REPORT ON SHORT TERM HYDRO

THERMAL CO-ORDINATION




SUBMITTED BY
Rajendra Narayan Senapati
Roll No- 26243
Regd No-0701105115
Department of Electrical Engineering,
Indira Gandhi Institute of Technology,
Sarang





Indira Gandhi Institute of Technology
Sarang
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Mr. Rajendra Narayan Senapati(0701105115) of 8th
semester Electrical Engineering has completed the B.TECH Seminar report on
Short term Hydro Thermal Co-ordination for the partial Fulfillment of
Bachelors Degree in Electrical Engg. Under Biju Pattnaik University of
Technology in a satisfactory manner.



Mr. Rabindra Behera
Seminar Guide
Dept. Of Electrical Engg.



ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I am grateful to Dept. of Electrical Engineering, for giving me the opportunity to
execute this seminar , which is an integral part of the curriculum in B. Tech
program at the Indira Gandhi Institute Of Technology, Sarang.


I would also like to take this opportunity to express heartfelt gratitude for my
project guide Mr. Rabindra Behera, Senior Lecturer, Dept. of Electrical
Engineering who provided me with valuable inputs at the critical stages of
preparing the seminar report.









Rajendra Narayan Senapati
Roll No- 26243
Regd No- 0701105115




Chapter 1
Introduction

1.1 Overview
A modern power system consists of a large number of thermal and hydel plants connected at
various load centers through a transmission network. An important objective in the operation of
such a power system is to generate and transmit power to meet the system load demand at
minimum fuel cost by an optimal mix of various types of plants. The study of the problem of
optimum scheduling of power generation at various plants in a power system is of paramount
importance, particularly where the hydel sources are scares and high cost of thermal generation
has to be relied upon to meet the power demand. The hydel resources being extremely limited,
the worth of water is greatly increased. If optimum use is made of their limited resource in
conjunction with the thermal sources, huge saving in fuel and the associated cost can be made.

All hydro-systems are basically different from each other in their characteristics. The reason of
this difference are plenty- the chief points being their natural difference in their water areas,
difference between release elements, control constraints, non-uniform water flow etc. Sudden
alteration in the volume of water flow due to natural constraints, occurrence of flood, draught
and other natural calamities also affect the hydro scheduling. Navigational requirement of
agricultural water may also govern the hydro scheduling. Sometimes, water release may be
dictated by treaties between the states and due to the fishing requirements. In certain sectors,
however, the hydel source is sufficiently large, particularly in rainy season as the inflows into the
hydel reservoirs exhibits an annual cyclicity. Furthermore, there may be a seasonal variation in
power demand on the system, and this too exhibits an annual cylcicity. The optimization interval
of one year duration is thus a natural choice for long range optimal generation scheduling
studies. The solution to the scheduling problem in this case consists of determination of water
quantities to be drawn from the reservoirs for hydel generation in each sub-interval and the
corresponding thermal generations to meet the load demand over each sub-interval utilizing the
entire quantity of water available for power generation during the total interval. The long range
scheduling (generally persisting from months to year) involves mainly the scheduling of water
release. Long range scheduling also involves metrological and statistical analysis. The benefit of
this scheduling is to save the cost of generation, in addition to meeting the agricultural and
irrigational requirements. Long range scheduling involves optimization of the operating policy in
the context of major unknowns such as load, hydroelectric inflows, unit availability etc. The



1
short range problem usually has an optimization interval of a day or a week. This period is
normally divided in to sub-intervals for scheduled purposes. Here, the load, water inflows and
unit availabilities are assumes to be known. A set of starting conditions (i.e. reservoirs levels)
being given, the optimal hourly schedule can be prepared that minimizes a desired objective
while meeting system constraints successfully.

Cost optimization of hydro stations can be achieved by assuming the water heads constants
and converting the incremental water (i.e. fuel) rate characteristics in to incremental fuel cost
curves by multiplying it with cost of water per cubic meter and applying the conventional
technique of minimizing the cost function.

