SPM CHEMISTRY HOLIDAYS

2011 ASSIGNMENT

CONTENTS
FORM 4

CHAPTER 9 : MANUFACTURE SUBSTANCES IN INDUSTRY

9.1 The Manufacture of Sulphuric Acid

9.2 The Manufacture of Ammonia and Its Salts

9.3 Alloys

9.4 Evaluating the Uses of Synthetic Polymers

9.5 Uses of Glass and Ceramic

9.6 Evaluating yhe Uses of Composite Materials

9.7 Appreciating the Impotance of Various Synthetic Industrial

Materials

FORM 5

CHAPTER 5 : CHEMICALS FOR CONSUMERS

5.1 Soap and Detergent

5.2 Usage of food additives

5.3 Medicine

1
SPM CHEMISTRY HOLIDAYS
2011 ASSIGNMENT

MANUFACTURED
SUBTANCE IN INDUSTRY
FORM 4
MOHD HAFIZ HAKIMI BIN MOHAMED ANAS
940403-02-5967
10536

CHEMISTRY HOLIDAYS ASSIGNMENT

MARA JUNIOR SCIENCE COLLEGE OF MERBOK,

KEDAH DARUL AMAN

2
SPM CHEMISTRY HOLIDAYS
2011 ASSIGNMENT

CHAPTER 9 FORM 4:
MANUFACTURE SUBTANCES
IN INDUSTRY

3
SPM CHEMISTRY HOLIDAYS
2011 ASSIGNMENT

SUBTOPIC 1: SULPHURIC ACID

INTRODUCTION
Sulphuric acid is a diprotic (dibasic) mineral acid which does not

volatise. It is manufacture in a sulphuric acid production plant. In the pure,

concentrated form, sulphuric acid is an oily, colourless liquid which is dense

and vicious. It has a high boiling point that is 270 o C.

In the school laboratory, sulphuric acid is used as:

 A strong acid, for example it react with alkalis to form salt and water

 A dehydrated agent for example it dries gas such as hydrogen.

 An oxidizing agent for example, it oxides substances( copper to Cu 2+

ions)

 A sulphonating agent

 A catalyst, for example it acts as a catalyst in the esterification

process

4
SPM CHEMISTRY HOLIDAYS
2011 ASSIGNMENT

Uses Sulphuric Acid In Industry

Sulphuric acid is a very important chemical substance in industry as it

uses to manufacture many substances. It is used directly and indirectly in

almost industries. About 40 % is used to produce fertilizer.

Modern detergent are produced through the sulphonation process, for

example the reactant between duodecanly-benzene and concentrated

gives rise to a product which is then reacted with NaOH to obtain

detergent. Detergent are more effective then soap as they can be used in

hard water too.

Sulphuric acid is also used in manufactured of plastic and synthetic

fibre. Rayon, a synthetic fibre is produce when acid react with cellulose.The

white pigment caused by BaSO4 in paints is obtained when barium oxide

react with sulphuric acid.

The electrolyte used in lead acid accumulator or car battery is

actually concentrated sulphuric acid. Its other uses is:

 Hydrochloric acid in industry

 Pesticide and herbicide

5
SPM CHEMISTRY HOLIDAYS
2011 ASSIGNMENT

MANUFACTURE OF SULPHURIC ACID

Sulphuric acid can be produce using Contact Process. The raw

material used to produce this acid is water, air and sulphur. The acid is

produce in three stage:

 Stage One: the production of sulphur dioxide

o Heating liquid sulphur with hot air in furnace
S(s) + O2(g) → SO2(g)
o Heating sulphides in air, for example:

4FeS2 + 11O2→2Fe2O3 + 8SO2

SO2 is a side product in the extraction of the metal, iron. Zinc
pyrites can also be heated in air as shown:
2ZnO + 3O2 → 2SO2 + 2 ZnO
 Stage Two: Formation of Sulphur trioxide
Pure, dry sulphur dioxide is mixed with dry oxygen in excess
and passed over vanadium oxide as catalyst at temperature
4500 C to 5500 C and a pressure 1 atm. The condition ensure
the maximum production of sulphur trioxide:
2SO2 + O2↔ 2SO3
The reaction takes place in heat converter. Excess air is used
to ensure a higher percentage of SO 3 produce.
 Stage Three: the production of sulphuric acid
o Sulphur trioxide is passed through an absorption tower when it
is absorbed by concentrated sulphuric acid to form a vicious
liquid called oleum, H2S2O7.
SO3 + H2SO4 → H2S2O7

