Chapter 1

Answers to examination-style questions

Answers Marks Examiner’s tips
1 (a) antiproton; antiparticle; –1 (or –e) 3 There are six spaces to fill; the answers
neutrino; particle; 0 are shown here in bold type.
neutron; particle; �0 All 6 correct: 3 marks
positron; antiparticle; +1(or +e) 4 or 5 correct: 2 marks
2 or 3 correct: 1 mark

(b) (i) they carry opposite charges 1 The magnetic field therefore forces them
(+e and –e) in opposite directions.
(ii) they lose kinetic energy gradually as 1 ‘The slower it went, the more it would
they travel along their paths bend’ (passage). Slower charged particles
are deflected more easily by a magnetic
field.
(iii) Relevant points include: 3 ‘… he discovered a beta particle
• the speed is greater where the track that slowed down but bent in the opposite
is less curved direction to all the other beta trails …’
• the straighter track must therefore (passage).
be before the particle met the plate
• the direction of the curve shows
that the charge is positive
• the track must therefore be due to a
positron

2 (a) 90 protons 1 Proton number Z = 90

139 neutrons and 90 electrons 1 Number of neutrons = 229 − 90
Number of electrons = Z

(b) X = 90 1 This is still thorium, and here X is used

to represent the proton number.
Y = any value between 212 and 252 1 In a different isotope, the nucleon
number cannot be 229.
Z = 90 1 The number of electrons is unchanged.

3 (a) 18 protons 1 Proton number Z = 18

19 neutrons 1 Number of neutrons = 37 − 18

(b) charge = +2 or +2e 1 2 electrons have been removed, so the

Q = 2 × 1.6 × 10–19 = 3.2 × 10–19 C ion’s charge is positive.

(c) (i) neutron 1 Q = 0 for a neutron, so (Q/m) is also

zero.
(ii) electron 1 The electron’s small mass gives it the
largest (Q/m).

16 × 9.11 × 10–31 2 Marks are for correct nuclear mass, and

(d) (%) = ​ _______________
   ​× 100
  
37 × 1.67 × 10–27 for correct substitution of values in rest
of the equation.
= 2.4 × 10–2 % 1 Remember to multiply by 100 to get a
percentage.

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 Chapter 1
Answers to examination-style questions
Answers Marks Examiner’s tips

4 (a) number of protons = number of electrons 1 Neutral atoms have an equal number of
(e.g. 13) protons and electrons.
number of neutrons = (28 − number of 1 There could have been 14 protons and 14
protons) (e.g. 15) neutrons!

(b) (i) n uclei have same number of protons 1 This answer follows directly from the
definition of isotopes.
(ii) b ut a different number of neutrons, or 1
nucleons
Q ______________
92 × 1.60 ×10–19 1 The mark is for correct substitution of
(iii) ​ __
m ​= ​ 236 ×1.67 ×10
  
   –27 ​
charge and mass values and a correct
= 3.7 × 107 C kg–1 calculation.

(iv) 95 1 The number of protons and neutrons

(given by the mass numbers for the
nuclei) on each side is the same.

5 (a) X = 225 1 Nucleon numbers must balance in the

decay, and α is a helium nucleus with
A = 4.
Y = 88 1 Proton numbers must also balance, and
Z = 2 for the α particle.

( 
225
(b) ratio ​ = ____ )
​  4 ​    ​= 56 1 The answer is a ratio of two masses and
has no unit.

6 (a) (i) a helium nucleus (or a doubly-ionised 1 (i) tests your factual knowledge. An α
helium atom) particle consists of 2 protons and 2
Properties: 2 neutrons, giving these charge and mass
• charge +2e values.
• mass ≈ 4 units
 
(ii) 215  
​ ​   At → 211
​ ​   Bi + a 2  
1 mark for writing 211
​83​   Bi as the product
85 83
nucleus and the second mark for the
completed reaction equation.

