence of ‘witing, and practiced sabjectiism as mode of knowledge the es ws 4 raehod tac supassed the Limits of ssenoe and connected sbteraneauny lth euments of contemporary though. Mati hielf ned: "This sever. ‘wer an epoch of reorerng so remolding The past century blew ou, with ‘nevi and forcefl ir the elements af the ol life mpesed bythe mia nits uh, which teaten ad excite with galvanic lifes every moment this ex {try of detail and preparation accurate lasing element of the new Lie 5) ‘The conditions and disorder Mart dssibes here ed oa system frp _esentaton that created pew spaces of condensation, swe hee sen tnd Wl discs further. The pst wi lesly inchded inthis excitement fo conse ‘ow ie Uke dhe Wier ofthe Independence ea, wh ejected thei Span ‘shige in favor ofthe French and Eaglishaions, Mat formated he Iieray osgin by mixing ideas sed tecrigoes om these cules with le ‘nents recovered from the Iteraueof Spits Golden Age “Anuber characterise ofthe modems ocaon Between two stgesof| owledge can be described ass lope of teary representation, the acco ‘The Lope of Litrary Representation +H uburlly and Bstorialy determined stsupsons upon wich any linguistic eserpin or chuacterztion i based. The logic of erry representation i In fat any given epochs epistemological system, tbe network of fanart valves aod Belefetat concion and inform the production of knowledge at {hut ine The mos of production af given clase, visible in theses its of is erature, are lntimtey related tote logic of teary representa ton lathe cae of the moses, he lope of repreecation was based upon 2 willingness fo qooton the dominant vale of the nineteenth ceaty: [poaress, postvsm, and scenic objec. Certainly, the modernists Shared moses of ptcepton with Marx and Nictache, by whom the mot fn menial assumptions of Wester pilosopty were brought ito question. ‘Tei rial methods, together wih he evtaton ofthe interior wal oft rials, arte constnative elements of eae ceotary thong Mare peesived a say In fcing the oncoming changes “All xed c- Iatogsip, frozen rpily, with ther a of preudces and old and ene thle options, are swept aa all those hat stp evolving become inadequate fd thy canoe. Al that solid doles itn aly all tats sacred Inde profane, andi th ed, man are forced to contoat the real conditions ‘thd ives and hl slaonsine with hee companions" In playing With Jmages this way, Mant gave a new character 1 theo interaction of oppo ste, persiving that "neu me everything som preguaat Wi Is OPPO site" (S77. ‘Realy was ironic and comraictory. Man bad constructed wots in ‘order to find his om cones and meaning within them. The ator eased (0 ‘es apectator who repeodioed ely by mean of «universal concep Intead hn tempted to diacover i ough his own bing. and, with Nite, a ‘ised that "rom the sees comes all credibility ll ood conscience, al ev ‘denee of th" Tas aie mas many modernist texts, whee oc nt [istiche det infuened them. The relitionhip between moderiam and moderity cannot be taken for ra sitce the frm “node” bar had various meunings Ugh the age ‘Asa mater of fact, Jurgen Habermas args thatthe erm came int we in oer to distinguish the advent ofthe Crsan ea he proposes that “ode rity. always expressed the conscousness ofan epoch hat undesstands ial in oott a the pant, the eu of tansition fom old to new The ‘modems wnderiod "modern to deny particular quality of those wo ‘were fom a roe epoch, lived inthe present, endow al sv themseves ‘emai ransom into Wat which was nev: Puy defition helps us artc- Use thelr relationship withthe tweet century locate the eyo of ‘present lemmas in he modemist malaise: "Moder is a decison a dee) otto be ike those who preceded ws and a wish to be the begining of coher time” (Posten movie, 8.12+ The American Chronicles of Jos Mart ‘The fn de sic wets tly experienced a cis between two epochs. Having discussed the ress of ationaization, e will ow tun to amply ‘nd investigate more thoroughly the appearance of doubt or suspicion, which ‘marked the commencerseat of saath In exploring the mendes chronicle as an element of tanston ito the resent century, We can we the following puramers: heer of dou—f0 ‘ive the contemporary see moi deed ite by Weber's concept ‘atcalizaton or by the hope tht vaca progress and technology wil bing ‘out human happiness. Ou ctentantment st 0 With he oe of tlie: {ng teleological naratves and eth Inthe fue ts the beakown ofthe mage of nits he heterogeneity an dives of te cesses mod- ‘riz. In the nincteenh cer, te shred exjerence of ene, mora J.and modes af erpaniig socal coeistence signed a tension that tained toward ulkimate hanson whereas athe went centry thi energy i= ered and dfs, the possibility of imate recon spa ia doubt “The modomity of our on er ix ote complsted than tht Geseribed by “Weber” "Movers tents expres not only bedazsiement in the feof ecology, ‘but also a theme of exrangement, of being ot of pac ad having na hot lind, ht would ltr be cntal othe theories af red and Heidegger. Here, aswel was the reltvzation of seen knwledge tat wou lad Berd Ruse declare, “Mathematics the seience where no one eve Knows What hfs talking about ori what be issaying tra nt Roan Barthes oak for amathels singulers, scence bse eniely on rejects Ts the ‘epistemological schism tat began with the Hepes iden tat the gue in ‘which de wah exit ean be nothing bat the sysematelsorton ofthis ‘ruth Today post-sructaraliss ashe question, "What ta sfentife yee” and ote th espoese that ony system ba notes aero ® ‘An epstnologial pare had beg, inaugrting “moder” knowledge «| ss prt of “paradoxical uta wit ofthe ist tha “places wx ll wit ‘mackstrom of prpcunl disintegration snd renewal, of bute and cous an, of ambiguity and amex” Bema, 15). 17.The Space of Condensation The Symbol and the Conic ‘Mart observed hat “we arn tne of station, nt condensin; of ix. tue of elements of energetic workings of united element." The resoiion ‘of anew order wl Ads Space a writing, a nll pace of ri, Lalas points ot tate crisis "isuanlated inp ah exacerbation of al he decog al eontaicons... This ideological eis wil warlte nee ito a, "identity csi’ of cial agen Each neo he agent cont wil aang “The Logi of Literary Representation + 13 to seams ideological unl using a ‘sytem of narration’ which isan tes the Mooogia coarse of oposing forex According to Lael, one ofthe posible soistons othe css is that social faction may Geel an Setrpeliton wit all fs impistions and wanafonn its uch ito aceti ‘xm of th exiting ste a pice for etretsing the entire eaog- caldomain “Therefore, we must analy how modernists fomalte the “system of| rato” the way in whic thay arved a ny ater the rope. We bare ‘mentioned tat fr eplzemalopical crack, anagonisi intersections, css, ‘deco, an sytet sytem of aarton Te sytbes es in he ea of the space of condensation. Amocative chins were formed from te devices of symbol a analogy _Mosemist prose and poetry, ot nlite the work of te French symbaiss, de rived «sytem of symbology inspired bythe eightceathceatury philosopher Emmanuel Swedeaborg and hie teary of correspondences: I man Were i ‘olvod ia the lnowloge af comespendences, thea, he would understand the ‘Wor in i sputual meaning. In this way ie would be grated him to woder- _aand arcana of which he ses no taco inthe Iteral meaning. The Word does ‘conan eal meaning and a pica meaning" "This conception ofthe word was siniar among symboliss aed modern ‘se Symbols lke Banelie thought of synesthesia not asthe contact ‘etwoen itor vision sa the divine, bu mera te eonnetion beeen the mind and the snes. In he et, he word tok ona power aka 1 that of ‘se I provoked, by simulating en of the senses, a ulsensory plane of images. Poetry woaldaoqie the exit crete, though the scription ‘ofa sensation, te very seston ise "This nbn war the point of departure for medemist syncretism, which Incorporate nto erary expression procedures and echaighes tht persed ot only fo misc, but leo to pining end supe, Mat mained tat “the wets mast pis ik the painter" CX, 3), Gutemez Najera looked “10 ‘oem with words bd cates fom the Rembrandt cho oppose light with shade tease black wt brian wie Post incorporated mulipiciy of arse tecigues and tendencies into thee wenn to develop 3 peti that woold rect th resent in al is ‘iby, Modeeist txts eplstered cosmopolitan, ant-economistieel- Ja lien and soil compassion, regis, ispnism and francophili, Ltn Americans and tyne sentiment, the eal of popula bres, and ‘more. Along vith symbol technigas were mixed nd even ‘atm, The rele wast assoriment hat anformed teary discourse Sud ereued a space of synhesis” Rabin Dai's desertion ofthe symbol in “Cologuo de ls eatauros” i s prft ws to dite space of condensation: "as in th wisdom of Nature,4 + The American Chronicles of Jos Maret {he symbol join together diverse fom” It was othe proces of wing i- ‘ese element tht modemist stempted—not always sucess em brace duality 8 «system and to employ wring as v point af eacounter between sich antgonsic pals a sprvmaer, hertufouraism, pose! post, oldnew,freignédomestc, "collective, arUeystms of prodasion, ‘ature, mavanimal conformist. ‘Mart himself supported thie thei concersing spaces of condensin, ale though in diferent teams He considered his epoch to be analytical or it «cal—dispersing it elements in dale ways opposed to eps of ah, hich were “capricious syntheses" (XI, 199). Te space of condensation shouldbe understood nota a sytheds, but ath a4 dlc enouster neler stati nor ressived, where "dere forms come tgs” Foe Mast {he movement from rin to syste was succes, spring 1 fin ‘yma: his en was, coicidecally explainable in essa o Marx's because "the perfect gins the one who withthe sopreme power of oder sion expsias both nays and sya without daregadag oe i favor of he other or denying one because of the eter, and ss to te sya by means of analy" (XH, 296) ‘ost asthe image ofthe centaur was the pottype ofthe maaan dul- ly the Ghost ook form in a space of condensation pr excellence, is ‘emis condensation beaut it encompassed all mitre, as twae «ae ‘ur ise converted int singular ad atoms iy. Chapter 2 The Writers’ Role 1h iy ‘The modernists’ envionmeat was the cy, Surrounded by arstortc prov- ines sil eling ofthe colonial past, an ceters grew as bureau Ibs where traionalsutbory Jed» sytem of slnccurs and prerogatives. Civil commercial an legal power was enftcd fom uéua capitals long be- ‘ore indilation had been tngbly consolidated ‘Some Senin American is got tsuch ate, by 1890, Mexico City ‘nd almost at many ababitans as Rome (lose to four hundred thousand) and ‘Boeaoe Ales boned more tan hal millon New York meanwhile, reached “ion nd wah feel ard cmaial cet eae (Reames 250-59) Clan Vali expla the disproportionate gues ths: “ts evident thet he inhabits of these ban centers Were nite anes nor peas, bor wer thy indoor workers... thy served one another, ware employed ‘by the servic artery sector ofthe econo, which incladed domestic tr ‘oer ar wel a ache, lawyers, deat, goverment employes, commer ‘nl dependets,pollcinn, solder, doomen, scout, and cooks "The devlopnent of the rtan service economy hud is root inthe tension seen urban gros and ted social sectors, confit tht lasted ‘dough mich ofthe intent eau. The eliza, comnected to huge po- vil eats know a landing, ited “urban growth, national inege- tion, andthe ceston of « modem bourgecis sta? Ilso Hime land eon tool, which is why urban groups inte eighties opened themselves up tthe Intemational sphere aod pecazed in mercantile commercial cts, f- ‘hots, ad the promotion of ew poods and services Ta Syenish America wszaion sdvebeed acorn to fternatoal com merce, Atte apope of indian, Earope ad the United States esb- lish diet contol overt cousbies in which raw materials sbounde, syured by the accumuliton of capital, the necessies of unchosked ban ow, abd manvfuctring’s comin need foe mates. These foreigners ‘tanfooned Spaish America’s economic uctr by investing capital and em ‘plying ntiooal workers to aval eee whore objective wat na ‘ovelop buster tocstrct. Latin Ameren epi is were redesigned and 1B16 + The American Chronicles of José Harts Peep er Srpctnas nace oetara Set rie Aer Paging rite ee nremrrehany eee a