6
SPM CHEMISTRY HOLIDAYS
2011 ASSIGNMENT

Environmental Pollution by Sulphur Dioxide

The main source of sulphur dioxide is form the burning of fossil fuel

like petroleum. Another source is from manufacture of sulphur based

substance in industry for example is rayon and plastic which manufacture

from sulphuric acid is.

One of the waste product is sulphur dioxide which is acidic and

poisonous gas. Sulphur dioxide can diffuse into our respiratory system and

cause disease such as bronchitis, asthma and lung infection.

Sulpurous and sulphuric acid can cause what we known as acid rain,

which can cause :

 Speeden the corrosion of metallic construction

 It result in higher acidic soil which is not conducive for agriculture

activities

 It lower the PH value of the water in river and seas

 It destroy the nutrient in the soil

7
 SPM CHEMISTRY HOLIDAYS
2011 ASSIGNMENT

9.2 THE MANUFARTURE OF AMMONIA AND SALTS

AMMONIA

1. It uses:
i.In the manufacture of chemical fertilizers such as ammonium sulphate,
ammonia nitric, ammonia phosphate and urea.
ii.To manufacture nitric acid and explosive.
iii.In the making of synthetic fibre and nylon.
iv.As a degreasing agent in aqueous form to remove greasy stains in the
kitchen.

PROPERTIES OF AMMONIA GAS

1.The physical properties of ammonia gas include the following:

i.It colourless and has a pungent odour.
ii.It is vary soluble in water and form a weak alkaline solution.
iii.It less dense then water.
iv.It easily liquified (at about 35.5°C) when cool.

2.The chemical properties of ammonia gas:

a) Ammonia gas dissolves in water to form a weak alkali.

NH3(g) + H2O(l)
NH4+(aq) + OH-(aq)

b) The presence of hydroxide icon causes the aqueous solution to become

alkaline. Thus aqueous ammonia solution:

i. Turns red litmus paper blue.

ii. Reacts with acid to form only salt and waterin neutralization reaction.

NH3(aq) + HCI(aq) NH4CI(aq)

2NH3 + H2SO4(aq) (NH4)2SO4(aq)

iii. Reacts with solution of metallic cations to produce precipitates.

8
 SPM CHEMISTRY HOLIDAYS
2011 ASSIGNMENT
Fe²+(aq) + 2OH(aq) Fe (OH)2(s)

MANUFACTURE OF AMMONIA IN INDUSTRY

1. Ammonia is manufacture on a large scale in industry through the haber process. In

this process, ammonia is formed form direct combination of nitrogen and hydrogen
gas in the volume ratio 1:3

2.The gas nitrogen obtain form the fractional distillation of liquefied air. The
hydrogen gas is obtained form the cracking of petroleum or from the catalysed
reaction of natural gas, CH4, with steam.

CH4(g) + H2O(g)  CO(g) + 3H2(g)

3.The mixture of nitrogen and hydrogen gases is passed over an iron catalyst under
controlled optimum condition as below to form ammonia gas.

i.Temperature: 450-500°C
ii.Pressure: 200-500 atmospheres
iii.Catalyst used: Iron fillings

N2(g) + 3H2(g)(bbalik) 2NH3(g)

4.Under these control optimum condition, only 15% of the gas mixture turn into
ammonia gas. The nitrogen and hydrogen that have not reacted are then flow back
over the catalyst again in the reactor chamber.

5.The ammonia product is then cooled at a low temperature so that it condenses into a
liquid in the cooling chamber.

9
 SPM CHEMISTRY HOLIDAYS
2011 ASSIGNMENT

AMMONIUM FERTILIZERS

1.Nitrogen is required in large amount by plant to make proteins which are necessary
for growth and cell repair.