1.2 Objective

The main objective of the present work is:
1. To find solution of short term hydrothermal scheduling (HS) problem so that the total
fuel cost is minimized while satisfying the constraints.
2. To maintain an optimal balance between fuel cost and water storage level to maintain
reliable and uninterrupted operation.
3. To test these techniques on different problems.



















2
Chapter 2
Hydrothermal Scheduling
2.1. Introduction
Optimal scheduling of power plant generation is the determination of the generation for every
generating unit such that the total system generation cost is minimum while satisfying the system
constraints. The objective of the hydrothermal scheduling problem is to determine the water
releases from each reservoir of the hydro system at each stage such that the operation cost is
minimized along the planning period. The operation cost includes fuel costs for the thermal units,
import costs from neighboring systems and penalties for load shedding. The basic question in
hydro thermal coordination is to find a trade-off between a relative gain associated with
immediate hydro generation and the expectation of future benefits coming from storage.

Two aspects make the hydrothermal scheduling a complex problem:
y The uncertainty of inflows.
y The hydraulic coupling between hydro plants.
The operation planning of hydrothermal systems is called Hydrothermal Coordination (HTC)
problem. Hydrothermal coordination (HTC) problem requires solving for the thermal unit
commitments and generation dispatch as well as the hydro schedules. The objective is to
minimize thermal production cost subject to meeting the forecasted demand and other operating
constraints. Also the hydrothermal co-ordination (HTC) problem determines the thermal unit
commitments and generation dispatch, as well as the hydro schedules, to meet the forecasted
demand and other operating constraints at minimum thermal production cost. The HTC problem
is usually solved by decomposition of the original problem into long, medium and short term
problems each one considering the appropriate aspects for its time step and horizon of study. It is
also essential to take into consideration two basic aspects of the hydro system:
y The available water quantity (water inflows) is stochastic in nature.
y The decision for the energy allocated to hydro units is deterministic.
Different time horizons and base times are needed for the detailed examination of each one of the
above operating practices. For example, for maintenance scheduling the time horizon is the year
and the base time is the week or the two week period while for the economic dispatch the time
horizon is the hour and the base time is the minute. It is thus obvious that the selection of the
appropriate base time for the hydrothermal scheduling problem is crucial to the formulation and
solution of the problem.



3
2.2 Need of Hydrothermal Scheduling
The operating cost of thermal plant is very high, though their capital cost is low. On the other
hand the operating cost of hydroelectric plant is low, though their capital cost is high. So it has
become economical as well convenient to have both thermal and hydro plants in the same grid.
The hydroelectric plant can be started quickly and it has higher reliability and greater speed of
response. Hence hydroelectric plant can take up fluctuating loads. But the starting of thermal
plants is slow and their speed of response is slow. Normally the thermal plant is preferred as a
base load plant whereas the hydroelectric plant is run as a peak load plant.
2.3 Classification of Hydro Plants
Classification on the basis of type
Classification on the basis of location
Classification According to Quantity of Water Available
2.3.1 Classification on the Basis of Type-Hydro power plants on the basis of their type, are
further classified as:
y Pumped storage plants
y Conventional plants
2. 3.1.1 Pumped Storage Plants
Pumped storage hydro plants are designed to save fuel cost by serving the peak load (a high fuel-
cost load) with hydro energy and then pumping the water back up into the reservoir at light load
periods (a lower cost load). These plants may involve separate pumps and turbines or more
recently, reversible pump turbines. It is associated with upper and lower reservoirs. During light
load periods water is pumped from lower to the upper reservoirs using the available energy from
other sources as surplus energy. During peak load the water stored in the upper reservoirs is
released to generate power to save fuel cost of thermal plants. The pumped storage plant is
operated until the added pumping cost exceeds the savings in thermal costs due to the peak
sharing operation.

2.3.1.2 Conventional Plants
These are classified in to two different categories:
yRun-of-river plants
yStorage plants
Run-of-river plants have little storage capacity and use water as it becomes available. The water
not utilized is spilled.
Storage plants are associated with reservoirs which have significant storage capacity. During
periods of low power requirements, water can be stored and then released when the demand is
high.