See ee Sn eae Sear ceuencaiae eaieneenrene Zea eee ese eee ean pe in ‘chy —t inant class in ‘economic, political, military, and religious here mean oreo san Se ee ee SSieceenes pay sien ee ee pillicnies canoe ocisea arrest eos eet eae 2. The Redfinition of Discourses Jn Buope the process by whch wits wore spent fom the scl mi: seam began tbe easane, sensor fat bp o pedo wl Iovate markt. Ti dintion beans eaggerd daring be ronan Pe "id when wes dpsed from poe powcr bogs ike ht eaiy {rom hat very lpacement They the with te atte of pt fa sesthticing pate ie aed asin he se pabema sym a ee Senaon. An anorcy of nlgens ce nto ing," carsnai ep ‘eniaion of the roan sed rcepn of syle wes new el spree aplenty far ed ar te sepntion between Sse a erry couse, Hrgen Hames lied tt the bourgeois adel sic vided wht pected tote es vate sphere from what pertied ath pl, Aird pba pica and terest war exalted to mediate beeen he mccies of soi and thoseof the Sine thse would a pomit "We miata of ber ale rons ins pica us of eon Wate 8 wel es oral hereore fecame part of te martet of cll goods For Habermas whowe over tos ee 0 nineteecentiry Esrope-—powe, inthe fonn of he Ste, ‘ond sharply vided om he Cocmmayofcize Thr Her tees ‘Stuthedtemacves nthe space bees he rae opes ed the sate Inthe poblicopce of x sn aa. = " ‘The Water’ Rolo + 17 Aroand the sms tine pero in Spanish Amati, the publ sphere exhib- ited slr habit But i Jon Lai tomo’ view, which is undamental to Ufestnding the cole tht thé modernist weer wil ater assume, the Courses wore not soparte. “Their joumalit was a okesperson ofthe mall community whom eveyone Inew sod from whom eveyone expected. Arguments and posse in fvor of or against he palptating question of he ay" Romeo 249. "When the Belaaing ofthe vost wanizaton ofthis hemisphere in- itcted the separation of poe! and erry discourses, th ers to the soci ‘ey of aman aitocrts were forced wo serch fra discourse oftheir own ‘Sol teak tesa» Habermus would sy~ith he declining poblcspere of 2. Uteratur as Veatlon In Spanish Ameria ier’ tbo is weil for unrstaning fr de sete Beat, bt sme Sinnetions ae neded to locate he social function of the modernist chronicle. ‘ut the hcory of th separation ofthe State ith i vigilant role andthe timation of social ation a th eoonomai eve hough a ideology of ex. hang apps only to England rng «bie io ofthe sneteenh cet. Presa, Habermas fst noe at the te nat of pla life reveal the pertain of dfrent force in constant ruta, The limits off ‘ll estnons ae aime expe: ter for f soci nracton, soc a technology, verse boi practioes, and other ttn contrite tthe ‘enon of vloes (ton ecu, bene, growth If we age Habermas categories tothe specie conditions of tie a lice, oe that win ops i Spanish Americ at the end ofthe nintenth ear wat tendency twat piled couse, as lo indicated by Ke pln, Vale nd Remet, Pedro Hencguez Urea aims tht fi dese o-_ ‘ey sav" dvsion of labor Men of tellecual professions tied to remain ‘lowe tothe task they had chosen abd abandoned pits... And since dtera- face as not ly pofetsion bu voc, mea of ees became oats [st or teaches if et both” tis inartant ose bere the dscusve separ tion of profession and vocaon in reladon to Irate: These nations were Alecsive in sontuting an aesthetic and the soare of more than ane fly fnterpestion of to characterises of moderism® ‘Aboter point wort highlghiag, which moves away from Habermas's scheme, tha, in Spanien Ameri, dure ferentiation did ot mean ‘hat wets abuoned poleal temes. We have concrete example in he texts of Dari, Jose Asucisn Silva, Manvel Diaz Rocfgur, Sosa Joe Ti ‘a, Jot SattosChacao,Leopeo Lagones, Glee Valen and Jali18 + The American Chronicles of Jost Marti Herrera y Retsig. Many modernists participated filly in pois, frm José Eng Rods and Babtomero Sane Cano Jos Ingeietos al Alcides Ar bedi, name ae. "The diference for tur-f-the-cetury writes and milan autos suchas Mart snd Goal Prada was tha lierrre,aesch, became disconnected fram what Haber call the “publi” forthe juclalpeltica operate sor pnb: el, te wr aa ft com good. ag] a pablc representation of pomet"® Weng was becoming 1 practice opposed to the deur ofthe State, Evens, my moder x ‘aye mainaned the polieal sho of erry vepreseuto: a good ex: inp ofthis s Jose Mart -Nacss Amica” Oter tts tat supported ‘State lcoure ted ot tobe effecive more isthe ran of peste han of real power ia leer to fellow writer, Rod cares the panorama of spoilizations| and his commitment to rane a «veaton “Peps you ae not unre ‘of this tagedy in South American Iie tat poses anybody wih a penis is nnd towed polities. Ad don't consider th tobe an aigeter bd thing. I ‘depends upon oot allowing oerelves to be sipped of eur personality" He tne deserts as “uapic” the purndoxcal characte of South America i ary ule, in which the panty or sitredaess of wings valued and yet ‘vere “anybody witha pen in is hand” i called o paricipat in polis Reds final waming i most important poiical engagement etens stip te pero ie “fetsonaliy” and he mit defend his restive aaonomy is he ‘moment of writing Kteratr este dhe evidence of profesional speciation, the modest bad wool range of osepatlons. Marti was &Jouralt, laws teacher, sory tel, walt, crate, politcal activist, dtr, const Argentina and Ur= us and university professor of piloophy, trate and lew. Dario was 2 _graminer profeso, asian, customs agent oor sn foreign comespon- den, pate secreary othe Nicaraguan prideacy, and consul to Colombia. Del Casal was a bremvrt,juralsy and studzot of Herat Siva was a dlplomst and tusnessan. Belonging io Us educated clases was stil uel inthe joo market an helped the moder to obi their may postions ‘The wer saw these pat as mee obigatons, maging o thet creer ut neces othe esnomic survival. As Rams expla, “What the poo abun oned was the mulupliety of fuscuoes that had jstiod and explained, be Yond the posible artic exelece of his works is place i socal fe and ‘is historeal ole as gen wadionlcommunity"= Posty did oocipy 8 place of i own, especialy a separate fom com mec. Porth movers, eo, what was proftble end what was poetic were separate. When they were forced odoin arly terry sper ey ound thatthe category of he asta was esseatl ote. ‘Tae Weiter? Role 19 4. Morality, Redemption, and uty ban sci revolved around money sod practiaity. Contemp ties, ‘Mat cated ther, bose "tere no primary ast ther than ing the pan- {is of hvac siting ina golden cbt and Ling agen Uife” (VI, 22). ‘Contemporary cies jodpe atin relation tothe decalence ofthe tines a yo Ello Wide wrote that at was a ay ofthe inligene, an ab- ‘Tezaro mind that asthe aefuess of xan Literate Was abo ovurtod at an objet of lear and parr, «oxy forte cuted it, ‘Bn ar was o cay out soil fio of sotber Kind. Sao rare ‘warn longera necessary vebile for national ratealization, is new role wes Ufatora moaiig instemet wed beauty to couterict—tyough edie ton, for example the tera, empties, ad amoral that capitalistic Iie xples brought abot Martin Gare Meron wrote tha the so-called cult of Teter was «way to sve cols "who, without templet fac the atl re themselves up lk couresns woth seduce’ caresses There was ley the fsng that tb moder man, having become an animal aborans ad bee tiped of something. Habeas developed the concept of “residual need” «o™, Fer ike untied dss tht were suppressed by the ystems of seeds _) [plated bythe new pilsoptes of sltsm and sates uti mo ‘aA we discount commercial market vale, fasetoned as vehicle {Ssseadow scity with Dobe or ranscenent feelings. I provided poitve ‘Siac tt wer otberwise displaced by quolen route: trans, spon ‘yan alam, Art was supposed “elevate thoughts, eanoble the spit "eted) testis of Bourges ationlization”* José Mat wrote rei ey a EEE. seus dss rapa ross dova ssi whee aie ep nhc mo staal poplin than ny. Fee Solero prowes nen of ain, wile poe ges ep be - ‘Eos te sang foie 135) For Mat art was nota means ofesaping fom life's worries, utetber 8 way {© infect the popelton with esi for knowledge and wanscendeatl ‘Garces, Fr Joe Bago Rod," ene of Beaty, clear vision of whats [ove in ie least abo nd noble derstanding of i Unlike Mar, towete, the author of Are fle tt sn astotic vena and the ove of ‘beauty ave “enon value tobe clad for their own sa" Torte morass. the cla function of at was 1 leva he spits uc mind by selieing them fom the beating effets of routnize labor,20+ The American Chronicles of Jost Maret reserving coma plessres and providing mages td ideas 8 compete igo aad motiation Moves wie agreed on tis peinipe of operating ‘Gonusives fm commeriazaton and monstaisn, They coined with te aaa German lit at tert was Hike the priest of an interior temple ‘Gatec to he values of art sl easy” In hi search for psi hey 3 oched form of besuy "uncontaminated" by rely. As Fse Asuncion ihe sot: They eal ely al het meioce, vil. insignis ep ate Reni! Rea ie Practical met... Horrors. .Tb be pata s focompit toa nasty and iculousenepis!™* ‘SpurshArmican modernist wee faa withthe works of at beng grown in Europea tte, Thre, pty was ued by quas-eigiont ‘Planstafn ta concentrated on commositon and poetic syle a higher Junot th Theories ofthe autonomy of language occupied symbols ike Saodelae, Malan, and Vay, all of whom infienced moderist txts ‘helt gina cstos was ed the Kalan ble inthe aivrsaity of ‘hele and ths fusion of he tre vce oh ety. nd goodness. ‘Thon theories were simuanenusly posttd by both Spanish Krauss qt the Now EapendTranseendenialst, especially Ralph Waldo Emerson.” ‘Nes sommurienton technology andthe screed ease of ltersonsl eovel hope Spanish Arereastdersas wel informed abou ne, osmopO xderdopnens in Hcrtre and cule, ad they too gant propose the sere etry ncoure. They didnot go tc entene of may ofthe Hartpanss however (Hanber, for example, Had wished to wit book ‘Showtnuthing” absolutely daconneted from exterior reat bat made mesn saga th tie fee ts sy) fact, we mat not og that bee ‘te Restagonist of Foss Asuncén Sas De Sobremeso, who repeated Sn hoor tythng practice, was lo prosperos business wit oli a tnv ccosomie plans fr national development. Dario Rims sme to r- Sa see i lation n Canto de i esperanca: “tered by OXY ower, Tre to ble ep in my mind / and angered for space and fri / rom he ze shadows of dng” Dar, 245). hart always dened te exp ormaism ofthe “at for a sak" 0ve- sent Fos hs the wie had clear socal ison; “He mast web ety rahi. to pnih hove who try to takeaway human feedom, or who steal asm the people wit hl lve as, or who wan thei countrymen ede tem Tk sheep and lick thr ads like dogs. Poetry sould no x nether ose apy or ata thou be asf tte wor nd Show that nate besa" (XVI, 349). arty mle istence on neal ve id not mean thet be renounced ccedlete th pruitof testis ad orm It was visto hm tht “lan ‘pe bad bs materia, gomatc, and supra, The ies must it ree te sentence so exaly ts is imposible to tke anything oat of ‘tcce witout sabrcing the same element fom the ides a8 well” “The Weer’ Role + 20 (904,225). Bry feng shou ave is own color, very thought its peise Storia, so that "every emotion asi fet». Willows shouldbe pated ‘Wath ga verse sort of slender, nd th wank fan oak wih rough, ised, {ot profound word’ One of the tats that quaies Mat at & mode poet was wit Jose Antonio Portondo called “the modemist wil ws [Tic miseace on firma precision converge wit the estat the sabes the enence ofl "Tain he cave of Spanish Americ, poet” andthe amiraton of form, shoud ot be interpetd ae love fr sesbai hry a the highest form of ‘Som, but rather san empbaseon he estonoay of poe ngunge. By he Pivse“ttonony of pet language” we eer tothe ext aby elit ‘ones rom sane the prption of beau the pre contemplation of Tie tex fee fom worl distecton, sd fll an appreciation of is s- {hand inp costa, am eer a form? sald Darfo, The madenss believed in posi orm a8 sninsrument of evelaon, an ingortantGxtncton fom the prs of art fr fees sake. Foe the moderns, the contemplation of betty taught ob 0 ap- frosts and ere for he cos ttl, neiling sat of profane religiosity hd daatin into what Dao called the “abythm ofthe immense cele] ‘Sovhuiam’" In Pros profana Dai explins the commen modems elie ‘ahurmoai ew that xpi te word tas a sere of