2.Most plant are not able to get a nitrogen supply directly from the air although it is
abundant in the air (78%). Plants can only absorb soluble nitrogen compounds from soil
through their roots.
3.The nitrogen compounds are usually soluble nitric salt, ammonia and ammonia salt
which are manufacture as chemical fertilizer.

4.Reactions of ammonia with acids produce ammonium fertilizers.

NH3(aq) + HNO3(aq) NH4NO3(aq)

Ammonium nitrate

3NH3(aq) + H3PO4(aq) (NH4)3PO4(aq)

Ammonium phosphate

2NH3(aq) +H2SO4(aq)  (NH4)2SO4(aq)

Ammonium sulphate

10
 SPM CHEMISTRY HOLIDAYS
2011 ASSIGNMENT

9.3 ALLOYS

PHYSICAL PRPERTIES OF PURE MATALS

a) ductile
b) malleable
c) high melting and boiling point
d) high density
e) good conductors of electricity

ARRANGEMENT OF ATOMS IN MATELS

1.The atom of pure metals are packed together closely. This causes the metal to have
a hight density

2.The forces of attraction between atoms (metallic bonds) are strong. More heat
energy is needed to overcome the metallic bond so that the atoms are further apart
during the melting. This is why metals usually have hight melting point.

3.Heat energy can be transferred easily from one atom to the next by vibration. This
make metal good conduct of heat.

4.The freely moving outermost electrons within the metal’s structure are able to
conduct electricity. Metal are, therefore, good electrical conductors.

5.Since atoms of pure metal are of the same size, they are arranged orderly in a
regular layered pattern. When a force is applied to metal, layer of atom slide easily
over one another. This make pure metals soft, malleable and ductile.

11
 SPM CHEMISTRY HOLIDAYS
2011 ASSIGNMENT

WHAT ARE ALLOYS?

1.Pure metal are usually too soft for most uses. They also have a low resistance to
corrosion. They rush and tarnish easily.

2.To improve the physical properties of metal, a small amount of another element
(usually metal) is added to form another an alloy.

3.An alloy is a mixture of two or more metals (something non-metal) in a specific

proportion. For example:
a. Bronze (90% of copper and 10% of tin)
b. Steel (99% of iron and 1% of carbon)

4.The purposes of making alloys include the following:

a) Increase the strength

i. Pure iron is soft and vary malleable. When a small amount of carbon is added to
iron, an alloy, steal is formed. The more carbon is added, the stronger the steel
becomes.

ii. Pure aluminium is light but not strong. With a small amount of copper and
magnesium are added to aluminium, a strong, light and durable alloy call
duralumin is produced.

b) Improving the resistance to corrosion

i. Iron rust easily but stainless steel which contains 80.6% of iron, 0.4% of carbon,
18% of chromium and 1% of nickel does not rush. These properties make
stainless steel suitable for making surgical instrument and cutlery.

ii. Pure copper tarnish easily. When zinc (30%) is added, the yellow alloy which is
known as brass develops a high resistance to corrosion.

12
 SPM CHEMISTRY HOLIDAYS
2011 ASSIGNMENT
c) Enhancing the appearance
i. Pewter, an alloy of tin (97%), antimony and copper is not only hard but also has
a more beautiful white silvery appearance.

ii. When copper is mixed with nickel to form cupronickel, an alloy that has an
attractive silvery, bright appearance is formed which is suitable for making
coins.

9.4 EVALUATING THE USES OF SYNTHETIC POLYMERS

WHAT ARE POLYMER

1.Molecule that consist of a large number of small identical or similar units joined
together repeatedly are called polymer.

2.The smaller molecules that make up the repeating unit in polymer are caller
monomer.

3.The process of joining together a large number of monomers to form a long chain
polymer is called polymerisation.

4.Polymer can be naturally occurring or man-made (synthetic). Natural polymer are

found in plant and in animals for example of natural polymers are starch cellulose,
protein and rubber.