4

2.3.2 Classification on the Basis of Location
On the basis of their location, hydro plants are classifieds in to three different categories:
1. Hydro plants on different streams
2. Hydro plants on the same stream
3. Multi-chain hydro plants

2.3.2.1 Hydro Plants on Different Streams
The plants are located on different streams and are independent of each other.

Figure 2.1 Hydro plants on different stream




5

2.3.2.2 Hydro Plants on the Same Stream
When hydro plants are located on the same stream, the downstream plant depends on the
immediate upstream plant.

Figure 2.2 Hydro plants on same stream





6
2.3.2.3 Multi-Chain Hydro Plants
These hydro plants are located on different streams as well as same stream.




Figure 2.3 Multi chain Hydro plants






7
2.3.3 Classification According to Quantity of Water Available
On the basis of quantity of water available Hydro plants can be classified as:
2. 3.3.1 Run-off- River Plants without Pondage
These plants do not store water; the plant uses water as it comes. The plant can use water as and
when available. Since these plants depend for their generating capacity primarily on the rate of
flow of water, during rainy season high flow rate may mean some quantity of water to go as
waste while during low run-off periods, due to low flow rates the generating capacity will be
low.
2.3.3.2 Run-off River Plants with Pondage
In these plants pondage permits storage of water during off peak periods and use of this water
during peak periods. Depending on the size of pondage provided it may be possible to cope with
hour to hour fluctuations. This type of plant can be used on parts of the load curve as required,
and is more useful than a plant without storage or pondage. When providing pondage tail race
conditions should be such that floods do not raise tail-race water level, thus reducing the head on
the plant and impairing its effectiveness. This type of plant is comparatively more reliable and its
generating capacity is less dependent on available rate of flow of water.
2.3.3.3 Reservoir Plants
A reservoir plant is that which has a reservoir of such size as to permit carrying over storage
from wet season to the next dry season. Water is stored behind the dam and is available to the
plant with control as required. Such a plant has better capacity and can be used efficiently
throughout the year. Its firm capacity can be increased and can be used either as a base load plant
or as a peak load plant as required. It can also be used on any portion of the load curve as
required.

2.4 Classification of Hydrothermal Scheduling Problem
y Long range problem
y Short range problem
2.4.1 Long Range Problem
Long range problem includes the yearly cyclic nature of reservoir water inflows and seasonal
load demand and correspondingly a scheduling period of one year is used. The solution of the
long range problem considers the dynamics of head variations through the water flow continuity
equation. The coordination of the operation of hydroelectric plants involves, of course, the
scheduling of water releases. The long-range hydro-scheduling problem involves the long-range
forecasting of water availability and the scheduling of reservoir water releases (i.e.,
drawdown) for an interval of time that depends on the reservoir capacities.

