NORMAL AGING AND ITS IMPACT
ON SOCIAL LIFE
MODERATED BY: MR AMITESH NARAYAN
PRESENTED BY: JAHIR ABBAS
CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION
2. THEORIES OF AGING
3. NORMAL AGING
4. SOCIAL FACTORS AFFECTING AGING
5. INDIAN PERSPECTIVE ON NORMAL AGING
6. REFERENCES
INTRODUCTION
What is aging?
• Aging comprises a set of dynamic, biological,
psychological process & systems – interactive
&independent that results in wide variation among
individuals.
NORMAL AGING ABNORMAL AGING
• COMMON AGE • EARLY IRREVERSIBLE
RELATED CHANGES LEADING TO
IRREVERSIBLE FRAILITY, DISABILITY.
CHANGES • VULNERABLE TO
• ALSO CALLED AS “ VARIOUS DISEASES.
POSITIVE AGING “ • FOR E.g. CARCINOMA OF
• FOR E.g. GRAYING OF PROSTATE,
HAIRS, LOOSENING OF ALZHEIMER’S DISEASES
SKIN, DECREASE IN
NORMAL AGING ABNORMAL AGING
CLASSIFICATION OF AGING:
CHRONOLOGICAL AGE – NUMBERS OF YEARS LIVES.
PHYSIOLOGICAL AGE - AGE OF BODY FUNCTION .
FUNCTIONAL AGE - ABILITY TO CONTRIBUTE TO
SOCIETY.
CHRONOLOGICAL AGE CATEGORIES :
YOUNG OLD – (65-74)
MIDDLE OLD – (75-84)
OLD OLD - ( 85 ) YEARS & ELDER
THEORIES OF SOCIAL GERONTOLOGY
DISENGAGEMENT THEORY
ACTIVITY THEORY
LIFE COURSE THEORY
CONTINUITY THEORY
MODERIZATION THEORY
COGNITIVE THEORY
DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION THEORY
EXCHANGE THEORY
DOUBLE JEOPARDY HYPOTHESIS
DISENGAGEMENT THEORY
• CUT OFF FROM THE SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS
• CUT OFF CAN BE FROM BOTH WAY EITHER FROM THE
AGED SELF OR FROM THE SOCIETY.
• CUT OFF MAY BE PARTIAL OR TOTAL.
CRITICISM:
• FIRST FORMAL THEORY THAT ATTEMPTED TO EXPLAIN
- THE PROCESS OF GROWING ADULT.
• IT DOES NOT FIT WITH THOSE ELDERLY WHO DO NOT
- WITHDRAW FROM THE SOCIETY.
ACTIVITY THEORY
• HEALTH AND WELL BEING OF THE AGED
CLOSELY RELATED TO PHYSIOLOGY,
PSYCHOLOGY AND SOCIAL ACTIVITY LEVELS
MAINTAINED.
• REDUCTIONS IN THE ACTIVITY LEVEL
• PERSON’S ‘SELF’ CONCEPT IS RELATED TO
ROLES HELD BY THAT PERSON.
• TO MAINTAIN A POSITIVE SENSE OF SELF .
CRITICISM:
• IT EMPHASIZES THE IMPORTANCE OF ONGOING
SOCIAL ACTIVITY
• IT ASSUMES THAT PROCESS OF AGING LEAVES
PEOPLE ALONE AND CUT OFF.
• AGING PERSONS SHOULD BE ENCOURAGED TO
EXPAND AND TO BE INVOLVED.
CONTINUITY THEORY
• OLDER ADULTS TRY TO PRESERVE AND MAINTAIN
- INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL STRUCTURES BY USING
- STRATEGIES THAT MAINTAIN CONTINUITY.
• ADULTS -CONTINUITY AS AN ADAPTIVE STRATEGY TO DEAL WITH
CHANGES THAT OCCUR DURING NORMAL AGING.
• FOUR ELEMENTS OF CONTINUITY THEORY
- INTERNAL STRUCTURE
- EXTERNAL STRUCTURE
- GOAL SETTING
- MAINTAIN ADAPTIVE CAPACITY
ASSUMPTIONS OF CONTINUITY THEORY
• PRESUMES PEOPLE ARE MOTIVATED TO
CONTINUE TO USE THE SAME ADAPTIVE
STRATEGIES THROUGHOUT THE LIFE.
• DEFINITELY FOLLOWING A GOAL IN THEIR
LIFE.
LIFE-COURSE THEORY
• IT REFERS WITHIN EACH STAGE PERSON FACES A
CRISIS THAT THE PERSON MUST RESOLVE TO
MOVE FORWARD.
ASSUMPTIONS :
• AGING OCCUR FROM BIRTH TO DEATH.