5.Two type of polymerisation in producing synthetic polymer are additional

polymerisation.

6.Double bonds between two carbon atoms usually undergo addition polymerisation

SYNTHETIC POLYMERS IN DAILY LIFE

1.Synthetic polymers have many advantages over other type of materials:

a.They are cheap, light-weight and translucent.
b.They are easily coloured, easily moulded and shaped.
c.They are non-corrosive, waterproof and good insulator.

13
 SPM CHEMISTRY HOLIDAYS
2011 ASSIGNMENT
d.They are durable and long lasting because they are resistant to decay, rusting
and chemical attacks.

2.There are disadvantage using synthetic polymer

a.Most of the synthetic polymer are flammable. When a synthetic polymer
material catches fire, poisonous fumes are produce causing air pollution.
b.Synthetic polymers are non-biodegradable. When there are discharge, they
cause litter problem and pollute the environment
c.Plastic container that are left aside in an open area collect rainwater which
becomes the breeding ground for mosquitoes.
d.There are limitation in recycle have to be separated out as the addition of
non- recyclable polymers in the mixture affect the properties of the recycled
polymers
9.5 USES GLASS AND CERAMICS

GLASS

1.Glass is one of the most useful but inexpensive materials in the world. Many
products are made from glass because of its specials properties.

2.Glass is:
a. Transparent, hard but brittle.
b. A heat and electric insulator.
c. Resistant to corrosion.
d. Chemical not reaction and therefore resistant to chemical attack.
e. Easy to maintain.

CERAMICS

1.Traditional silicate ceramics are made by heating aluminosilicate clay such as kaolin
to a very high temperature.

2.Ceramics have many special properties that make them one of the most useful
materials in our everyday life. That:

a. Are hard, strong but brittle

b. Have high melting point and remain stable at high temperature
c. Are heat and electric instrument
d. Are resistant to corrosion and wear
e. Are chemically not reactive
f. Do not readily deform under stress

14
 SPM CHEMISTRY HOLIDAYS
2011 ASSIGNMENT
3.Ceramic play important role in our daily life. They are uses as

a. Construction materials
i. Ceramic are strong and hard, uses to make roof tiles, bricks cement, sinks, and
toilet bowls
ii. They are also used to make refractory bricks because high resistant to heat.

b. Decorative items
i. To make pottery, china plates, and porcelain vases since they do not tarnish
easily and are durable.
ii. They are used to make bathroom fixture such as floor and wall tiles.

c. Electrical insulator
i. Ceramic are used to make electrical insulator in electrical items such as toasters,
fridges and electrical plug.
9.6 EVALUATING THE USES OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS

WHAT ARE COMPOSITE MATERIALS

1.A composite materials (or composite) is a structure of materials that is formed by

two or more different substances such as metal, glass, ceramic and polymer.

2.Some common composite materials are:

a. Reinforces concrete
b. Superconductor
c. Fibre optic
d. Fibre glass
e. Photochromic glass

REINFORCES CONCRETE

1.Concrete is hard, fireproof, waterproof, comparatively cheap and easy to maintain.

It is more important construction materials.

2.The reinforces is a combination of concrete and steel.

SUPERCONDUCTOR

1.Metal such as copper and aluminium are good conductor of electricity, but 20% of
the electric energy is lost in the form of heat during transmission.

15
 SPM CHEMISTRY HOLIDAYS
2011 ASSIGNMENT
2.Super conductor are materials that have no resistance to the flow of electricity at a
particular temperature. Hence, 100% electricity transmission is possible.

3.One of the most dramatic properties of a superconductor is its ability to levitate a

magnet. Superconductor are used to build magnetically levitate high-speed train (at
about 552 km/h).

4.Superconductor are used to make chips for smaller and faster supercomputer.
Superconductor also play an important role in high speed data processing in internet
communication.

FIBRE OPTIC

1.Fibre optic is a composite material that in used to transmit signals for light wave.

2.Fibre optic is used in

a. Telecommunicate where the telephone substation are liked by fibre optic

cables.
b. Domestic cable television network
c. Closed circuit television security system.