8
Typical long-range scheduling is validity ranges from 1 week to 1 year or several years. For
hydro schemes with a capacity of impounding water over several seasons, the long-range
problem involves meteorological and statistical analysis. Nearer-term water inflow forecasts
might be based on snow melt expectations and near-term weather forecasts. For the long-term
drawdown schedule, a basic policy selection must be made. Should the water be used under the
assumption that it will be replaced at a rate based on the statistically expected (i.e., mean value)
rate, or should the water be released using a worst-case prediction. In the first instance, it may
well be possible to save a great deal of electric energy production expense by displacing thermal
generation with hydro-generation. If, on the other hand, a worst-case policy was selected, the
hydro plants would be run so as to minimize the risk of violating any of the hydrological
constraints (e.g., running reservoirs too low, not having enough water to navigate a river).
Conceivably, such a schedule would hold back water until it became quite likely that even worst-
case rainfall (runoff, etc.) would still give ample water to meet the constraints. Usually, long-
term hydrothermal scheduling is used for breaking down the long-term problem into a number of
midterm (e.g., monthly) problems. Long-term produces a near optimal cost estimation while the
mid-term case can use a more detailed cost representation (short-term cases use the most detailed
cost formulation).
The purpose of the long-term scheduling is to provide a good feasible solution that is close to the
long-term cost minimization of the whole system. The problem is usually very difficult to solve
due to its size, the time span (up to several years) and the randomness of the water inflows over
the long term. Long-range scheduling involves optimizing a policy in the context of unknowns
such as load, hydraulic inflows, and unit availabilities (steam and hydro). These unknowns are
treated statistically, and long-range scheduling involves optimization of statistical variables.
Useful techniques include:
y Dynamic programming, where the entire long-range operation time period is simulated
(e.g., 1 year) for a given set of conditions.
y Composite hydraulic simulation models, which can represent several reservoirs.
y Statistical production cost models.
2.4.2 Short Range Problem
In it, the load demand on the power system exhibits cyclic variation over a day or a week and the
scheduling interval is either a day or a week. As the scheduling interval of short range problem is
small, the solution of the short-range problem can assume the head to be fairly constant. The
amount of water to be utilized for the short-range scheduling problem is known from the solution
of the long-range scheduling problem. Short-range hydro-scheduling (1 day to 1 week) involves
the hour-by-hour scheduling of all generation on a system to achieve minimum production cost
for the given time period. In such a scheduling problem, the load, hydraulic inflows, and unit
availabilities are assumed known. A set of starting conditions (e.g. reservoir levels) is given, and
the optimal hourly schedule that minimizes a desired objective, while meeting hydraulic steam,
and electric system constraints, is sought.
9
Part of the hydraulic constraints may involve meeting endpoint conditions at the end of the
scheduling interval in order to conform to a long-range, water release schedule previously
established.


The short term hydrothermal scheduling problem is classified in to two groups
y Fixed head hydro thermal scheduling
y Variable head hydro thermal scheduling

2.5 Scheduling Problems
In the operation of a hydroelectric power system, three general categories of problems arise.
These depend on the balance between the hydroelectric generation, the thermal generation, and
the load. Systems without any thermal generation are fairly rare. The economic scheduling of
these systems is really a problem in scheduling water releases to satisfy all the hydraulic
constraints and meet the demand for electrical energy. Techniques developed for scheduling
hydrothermal systems may be used in some systems by assigning a pseudo-fuel cost to some
hydroelectric plant. Then the schedule is developed by minimizing the production cost as in a
conventional hydrothermal system. In all hydroelectric systems, the scheduling could be done by
simulating the water system and developing a schedule that leaves the reservoir levels with a
maximum amount of stored energy. In geographically extensive hydroelectric systems, these
simulations must recognize water travel times between plants. The largest category of
hydrothermal systems includes those where there is a closer balance between the hydroelectric
and thermal generation resources and those where the hydroelectric system is a small fraction of
the total capacity. In these systems, the schedules are usually developed to minimize thermal
generation production costs, recognizing all the diverse hydraulic constraints that may exist.
Scheduling problem consists of
y Problem characteristics.
y Problem formulation.
y Solution approach.
The objective of hydrothermal scheduling is to determine the sequence of hydro releases which
will minimize the expected thermal operation cost (given by fuel cost plus penalties for
rationing) along the planning horizon. This problem can be represented as a decision tree. With
the help of decision tree the operator has option of using hydro today or storing the hydro energy
for use in next period.
2.6 Scheduling Energy
Suppose, as in Figure, we have two sources of electrical energy to supply a load, one hydro and
another steam. The hydro plant can supply the load by itself for a limited time.

10



Figure 2.4 Two-unit hydrothermal systems

For any time period j,




However, the energy available from the hydro plant is insufficient to meet the load




11

Use here the entire amount of energy from the hydro plant in such a way that the cost of running
the steam plant is minimized. The steam-plant energy required is


i.e. (Load energy) - (Hydro energy) = (Steam energy)

It is not require the steam unit to run for the entire interval of Tmax hours. Therefore


Where

= run period for steam plant

Then

The scheduling problem becomes


Subject to


And the Lagrange function is


Then



12

This means that the steam plant should be run at constant incremental cost for the entire period it
is on. Let this optimum value of steam-generated power be Ps* which is the same for all time
intervals the steam unit is on. This type of schedule is shown in figure.
The total cost over the interval is


Where

Let the steam plant cost be expressed as


Then

Also



Figure 2.5 Resulting optimal hydro thermal schedule


13
Then

And

Now we can establish the value of Ps* by minimizing FT:

Or

Which means the unit should be operated at its maximum efficiency point long enough to
supply the energy needed, E.