as, separated by Castes” but er as sing immense act labora by a incest Inborof anion” | Rejenng the ultimo tie, moderasts approche society, tare, and verbal nuances wih diferent sensi. They staged to recover (Ue harmony ond weaning that had been lot from cual dscouse. Gute ‘Najera wove, "Beany is ncesniy onolglal: itis boa, iis God” IF beauty was God teat writer was is pret "God reveals himself the sub Tie creo of poets. Using a mteratica form, we could sy hat ‘muy tote artst what perertion ito asait™ “Tus “verses the scr copa Joss Asucién Si wrote. Te profane pot grad he resin ofthe dvi, ax Davo suggest in his “Respono” to eran. As fliers of Fusisr an Sint Simon tbe modernists positioned therelves outside of commercials, represeating themseves a propbets of ‘he fue, ciel of the vices of BoUrens society and nied toward the ‘Phiovement of eats penne. They of rele othe present but ds- Sociod thts fom he ent past hey eniced the vital imagination ith thi att for neue and erences to mythology, al serail by Ths un abialences as Calais inthe ea of seulrzon and coop sais (Gali, 165-69. “Tis was no acne arto art without lection, Rater it was precaog, pollen both, Beat on harmonising the contradictions ofthe tie, they ‘tors othe sabe wich ‘As Nature new, jis disparate elements22 + The American Chronicles of Jost Martt “Th dencaion wih hea of gud lye mers o rete ‘ons ofl ple Ty ee angugs tegen eine Ie rl le Lingo, Koen Dar wrote flowing ns “Cog As cet” Poss profnay Te esis nde ss ll tot esp you, nods, plying yon charming e.g ar oat ede hep hpi Wien tere you coe your eran iy fra fourier ng dom" (Dario, 181). * wns “emit hmv far eon othe “shade sc fh ought hey che o en heme a har ‘Sein tar mace. Te mot wees gop of Europeans sve ‘ing Sone Mart iad finn 18) ont Arc Sia De eb tema 87 1899, Mas Ros son mr 90 nd Re Dur tse Bon El ena Mab fm A (as, 5. Ambivalence and Contradiction Rubén Dao cits Leonardo DaVinci: “And if you ae al alone, yu ae al oer own" Toe wit’ oie canstacts within th text pvt place of ep- {Rseoaton, a refuge and above al reserve in which to Sectode hs. Ye ‘be clamor simaltancosly, to ope hinsel upto cosmic comprebenson “Tis contradiction btwoen representing the private spd the cosnic was cae ofthe die that mot fasinted he modemists. Complicating mater ar ‘er, the spce the post reserved for thselves cussed with he bougeas Interieurthey 9 eal despa. As Walter Benjamin exces it "The boo. {oni wo squnes is acco with reali iis ofc demands the ner fore maietained in his luis... For th private invidoal the priate en ‘vuoemeat preset the wivere Init he galer remote places andthe past. ‘is drting rom ea box athe wold thee In his way the modes, ‘searching forthe subline and uncontaminated, teaded to reproduce Doug ‘bis: hey sought dstaction som ety andthe e-creain of te uaiese in their individ fant Altbough modernists were opposed (the new ‘opts valbes, they seemed to express themselves, metaphorical, with ‘he same cltrl gods the economic efits imported fom rope o ads {teichomes and thir bode: nemo, fashon, exasous and exc images, ‘secumulation "To these preferences the madris aed thee disdsnforvulgasity, ex rosed tough azeiaenest ofthe senses. This combination of chances Iwas aly missodersood a kin he ostentatious and speck sintocale Inclination ofthe bourgeoisie they so despise. ‘The Ween! Role + 23 “This sone ofthe contadcons hat appears in heir wing. AS we uw in she previous super, the enti period wat characterized by instability, ans the, an the sensation ha everyting was prepant with i oposite. The {talon fom arrl soy toan aban oe also implied dart between gual aadnal ways end the emergece ofthe moder, conicive sad {ietube ot wan Moderate ocepid soll postion twas stoctuly ‘Sonrsitry. Whether tough fale, or acces to Knowedg hey longed tbe dominant edaeted cls, but they di not have secure pace in the mining fasing rind gre. no atthe top ofthe wan 0- {Sal pyri iby sommes, the Church andthe military. Fin de ice wit ‘Ss nga nero thesligatcy not he popular clases, Tei ck of| ‘Eton was typi lio of the nw urban middle t,o which they wee Site iscladed(Boudien, 22-73) Bat they were alo instruments, helping to TEptniz the dominant is though the senso of ielogy ical ‘Seeoue. The wetview ofthe majority af th population was shaped by {Goa gatarod fom slocaton the pes and atin ther words, tom te ‘work of te intl geatsin Kaplan 196) "We hae si ha tbe mens eaization ofa developed from se sigue of contemporary sults; however it cansot be denied that meh of thei TE ir ft supported the domiast clases, As Calzto Oyusa, on of he Tasceenowned is ofthe ue wrote, "wong egies a rete eleraon Stine spit ora more exunte elaement ha the contemplation and jo ‘heat of beau” If cxguieenemen” was a element for understand ‘the beaut ten the world oft and aesthtes was neces nsec {Blt the unedocred laboring cases, and avin acozs to cule teefor tmett belonging os cxain elite The modernists were disgusted to see themselves as producer of commoé- ston oud gaan thir wil with the als of Daf’ “rey Doge (Gonipecs king). However, tis rosin oF Ge bourpoi di ot ingly tht Bey were wetng for tha masses ft wee ot fr their conics, seed fons pu apace of dally new, be maderists wouk! have reached ely the mos culualysopbisttd oie ougsis society rengszed he moraiig fancon of atin principe bat inet poetry oociyed amines and main pac in Spanish American ‘Sul. Many writers complained about th dicuty of fading someone wilt {gto polish fcr work, and about the vey Limited edo that were gee tly peeed nis Aubingraf, Daco remembered is expicce in Boo- Shou Arex “Whoa lined tere, pabishig book was a tremendous fea only ‘Poulble fr someone ike Ancorena, or Aleaz, or Seatamain, 1 was ike aying a tfomebile now, ar arace horse... Eos? Not wove odemist poets were clay excluded fom th book industry. Even ‘tera epptd in fil spheres as Leopoldo Lugons didnot hve much24 + The American Chronicles of Jost Marth , ble respons is pblizaons. The snd cones of a guerre sou ‘Esthave ben bought y the Minty of War the Mimsy of Poi aor ta, nd be Bdcaon Coe. The hw les of mods poor cate stint ako eer ‘pine more rele o essa vocal wen Spnh Ame ‘eonmrets Miguel Cae sold of thutod cps of lve fn few dasa orl by Eugenio Cantos to ui eosin eck Ie gen, Ethrdo Gutter’ ua Mors “hd apse ano ‘wo thous copies of tarts Pry le Heme Pes 9) ‘Slo gues ae sgn not alten iy ae an nen de set Whats imeesing that hy ee modo wi rapes tee Idi of wring adsl exgaganeat twee spor ot tine {thy he become ier ity. Monee and pec a ta ‘em, ele, clio, a Mtl Scien pedal ta of teeny Sesialottrry quand sci commie "toner touneatand ter sic of modems pat, we mat se: workin omer sony which wat ol ta Europe tends some ery stressed, We tt sh oe siete panorama of cotengayluty potion Spi As, ‘aah of whit ws marked by a ely feet deny of hy tor ad funtion. While ode wes wee peal exo e Seok mete sagopa porte ors wa eng pled ling wes at showed athor indore madosnr seat Innovations an eens of tal is, ware onl ot staoes long wth eal and ati tx tat mere etsing east ‘ndachivng commercial sucess, wos fet om te mae oe Grinds Mato do Tunes ve snd, vel aoa dpa of Indgenoor puopls in Peru Other example in’ Gea, Mae ay Los bones deo Flt Masel Samia’ Zar, Laci Vice Lipe's La les grand, oe Les Porto La pr el edricoGunbos Sa, Bugeio Camber Ba ange sd it ‘abo, Casas Reyes Beba an a chaca by Mame Zo Gal Those ‘ominperioous works erent ey of etna soley ead 8 ide age of este and clog potions Batted ses ‘city presen in modest wring, ich wy ea cous era Spottt henry eon a Ge sol tag" 6. Against Mental Cliché [Modernist pots itrotced a new stan of represeatation ito the soci ‘imaginary, a plete of cosmopotian and spbiststed sensory lage that ‘The Waits Role + 25 sexes tte ten Pe gettin erence oe Suianet Bahram Sites Sta ese Satincomenieancs Stee aaa ne eames ee err soit oem rece Speaecetcraicioniarmieaae Hiei anemia cae ‘Angel Rana vere the terms of thse efsitons when be gave a posve einer sake cores nocache et eaaeroeareree mens Sihepet Ranana Sector See en meme done Tiny rg temd eat ese wos cel te ie adhere wee gi ow pons is itieeitn aires eine SStriioarohaencsan fees rae paeerummnrnaae emit ae ete mee ca ee Spiros cn eenam os at ese aeeeecee nant simimamms corte mee Soom eacenat enema cnet etacaniatecaet ee Seether saenaenmes ere Fanaa cee touas matress tones caanaes See eaeeeerrens soci gti oeeeciocame Saino ee erect tnnlepean cern taa anaes Sienersmcntaminm meres Siew tae cariaeearteremtins Sie aecegenesaors Sot mreeesore MEE, sipemrice eee neice eae featnteerentreeceh eee heme26 + The American Cronies of José Mari Both themes’ image ofthe werd andthe ani of tir poetcs were conned the isa of progres, the dzling new frontiers of knowledge the ‘tue af indastilzed counties, andthe psctelcapaiies of man. Fa ‘armors, modems refed the pain of tansfomaton. and fused de Seto regain aelng or the soblime slo crest ew spaces of cndensation Ina world where everthing seemed fps ‘Moh of their weg as confession maced by «touch ofthe Baude- Taian dandy asin these ies by Casa “I Hove aly wretcd beings, The Innppy people who ze ssid with hel ives Gn me thy saddened mo say sgst me.I abominate ter wth aly sul" Modernism varied according othe ator andthe period Max Heriqae ‘ret commend usefully on he mull le oem trate Ine scond phase an nese poe uff t “py” of xy ‘mole: ee peso Si ects at toe anion, eee ‘teal mysty ocd ead, wie mame ine anos dei wees ‘enely Amen atc expres praise, Capra li sd nbs ‘tte people of Anco, unssing tar wer, esd pe hse mee oe {ng the language with ac™ . ‘There were individual difrences and illest pid within modernism. How, thea, to ascertain that thie groop of cretrs from diferent counties de up srving the inerets of the Bougeie? Tn general and not only i the eae of modem, istran hve limited Ahemselves to analyzing artifacts of “igh culture a iliratons of sociopo- liteal developmen ra reeconsof dominant iealgy. Butt analyze ey ‘he boupens aspects of ertre isto imposes misleading homoge upco social discourse and assume tat social cases have “pure” “neces” ot “paradigmatic” ideologies (Laca, 103). Fredric Jameson a tum engin thatthe movemest ofthe soa eaexinence of aos ines of pr. Scns abtsycroonn io eae hiya dle ‘The modems entered the market a produces of keoogy "Teotogiing fanetion’ ithe exact expression Rama ues o describe thelr sail role in The Letered Cty (110, bt ch an expesion ca lead to consion especialy If we tino accoun that a lage portion of the models work was pub lisbed notin the limited collections of ter poetry but nthe fret ly res, with al the power tht jouraism bao sbape the sol imaginary, The confusion epuing produces and wansiterr of Sdeology stems fromthe iden ectvely refuted by Emesto aca, tt all dolog dom Int We can also say that al teats area symbole at rprevenig broad, ‘The Waters’ Role + 27 clas basd ole tht he ets someting more tan an individ po role, Athsser hes ered the tana maest notion that here 0 50- Slaton tt does not epodice he modes of production, which wool ug fot ht the moderates were fated to reproduce the ales ft market fst (Altus, 9), Aloser’ theory doesnot ake int aeount the fat thet there are sectors of the popalition inspired by sn cology divergent fom the domant on, and htm every soil astm bere are inividaal whose tank tis to oppove tat syste. Th, in order to uadertand the ambivalent sd teterogcneous ideolirng fue” of te modernists itis bet oer tora definition of Seology such as that proposed by psychologist Jacques Caan Lsolgy isthe mean by which he subjecatemps to beach the gap between pits experence and be colective™* “Alexi can bee asthe wring of pr-eiten ideological Msteal ber and ab daloque of social aagonions Jameson wes defi ‘Hon extremely enlightening for moderism—ut designates a “cultural ey ‘lon a the moment in which preoalyeoaxstag modes of production ‘bsvome lly opposed or atagonisi. The vision of antagonisms canbe ‘ented wih th nde cle Sponith Amerian soley and with modest, ‘senses: madera cn be sen as sigacant ambivalent moment of Stance ote Bourgeoisie. “This is ot what Joan José Hemiadex Arregui though. Toh, modest, texts were “he lacy tt the oligarchy ads to is upstart