3.Fibre optic also used in medical fields. It is used in a number of instrument which
enable the investigation for internal body part without having to perform surgery.

FIBRE GLASS

1.Fibre glass is glass in the form of fine threads. Molten gas is dropped onto a
refractory rating disc when the glass flies off the disc glass to form fibre.

2.Fibre glass is strong than steel, do not burnt, stretch or rot, resistant to fire and water
but is brittle.

3.When fibre glass added to a plastic, a new composite material fibre glass reinforces
plastic is formed.

16
 SPM CHEMISTRY HOLIDAYS
2011 ASSIGNMENT
4.Fibre glass reinforces plastic has more superior properties than glass and plastic. It
Is:
a. Extremely strong
b. Light weigh
c. Resistant to fire and water
d. Can be molded, shaped and twisted

PHOTOCHROMIC GLASS

1.When 0.01 to 0.1% of silver chloride (a type of photochromic substances) and a

small amount of copper (II) chloride are added to molten silicon dioxide,
photochromic glass is formed.

2.The photochromic glass has a special properties. It darken when exposed to strong
sunlight or ultraviolet.

3.Photochromic glass is suitable for making sunglasses.

17
SPM CHEMISTRY HOLIDAYS
2011 ASSIGNMENT

CHEMICAL FOR
CONSUMER
FORM5
MOHD HAFIZ HAKIMI BIN MOHAMED ANAS
940403-02-5967
10536

CHEMISTRY HOLIDAYS ASSIGNMENT

MARA JUNIOR SCIENCE COLLEGE OF MERBOK,

KEDAH DARUL AMAN

18
 SPM CHEMISTRY HOLIDAYS
2011 ASSIGNMENT

“Most of the materials that are used in our daily lives comprise of processed

industrial chemicals. Soap, detergent, food additives and medicines are some of the

chemicals that have become part of our daily needs.”

5.1 SOAP AND DETERGENT

SOAP

1. Soap is a salt that is form the reaction between an alkali and fatty acid, RCOOH

2. Soap is a:

a) Sodium salt fatty acid if the alkali used is sodium hydroxide.

b) Potassium salt fatty acid if the alkali used is potassium hydroxide.

Alkali + fatty acid → sodium / potassium salt fatty acid + water

19
SPM CHEMISTRY HOLIDAYS
2011 ASSIGNMENT
( salt )

3. The general formula of soap is RCOONa or RCOOK. R is a long chained alkyl group.

4. Example of soap :

a) Sodium palmitate, CH3(CH2)14CC‾Na+

b) Sodium stearate, CH3(CH2)16COO-Na+

c) Sodium laurate, CH3(CH2)10COO-Na+

d) Sodium oleate, CH3(CH2)7CH=CH(CH2)7

5. For example, sodium palmitate soap, CH3(CH2)14COO-Na+, is a sodium salt of

palmitic acid acid, CH3(CH2)14COOH, that is derived from paln oil.

CH3(CH2)14COO- Na+

20
SPM CHEMISTRY HOLIDAYS
2011 ASSIGNMENT

Source found in palmitic Source found

acid, type of fatty acid that in an alkali,
comes from palm oil that is sodium
hydroxide

Sodium palmitate is example of soap

SOAP PREPARATION PROCESS

1.Soap can be prepared by heating fat or oil together with alkali through the saponification

process.

2.The saponification process is a hydrolysis process of ester (oil or fat) by alkali.

3.The vegetables oil that is usually used to manufactured soap is palm oil, coconut oil and

olive.

4.The manufacturing of soap can be divided into 2 stages

a) Stage 1

-The two parts of the oil or fat (ester) molecule are separated by heating the oil

with alkaline solution through the hydrolysis process.

21
 SPM CHEMISTRY HOLIDAYS
2011 ASSIGNMENT
-In the hydrolysis process, the oil or fat (ester) molecule is broken up into fatty

acid and glycerol by water in the presence of alkali which acts as a catalyst.