(b) (i)
Relevant points include: 3 Electrons do not reside in the nucleus;
• a neutron changes into a proton the β− particle is formed at the instant of
• the proton remains in the nucleus decay. The antineutrino is necessary to
• a high energy electron (β− particle) is explain the range of energies of the
emitted from the nucleus β− particles that are emitted.
• an antineutrino is also emitted
• the nucleus becomes more stable
__
 
​42​   Mo → 99
(ii) 99  
​43​   Tc + b– + ν​
​  2 1 mark for inserting the missing values of
99 and 43, and 1 mark for including the
antineutrino.
In β− decay A stays the same but Z
increases by 1 (since a neutron changes
into a proton).

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 Chapter 1
Answers to examination-style questions
Answers Marks Examiner’s tips

7 (a) (i) 9.11 × 10−31 kg 1 The β+ particle is a positron, with the

same rest mass as an electron.

λ
c
(ii) f ​ = __ (  ) 3.00 × 108
​   ​  ​= ​ __________
8.30 × 10–13
 
 ​  1 All 3 marks would be available for direct
use of E = (hc/λ), but you must show
(= 3.61 × 1020 Hz) your working whatever method you
E (= hf) = 6.63 × 10–34 × 3.61 × 1020 1 choose.
= 2.4 × 10−13 J 1
2.39 × 10–13 1 Since 1 eV = 1.60 × 10−19 J, it follows
(iii) E = ​ __________
  ​
1.60 × 10–13 that 1 MeV is 106 times larger.
= 1.5 MeV 1

(b) weak interaction 1 Always involved in β decay

(c) A = neutron 1 p → n + β+ + νe
B = W+ 1 Proton must lose + charge
C = (electron) neutrino or ν(e) 1 Not antineutrino

8 (a) (i) electron 1 A positron is a ‘positive electron’, having

the same mass and equal but opposite
charge.
(ii) they annihilate, or destroy each other 1 2 photons are always needed when
annihilation takes place.
forming two gamma rays (or photons) 1 ‘Forming energy’ would not be enough
for the second mark.

(b) energy released = 2 × 0.51 = 1.02 MeV 1 The antiparticle must have the same rest
mass as the particle.
= 1.02 × 1.60 × 10−13 = 1.6 × 10–13 J 1 The energy released is the total of the rest
energies. The energy released could be
greater than this if the particles were to
meet with a significant amount of kinetic
energy, so the value calculated is the
minimum energy released.

9 (a) (i) they annihilate, or destroy each other, 1 This is straightforward annihilation of a
or form two photons particle and its antiparticle.
(ii) the energy associated with the rest 1 Total energy includes both the kinetic
masses must be added energy and the rest mass energy of the
two colliding particles. Photons have no
rest mass.

(b) There are 3 possibilities: the particles any 2 Annihilation can produce particles other
produced could than photons (e.g. muons) when the
• be more numerous colliding particles have a total energy
• be more massive greater than the rest masses of the
• have greater kinetic energy particles that are produced.

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 Chapter 1
Answers to examination-style questions
Answers Marks Examiner’s tips

10 (a) weak interaction 1 The diagram in (b) showing W − is a big

hint!

(b) arrow from e− arrow, pointing top left and 1 You must show p becoming n, and e−
labelled νe becoming νe.
arrow from p arrow, pointing top right and 1
labelled n

11 (a) γ photon/electromagnetic force 2 1 mark for naming the exchange particle

and the second mark for the
corresponding interaction.

(b) Possible roles are: any 2 One mark for each named role.
• transfers energy
• transfers momentum
• transfers force
• (sometimes) transfers charge

12 A high energy γ photon is required 1 Energy must be sufficient to create at

least the total rest masses of the particles
produced.
It is converted into a particle and its antiparticle 1 This occurs in the vicinity of another
particle, such as a nucleus or an electron.
Suitable example named, such as: 1 Only one example is needed.
• proton + antiproton
• electron + positron

Nelson Thornes is responsible for the solution(s) given and they may not constitute the only possible solution(s).

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