caroity for eu Tore Joo nis Romeo asus them of being pootealy idealized “ass ares” (290) "These ideas seem to coinelde with our previo icsson ofthe modem. is" elton tothe bougeise ad thee epesenaon ofthe inreur, they ‘woud seem to exphin the appacn vaiy of many chronicles produced in Spanish Amoi by the modems. However, vay and nary wee aio {be “umasng enelope”—to me Baudlare’s expression —of masgaaized tectr spite He wat ot for voting tht Grex Girard refered t the ‘modernist at “ecoomic oles” This group, pour ater le bourgeois ap ‘roped elements of boorgois clare pecsly o express opinion agains the boargciie® "Tatonal Marte conidr writers as dz produces inthe ieoogial sabe crestor of ecg taal goods Bat his deat sig, a Tamesoa ha showa, beets the idea of is tpe of goedsconnins the ‘Sampo of a nivocal nterpreion. Ax Foucmiiomclly commented, fering those who len or Mack, Hegel, td Feud, “iss Foaishoes is © ‘aioe that al thought express” the Sasology of ne cls 328). Farther ‘more, ss was dicued in the previous apo, thee vas no hegemonic dis ‘Cousei fndesitte Spal Amaia, trae several verse scouses ‘within he dorian ls(7B + The American Chronicles of José Marth Inthe case ofthe modernists, itis clear hat they adopted a semi oficial postr of insulting the process of moneteriaion ad rection” Noose Jes this is avery ambivalent soe the tray selon they prodced po founly changed Spanish American cure, which makes untenable the dea that hey sided with contention. A he same tine it is unerible that they sang the pales of opulence, eputdly using ajectvs like sees "te" exguiiey” “eines nd especialy “ante” Today i swell Known bat tei aristocrat inclinations were 2 way of tacking the valgaiy f the bourgeoisie, Atte tum of the century, however the bourgeoisie was not Yet folly recognized = 2 distinct social group. They were frequent conuied ‘with the merchant class ofthe rain ele, ad as a result mch of the ‘modemis”ctique was misunderstood In any event, the stort tobe of ‘auch modems wing tended a look down upon te populrcases aswel, ‘malig the wir sce decidedly eis. y Asher agpet to consideris the preseceof he sparen moder it- cerur, used «wy ef overturning the dominant vison af th word But salu way of evading realy, an interpretation soporte bythe fet that the majority of modems stepped ove nd beyond the mpoversieg masses. "Real de Ain also observed ta, with ter passion fr bilan, modea- {sexed Sgures of real or psential eroes—an these were not aay he ‘expel ear. But his tendency was based on their nee for new men and went agains he old oliguchy that sapperted the goverment of tei "in heir umbivlence they both warned agaist the dangers of mpi sod exalted te Uni Stas a5 podel of progress Inthe spt of wlversa- Jism and search forthe anoctogoos, they—Marts included found them sels dealing Spain, “disco know to wate. they were ‘conscious hat with hs position the validated the worst adsione of beta, atc ged, sed, and sup arog, which thy st able“ mani "pote aod ie” (Real de Aaa, a) "Anotberof the secusains aginst moderns shat proclivity for oma ‘mentation was a mere exibition crcestted withthe deminds ofthe mart ‘nmin. Worse sll iste suggestion that theve waters finding themsaves ‘overveled by te laws of supply and demand that were imposed on may ‘bythe regular abr of oaaais, wee incapable of cing tht hs aor pox vided tem With new ier forms and instrumens, ach sth brite "We cannot engage in achonisns snl expect the writer of the pst 10 ‘conceplizegeares the way we do tee. Nelthr can we ak modems not ‘0 vow joumalism as ¢ form of slivers, or—like Geto undead tht imide them songs. "What s most puzzling abou modernists objections to jour Ito de fie situation bey wool ve prefened: ‘The Ween’ Role + 29, ertapitsthe hatin of the Satllyindpesent nan of ters in te Mile [Apt Oe Rennie it Slater bec soght Perhaps it was th a of (SF Brien ce pte he lanor of Gorn at se of Dene {Sor ies uopal Wear tcoldbave bea te pong of ome gterous Mee fn fred wino tng ine, lene Das nc smi is siya, (este az xv. ‘re pea he coms Dep he ly ei ‘Dei Se samp farm, hn oso lee ot Shas mcp ta mt ssy.Ar a y ol rancor atu eso ey wee lat ter de site of tag ny 0 e ein Tiere Teter rach wns Hof chon nb id hat ode wes ames pnt iss at ars pn om epost suo eay cen te they sug ee re ergs fain eas wie Seg ee Spas ote st tent coy Oe eee nat eee ene spe hr Bere axa sie on be ly pc oor neni Satur ft ee nonlonof won e Deanery. Man ‘zh eS Amo mr to pe See Doc att iu tan Dongs arm SARE be hastens cnn ett: mot caste cman, beer cn min Aner ced Sati itt lu bose ae i ae oe ae asia steal eng Sp anne ‘hacen ein pss ane a atl at Be ‘Rebtel hs oper bey pepe ton ceo rants o ype sss td an eed exif te increta canes at nse can oi Do as ‘nrcc s meon os even Te com seers a eee tirade a ‘Siscinptoc we ofsuntng be apogee a ee ‘Rete of Noo og oe [Deseltcm oy trem nomen ee dice oe en * ‘Recetas For ron jing Cae {Sedo ele ning mena an cre i ie ceric cn So mle weed nh SSIS peer naey hve on es ened30 + The American Chronicles of José Marté fnporting and iting Sign ton he ot ind tr wo aid he fenton of procs hat Ferman Ortir abd Ange Rams tr eid ‘ranculoarin Inet words, odes sstblihe oe of te m0 in eran sates of Spanish Ameren ieee: tr clei approeaton {teen rm trent cures, ans, nd gees sober he st led erry order nd ultly cel anew one” Chapter 3 The Emergence of the Chronicle Wt hes yo te on wing? May Got neve allow ie 1b be hin wood es despa. "esi Gtnorahieto werk wih one ben, ‘oh tis bononblet week wien arms andes ati oan ean Bats Ae aie so (Etats Nveaber 938) 1h Lies of Spanish American Journalism From the postindependeace period though the 1880s, Spanish American owapaper were atinaliig fore in herr publce, Commercial alver- {iemeats occupied lie space covering onl cross and Ieaving compet tion op tool aversng Thad coins with Sombars deseion of Barope ding the sme pesiod: "The didaguished polishers were averse ‘reat the simplest commercial avertsements; publcy washed belnde- ‘Sen Joule discourse ring thi peiog was drt inked othe pub- Ee cmergenes ofa goupof pve peaons"Inded seat nd emerging cal tured bougeaisey who cse forward wih conomlsagends and plans for evelopment. They legtized their aged sing the language of easoa and freedom of speech, which inter case meas oninervention bythe Ste ‘Their metbod continued though the modernist psd ori fit ive yrs Argentina's a Nacga, fr example, founded in 1870, swat a mouthpiece forte Partido Liberal. This party as dominated bythe ‘Mice any wo wer the owners ofthe newspapet Bourges and pole! publicity di ot efor, ake separate ways Journalism bre the stamp of {he “pay of moibles" a group of edced and inoental month neloded ‘ergymen, professors, lawyers doco, teachers, pharmacists, manufac, tnd ndowacrs, Tey fern plea lbs, topical coalitions, and electoral “socatona The muber of profesional pltisans was rdaced dorng this 332+ The American Chronicles of José Marti eid: forthe “genemen pales was secondary cceupation,butnonethe- [es oficial eered Gequnt rept to the mewepepe. "Thus the project of “easoa” was not Lied to organising lforation, pinion played fdas prt these clued papers, wach were wait tea, in le part, by waters. Sich is the case with an Mae Gasémer, focder of La Nacin Argentina whch diely preceded La Nocén A ped: otal spit srfsed these puications, whic found poli education and ‘he consolidation of national deat aman te aon dae Newsppe e for made pope wha ora ae th Roman The pee at ‘enced he upc and pn wing hs oped the pln wet, an he ae Abels or, dire vis the maps of gene a aiero move te sos of sever lon iene romance ay bf ans whose in Sap sine sae eps he fo hesing Task joa, ge ‘ewe fr ana sna of ced han for wins” ‘As Haber bas expsne, with be conslidatio ofthe bourgeois tte, the press began to detach itself fom the goveramcat and offical opinions and epun t ated to pros tke an otier commercial undertaking” BU in the ccf pn Aen iil tr thei of oer press dicey related to the “consoldason ofthe boureais Sat” since fh s consoldation is questionable eves today. Moreover, economies {nm led to authoritarian regimes many ofthe coanies of hs hemepers, ‘making tfc to detach commercial enerpises fromthe State Whit i {tue, however, that sound the decade of he eis, the Spanish Ameren ‘retundervent change silo thao writers: Boh cored o set Sate osogis. Mart wes legato varied he jmped fom advice boat lexp- hg int wo new types of porcelain frs good ca set to was, the deta of [ntemtonal pots elacadon attr, fashion, amd expecially scientific dvences and literary vloes. He never cca to refet upon ccs sd te man sondon snd he wiote aay wid afl images exhaustive infor ati, mardve grace, ands apis in wich the smallest etal teed to48 + Tho American Chronicles of José Marth F Sarmiento for whom wsting wae modemizing, or mediating betwee c= zation and artis (Ramo 3-57). In order to moderaiz, those wo con Sicng worlds hed to be bough ino harmony, On one band, ere Was oh = tempt rationalize society by imposing des “tat were fa fom ping sry of those instructive and humsaly natural fection of the sal” On the aber hand it was necesay 1 incorperte te stage Other ino the maton by transcribing th poten word of tov who wee net pert of ere elie Bt ‘he rnsciber hs gover ben eat and the words of the Other appeared as if wansforbed by distance and cifercaes saborinated tothe norms of West ferrule, Once writen, se words enter the game of cal tonal, {eeogniing te conditions of possbty ned the anipation of another cde” ofthe project of subduing he heterogeneity of couse. Inte new ode at fess the Othe Is subordiaied othe dicourse of evan, othe spaces ‘cpio bylaw This owas in Palma’ tents a wall ae those y Cuban co- ‘tombs wre of the 18808 ecuding Joxé Quintin Suz Jos. Trin, Franeico Valeo, and Francisco de Paula Gelaber™ Iz Quan Sure "Las oso the deseo is dawn apres mature, a ft were a pit wth Sun The theme isthe disappearance of wadioal ral fe in the face of “alos, eleprapts, telephones, and all te oe dlghs of civilisation” (Gueno, 45). All ofthese changes ar aro the process af emocatization nd for hat reason spposely limite acl clases, Bu t Quit Sazarc Suggests, yin ality only degrade the lower clases by suppig aay tee ‘ail chao th por become merely dmatve nd oe thei beat. Tere Isastong sese of nasal for he past nd a dese to preserve local wats, olor, and eas. a Quan Suzarte's formulation, the atu! man—the creole descended from European ancestor fl of quaes hat need tobe clio. Thi is not a mater of imitating appearances or of sing hard werk and educa to ‘The Emergence ofthe Chronicle + $1 tum te soto ving in moral cist no a sigue fail. JB ‘Mays sEl ene” (Tie cache) so wes any descriptive aleve epic terms bt tren etna “Ls naj” A ‘Guiles woo the pt petal on-xste,bt iose fats Serene by curt who bob wes sad so knowl ‘once n popu cua nd marci soc is ngnge i ae om onied road an esine! operas end Weed th sein od: tool ch elower aes ng supa by the vir {uesefcomaton si pgrss leo Zanes snouts ese trun, Te usr peal appease oh reader comment on th te, adiesngsert'y Ne cw scl las, the acts fea feces tl ze of forge nto, "Zacks puis e ome fmoienetn by talting moder" ari of band tame bat there m oe peer econo eh cso at are cen 8 ipe= ‘rea om pst Tit combed wih an abet rer oi belt in he ‘Pane cblieof ropes” G30). De Pala Gabers "La sla de ‘omboisborm of he ame adonlzing it, bot losr natal ine ‘ow he Ot “he infer, uncatued ting” no ager sage who thst te vies, bt sees oe whose sydney his of br ‘leionment ‘ter yratsaehe Mexican celles ofthe ine. Gulemo rt s.rtmascn yankee” (The ice sso, 1875 and “Epa” The scam, ‘Aaya el wih epsenting the Ose bt ine wii In ee hones he matric sed wien Thee we soa = Son ceed wi eis sein, Tey peg saan bat conn 4 Star cata mestge ne conden of Inpealin.Theyephaie {Toller nd epee the pstin toms f he it’s ineecton wih he ‘Senn peopl epeting tant uty 8 ne ain be eto {frig nunc, Aliogh Polos language oe nate eee ‘Ecce between ir sl oer sobre thos Hn he teed ‘arta he mney and system of repesenttn. Tis i ‘ots inthe cae of gaa Manol Alamitos ‘Una vt a a Cada Se ts Par (Ast to he Ducks Candely 1859 Altman’ araoe Shc eran inincy and ren comp) with is eles by essing fh