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SQL Joins Example

Joins combine rows from two or more tables and allow you to select columns from multiple tables. Join conditions in the WHERE clause compare columns between tables and return row pairs where the condition is true. Equijoins use equality (=) in join conditions to return equivalent column values. Other types of joins include non-equijoins, self joins, inner joins, outer joins, and Cartesian products.

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58 views

SQL Joins Example

Joins combine rows from two or more tables and allow you to select columns from multiple tables. Join conditions in the WHERE clause compare columns between tables and return row pairs where the condition is true. Equijoins use equality (=) in join conditions to return equivalent column values. Other types of joins include non-equijoins, self joins, inner joins, outer joins, and Cartesian products.

Uploaded by

hanuchrao
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Joins

A join is a query that combines rows from two or more tables, views, or materialized
views. Oracle performs a join whenever multiple tables appear in the query's FROM
clause. The query's select list can select any columns from any of these tables. If any
two of these tables have a column name in common, you must qualify all references
to these columns throughout the query with table names to avoid ambiguity.

Join Conditions

Most join queries contain WHERE clause conditions that compare two columns, each
from a different table. Such a condition is called a join condition. To execute a join,
Oracle combines pairs of rows, each containing one row from each table, for which
the join condition evaluates to TRUE. The columns in the join conditions need not also
appear in the select list.

Equijoins

An equijoin is a join with a join condition containing an equality operator ( = ). An


equijoin combines rows that have equivalent values for the specified columns.

For example the following query returns empno,name,sal,deptno and department


name and city from department table.

select
emp.empno,emp.ename,emp.sal,emp.deptno,dept.dname,dept.ci
ty from emp,dept where emp.deptno=dept.deptno;

The above query can also be written like, using aliases, given below.

select e.empno, e.ename, e.sal, e.deptno, d.dname, d.city


from emp e, dept d where emp.deptno=dept.deptno;

The above query can also be written like given below without using table qualifiers.

select empno,ename,sal,dname,city from emp,dept where


emp.deptno=dept.deptno;

And if you want to see all the columns of both tables then the query can be written
like this.

select * from emp,dept where emp.deptno=dept.deptno;


Non Equi Joins.

Non equi joins is used to return result from two or more tables where exact join is not
possible.

For example we have emp table and salgrade table. The salgrade table contains grade
and their low salary and high salary. Suppose you want to find the grade of employees
based on their salaries then you can use NON EQUI join.

select e.empno, e.ename, e.sal, s.grade from emp e,


salgrade s where e.sal between s.lowsal and s.hisal

Self Joins

A self join is a join of a table to itself. This table appears twice in the FROM clause
and is followed by table aliases that qualify column names in the join condition. To
perform a self join, Oracle combines and returns rows of the table that satisfy the join
condition.

For example the following query returns employee names and their manager names
for whom they are working.

Select e.empno, e.ename, m.ename “Manager” from emp e,


emp m where e.mgrid=m.empno

Inner Join

An inner join (sometimes called a "simple join") is a join of two or more tables that
returns only those rows that satisfy the join condition.

Outer Joins

An outer join extends the result of a simple join. An outer join returns all rows that
satisfy the join condition and also returns some or all of those rows from one table for
which no rows from the other satisfy the join condition.

• To write a query that performs an outer join of tables A and B and


returns all rows from A (a left outer join), use the ANSI LEFT
[OUTER] JOIN syntax, or apply the outer join operator (+) to all
columns of B in the join condition. For all rows in A that have no
matching rows in B, Oracle returns null for any select list
expressions containing columns of B.

• To write a query that performs an outer join of tables A and B and


returns all rows from B (a right outer join), use the ANSI RIGHT
[OUTER] syntax, or apply the outer join operator (+) to all columns
of A in the join condition. For all rows in B that have no matching
rows in A, Oracle returns null for any select list expressions
containing columns of A.
• To write a query that performs an outer join and and returns all
rows from A and B, extended with nulls if they do not satisfy the join
condition (a full outer join), use the ANSI FULL [OUTER] JOIN syntax.

For example the following query returns all the employees and department names and
even those department names where no employee is working.

select e.empno,e.ename,e.sal,e.deptno,d.dname,d.city
from emp e, dept d where e.deptno(+)=d.deptno;

That is specify the (+) sign to the column which is lacking values.

Cartesian Products

If two tables in a join query have no join condition, Oracle returns their Cartesian
product. Oracle combines each row of one table with each row of the other. A
Cartesian product always generates many rows and is rarely useful. For example, the
Cartesian product of two tables, each with 100 rows, has 10,000 rows. Always include
a join condition unless you specifically need a Cartesian product.

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