Fatty acid hydrolysis

+ water ---------------------------→ fatty acid + glycerol

glycero

Alkali acts as a catalys

O O

II II

CH3(CH2)14 – C –O – CH2 CH3(CH2)14 – C - OH HO – CH2

O O

II hydrolysis II

CH3(CH2)14 – C – O – CH + 3H2O ---------------------- CH3(CH2)14 – C – CH + HO - CH

O (alkaly as a catalys) O

22
 SPM CHEMISTRY HOLIDAYS
2011 ASSIGNMENT
II II

CH3(CH2)14 – C – O – CH2 CH3(CH2)14 – C – OH HO – CH2

Palmitic acid Glycerol

Hydrolysis of oil or fat molecule

23
 SPM CHEMISTRY HOLIDAYS
2011 ASSIGNMENT
b) Stage 2

 The fatty acid that is released in Stage 1 react with alkali to form sodium salt fatty acid
which is soap.

Fatty acid + sodium hydroxide → sodium salt fatty acid + water

(alkali) (soap)

5.Generally, the soap manufacturing reaction is represented by a chemical equation in

words. The reaction is as follows.

Vegetable oil + sodium hydroxide → sodium salt fatty acid + glycerol

(ester) (alkali) (soap) (alcohol)

24
SPM CHEMISTRY HOLIDAYS
2011 ASSIGNMENT

O
II
CH3(CH2)14 – C – O – CH2 HO – CH2
O O
II II
CH3(CH2)14 – C – O – CH + 3NaOH ----- CH3(CH2)14 – C – ONa + HO - CH
O
II
CH3(CH2)14 – C – O – CH2 HO – CH2
Glyceryl tripalmitate sodium hydroxide sodium palitate glycerol

Overall teaction between oil or fat molecule and alakli to form soap

25
SPM CHEMISTRY HOLIDAYS
2011 ASSIGNMENT

6.Type of soap that is produce depends on the type of fatty acid and alkali that is used.

Type of Type of alkili

Type of soap Num of
Fatty acid
Carbon atom

Stearic acid,
Sodium sterate,
18 CH3(CH2)16COOH Sodium hydroxide
CH3(CH2)16COO-Na+

Palmitic acid,
Sodium palmitate, CH3(CH2)14COOH Sodium hydroxide
16
CH3(CH2)14COO-Na+

Oleic acid,
Sodium oleate,
18 CH3(CH3)7CH=CH(CH2)7COOH Potassium hydroxide
CH3(CH2)7CH = CH(CH2)7COO-

K+

Lauric acid,
Sodium laurate,
12 CH3(CH2)10COOH Sodium hydroxide
CH3(CH2)10COO-Na+

Linoleic acid,
Sodium linoleate, CH3(CH2)4CH=CHCH2CH=CH Sodium hydroxide

CH3(CH2)4CH=CHCH2CH=CH 17 (CH2)7COOH

(CH2)7COO-Na+

26
SPM CHEMISTRY HOLIDAYS
2011 ASSIGNMENT

7.The soap that is produced can be precipitated out from the mixture by adding table salt

that is sodium chloride.

8.Sodium chloride that is added to reduce the solubility of soap in water and causes the

soap to be separated from the solution.

9.The soap that is produced is filtered, purified and added with additives such as

biological enzymes, whitening agents, antiseptics, perfumes and colouring.

10.There are two types of soap :

a) Solid soap

-made from sodium hydroxide and saturated carboxylic acid that is found in

animal fat.

-used for bathing and washing clothes.

b) Liquid soap

-made from potassium hydroxide and unsaturated carboxylic acid that is

Found in plant oil such as cotton seed oil.

-used as liquid soap and shaving cream (more expensive)

27
SPM CHEMISTRY HOLIDAYS
2011 ASSIGNMENT

THE CLEANSING ACTION OF SOAP

1. soap is cleansing agent that is used to remove organic dirt.

2. when added into water, soap molecules will dissociate into sodium (or potassium) ions

and soap (soap anions).

3. soap ions consist of two parts that is the

a) head that

consist of the anion region

is ionic

called the hydrophilic region

dissolve in water

b) tail that

consist of hydrocarbon region (hydrocarbon chain)

its molecule has covalent characteristics

called the hydrophobic region

dissolve in grease or oil (dirt)

4. soap molecules can reduce the surface tension of water to allow it to wet a material’s

surface better.