cpay te cal ap ssl ca The Ote, however etal) Sec ota rata by Pogson nod of i enistce he en {tatpopes or molknarein nut connate totais the beef is Chonie By js ping tel of ine th suroais Meio Cy wih ur peostatny is sua coodton in Sp, te marr deus he ca ‘Soins sgn ces pf ats ats" forse be foes Tet ocesioally sarge leant part he cy Avaher contmpony Mencan chon, Angl de Campo, employs wally erat syste of|) SL + The hmeian Chronicles of Jost Marth switog His “El fslaniento” (The exeeton, 1894) desis mans dea Win Eh inpeesoniste plese that the acon seems suspended, in ober TaRSihe eft is 2 skingly sual that th text seems to Tose narative ‘Moveimes For de Campo the topic fe buts prext his obestive so desrbe aoremlasy borhan lo sommes The milly i represented, ‘Pe rth gomon people who wines the excin, a hes represen ‘peso he new urban sans ia, solder, and arepster, who pest Sh Some Thre isa sytboticopeston between the wan andthe wie veh eucouted man who “eloped desperstely, caring co ber back cid ‘Jno lnghed gg oer aid The engine whl once mor fom the creams it of ake, afer owing slowly in the a, ll onthe pin de he ian sigh of happy, be sping y™* 5: Marti and the Press In Spanish America ‘soni so win Mart ine wa aw populate sn cite. aa tenth coma tadtion vas mach mor compl with he ro pa econ an snes work ws Atop ot lof be see shred he for inpatient be ong ad the aaa Pa in common shold te adn geen ems ha Beir rane sum skacies were les el ofthe dominant nt (er ninacent ey soi Bebvers inde and prog ye a convnng ole tnt oration shou be ered 1 te Othe: Tere pe cnn Bgeio Maa de Hoon, for whom rai al 0 ats mts ofedunng and mowing, mstaed the cvietionba ae tony Hs plngopal Reva de Pancico V. Agee” a Dat anc. Agee pracy spats inte et oft Ea creer tie cc Ald ocupicd by ¢ defense of rab, Iw he ‘a lect among, abe ooo ain. The bec so oct rors Ager, epetets te very est fe popace (ons 36-29. ee ee nesta appropiate tea epoaan, bennett deep eognize he eed sean lel Rermae inca oto" Bu om, abet enon {G¥or cont of devinghusan types exo S=ney, oleae and Ge Son Sa my eter Spih Ames woes nether Sia wees cone ponte pop poi or lis Ste ey Ene tap ay inbaocetc tems such wt pros ‘Sheen th ciiaed and he bare ant sew aman pes acoing tnx monlly ins eae et cne forename na eral chino™ OC, 77-78) ia “The Emergese ofthe Chonicle + 53" the mates ported on Brooklyn Bridge, or he series onthe anarchist strikes bythe "Cataloo del Tabeo”(Ksight of Lab) a 886i which German migrants ae oot teted Kindy, Bot pejuces sie, th epreseation of ‘anal ype” was aot he obese of hese texts. in gneve touches te given in pasting, a aoterbrshstoke in an impression pening. I ‘Mac red to detioete a humas “ype” twas one that coud ise up 8 a ‘modem-ay er. To ds end be went beyond geographical iiutions and ‘Gedo uadesfnd fom orton, wales, plisins, pilosophers and all tary men-the intra ve tat roved thom 0 sac forthe sulie fn he nit of indian, These "Wes" id not exist solely through thee ‘ros or habits a nthe costombrna txts, nor ace they a mitapbr fo he ‘poop: They ext through ther passion fr whats grea, for Liberty or Ni {sr forthe sbi to eanscend edocs. Bach ipe" elaborated fom a ‘eal proof, bt oe whore specs biography dos not pater mac; whi Tater is eeting an example Ae Mar said" don't eae aout the tops ‘ong the human raoad tht se up and deszoy the cmveneaces ofthe i= ing care abut the stu, wich i changeable but fe, at keep the tain moving” (CXL, 186), Tot Js why the sccunulaion of concrete referent Fc oot evenfl eis chonicles, Marts system of rpeseatton dies tot only fiom the sytem ofthe other chrceizis, bu so fom the ober lst polite alongside hs ova Ia reviewing Lt Opinién Nacional fom ro, for example becomes clear ht hs was sl be newspaper of th ie Instious th dio fora cerning, bea ls © promot is des. Tk thd ot yt been “profesonalied” at newspaper, a it woud Inter, i the sense of eling information “Although is tue di he wircopy in Lat Opin Noclonal consisted of| ots ee, many fis ets were sll etal. On Jasuary 16,1880, the ‘per reruns plese orginally published in B Hlspanoamericano ented “Ex- {ehor —Mésio, eb In actin” (nteeatinalnews—Merico toy). The Dewey is charcezed by short sentences, fe adjecives, anda focus oa ‘Bc ie comtet covers many ofthe obsessive hemes of Mars work the css of comtemporary lie, Nor American inpealisn, th necessiy of ‘ceting nw and elé-saricig mes. Tae writer invokes the image of Cis, ‘rea tothe point of cling Boia "the Crit ofthe Souter edema” in ‘ede to suggest continental nity. Americas represented as Pardo sai- fg now Adam This ew Adana ist appears o bea igure for dacation, tut oth end rpresets instead progress, ciation, aod commerce: a thre embodied inthe dictator Parti Diz. This wie asin effet reversed ‘Marts srteny: ether thon posting conemporary Sigur o vet 28 4 pe- text to speak of ales and dea, the writer of México, la actual” ap- ropes phiowopiel and poi ases a sbetxcl base from which fo Ianoeh is rapport of D254 + The American Chronicles of José Marth Cte texts in Za Opin Nacional in Carns, ach athe ections abot the United Sates published othe fon page on Mach 9 and 1 ae sna. The mala tris ropes, education in eas of Bropean and Noth Amer jean cae etson, commerce, sh indasey, andthe teat of imperialism {fom the northern nego, The language ie fnctional, supported by author ites soch ss Hogo and Gate, an has the sme objective offer the pop Tac the nvesay eduction and work o accompany mademization. “The frontpage ares polished ut 182-~such as “Les partidos poti- cos Political parties) (August 25, 1881), or "La libertad depress” Freedom ofthe pes) Febrory 25,1881) are unsigned and take an edie ove, at lke prosened inthe fat of now, The oven is coasistent ciation ‘Sq well being, and we needa harnoaize social elton, if between 2 Soviats ina mercantile company, Nar mae maa ree node fo ain that iced, the Stat mist ak ceo hough ews, which ae de ams of reason and of te malty that chanel he ederwie unconroled masses. ‘efemptonl end porivet spit infuses a of is "The pepe of he time presented psnorma of rationalizing discourse whose nistence on edcting for progrese sms ike at impositon af “oeign nor and «toggle against Soca ely. Mad responds to this o- fitvist clamor by eding the Revista Yeneolana in Caras, a magazine (etiatd‘o celbrating Venere ise, praising its hecoes and its ature in ‘Snow language and defining the local no intr of eviizaton, at ether ts memories ofthe nation ands pa. He posts wadition asa, book, man, fenascape and eo He declares he iasation fom the psslon of domestic politics and his dedication to grander things, tthe superative, tothe pot, ff th new wel, “whose genuine channels and sources, more naturel ad Drofound than thite of ny poetry now, certainly donc hie in those pale oaks fehl bots shat come ous fom wvort-out lands (sy ems). He Isao connected withthe Bolivar tuna, bat his hope so find freedom fd new divinities in Nature and local istry At fit pace tac ke a joke of exteme idealism, but is projects 0 radically opposed to thei tational power thatthe Revista Venezolano bardly makes it i second {ssc in the fist, Mart had praised the wter Ceo Acosta, who Wasco fideed an enomy by the dcetc Guana Blanc, The note enough ous {ty Marts expulsion fom Venersla and inaugurate his long carer 05 & coespondeat. “La Opinin Nacional also employed » gest corespondent who signd bis work “Hortensio” ie "Revista pla earopen san asemblage of ite Tovmution and tibecl opaions presented without meeto, sin anew re Physically, is "Revss” esembles Maifv North Amerianscenes—hsving the form of eters tothe itor ta ar signed aed, nd receded by som rary—tnt, une most of Maris chronicles, which presented an oulne "The Emergence of the Chronicle + 55 rade up of subudes, Hortesio offered uve summary, albeit weiten in a telegraphic syle, Here is oe of Hortenso's samsmais, from Febery 18, io: Spin Ines n Cabs — Aan Lasoo rer on te nd — Ren fe serge members of Congest stato of Spun ae Coba—The ‘epic Oto ecards inte by doctrDalvs so Spin “Te Emp ‘Bigena—Plded stan race~Dewh ules Fore ‘The folowing is by Mac, fr the same newspaper, May 19, 1882: Death of arson —The eat Anarene is ed —The peso nd ot, Emons pure fe id, his dene, is fry hose lec evaay Me sof ie mets Hs tii eo x ‘dnc boos‘ —Whai if? Whar ees —What nr Rare ech {So Paleo o tempt df henen?Vire el bse of ‘Se Une His wy ofaing Tis wonder ves, Marts sumsmiry more clotly resembles the kind of beadings tt preceded novel chaps the slntenth centr, Using the secons that make up he ‘woe rater thn sma he information Infact, hoo fll the ‘ase eguremea of ging ths wes of Emerson's deat, thi sata repeaed, suggesting tat th summary was ot meat a text wi autonomous vale, ‘5 Horensio’ was, or eps Jouualiste sammy Raber Mat bo: ely dependent on th exe small index ofits cote (Coen La Opinion Nacional withthe Boenee ie pape La Neca yes sila results. Despite La Optnd's commimnnt to becoming com ‘meralized at an informative matin i ong remsnedthe plac wher cele es voiced hei options. Although La Nacin copseatate on Arent’: tutional ssves—the probes of immigration sad populating the wits seaera rst was th same. From the poston of «pieged "we" La Nace fale for progress, promoting soil equim at wellbeing ond“ ply” fd suesiag the aoe coatol chaos With elas of coasseace and season ‘Once agin tbe theme isto impart habits of err ad freedom tothe masses. ‘Wi this eatril postion, La Nacin polished a minus of news ade. tori fteratonal news rie chronicles, store, serialized novels, and et- sol lets One ofthe tes ll attention titel fortwo reasons: et he ‘be dateof ts publication, and second, the identity fits auto. The place was fpublad on Ocaber 8, 188, by which ie oul ad supposedly boon ‘modemized and ths, opsonized. The autor is Domingo Samieu56 +The American Cronies of Jost Mart “The author css himself asthe Sst person protagonist who emerges in all of Tis colosdl grandeur a edopades is opponent, an exicple wham eas fer in tis let His eatepy eae: bays te opp of what he means very tur, with the reader compli He resorts o expression in oer Sacguages and foreign toms of pase peck [in English), homo, jeanesse nuit feo, dollars, passe part, genfenan), caons of European 3 thors bn especialy of ins clita, opaions, and statis, He arte, wie history, ite varios leis e has received, and deseies ‘hurcerunngtheeappenrnce toast thie prsnalityor codon Fe fern on educating sad izing and stacks the clergy and bart li namalgar of ses that ship fom corespeadence to omer, the ey, tnd bck tothe Teter o he anecdoe, ‘Semiento never became prope chronicler during Mart’ tine, though te ocipied extensive sce onthe fost page of Lz Nalin. One who dié Share the cinder’ role with Mat, was the Spaniard Emi Costa, x eign conesponest a era writer a wel. ister practiced the postin ft new er ro on concades fer glance ata text och as "La eyend Gz iacienca Ce leped of een), pblsbed in Lt Nac on amoay 20, Te abounds in apes od omparsons, soc as: Poetry resembles will (thoi in that tn nly thro cemeteries and is crowned only with (he willows and eyprestes of dea” He construct naturel atlegies and ate tacks east ata mantels inorder to defend the conection between Soy and soul and tsscendence ito the eaves, He works with oppor ‘ons and immediacy, and makes the muse-mueum cbviows, He ouch 0a ‘Chrtan snd pagonsythology, exten, and ilsrons Nor Ames them He units science wd ne pos, rin “when he tas descended into feescopes like sbipeo tetas” “A of everthng cn be found in “La leyenda del lencin”except fora syste of representation. Ie a Kaleidoscope hat represents absolutely not {Bg Is preform witht costent, a combiaton of wards i th now tray fisbion, The more ified the Tanguage, the tore devoid of creativity 1 Svme, Caster wes more ti ry doorand weeds to expres baal. the thay of tiees end poy arcelito Mentnder Peay stilacd Baio Case tear dus "2 great metabior-hoter iesbausbe in enumeration, a lve f0 the image who ends i coking he idea inte rings of hs cicamlcaton, a0 ‘Gator who wool ave sandlind te supremely austere Demosthenes” Me endex Ply, 370 "To jogs fom th positon gven to these ates by Castel, ht eto, _nforianatel fo itety isto nd fo the