BONGON,ARLEN ABIGAEL C.
11:30-12:30 TThS
THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
IS
RESPONSIBLE FOR OXYGENATING THE BLOOD
AND
REMOVING CARBON DIOXIDE
(also plays a role in social communication through the production of sounds )
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
consists of
UPPER RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
( NOSE, NASAL CAVITY, PARANASAL CAVITIES AND PHARYNX )
and
LOWER RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
( LARYNX, TRACHEA, BRONCHI AND LUNGS )
FUNCTION OF R.S.
1. Structures in upper respiratory system FILTER, WARM, and MOISTEN air before it enters the lower respiratory system.
2. LARYNX regulates the opening into the lower respiratory system and produces speech sounds.
3. TRACHEA and BRONCHI maintain an open airway to the lungs
4. In LUNGS, exchange of gases occurs between alveolar sacs and the blood in pulmonary capillaries
MOST
OF
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
IS LINED WITH
PSEUDOSTRATIFIED CLILIATED COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM containing many GOBLET CELLS.
THE NOSE
• Air enters through two openings, THE EXTERNAL NARES or NOSTRILS.
• Just inside each nostril is an expanded VESTIBULE containing coarse hairs.
• A midsagittal NASAL SEPTUM divides the NASAL CAVITY.
• The maxillary, nasal, frontal, ethmoid and sphenoid bones form the lateral and superior walls of the nasal cavity.
• The HARD and SOFT PALATES form the floor of the cavity. ( the posterior part of the soft palate is the UVULA )
• The external portion of the nose is composed of cartilage that forms the BRIDGE and the TIP of the nose.
• The SUPERIOR, MIDDLE and INFERIOR NASAL CONCHAE are bony shelves that project from the lateral walls of the nasal
cavity.
• The spaces between the conchae are the MEATUSES.
• Posteriorly the INTERNAL NARES open into the nasopharynx.
THE PHARYNX
• Is a chamber shared by the digestive and respiratory systems.
• It extends between the internal nares and the entrances to the larynx and esophagus.
• A stratified squamous epithelium lines the pharynx.
THE THROAT OR PHARYNX IS DIVIDED IN THREE REGIONS
1. Upper NASO-PHARYNX
2. Middle OROPHARYNX
3. Lower LARYNGOPHARYNX
THE NASOPHARYNX
• LIES SUPERIOR TO THE SOFT PALATE
• SERVES A PASSAGEWAY FOR AIRFLOW FROM NASAL CAVITY
• IT CONTAINS THE PHARYNGEAL TONSILS ( adenoids ) IN POSTERIOR WALL, AND THE OPENNINGS OF THE
EUSTAQUIAN TUBES ( auditory tubes )
THE OROPHARYNX
• EXTENDS FROM THE SOFT PALATE DOWNT TO THE EPIGLOTTIS ( base of the tongue )
• IT CONTAINS THE PALATINE AND LINGUAL TONSILS.
THE LARYNGOPHARYNX
INCLUDES
THE NARROW ZONE BETWEEN THE HYOID BONE AND THE ENTRANCE TO THE ESOPHAGUS.
THE LARYNX
• JOINS THE LARYNGOPHARYNX WITH THE TRACHEA.
• IT CONSISTS OF CARTILAGES
• IT IS ALSO CALLED THE VOICE BOX.
• THE THREE MAIN CARTILAGES ARE: THROID CARTILAGE ( Adams´s apple ), EPIGLOTTIS, AND CRICOID
CARTILAGE.
• OTHER CARTILAGES ARE: ARYTENOID CARTILAGES, CORNICULATE CARTILAGES AND CUNEIFORM
CARTILAGES.
• THE EPIGLOTTIS IS A PIECE OF ELASTIC CARTILAGE THAT FALLS OVER THE OPENING ( GLOTTIS ) DURING
SWALLOWING TO PREVENT INGESTED FOOD FROM ENTERING THE RESPIRATORY TRACT.
• THE CORNICULATE CARTILAGES ARE INVOLVED IN THE OPENING AND CLOSING OF THE GLOTTIS, AND IN THE
PRODUCTION OF SOUND
• TWO PAIRS OF FOLDS SPAN THE GLOTTAL OPENING. THE VENTRICULAR FOLDS ( FALSE VOCAL CORDS )ARE
INELASTIC BUT THE TENSION IN THE VOCAL CORDS CAN BE ADJUSTED BY VOLUNTARY MUSCULAR
MOVEMENTS.