28
SPM CHEMISTRY HOLIDAYS
2011 ASSIGNMENT

Cleansing action of food

the soap molecule dissolve in water and reduce the surface tension of water. Water wets
the dirty surface.
The hydrophilic region dissolve in water.
The hydrophobic region dissolve in dirt such as grease.
The tail region emulsifies and breaks up the grease into small drops.

I
When shaken, the water molecules will attract the soap ions and cause the grease to
detach from the surface of the material.
The soap bubbles help to float the grease emulsion in the water. When rinsed, the
grease will be removed together with the water.

DETERGENT

1. a detergent is a salt tht is produce from the reaction between an alkali and a sulphonic

acid.

2. a detergent is the sodium salt of sulphonic acid.

3. synthetic detergents are made from hydrocarbons that are obtained as by-product of

petroleum industry, for example propene gas, C3H6.

THE PREPARATION OF DETERGENT

1. sodium alkyl sulphate detergent can be prepared through a neutralisation reaction

between an alkyl sulphonic acid with a sodium hydroxide solution.

29
SPM CHEMISTRY HOLIDAYS
2011 ASSIGNMENT

O O
II II
R – O – S – OH + NaOH  R – O – S – O-Na+ +H2O
II II
O O

Alkyl sulphuric acid sodium alkyl sulphate

2. the sodium dodecyl sulphate detergent is prepared through a neutralisation reaction

between the dodecyl sulphonic acid and a sodium hydroxide solution.

O O
II II
CH3 – (CH2)12 – O – S – OH + NaOH  CH3 – (CH2)11 – O – S – O-Na+ + H2O
II II
O

30
SPM CHEMISTRY HOLIDAYS
2011 ASSIGNMENT

CLEANSING ACTION OF DETERGENT

1. The cleansing action of detergent and soap is fundamentally the same.

2. when a detergent dissolve in water, its molecule will dissociate to form sodium (or

potassium) ion and detergent ion (detergent anion).

Detergent molecule dissociates to form sodium ion (or potassium ion) and
detergent ion.

IHydropholic region (head) dissolve in water.

Hydrophobic region (tail) dissolve in grease and emulsifies (breaks up) the grease.

I
When the water shaken, the detergent ion will remove the dirt.

31
SPM CHEMISTRY HOLIDAYS
2011 ASSIGNMENT

EFFECTIVENESS OF THE CLEANSING ACTION OF SOAP AND DETERGENT

Soap
effectiveness is reduced when used in hard water (contain mineral salt calcium and
magnesium salt)
cannot be used in hard water because magnesium and calcium ions will react with soap
anions to form a non-soluble precipitate in water (soap film or scum).
Cannot produce bubbles in hard water.

Detergent
Does not form scum in hard water.
Calcium or magnesium salt detergents dissociate easily in water.
Form bubbles in both soft and hard water. Make detergent more effective in its
cleansing action.

32
SPM CHEMISTRY HOLIDAYS
2011 ASSIGNMENT

5.2 FOOD ADDITIVES

1. various food additives are added into food, in the food industry, for the purpose of

a) preserving food

b) improving the taste of food

c) making food look more attractive

d) enriching food with certain nutrients

Food additives function Example of Example of food

chemical
preservatives Prevent a slow Benzoic acid Sausage
down the growth of Sodium nitrate Canned food
bacteria Sulphur dioxide
antioxidant Slow dow the Ascorbic acid Margarine
oxidation of fat in Citric acid Cooking oil
food
Flavouring agent Adds taste or Monosodium Ice cream
fragrant smells to glutamate Soft drinks
make food more Aspartame
edible. (sweetener)
stabilisers Mixes two liquid Lecithin Chilli sauce
that usually do not Gelatine Ice cream
mix together. Acacia gum (agar)
Prevent the
sedimentation
process of liquid
Thickening agent Thickens liquid Gelain (agar) Dark soy sauce
such as soup and Starch Oyster sauce

33
SPM CHEMISTRY HOLIDAYS
2011 ASSIGNMENT
sauce
Colouring agent Colours food to Metanil yellow Ice cream
make it look more Caramel Soft drinks
attractive

2. some food additives can pose a danger to the body’s health.