chronicle, was judged equal oe Tila innovtions of Mars peose- Many subsequent writers of ik epe- tilly among Rubén Dario fans, would coalaue to conse te reader ad ttemelyes wth tama ineideicops of xurous wording and exo imag. ‘The Bmergeee of be Chile + 57 ‘Sch witing detracted ran modems reputation for quite some ine batt ‘Sd nlhng to diminish he force of the movement ery insovatins (6.The Chronicle as Genre Nowe ms consider why the chronic rary gear in sown ight ‘hough was st pls inthe pres an saied the equiemeats of jou. lise discourse, The aiteion of utifulness san lement tht leads 0 con- fsion when sang genres of wong. According to Ais, posts were Tas parencellence aad should ene th versiaitde of ter invecon. OF Cou, the vessmitade of «writen word ix «sama element tht sold ‘ov conse with th. Since verhltudeis in etait oly ater © Slate effect, ne cannot coe othe conti hat Hsin pertains oer ‘Mie snd tu jours, ‘When jumalis bop fo deine itself san atonomes discourse, t= ‘aise te dosnin rea of he oc, sts ierary scours esta Iho isl in he elo he sesbe, This dstcton, of course, was a ‘couric of eglimiation and diferettion. The writing sesay We Know “Shetty dd ot tk bo in journalism ual he coasoiton of interna tonal es agencies inthe tweed ceotay Tear cts hus a general perpetated bourgeois atiudes. By oves- Toon histori dt och those ast mentioned, crism atthe end of the netenh and bean of th wend untarieformaated a sytem of ge evi eateprizatin tht ened th chronic because it belonged wo the fae- ta ai twa if ly heated the rary could se isp or tlds to emotion. Fi ‘Systems of epresntng realty are med athe public space, nd their de- loyient has ben determined since the tan ofthe century by the categories Df trbfalschood that ae inposed upon ours and tert, Creativity fis been sono the enlsie providence of users that ves and eds in dof ise and its al nwomayt evan "tecay” vale of text in Inverse proportion fo it connection to coneret rely. Tis ine of reasoning hs bts hindered the recognition ofthe crise es terunre aod done iu ‘Sef god journalism “The eal refseathas been confused withthe sytem of represettion, the den te ft wi that of te narston, Raymond Willan anges, “The di Chotomies fctficlon and objoctvefabjecive ae thea the teres and soil iy to he basi bourgeois thar of iterate, which has contd td spevolize the atl mpi of wong” CWliams 147-49) Hen ing te sestede withthe fttous as distanced trary discourse fom he ‘word ffi ang seem a sppemeniary and unecessary acy58 + The American Chronicles of Jost Mart actualy shoud nots eto, face or exlae the chronicle frm ‘trate o joonalism. Real requirements for to eroncle aris referen tity—although i maybe expressed by Iie sibjeet—and ts tempor fi it must be ciegtOregn y Gasset sad at Jouraaism is “tbe ct of ‘reals & AG” The chronicle then, Wasa story about contemporary, ery {Gy history Wht eoald be tet fora erate such os the one 1 whic Mart aspired than o “rel uel the multiple and confused conditions of the tie, condensed, unproei, eet] and informed by great artic gon fae" XX, 169)" The texts alana within the asthe erary sphere depends on ster the refrentliy or topalty of th sje, Weve noted tht many modes [Stchvonicles detached temscives fro empaal ements and continue to be ‘baable as tre objets in and of tbemsnves, In ober words, having lost ‘over the yeas the pinay sgnicance thatthe cvoncles hd fo their eae ‘Ship of he ine they remaia oar discourses ar excellence. Leroy discourse f characterized ty the preponderant role hat granted to contextual meanings." The se occurs in regu to post Inguage, #0 ‘Hvoncies cannot be sen oly a8 ouralism, bat most be considered poetic. ‘rove aswel. "tis offs interes odefie the expesion "poetic pros" which suggests falas oppostion basween prose and poe. anit ito rescue the notion tt Chronicles ae also pote Sscouse. They display the relationship beeen topleal specticiy oF pence ad inraletal resonance. A pai of exan- ples wil suis Inve met pat ifs Tony hes ales ch sow a lo im lory hn ang a wou bi, gases aaa Dresis He es oon ad ore din sod mune shy of le and evasive Li ‘Great veer ofthe seo he eer ae empha an ed trons witer duress Then ets te gino if te dunes ‘ena Hs oul wb entered tle No, ei oof ose who st mite Gt oto tae ad ap slong verte vise oreo ele cos He oer natin swallows make lem seem eagle He showers dn expe eery ie opens is hand, Ha wane shore ars ‘The int pursgeaph is from a port fIhsen by Ron Dario, em is sees Tos reros 199), The sound ina Bomage to Walt Whan by José Mar, fom ‘sete fom New York (XI, 39). In both cass fhe pape dsbuton teere broken up andthe prose diated as verse coulda’ they be read as The Emergence ofthe Conicle + 59 oom? It coud pethas be sida rp dtibutin could wansform ay ea thu, eve te most baal But what is tue is hat both paragrapti—oe ‘Sanzas, to prolong the festa) the conventions of lye oe ina ma fre mode: tey a temporal comple cobereston a symbolic evel, nd X= ‘yes anatinide™ The etgorisng of chonilesiecomples an asclating. As he ines tin fours od rary cncorses, dey preset wo types of meaning: enfgal and cept, or extemal and tera” This represents the f= part oonriton tt igus spns ae at he service ofthe eirelaton of ‘emiog within etext, whl the same tne, te coset be anspeat, rl or strunettl and acquire specific and inerdependent weight "What sit tt nls tee fora, news tess "works of a? What istinguishes and coastites thm tems fom the will o create Herre, surging eopecaly rom he way in which icons is verbalize, how veal ‘xt dominates the taasnisson of referential messope** ‘Defining the chrovile pense st the coming togetier of liery discourse og jour cea oarinvesigaon of Mara’ week, as is derstand ing ners’ ole in itrzy bntoey ad th renovation of Spanish Ames fan pose which de modems sctualied troagh pit juralsm. Gere ota single agpet ofa work a at butrae “ie whole uternce” because it ‘cries beth he form sod the Nematic reslt of the tat, be ita detective ‘og sceatic ese, or up colum,H eodons what Bakinin called the ‘inonatope, the spec relonship between space and ine in ay ven ext ‘he semantic ar (uc as dea of ex, the extra entation of contions (of pereption ad ction, nthe imal rcnation of he text, th por tine of lity of treo hat gee ‘Rears recognized the modes conicle ab a genre inset, distinct from pre ouralsm There ae abundant neato of isin iterate of he tn, ncoting the provouly cited example of Bartolomé Mine: a dtr of is Nac, Mie fel justied in eating s plea ote "Fasastc Nar tons simply because ts author was Know as a erry wlan therefore incapable of rproenig reality ffl “The hone ists pore andthe aterectionof two discoures. tsi ptt io keep in mind tat the geo fot pote set, and therfore {be very ete ofthe chronicle wring tool kes the wate forme seq eos an i ain Mart fds an appropiate way to speak ofthe chronicler, a hough his wards refer fo Escron: "He di ot fake revelations. He did oot ‘onntrct meatal ors He didnt pace mental will or effort in what prose ‘Su pouty he wrote All hs roses prety. Andis pocry is prose—they ate like echors.. He sa bimseiftanspsetpypl that sa tall rected it alland was ost ppi OL 19)Chapter 4 Writing the Present {Tie a8 Poster ase Mats rogue to “Poems del Nigurs”by Joan Antoio Pérez Bonale (VI, 221-38) i round breaking text becuse its esthetic purpose isthe ‘epson of temporal, anersood athe suareaess of th preseat time, Wrien in 182, tempts to deine aos sytem of represettion ‘dat expats man modernity in the Americas Ie asym capable ofa ‘tenia apprebeding he preset itis notanatemp to form aman s ‘ove tous erate, bt to cknomedge the ex a ope of the i de [reac ain to redacor, trough everéay loging, the 2 reltonship tetween sap, nt bd the interior ofeach, Literate sas be “our Sma, facing or Nate” (VI. 223). ‘Conventions ofthe pst are hollow and frig mass: “This century bas worm eaten waly ike «kel in which metal his ben gue” he yn "Tis grandes hnelges en Estados Unidos” (The great ster inthe United Stas) O41). now sun mst be conrad, at Spanish Ameria cxmnot be rsted wo doit, even in it “gut confsed bug instiuons (VI. 29) Everything tat bs relearod and rediscovered. This epoch he ass pio ofthe "dismembering of he hamas mind. Other wee mes of esced fences. This isthe ie o broken foes" (VI, 226) The chrnile "Cone Is land” express th amstemen\ Mar fet before te whan multitudes and con stent social wanton whet mazes teri the ithe quant, the sudden fev of baron stv. those roads da rom wo ales of re nt roads ‘ut long carpets of heads That mobili, tat pk for advancing, that atack, that hmnge of format crashing abd urconuolableexpesivesess ‘td eet and hat saraloes bout the fantasti. 1X, 12. Tor Mri is wis 4 moment of constant development. The dil dame ‘nas toch man went tobe with one fen tnd awoke wih ancher ery thing wae fre snd rgmenary,vrpinous snd imperfect. Speed, sila ‘iad the launedacy of what shaman aethe central ius. As Mar sate, Ignorance shamefl nd new answers ar egused "Today no on as cue faith.» [The ntvioe af ren conceals) Angst, nsecaiy, Vague Hope, See Vision. What aight othe ear! T ak for whatnot coming! Nott Waing he Present + 64 ow what we tie! T fel ight nd nasi ou oust once: muse at the dyng day and ett inte daw” (VL, 225. Fea delight imply tat oo, tras, ad amazement ral part of this perception of the Word, Isitudonlzed tadions are nt eaovgh t0 ‘derstand fe ne ml, Science amines only partly the pys- ‘al dimension, Metaphyis, expecially onaogy i the branch of knowledge ‘nos bruised by moder. One of hemos trupaent images isthe rp ‘eotton of te lone indivi snang the muludes of New Yorke epic ‘eof the ner un ely fghered ty the monetczation of ie and the Joss ote meaning of existence ‘ew fons had to secompany the new processes of production. There wee longer ts Bke temper. Some patiss generated eters. Tere was 20 ‘penny to understand present to which anew pice was added vey do. Tis [sty Jose Mar concen his prologue o “Poema del Nigar” tht the lc for ea noua the space of whats nom peanent of comm caon,ofzew fact, ofa pble mijn, place lnue and aon esbish. ‘The newsper ithe sign of te new times. To a prid of such mobili, conespoods &Sintaly mob wring. Only jumals permits th invasive tnt of ie, and fe the only legimate topic ofthe fr de siele clo Souaim wat one ofthe tral fonnative sources forts new sensibility, ‘wich had wo find pot in an invasive dyes. In te prologue wo Pérez Bo "de, Mar explains the sem of representation trough the symbol and fnlogy, ab well the concer work wi Wlga and common mate: “inthe universal factory thre no sage ie hing that does not eosin alle seeds of big dings” (VI, 224) He wes: Alls exenson,conmsioicn, Saran, conbigon, and sad. The aewpae “owes nds eto oar fom al a aoe ous Tingle Ty av tna shore om + Upting ba dh wings They ot ‘Sele ina sige dat ye corn al of Bo Rae ha ang ng in ‘outing sl umber fas rater ar hy bento ea. nw a ued eid on agh wens ore, ped rected mH. ove fumed ued at. (VIL 337) “Tae modernist chronicle a cla practice vel a dep epistemological ‘ise, Not only did doubt ooepy the center oF toot bat temperality i ‘ade everthing lik zr pel Bverying wssfeeng changing ab im ‘evfoet Iewas the begining of democratization and miss ult “Ths ike 2 decenvalization of inelience. Beaty has become eveyooe's domain Gens is moving fom the inividul tothe cllecve™ (VU, 238) ‘The fnces of prt and pre Raphaelite exqistenes,Pamassan perfection, romanic reeig, pole, and natal elim were al a work. In he+ 62» The American Chronicles of José Mart ist of tos, Mart proposed either exape to naira sco ‘pte by mtv vor nor the reproduction of prestgoes arts canons Instead he sought to fcamate ine In eden, ung ad combining whatever he cout nd the most sincere expressive form give an acct tf the sot and vertigo of big cies. sents ad expecially in is eon fies and poems, be est the customs imposed by urouszation andthe bout froise. Avs poston, however, dnl tat poet might have ool- [epic along with auditions eis. Pety—be exclans-—isin the melings and in searengine fare; iis the eadsh and Danteaghe aight of the modern Babylon Tatras: isin weekshope" (XII, 421. 