Note if,

Where fc is the fuel cost.
Now the heat rate is

And the heat rate has a minimum when

Giving best efficiency at

It is clear from the above that solution of hydrothermal scheduling problem requires solving for
the thermal unit commitments and generation dispatch as well as the hydro schedules. The steam
plant should be run at constant incremental cost for the entire period it is on. This optimum value
of steam-generated power is Ps * which is the same for all time intervals the steam unit is on. The
best efficiency is achieved when the heat rate is minimum and it is calculated with the help of
cost coefficients A and C. Resulting optimal hydro thermal schedule shows if the thermal
and hydro plants are operated with each other then it results in economy. Steam plants and hydro
plants, both are used to supply base load. During peak load it is economical to use hydro plants.
Hence the thermal plant is preferred as a base load plants whereas the hydroelectric plant is run
as a peak load plant.




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2.7 Short Term Hydrothermal Scheduling
2.7.1 Introduction
The basic idea of hydrothermal coordination is the scheduling of hydroelectric system and
thermal system coordinated to meet the load demand at every interval. Hydrothermal scheduling
is achieved by optimally scheduling the generation of hydrothermal system with optimal
constraints fully imposed or satisfied. The systematic coordination of the operation of a system
of hydroelectric generation plants is usually more complex than the scheduling of an all-thermal
generation system. The reason is simple and important. That is, the hydroelectric plants may very
well be coupled both electrically (i.e., the water outflow from one plant may be a very significant
portion of the inflow to one or more other, downstream plants). Optimum scheduling of power
plant generation is of great importance to electric utility systems. With the insignificant marginal
cost of hydroelectric power, the problem of minimizing the operational cost of a hydrothermal
system essentially reduces to that of minimizing the fuel cost for thermal plants under the
constraints of the water available for hydro generation in a given period of time. The primary
objective of short-term hydrothermal scheduling is to determine the amount of hydro- and
thermal generations to meet the load demands in a schedule horizon such that the fuel cost
required to run the thermal generators can be minimized. In tackling this problem, the thermal
system may be represented by an equivalent thermal generator unit. In short term hydro thermal
scheduling, the load demand on the power system exhibits cyclic variation over a day or a week
and the scheduling interval is either a day or a week. As the scheduling interval of short range
problem is small, the solution of the short-range problem can assume the head to be fairly
constant. The amount of water to be utilized for the short range scheduling problem is known
from the solution of the long-range scheduling problem. Short-range hydro-scheduling (1 day to
1 week) involves the hour-by-hour scheduling of all generation on a system to achieve minimum
production cost for the given time period. In scheduling problem, the load, hydraulic inflows,
and unit availabilities are assumed. A set of starting conditions (e.g., reservoir levels) is given,
and the optimal hourly schedule that minimizes a desired objective, while meeting hydraulic
steam, and electric system constraints, is sought. Part of the hydraulic constraints may involve
meeting end-point conditions at the end of the scheduling interval in order to confirm to a
long-range, water-release schedule previously established. The short term hydrothermal
scheduling problem is classified in to two groups.
Fixed head hydro thermal scheduling
The head of reservoirs can be assumed fixed if the hydro plants have reservoirs of large capacity.
Variable head hydro thermal scheduling
The head of reservoir is variable if the hydro plants have reservoirs of small capacity.
1.1.1 2.7.2 Problem Characteristics
The objective of hydrothermal scheduling is to determine the sequence of hydro releases which
will minimize the expected thermal operation cost (given by fuel cost plus penalties for
rationing) along the planning horizon. This problem can be represented as a decision tree, as
illustrated in below figure.

