Form 4: Chapter 1 (Functions)

SPM Flashback
Fully-Worked Solutions

Paper 1

1 Based on the given ordered pairs 3

{(2, 1), (4, 3), (6, 5), (6, 7)}, an arrow diagram
can be drawn as shown below.

(a) The range is {3, 7}.

'3' and '7' are linked to

object(s) but '5' and '11' are
not linked to any object(s).
(a) The image of 2 is 1. Therefore, the range is {3, 7}.
(b) The object of 7 is 6.
(b) The above relation is a many-to-one
2 (a) Let g−1(7) = y
relation.
Thus, g(y) = 7
4y − 1 = 7
4y = 8
y=2 Element '7' in the codomain
∴ g−1(7) = 2 is linked to two elements,
i.e. '28' and '49' in the
(b) hg(x) domain. Therefore, it is a
= h(4x − 1) many-to-one relation.
= (4x − 1)2 − 3(4x − 1) + 5
= 16x2 − 8x + 1 − 12x + 3 + 5
= 16x2 − 20x + 9

1
4 h : x → 2x + m 7 (a) Let w −1(x) = z
h(x) = 2x + m w( z) = x
6
Let h−1(x) = y =x
3 − 2z
h(y) = x
2y + m = x
Change the subject of the
x−m
y= formula to z.
2
x − m x m 6 = x(3 − 2z)
∴ h−1(x) = = −
2 2 2 6 = 3x − 2xz
2xz = 3x − 6
3
But it is given that h−1(x) = 3kx + . 3x − 6
2 z=
Hence, by comparison, 2x
3x − 6
1
3k = ⇒ k =
1
and ∴ w −1( x) = , x≠0
2 6 2x
m 3
− = ⇒ m = −3 . ⎛ 5⎞
2 2 (b) w −1h⎜− ⎟
⎝ 2⎠
5 (a) hg(x) = 6x − 2 ⎡ ⎛ 5⎞ ⎤
= w −1⎢2⎜− ⎟ + 3⎥
h[g(x)] = 6x − 2 ⎣ ⎝ 2⎠ ⎦
3g(x) + 1 = 6x − 2 = w −1(−2)
3g(x) = 6x − 3
3(−2) − 6
g(x) = 2x − 1 =
2(−2)
=3
It is given that
h(x) = 3x + 1. Hence, 8 Let n−1(x) = y
h[g( x)] = 3g(x) + 1. n( y) = x
4y −1 = x
(b) gh(x) = g(3x + 1) = 2(3x + 1) − 1 = 6x + 1 4y = x +1
x +1
1 y=
When gh(x) = , 4
3 x +1
1 n−1(x) =
6x + 1 = 4
3
18x + 3 = 1 ⎛ x + 1⎞
mn−1(x) = m⎜ ⎟
18x = −2 ⎝ 4 ⎠
1 3
x=− =
9 ⎛ x + 1⎞
8⎜ ⎟−5
⎝ 4 ⎠
6 (a) From the given arrow diagram,
3 3
f (−2) = −5. Hence, f −1(−5) = −2 . = , x≠
2x − 3 2
(b) gf (−2) = 3

This is a composite
function gf(x) which maps
x directly onto z.

2
9 (a) The relation between set P and set Q is a 10 m(2) = 7
many-to-one relation. 2− h
=7
h
(b) The relation can be represented by
f ( x) = x4. 2 − h = 7h
Function notation 8h = 2
1
h=
4

3
 Paper 2

1 (a) f : x → 2x − 3 (b) hg : x → 2x + 4
f (x) = 2x − 3 hg(x) = 2x + 4
Let f −1(x) = y ⎛x ⎞
h⎜ + 2⎟ = 2x + 4
f ( y) = x ⎝2 ⎠
2y − 3 = x x
Let +2= u
x+3 2
y= x
2 = u−2
x +3 2
∴ f −1(x) = x = 2u − 4
2
h(u) = 2(2u − 4) + 4
f −1 g( x) = 4u − 8 + 4
⎛x ⎞ = 4u − 4
= f −1⎜ + 2⎟
⎝2 ⎠ ∴ h : x → 4x − 4
⎛x ⎞
⎜ + 2⎟ + 3
⎝ 2 ⎠
=
2
x + 4+ 6
= 2
2
x + 10
=
4
x + 10
∴ f −1 g : x →
4