2. Marts Chronicles vie 3 vie the North American Press Arona 1890, the objetivo the bast Now York press was—asPulier do ‘manded-—to avestigte tothe boom of things and fo we naativetchniqae ‘ocaprr steton Nowa oe vivid. Baomous space could be dedised to aseenngly nino em ht was ftresting ote man onthe es. North “American oor comseedthemssves to be wien or rast sts, They undersood histo be pt ely te mimetic fanction of xs, bt teen ticton of reality” with exer phenomena Jot Maron he ober band dizer ofthe Herald, moved ava from the “extemal” ofdscipions a bis chronicles to defend the" ofthe trary subject ad the right subjec: Avy. According to Gara Mare, Mart learned is imaginative Hight fom Spanish Americans, the ies of «serio stand the gravity ofthe pst fom hropeun, bt he efcacy of fact ad the in of Ie fom United States journalism? “Compariag Marts conics fom 18 to 1852, whe he was ome spandet in New Yor, fo America textstha appearein the pes att ine ops us understand his writng? Mart was a great rade af the New Yor ress. He mized the Hera oc example which hid begun doing big overs Sd special dion dedicat to single ae of intrest half-century eave. “He contd tothe Hour, tod especially to Charles Dana's Sm, Da even tually woot Mars obituary “The Sun was "ie bridge betwees the olds pres st the new joursisa that was to develop before the ead ofthe century Like the biggest aces: apes ofthe cit aimed its editorials and writing style at worker, sal businessmen, and inumigrans. The lesson ofthe Su Was very important for “Mart he cronicler Dana's stated objective was to present as cea as pos sible daly photograph of the elements of the world. He crete his es ape vith his writer inspec pages, 0 tat would lio repre feat the people of New York, He showed interest in police, economics, end ‘Writing the Present + 68 ovement, bathe mantsined that es came “the peoples One of his bog- ‘apers writes that "be had he indefnable newspaper instinct at knows ‘ens tomcat onthe tp of Cy Halls more imporac thn ris in the alkane”™ "Tis was the time of great eri erases, of wa correspondents eos of seosaonalist pres, Mart, in Now York, rad and sdmired writer journals such e Mark Twain sod Walt Whitman. He was sep off hi fst bythe delete reporter of is vo fevoritenewspupes, te NewYork Tribune tnd the Evening Sin, Jeo Ris. This Danish ee ofthe capitalist sem ‘wrote sandlows chronicles aot te poor neighborods of New York. His (sfc ft Lowe clases enjoyed uch suoes that hey Iter eappeared in is book ow the Other Half Lives (1890)? ‘Whit could be beter tinng for s Hurt soch as modernism than tobe “ere tings bape"? Modems wasted to be capable of following the yh of change oft intel he mull ad confused condtans of ‘is ine, condensed, not rsa, courageous, ap nfemed by supreme ats te pits" XI, 163) Ae Ans! Gomes put it "The chronicle pt he odemity of modem wring the testa ook iterate othe it of ts Abts in order to inser the present moment” (6) Een though the one of he best Nort Americ Jouraalism id not em- pai the sare’ poniion, ar mederitehvorces did, “objetivny” in The nietcth entry was ata pat of he spe of acouse. Journal ism had to ae asd, coulé not be natal, vee i he selection of nes. ‘The interest of local readers ruled. The Associated Press news agency found the need for objectivity Ir got watt ell news tothe whole country, and Thee it wanted o pest inthe moet “objective” (Sand) ght possibe, in order interest a wider ple Jot at thotalend of the cerry the New rk Tes became feces by lnosing a more "normative del un bd been wed this fa model for marating sols or eprs. In ender to broaden the count ofthe Spanish American conc, we shold wot thet Europe tendo to etoile oe, wheseas the United Sees fe preference to ew. Ba these ae only pat endencies. The moet med- fm press produced in the West war docomtsry journals understood as ‘Shratcn,beease “he facts would be here, butter point was 8 fen 1 ea Teran af for Whats more, the taser of iafonmation was not the only tent of jomalss, Both nthe new profession of reporting and in the sine for ling sais, thefts were of ls intrest han popes wit {ng and personal se Mart pricy sited resi in st because “it dos Umi itself to copying whats bat exepgerstes and ovens restr evil It does at preset ‘long wth evi, te lmmedite remedy i falls fax Oinkog hat ev wil be ‘aod by presenting aa exgpertod image oft” As amodemi his goss were(64 + The American Chronicles of José Mardi to achieve besuy snd armowy ad 0 Sind whats prasewoiy in te han ‘being: yt he conceded th ele thatrshing i abelutly good or had. ‘he eal sohoo fill recerded sek st would be tonal and jst and would accompli its good den However, dis reaed shuld not be used © jy wrongs oo make a spectacle of open wosds, but oils and crete {py toward the wrongs tha ccc ao escoer how the led tht com nly Rows rom wretched bigs can Be stances (VIL, 26) 3: Introspection a Mart’ ie th anarenes of modernity safes everthing As estaisbed ystems of prcepson begat fall the forms of expression wil change 1s ‘wel oaralism becomes the idea! medium tizcugh wich to conte, da 0 fay, te flow of ev soe. Ives o now men, The writer questions the lmedite a is xtc the sre time. The and personal exper> ‘ence in some way replcesicce- Only what subjectively lived seam se ue, As Mart ites, “And where ae we obgin staying, it wih our elves? We mat sn our hands ito our naa ad 10K tthe bod inthe ‘unlig. Otherwise, we cannot arance" (KX, 372-73) ts preciely ins mmedlay apd i his pecular way of understanding sabjectvsm thatthe gn Betwen Mar’ poets and romantic poetics cou. Romantic sko cemeatad in the the senses, and ther etcnsip to [Nature, Mart was romantic his yersing for absolutes ad his ath in the fate bate was more ocr nthe sonpe of his tocil an pial be Hef: Furthermore, twas exe ohi w Sart om hs ova expesieace: “These re slates a my om ents warins—, Not one has ome out of my mind e-eated, artificial, composed. Rather they ae Uke tars tht ‘pring from my ejet and blood hat bales et ofa wound He ais the ‘ale of subjectivity none of is eter about is book omeei, ‘Do not dhs es wl een fon ge. Re tc otha Yon wll fEegne mI een te wings he kas, deep ass ose es ‘My minha ee ge andl hs isos he Ben 2 upon it yo as etatcipy. Thus doe'Thnve sng ine oftaagt So hoa tbe bald espn ttl fr ge tome tome ost my lg the T have dane oing nose ‘hen pt eyes nt te These see ave wounded me so aly hat osned by hm af halt ea rk pe wih rt Whi ini. 27) ‘The that Met introduces the answer to oder and tothe fn de scle sisi not confessional or ptsnalized Iti an “7 tht sess to include the Wiking te Preseat + 65 universe olectve “that expresses not nkivionity, bat te soul of he Srv. This ane ox Bore sud "tha tty fo exes oneself and ox res life elf areone and the same thing” “The rpiethe ths conoepon asus is of spreme importance, Marts oct, whether posry ori ourmalin,i not mimes, or aha, ot ‘eng raoaalton, sane he thi aly that ofthe interior. Reality nso wl be is posi, Seclaszation bas broken dows ays, Tat now te tnscondett fede on everyday materia. The “I” oganizes and soca hese concrete images in a way tht sete the laws of Nase (vier what seems contradictory and antagonistic realy ao snc it bas ‘umaooy-—eleviing every) saris ad jours news t anon {ea densa, "We lend a ear to everyting, Thoughts no sooner gemioat tha they ae lode with owes and fut, umping off he poe, ike ube thsi all minds. Raoads overcome the jong; newspopers te aman jmle" (VL 229 4.The Rhetoric ofthe Subllne: Whitman and the Greats Mart wasted to account fr modernity, He maintain vat wrters arin the rl of he new ime, hat heir gation i to inecogat these and etre, become pt of it cycles aod laws. They must abaken elevated ‘hgh in other well the serch for meang thas usifes cach person, ‘pera “amen fe would bes igusing and bart invention, i were limited wife on ea” (VI. 230). "Bot Mart ues not only what sn. He waned “to make people ry, 2b, rebuke, punish, make tongoes crackle, possessed by thought tke a sade ‘sen arider mounts it. "Thats wha ues by wating, Noto srk one ‘hod, bt elf the, Not xcs the printing of an emoon,butin the at ‘ot evakening alo tem (pin, LXXHL 193-34). hore to achieve this Mar resis a device wed by Spanish American roms and costonrise water alt: the beoic of oratory." His wait {ng bears at once his paston for the sublime and the mark ofthe oratoicl testtion In fat, nemspaper>—and many popular poeme—were read slond tothe trate for uch ofthe nnsteeth century. practice hat writers ad ‘Stor doves took into consideration. Whether recovering older state Ses of representing the sublime or coating the Spanish American tai- Ea. Mart wan clesry a active un orloras be was journals. Subjectivity. ‘nmediay, aonogy, comatsm, and synesthesia allowed among pote scoure,chroneles, nd poems in which each influenced, carched, and {afecad th ober wi the new poes. Brique José Varna describes the ‘wearer66 + The American Chronicles of fst Marth 1 wil neve fre ny ih wile Mar po The aden of i senor, Wh Ine nly sym oe psy racked my acl isu se an i epee fects ef mun esti te poe fore hehe am glen tea, ‘pats unions week Bower of re fig inthe hens, bane of {i sp, nd cre soos word a wat of sacng mages Oat ‘Seed tosio fn hemi spe an pace wie hot of he orator seems more pesnet toe intent contr than tothe twentieth, ‘Mart tured i nto ferent prods with hi yeast ste. So much so that is constacion ca be compued—as Was noted eaten many eases, tthe work ofthe gute modem Wak Wetman, who also discoveted the ‘lime in he secre iterations ang the Tving. Few chris osed = ‘on inallis cnet; many Hed hemslves adssing the reader oto ‘hing maxi and exclamation. Mart enriches the teva ttm wih is “mint of ural, Here, an ener. Furthermore, be gears oly Inia wefl fem each ecalgu, “acai before reters oppesiod tent {alent rested sete” Tropico, L, 50). Marts prison in anlingorary eas histo eet that eae such an pres of leliaese tt the character inluding the narator—want to Tee the page, As Mie de Unarnuo id, Marts verses are ie-giving apd Iie Mares worked ith » strange ie of Images and techniques tbat ‘woul form ane ad agen prose made of seasons selected and o- ered by the mamaie “I” In tat moment of deiaing dscusive spaces ‘Marts work presets anew understanding ofthe creative poten of he st fof eading. The mora charter that Mar assigns wring diferentes him fiom the aestees and eves fom other moder, wil is impression his symbol, his Parsesinion, ond his use of snesthsi distance him also fiom the mantis. AX the ame lne, his perception of meer ed him to inclide the ragmeatrioess, impressionism and peed that marked the er ture ofthe early twentieth cet. Yethis wer fers frm ll these move Ines becase Kr denonstates 2 vigor that most be called oral: Mat tgs tend to break te balance of fila searching for new harmonies 0 Clements tat sem advert, His practice coincides wih tho philosophies of SGuyau, Tarde, aod Foul, who Belved the power of visual segeesion on thooght wo be away of aveiding determinism nd elnming fre hoe for ‘man! Sine “inteligence th power both wo der an to uns, then think about exenor hinge eo emwine tem, and scence consists ofthis en fining» Within tit Hit we cans, lie he God of Boden, don't ‘hnk boot hing o come only because tay wil ocr, bat they wll ocean at becaas think them Foil, 277). ‘Mart beloved in he improvement fan, He fought achieve his by in ‘ecg ie fellow man with images to break te mol ia wich is peception SS Weidagtbe Present © 61° tad Sates ep, Along wih White, a: He wo shows ir chest Pease nee shows th wes: fy on ct XI 140) Fo [Riri orm, esinl vite was enoogh to ovecoe defects Mac's ToRE ach for beauy sae rw dio moral He eld: ree foe sb earoy fe good pesto he ba of he hance shoul rey the god als Tipe, 99). Tis where She pnerl lanes lt Eres novcomerians which 0 ise SESE three, He expen in sth of Genel rt By wey ePae pt desu ines wih nr ad sven yale: Sey bey be en: tea sin wil vay be mach al han bis rennet" 3) ‘Fir wed commie othe ater te could ind ps ad shy na logue wih Nae He wanted ofc he ede ith he Say tePhn scot in Phd pay plese alas wigs ote {kV tty bony sd remanence Ks what Longin elle the s+ ii pneuroned dapper te vba of ems, the dig, hat ‘eicaonctcins od eas static asses te dty of poding TES of impepanng sus od ppg thm