15





As seen in the figure, the operator is faced with the options of using hydro today, and therefore
avoiding complementary thermal costs, or storing the hydro energy for use in the next period. If
hydro energy is used today, and future inflows are high - thus allowing the recovery of reservoir
storage - system operation will result to be efficient. However, if a drought occurs, it may be
necessary to use more expensive thermal generation in the future, or even interrupt load supply.
If, on the other hand, storage levels are kept high through a more intensive use of thermal
generation today, and high inflows occur in the future, reservoirs may spill, which is a waste of
energy and, therefore, results in increased operation costs. Finally, if a dry period occurs, the
storage will be used to displace expensive thermal or rationing in the future.
2.7.3 Problem Formulation
Given a power system consisting of N thermal units and M hydro units, the problem is to
schedule the power generation of all units over

time sub -intervals in order to minimize the

fuel cost. This schedule must meet given demand and pre-specified amount of water allocated at
each hydro plant.
2.7.3.1 Thermal Model
The objective function is to minimize the total operating cost (C) represented by the fuel cost
of thermal generation over the optimization interval (T).



16



Where the problem is to schedule the power generation of all units over

time sub-intervals in
order to minimize the fuel cost which is given as:



wheie
Where

and

are cost coefficients of the

generating unit
2.7.3.2 Hydro Model
In hydro system, there is no fuel cost incurred in the operation of hydro units. According to
Glimn-krichmayer model, discharge is a function of power output and the head. For large
capacity reservoir it is practical to assume that the effective head is constant over the
optimization interval. Thus

is the rate of discharge from the

unit in the interval k and is

represented by the quadratic equation:

Where

and

discharge coefficients of the hydro units.

2.7.4 Constraints
2.7.4.1 Load Demand Equality Constraint

Where

is the load demand during the

sub-interval and

are the transmission losses

during the

interval.
2.7.4.2 Minimum and Maximum Power Generation Limits from View Point of Economy and
Capacity of Generating Units

Where Pik Power output of the generating units in MW during the kth interval, Pmax is the
maximum power of a generating unit in MW and Pmin is the minimum power of a generating unit
in MW.
2.7.5 Transmission Losses
The transmission losses during kth interval are given by the Krons loss formula in terms of B-
coefficients.
17

The fixed head hydro thermal problem can be defined considering the optimization interval to

meet the load demand in each interval. Each hydro plant is constrained by the amount of water
available for draw-down in the interval.

2.7.6 Basic Solution Approach
2.7.6.1 Classical Method
A more general and basic short-term hydrothermal scheduling problem requires that a given
amount of water be used in such a way as to minimize the cost of running the thermal units. We
will use below figure in setting up this problem. The problem we wish to set up is the general,
short-term hydrothermal scheduling problem where the thermal system is represented by an
equivalent unit, Psj. In this case, there is a single hydroelectric plant, PHj. We assume that the
hydro plant is not sufficient to supply all the load demands during the period and that there is a
maximum total volume of water that may be discharged throughout the period of Tmax hours. In
setting up this problem and the examples that follow, we assume all spillages, Sj, are zero. The
only other hydraulic constraint we will impose initially is that the total volume of water
discharged must be exactly as defined. Therefore, the mathematical scheduling problem may be
set up as follows:






















18


Figure 2.7 hydrothermal systems with hydraulic constraints problem




Subject to



Let nj = length of jth interval


19
The loads are constant in each interval. Other constraints could be imposed, such as:



Assume constant head operation and assume a q versus P characteristic is available, so that


Figure 2.8 Hydroelectric unit input-output characteristic for constant head
The Lagrange function is:

and for a specific interval j = k,




And

Gives




20
Suppose we add the network losses to the problem. Then at each hour,


And the Lagrange function becomes

(37)

With resulting coordination equations (hour k):



Now with the help of above equations and given load demand, thermal power, hydro power, and
volume of water utilized and optimum cost can be calculated.

























21
2.7.6.2 Flow Chart for Classical Method

Figure 2.9 Flow chart for classical method


22
2.7.6.3 Algorithm for Classical Method
1. Read all the input data.
2. Calculate the initial guess value of Pik, (lambda) k,Vj.
3. Consider Vj as calculated in step 2.
4. Start the iteration counter r = 1.
5. Start the hourly count k = 1.
6. Consider Pik and

.
7. Now compute new values for

, Pik , Pjk for given values of k.