• AGING INVOLVES BIOLOGICAL,
PSYCHOLOGICAL , SOCIAL PROCESS.
• EXPERIENCES DURING AGING ARE SHAPED BY
HISTORICAL FACTORS.
COGNITIVE THEORY
• IT EMPHASIZES AGING AS INDIVIDUAL
PERCEPTION, RATHER THAN AN ACTUAL
OBJECTIVE CHANGE.
• THE FACTORS DTERMINES THE BEHAVIOR
ASSOCIATED WITH ADVANCED AGE .
SOCOIAL FACTORS AFFECTING NORMAL AGING:
FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS AND SOCIAL BONDS
ROLE CHANGES
AGING AND PERSONALITY
COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION
ECONOMICAL STATUS
WORK ROLE
FAMILY
FAMILY PLAYS A SIGNIFICANT ROLE IN THE QUALITY OF LIFE OF
ELDERLY.
SOCIAL SUPPORT
SOCIAL TIES REDUCES PSYCHOLOGICAL STRESS.
SIBLING RELATIONSHIPS ARE MORE IMPORTANT IN LATER LIFE
THAN PEER GROUP OR FRIENDS.
RELIGION AS A SOURCE OF SOCIAL SUPPORT.
RELEGIOUS SUPPORT AND STRENGTH ENHANCE THE ABILITY TO
COPE WITH THE LOSS THAT OCCUR AS A NATURAL PROCESS FOR
THE ELDERLY.
ROLE CHANGES
• FAMILY ROLES
• SOCIAL AND COMMUNITY ROLE
• WORK ROLE
• FACTORS INFLUENCE THE EASE WITH
WHICH ADJUSTMENTS ARE MADE:
-THE NORMATIVE SIGNIFICANCE.
-THE PERSONAL SIGNIFICANCE
-THEIR EFFECT ON ESTABLISHED BEHAVIOR
PATTERN
AGING AND PERSONALITY
• PERSONALITY CHANGE IS VERY EVIDENT . ACC TO
NEUGARTEN SOME COMMON CHANGES SEEN ARE
EGOCENTRICISM
DEPENDENCY
INTROVERSION
DOGMATISM
RIGIDITY
CAUTIOUSNESS
Family Exchange
Networks And The
Care of The Elderly
Throughout The
World
COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION
ACTIVE ENAGAGEMENT WITH LIFE IS ONE OF
THE MAJOR CRITERIA OF HEALTHY LIFE.
INVOLVING IN COMMUNITY ACTIVITIES
PLANNED FOR ELDERLY
DERIVING ENJOYMENT FROM SOCIAL
ACTIVITIES SUITED FOR ELDERLY
ECONOMICAL STATUS
INREASING OF POVERTY IN ELDERLY IS VERY
COMMON.
INCREASING DEPENDENCY ON OTHERS
MAJOR REASON IS FEMINIZATION OF THE
AGING SOCIETY
SUCESSFUL AGING
• IT REFERS TO MODIFICATION OF BEHAVIORAL
PROCESS TO ACHIEVE
• BEST POSSIBLE OUTCOME.
COMPONENTS
• LOW PROBABILITY OF DISEASES AND RELATED
DISABILITY
• HIGH COGNITIVE AND PHYSICAL FUNCTIONAL
CAPACITY.
• ACTIVE ENGAGEMENT WITH LIFE.
Rowe and Kahn Model
INDIAN PERSPECTIVE OF AGING
SOCIETY
THE ELDERLY POPULATION IN INDIA IS RISING RAPIDLY.
FAMILY SUPPORT FOR ELDERLY IS REDUCING
THE IMPACT OF INDUSTRIALISATION, URBANIZATION RESULTED IN
NUCLEAR FAMILIES, RENDERING ELDERLY ALONE.
TRANSITION IS SO QUICK THAT THE ELDERLY IN INDIA COULD NOT
PLAN SOCIALY AS WELL AS FUNCTIONALLY.
The Feminization
of Poverty Among
Elderly Females
SUMMARY
References:
1. Richard J. Ham, MD; Joseph M. Holtzman, PhD; Michelle L. Marcy,
MS; Marcia R. Smith, PhD. (1983) “ Primary Care Geriatrics” . 27-33
2. Andrew A. Guccione, PT, PhD, FAPTA. (1993) “Geriatric Physical
Therapy”. 2nd Edition. 5-12
3. P. Ojha , MD. (2009) “ A Guide to Elderly Care”. 4-5
4. Gershman, Karen,(2006) ” Little Black Book of Geriatrics” 3rd
Edition. 437-442
5. Geriatrics emphasis in physical therapy. A historical survey.
Author(s): Wong RA. Source: Physical Therapy. 1988 March; 68(3):
360-3.
THANK YOU