flr able esis “fa Neth Ameren coils con devics of th ol tae of sctoe Tis eMart peal move f coax dpa mes, making he “Spe otrewatom ef Longa Foul or Whitan Bo ino apt of ‘ibcee: To cet hears reorder logis in cose ‘attend obey thera of ry the asee oper or of theo {arma Te deseopos oie pe of expen “Enron” fore pied ot ste Bon bt hein nan ob we of th mpeenl aetac ic ncvcs be parr a sess deed gat eet etek ofthe sl of unas sth ere msdn nor Tinie betome anter popes f eso: “lags reat af mast log, ‘howe: Petr Cope Gent What eave behing i popes of ilu Toor ott of ts anand beverinew aboutne—an Love fGmars fuer Hat {rested i path I would ve sedis bao XU, wi Randy doe Mart eee 2 wise cra o a ings, when elnissmlytotoor and compre ports get people who hie st EE Tate eee uel pour plop erties, opie ‘Cavin crn toe wie, Man goes aro i is ois pel ine pices about Langflow tesa, and Whitman, The SUS SPikdheuisetnaue become conte wih tat of the poe, 0 {Goma uagle vce witout anymore aanon a a quotation mak, ‘Sooner sal Tis ir ciigobomomed fm cry whee ‘Sener odraly asus he et eon ain wee he charac ‘Mar ao vcs mins, OF Bese he sas Whee eon wander, snhe hamony ofthe Univer loons” OI, 33) is gues ae bse(68 + The American Chronicles of Jos Marth ‘collective myths: the pris of Weael Philips and Peter Cooper ae con- ‘Sct onthe images of Christ Emerson and Whitman resemble piss ot ‘lial prophets and policians are epic heroes. Rhythmic cadence, so ital for orsey, iv also cuca t the seal ofthe new petc prose it con bce passion and serenity, silences, successions of exclamations or gues fio transposons, and onmatopela."Whitnan” fer example, festues ‘nape: the soond paragraph alone repeats the word “nan eight ies (fll, 13) Iconic apaalepis: "sacred is sweat andthe sou ssa od” (AI, 134). He includes silences inated by blank spaces and puncto- ‘ton, a well parallel consructons sch es beponing sentences with only Sieh diferent variations: be make hmtl, be ads, he doesnt ive, be ‘Say, be is GIL, 132-33). Another spical device in his etconils is antin- ‘omy. itis not. bat” "Te ichaes of Spanish asorance and literati sand out: “waking Jn the fertile forests ofthe shore those faded lowers andthe nests. Polen fies beaks pos Keser branches ato" CRI, 133) The succession of su {sted images bold ogetierby the association of comiguous ideas: fowers ‘es yingfallen bea ee i aster sample, ‘Shih he "0" n=" and "sounds reat a sense of Sow in conection (th teeth of ponetiton and groups of consonans and weed epedon. terete the impression ofa seam tough itis cesrbing a cemetery a bone isa ower Suffer thse souls whom Tove possesses: fe as no pal for those who kits naning in ime” CRI. 124) “Accumulstios loo appear, as well nea consonance, phon sequences, and especialy changing caesus and enjarbed fal para raphe bare nga i pi eno Tei npn ome ‘ies ita dai gern es, fe ere ‘tote he tnard neat hive fen soc drab ees of wa Iiery witht bee's wig, nth Areca balls an peaks. They sherbet ‘ly ene ward he peace fc elm, hie tei ods eve hae finn of ie png ed wi charpagne on coma lt GIT, 143-43). “Marti waned to crest dere pases inthe sth ofthe reading, whichis ‘why le eco to nonacadenc punctuation. Hs texts often ncade des as {sortoflong cotta ey indo a arester pause lathe eaing hana ego- Jar cota Colons reappear several tines win he ae exten, nt in {ate simantes or deraons, but asa way of slowing the hy of reading.” "The following se examples of Mars retrial sates, n accordance sa at: Mt eh og ea ome Lata tee," ge aT Wong the Present + 69 wits an ortry that parses the sublime. This paragraph, exprssonntc in fomulation, question and response, the change of persons, abundant mee hos, nd perphass: "Do we sl aot now what his vere are? They are ‘Sometimes ike bearded oman wth snake bear, orton itd e eight gaze, leaning on an ok stick, ike a pgane angel with olden wings “escended into the abs from the green mountains o hgh, Marvelous old ‘am, [eve at your et my bea af ght rm fish pls, and my ver sora Go). "The chronicle onthe deh of President Gari ie rich in eto de- ies. presents ramatizatos, with dialogues of pst action rated inthe rset, These represcatations ae 50 Vv that tbe tart sees ke ape ‘agonist or dre wines. Belen, spostophied fury intrpeied With Pi scfeaces tht never each ter ed, and the iuppearance of onjune ons and verbs a all hee ‘Teas doesnot ete deere fre pce of te rine oe ned ni, Nol Forage bso Fim, whe sess Hom hs tab a ptr ee, us ay {ene Wisi bed nd np? The ei jl one rsa cave sk ‘es, cv! Mayr und en scompat tl eal sage fs dtd es hat ek adel Ma wo ve crate emits sd deve tht Jes don ae ine lan ev ene! (20) ‘lr espe ken bd led, enh clot pte This eat ‘man har rte he coat 0 pt mi fore, og ne nd wale ng [Povrteromde Har soe ough mong en, aps fetons, cee [itl He ba be feted by sve ul ve yt pop eau eer {np Hens vee on plows of unde gids of stags halloas of ble! Om 207), Exaltaton singed by verb sucessons such a “he loved founded, coa- soled” (XI, 4) als is cousunicted though esd socomlatin: "be ‘himed his cme, begged his fear, the bates raged and his victors spread. ‘thei wings” QC, 34) the reader wih unl adjectives achat ‘the moseegoe ange of Emerson, and of unusual images such she dst that ‘becomes snow a fl. Lanpelow'scotin II, 230). 5, Roots: “Calderén's Centennial” ‘Od an new come together ina conscious way in Marts prose. This cont gi of and by deren ines accords with his dualistic aking repuding Inside and outside, up and down, ancient and contemporary.+ The American Chronicles of Jost Marth (One ofthe tools valued by writers in he nineteenth cota ws ioe, ad the romaics Had tis very much in mind. Mart sys inthe prologue © "Poca de Nps that there ino pear please haa hat of Knowing te gino every word hat eed and wht sope i” (XI, 234). Bue Mart ‘wero plac is ov pi. language, dint evn fm Ens’ del. Tho seach forthe oot of language led Emerson tigi the ancient S00 for uel terms in over to dsc the Latins of is ona lngusge. Mar, (Be other hand, esuscinte the technique of coneeptalsn rom Spain's Golden Ape He id ot limit himself to 8 few achat, but inclade the (Géogora-shle hyperbnon andthe Caer broqpe sl ht stemmed si Ian rom every age sth naogy ofa universal category. Mart abo bortowed Bultsar Grcin'y conceal and leis! sharpness, icing bi ‘Seas othe dey of each word's meaning, as well ae tendency toward ‘soi centenss cr hose bepnning withthe imperonal elev pronoun "fe" He emecillydovloped ste fr ceating ne words based on existing oes, Mart eclogite are many: ios, ropa, steal, snooper Marts aneation to Renaissance conceplism may have ght hm some ofthe tecnigtes oe bythe symbolise at welsh ste sud compar fon of elements that veo reson, Als inthis ctogory isthe joining of {etemal an exter iar, te wansforacion of ope age io anther th the of contrast and prado, ets, nd the lexicon of sabimation. He ao ‘red the Quevedian device of wing common word in anew senso—such 0 “elon” (to comb) nsead of “pasar pass) ho creating anew gus stem based onthe foun on "Thece are some ares by Marl, sich a8 “El cenensio de Caixa” (Caldera's Centennial, in which this apropition of Reaissance devices takes sbape ina obvions zane, since Wits te abject tbe sje of each of Marts cronies varies accord to te intemal demands ofthe topic at ‘nd, “Caen Centennial” begs with an apotheg “Toone the ead tolnvigorate the ving” QV, 109. There are hyperbales sah 5 “the mest el- trated post who has thymed in tbe veacult” (100) Antitheses abound: ‘bel phiosophergcal Sr, king of his ownislie of Kings (41; pompous procesionhumble pat, graying menlly servants (112). Series of wicolor {adsion alo pear. Concepts dition abounds: “esd of perfumed tov” ebel maces” (209), caages tha do ot ll bat nan” (11), "oxo ewes" “human oses"(112)- Thi txt aso conan hyperbolic trans formations such a "Night ofthe ope, eat of sar, bougues of ight” (0) 8 well a tems tht refer to Spun at that ine Gageaousness, ape ‘issn, fame, Mooth ss), Some constructions open with retapor ad Taodulste lt the veal image: "hea come waves of gauze, with Bowery foan.—and they ae he schoolgs of Mad. Inumerable winged worst Teliw-and they are the bight peonans cared by inmamerbleyoungste, Wing the Preseot + 71 ‘the schoolboys of Mii (122). When Mart seems aboot t reuse a ied [Sshe ti oul to unser the expresaon Ino something new and sar fini diferent: the let remains tht were nce» prison to that elogueat El” (110), Mar wes asec a top He invents Latina words ely nd ales roquent eeroce to gues oat of Golden Age drama, especialy ‘Don Tom, Mat eso spikls th ext with ines tht mime the ryt of the endecafab,eadtonsl Spanish vers form whic hs elven syllables line “indo cs Madrid enrol mes de mayo” Covey is Maid in all the month of May, 109), “alombra de cabezr son as calles” (a carpet of beads ar the tees), an veo luego ls aborts calls” (ed then hey ‘orth suet bsobed 1). Ad of cose, Mart uses hypetblon: “tose ‘ibd mes in whic ns the hair of hia the gallant made Bai fr thee ats” (6. The Univeraity of Lael Lore “The bsesion with modmy aft tho poets ofboth Europe sad the Amer {Eu Inrcopone ta seve of esto sd genesis in heir immediate nv Touments, both groupe opted fora pootics of univers andthe conseqbet thea with regionalism The web of borowings,concomianes, bd wan ‘rmatons tnt coment the new povis becomes fc wase bees ecumtextiing and ising fecrsques sls in a posi whose itera {Yum of laws i dsioct and anteaorogs Mart ared eveything he cul, Aros tente fo any inaortion and cual novel, but vay preached that Spank Americ ust bem “vith esc wank ofall pics, a wel 5 fhe wonderful branches of ew pines: That's What we ae! New pins!” (oot in Vite, 88. "Th difereat esta cast produces increas when hy tute _pulogy in onder len ont hei language ental: Emeron reachod sy ‘ss and Marthe bres Desering Marts wok as baroque may Seem otrdtor, nce Mart repeatedly claimed: “The art of wing 10 Soloe? Verboity cerily fll eloquence. There is so macht Sy ta i Thus be sid inthe lest number of wonds posible. Of couse, every word “stbvewlags and cole” XI, 196) Although capable of describing com- ‘lex susdons in ery ile space, Mat rometines launches into lorescest Pots hat can sexi overdone, perl Kost e read carly i ordr'© ee that he docs ot nde, sol that here are no vacuous pases His expat ‘Noa ea o ead opredson, andthe teak inthe syn also break the me ‘Sic of wading tnd heer of peception His baroquam x matra there ‘Sho place for bejoweled wrt in i ines, becese, he si in Versa dre, Sy verses re erable sod ignite ike my bear.”72 + The American Chronicles of Jost Maret Sanio Cano, whose univeslism and awareness of modemity tink him to te modernists, rained that Stat MU slogan, nemeso apteln (sue to doa, ougit reign in is tine, “which exn aio be tht of Renn and “Tain:”” ‘This generalized doub, the essence ofthe symbols, may help to xpi the rep poplin and wide fans of pressions ice lane ng to se reaiy with critica r skeptical eyes would soggst that he aot, oven deploymént of colo in rational pein dd a comespond tthe pro. ‘oses Of nature. Mat found afin between hs own at and impressionist priming, 10 which he dodiated qute a bit of accion as at cic forthe Noch American pes. Sain Cano alo dismissed the ida that each attic ‘movereat mast Ye iselsted and autonomous. He claimed that he himania- Hon of lndscae ws not exclave to the impressionists, since the madera tense of mate cou already be detected i Rousseau, Thao, Fray Las Je ‘Lee, ot Vig mang tis kin of ttc genealogy 0 more than a st Jet exercise” (anfa Cano, 20 ‘The challenge is oid fem of one's own, sy that is not mece int ‘io. The modems" ebsessin is tha ofthe new maa, of eicersing “he new alts, big and open ie foes (KIT, 29), Thetefee, just as important as the bodes berveenIerary discourse and Sue or ouralistie discourse, ‘he arareaes of enpvaly The development of moderinm's new ses x. presses the excitement of ne blood "Sil, more tas frm, inthe personal enon ht have to express tanseles tough it. He who ads it thoagbt to hs frm, ikea sword tothe seabard, has spe. He who covers ‘he seabbard with paper oe gldea sing wil nat prove the temper ofthe ‘blade (¥, 128) ‘Writing as tobe like themes: though everything logical appear tobe