THE EFFECTS ON HEALTH DUE TO EXCESSIVE USE OF FOOD ADDITIVES

PRESERVATIVES COLOURINGS FLAVOURING ANTIOXIDANTS

 tiredness  cancer  chest pains  damage to the
 itchy skin  asthma  weakness in liver, brain and
 food poisoning  infertility the body kidney
 cancer  hyperactive  nausea  hair loss
children  shortness of
 skin disease breath
 headaches
 brain damage
in babies and
children

34
SPM CHEMISTRY HOLIDAYS
2011 ASSIGNMENT

5.3 MEDICINE

1. natural of synthetic chemical that are use for medical purposes are called medicine.

2. medicine are chemicals that can change the body’s functions.

3. two types of medicine

a) traditional medicine

b) modern medicine

TRADITIONAL MEDICINE

- not processed chemically

- knowledge of medicinal plants is passed down from generation to generation

- sources usually come from plants (herbs) or animals.

ALOE VERA GARLIC TURMERIC

- treat skin disease - treat high blood - treat ringworm
 apply on body pressure - treat liver disease
- prevent cancer  apply on body/
- prevent flu lngest
 eat

BEES’ HONEY LIME MINT

- relieves pain of - help digestion - cures sore throats
skin that has been - cures skin - used as a natural
scalded by hot diseases flavour in sweets.

35
SPM CHEMISTRY HOLIDAYS
2011 ASSIGNMENT
things. - increase body’s  Eat/make juice
 Apply on defence system
body  make into
juice for
drinking

MODERN MEDICINE

- prepared from chemicals, to treat certain disease.

- Sources is from animals or plants, or synthesised in the laboratory.

- Can be divided into.:

a) analgesics

b) antibiotics

c) psychotherapeutic medicines

ANALGESIC

- medicine that reduce pain

- three types:

a) aspirin
 cures body pain
 reduce body temperature during fever
 cannot be taken by children or pregnant mother

b) paracetamol
 replacement for aspirin to reduce pain and fever
 can be taken by children

c) codeine
 used in headache and cough medicine.

36
SPM CHEMISTRY HOLIDAYS
2011 ASSIGNMENT

ANTIBIOTIC

- used to cure diseases caused by bacteria

- prodused by microorganism such as fungi and bacteria.

- Two types :

a) penicillin
 produced by fungi
 treat diseases – gonorrhoea, syphilis(srxually transmitted
disease)

b) streptomycin
 produced by bacteria
 cures tuberculosis and pneumonia

PSYCHOTHERAPEUTIC MEDICINES

- act on nervous system and brain.

- used to treat mental patients.

- taken by patients experiencing psychiatric problems (due to stress) such as

a) depression

b) anxiety

37
SPM CHEMISTRY HOLIDAYS
2011 ASSIGNMENT
c) insomnia

d) nervousness or restlessness

e) difficulties in sleeping

- used to treat psychiatric patients include

a)stimulants

b)antidepressants

c)antipsychotic drug

OTHER MEDICINE

- Hormones are used to treat certain kinds of diseases.

- Hormones are produced by living cells that control certain body function.

- Example of homones include insulin and cortisone

HORMONE DESCRIPTION
insulin - controls the glucose content in
the blood
- lack of insulin in the blood can
cause diabetes
- obtain from animals as goat and
cows.
cortisone - classified under steroids.
- Has anti-inflammatory
haracteristics

38
SPM CHEMISTRY HOLIDAYS
2011 ASSIGNMENT
- Used to cure joint diseases,
asthma and allergies

PROPER METHODE OF USING MODERN MEDICINE

1. can only be taken under doctor’s supervision or obtained through a prescription.

2. antibiotic given by the doctor must be comsumed within the stipulated time frame, this

important to ensure tat all bacteria has been killed.

39