• DURING EXPIRATION AIR FLOWING THROUGH THE LARYNX VIBRATES THE VOCAL CORDS ( TRUE VOCAL
CORDS ) AND PRODUCES SOUND WAVES.
• COUGHING AND LARYNGEAL SPASMS ARE PROTECTIVE REFLEXES THAT PROTECT THE GLOTTIS AND
TRACHEA FROM FOREIGN OBJECTS AND IRRITANTS.
THE TRACHEA
• EXTENDS FROM THE LEVEL OF THE SIXTH CERVICAL VERTEBRA, AT THE BASE OF THE LARYNX, TO THE LEVEL
OF THE FIFTH THORACIC CERTEBRA
• IS A TUBULAR STRUCTURE WITH 4.25 in. IN LENGTH AND 1 in. IN DIAMETER.
• AT ITS CAUDAL LIMIT THE TRACHEA DIVIDES TO FORM THE PRIMARY BRONCHI.
• LIES ANTERIOR TO THE ESOPHAGUS
• ALONG THE LENGTH OF THE TRACHEA ARE 15-20 C-SHAPED PIECES OF HYALINE CRTILAGE (TRACHEAL
CARTILAGES)
• THE TRACHEAL MUSCLE HOLDS THE TWO SIDES OF THE C-SHAPED CARTILAGE TOGETHER POSTERIORLY
• TRACHEA IS LINED WITH PSEUDOSTRATIFIED CILIATED COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM
THE TRACHEA BRANCHES WITHIN THE MEDIASTINUM, FORMING THE
LEFT AND RIGHT PRIMARY BRONCHI
( extrapulmonary bronchi )
EACH BRONCHUS ENTERS A LUNG AT A GROOVE, THE HILUS.
EACH BRONCHUS BRANCHES INTO INCREASINGLY SMALLER PASSAGEWAYS TO CONDUCT AIR INTO THE LUNGS
THE PRIMARY BRONCHI BRANCH INTO AS MANY
SECONDARY BRONCHI
( intrapulmonary bronchi )
AS THERE ARE LOBES OF EACH LUNG
THE SMALLEST PASSAGEWAYS ARE THE BRONCHIOLES
THE LUNGS
• ARE A PAIR OF CONE SHAPED ORGANS LYNING IN THE PLEURAL CAVITIES.
• THE APEX IS THE CONICAL TOP OF EACH LUNG, AND THE BROAD INFERIOR PORTION IS THE BASE.
• EACH LUNG HAS A HILUS, A MEDIAL SLIT WHERE THE BRONCHIAL TUBES, VASCULARIZATION, LYMPHATICS,
AND NERVES REACH THE LUNG.
• EACH LUNG IS DIVIDED INTO LOBES BY DEEP FISURES
RIGHT LUNG HAS THREE LOBES AND LEFT LUNG HAS TWO LOBES
LEFT LUNG IS DIVIDE BY AN OBLIQUE FISSURE INTO SUPERIOR AND INFERIOR LOBES
RIGHT LUNG IS DIVIDED IN THREE LOBES ( SUPERIOR, MIDDLE and INFERIOR )
Superior and Middle lobes are separated by a HORIZONTAL FISSURE, And
The OBLIQUE FISSURE separates Inferior and Middle lobs
THE PLEURAL CAVITIES
• The thoracic cavity is bounded by the ribcage and the muscular diaphragm.
• The mediastinum divides the region into TWO PLEURAL CAVITIES.
• The pleural cavity is lined with a serous membrane, THE PLEURA.
• PARIETAL PLEURA lines the thoracic wall, diaphragm, and mediastinum.
• VISCERAL PLEURA covers the surfaces of the lungs.
THE ALVEOLAR WALLS ARE MADE OF SIMPLE SQUAMOUS PULMONARY EPITHELIUM
SCATTERED AMONG EPITHELIUM ARE
SURFACTANT CELLS
THAT SECRETE AN OIL COATING TO PREVENT THE ALVEOLI FROM STICKING TOGETHER AFTER EXHALATION.
ALSO IN THE ALVEOLAR WALL ARE MACROPHAGES THAT PHAGOCYTIZE DEBRIS OR POTENTIAL PATHOGENS
PULMONARY CAPILLARIES COVER THE EXTERIOR OF THE ALVEOLI