8. Calculate total volume utilized.
9. Check for convergence.
10. If convergence is not achieved update volume and go to step 4 and increase the
iteration counter and repeat.
11. Print the generation, utilized volume of water and cost.
2.7.6.4 Gradient Approach
The following is an outline of a first-order gradient approach, to the problem of finding the
optimum schedule for a hydrothermal power system. We assume a single equivalent thermal unit
with a convex input-output curve and a single hydro plant.
Let:
j = the interval = 1, 2, 3,. . . , Jmax
vj= storage volume at the end of interval j
qj = discharge rate during interval j
rj = inflow rate into the storage reservoir during interval j
Psj = steam generation during Jth interval.
sj = spillage discharge rate during interval j
Plossj = losses, assumed here to be zero
Ploadj = received power during the jth interval (load)
PHj = hydro-generation during the jth hour
28
Next, we let the discharge from the hydro plant be a function of the hydro-power output only.
That is, a constant head characteristic is assumed.
Then

So that to a fiist oiuei

The total cost for fuel over the j = 1, 2, 3 , . . . , Jmax intervals is

The cost function may be expanded in a Taylor series to give the change in fuel cost for a change
in steam-plant schedule.

23
Considering only first order terms


In any given interval, the electrical powers must balance:


So that



Therefore





Where


24
The variables are the incremental water values in the various intervals and give an indication
of how to make the moves in the application of the first-order technique. That is, the steepest
descent to reach minimum fuel cost(or the best period to release a unit of water) is the period
with the maximum value of . The values of water release, qj must be chosen to stay within the
hydraulic constraints. These may be determined by use of the hydraulic continuity equation:

We must also observe the storage limit


We will assume spillage is prohibited so that all sj = 0, even though there may well be
circumstances where allowing sj > 0 for some j might reduce the thermal system cost.
The discharge flow may be constrained both in rate and in total. That is

And


In this method, whenever a constraint is reached (that is, storage volume is equal to Vmin or Vmax)
one must choose intervals in a more restricted manner.















25
Chapter 3
Conclusion

y Hydro-thermal scheduling is done when power demand is less than the maximum
capacity of power generation by the hydro and thermal plants. The benefit of this
scheduling is to save the cost of generation, in addition to meeting the agricultural and
irrigational requirements.
y The optimal scheduling problem in a hydro-thermal system stated as to minimize the fuel
cost of thermal plants under the constraint of water availability for hydro-generation over
a given period of operation.
y The operating cost of thermal plant is very high, though their capital cost is low. On the
other hand the operating cost of hydroelectric plant is low, though their capital cost is
high. So it has become economical as well convenient to have both thermal and hydro
plants in the same grid.
y The hydroelectric plant can be started quickly and it has higher reliability and greater
speed of response. Hence hydroelectric plant can take up fluctuating loads. But the
starting of thermal plants is slow and their speed of response is slow. Normally the
thermal plant is preferred as a base load plant whereas the hydroelectric plant is run as a
peak load plant.
y The primary objective of short-term hydrothermal scheduling is to determine the amount
of hydro- and thermal generations to meet the load demands in a schedule horizon such
that the fuel cost required to run the thermal generators can be minimized.















26
References

1. Kothari D.P., Dhillon J.S., Power System Optimization, Prentice Hall of India
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2. Elgerd O.I, Electric Energy Systems theory, An Introduction, Tata McGraw Hill
Limited, New York, 1983.
3. Grainger J.J., Stevenson W.D., Power System Analysis, Tata McGraw Hill Limited,
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4. Fabrcio Y. K. Takigawa, Erlon C. Finardi, Edson L. da Silva, A Decomposition Strategy to
Solve the Short-Term Hydrothermal Scheduling Based on Lagrangian Relaxation,2005.
5. Hota P.K., Barisal A.K., Chakrabarti R., An improved PSO technique for short-term
optimal hydrothermal scheduling,2009.
6. Ramos L.M., Lora A.T., Santos J.R., Short-term Hydro-thermal Coordination Based on
Interior Point Nonlinear Programming and Genetic Algorithms,2001.































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