)(

WOM u_ WOM WB fM
ddO U :rKI

s bF c b v d q (sexuality) WOM uA u{u UM s UL iF vMU

Q UM vK s r : ?WOU uI WB s WK v u{uL c WUF r nO .WKL
vMJ .U W vK WOuM pK v U s r :UOU ,UdAM vGM v U_ WOu UM qdO b
.U dO vK XU vU XHA UbM UMF c s Xd
r UN s rd U ,UNILF ,UUL VUML Xu v U UNQ bF c v WbIL U _ XL bI
b_ WEL pK Xb UbM .dEM vLU_ sOuL Wb bF U u vK bb Q
XM UL ,fJF vK q ,UU WDIM pK r U ,UI U b .qFHU vMLN p U vMQ UJ
oDM U u ,WOU uI WB v sOKUF p_ WNu WOKLF UULL s U qFHU b
.UM _ vK UUL
WB" sOd UO WOM uA fM Q ,UM s beL U XM u ,U_ c vMFM bI
c rN "WOU WOM WB" UL rN s q vK V .jI UNO ULNe sJL "WOM
fM v v ."WOM" WOze vKFH vMFL v dO dJH ,u{u s beL td eOOL
,WOU uI WB UL b WOKLF Vu l `d VUM qJA UI WOM uA
.)pc dFM ,d u vK dC UN s rdU( WOM WB UNF o ULMO
lUD UH{ .fM u fM :pc dFM
UL ,
OL UO tKF WU tOK vD vB
vMF .tFO s dOG s ,UA s UUM U u
UMN ;lDU ULU WK c fO fM p
b fM WUL UM p v ,dOG s WIOI
,UOM WuIML d_U UB ,qH vK qB
v d_ UO_ iF ,WUML hI dOH
fM sO U UBH UM sJ .UNO Vd b
uK v u sJL fM Wd lu v
UCF ,n ,b U u ,WB vK bU
.tO ubN WOU WB U v sOKUF s

UMF fL s d u fM
UOzUIK o dO u ,d h l b vD
WIOI qQ UMOK .c WUOB vIF uK l
b ud ULU sOKUF s
OK b
Ud UM s OK b ,vD UF
u cM b U v d rU v- tub
rNH d uOK 2 tO vIK lu WM sdA
-WUI dAF uM Ub UO v t
UMUO WFO u dOJ dOJ uI WIOI v
v .WOIF dO dULU WuHL WOM
UM qOCH v V Wb t vK dH WIOI

bF u{u U .WeOKU bB v "WOU WB UUC" WK s 1998 dLu 6 r bF WOU u UIL c

WOM WB sO jd v WLN s tMLC UL dE sOIdL W s bF c v dA UM UMMJ ,"WOM uA"
UIL WIKFL dIH iF UG r b .sOIdLK WOM WB WAUM bM U v tF{ vGM U u ,WOM u_
)dL( tO UAL bF v dA
5

,WOM WULL v qb v qL lM qzUu

UN v ,s cM UUMAU WIOI pK
.dOJH v U s `{ UdI X

"cI" bL rNUFO W bL wA ,UNd

.fM UJ UN rB v
vK UMb u WOU d UMKF tQ s U
Vd U l ,r_ WFL WOM Wd l qUF
UMzUJ UMU vK dOQ s WOM Wd vK
b sc UdA WOI vK UH l ,WO
UMU s WHK WKUL rNU rNUUO uJ
V ,pc uI lOD qQ UMK .WU
dOJ UM fO n sJ .tFOD UM bIF
WMU UC dOJ q vM uK c q s
.d uMK

U UM uI UbM ,bb , vMF U

,d_ rOEM UO q ,fM s d b
fO Yb c q lu ?UL qO vK
s b bd v pK sL .dLU vIDMLU
UM iO UHDF bd Vd v WOM UNUO
lM u W UN b q WFd UA
oM s W c vKNL hH UM ?qL
vK bN u U ?WdK UUL{ X ?rd
lOD ,Vu VOd tMJL U q ?U
?UNJd l fM WUL vK tdJ d bU
.bb d q_ vK ,sOOF sJM

UNOL vK qE WOM WB v p
WOM uA `B - v - r U WFdL
tO be U rU v gOF UM .WOU d
d_ WUML hI dOH WU bF
s WLUM W{dL UOu pc ,UOM WuIML
w WDO qUAL s bF_ p .UN
bF XM U ,sOM sO U qO s
WM .pM fHM d fMK UO pH
dC s u vK bM uDM WOM uA
t vK u ,dA fM bF tO qB r
.sb{ nMF UM d tO vH rU uB
s dO v nMFU fM d WIOI lu
WOM WB ZNM uB s dOJU vAO UO_
.fM l WNu v

U Wu VK v lI WOM uA
dBU ,Uu qC v ,oKF v .tOB
s b ,WOM Wd u UbM vU qJA
ULK UNH WKOBH s VUM uC d vK Vu
vK dL sOF dI vMKF bI .Wd X
UN d UN dF v WDO VOU_U rR v
.WOM UULL fMK WOU dO d s
UM Ud s W v ob v WUJ WGK
d_ oKF UbM Q dOG ,dJ d ,Ub
pK " "... dc c" `B :fM s w Q
fO ,n vMF fM WM ."... v_
vM uK sJ ,v_ dcK vM uK
.dL qdK

?fM s dJ cN b ,UOU ,UMOK q

UHEML lO bOu WKOu qFHU fM qL q
WUJ Yb vL ?WOd nB _
qO" vK WKL XU v v fM s
Yb d UH U qFHU vN "uMOK
UN b v WGK ,t U Q Vc fM s
,WOM rNUL v qFHU UM tKFH U s
dO sJL ,dOUL qJA gUM UbM WU
.UNOK uDM b WOLOL s Wd

Vu iF s eL s nAJ U U WGK
UNb U U v WMONL WGK v dEM .fM
qO v dEM .UL c v dA uFO s
e_ nB v ,WeOK v q_ vK ,ULKJ
Z qJA b ULK v ,UU s dL
dL v v .WOD UKDBL s uJ U bF
,WFd WU v UH_ uK S ,d
uU ULKJ pK uFL UbM rNJ{ WId
6

VKD s p U b bd qJ - sOM
v tFU oOKF vU XH bI .tuK v dOOG
oKF ,dKO d UIL U U ,WOuO vbd
WJKLLU v Y dOUF WM UNb Wb
v ."?nMF Ud d nO" :uM X bL
vd qL q 100 vK d Wb c U
rNM VK r ,UB UM )3(vzULMO rKO
UFL UIOKF XU .bU U u uAUM
v WMKU UL ,"tI U XU bI" qO s
b{ nMF bU UU u" UM UM
iF dF b WMOF d X" t "WO dL"
."d
L UB Ud

Uu{u u{uL qF qL ULd ,d WOU s

u v ,WM_ WOU s UbI UAL vK UdD
"dKO d" U bI .vU_ bBIL u p sJ r
WM 300 cM "rU" WOC v b U sO dR
.uO uMOK qO b U sO bL Uu v
,tUA sOU v vM dBMF uI u
UNEI ,d Wd WOM UNu" q s b t
- U b O U I O I s O U b . " U U D O
WOMJ WU UD -uMOK WU v
U s Y rNLN XU sc ,"dUK"
.d WULL ULNL UM U v UDOAK
uMOK WU v uNL u b c dH
.)1(UUDU vL U b{ dO qJA u i
,tQA cJ qJ ,U W vK fM d uN
?qd oMA ULK

,Wb qL p ,d v ,WOHB b
qd UB v U bI .sO v sJ
vIK ,UOUDd v dA dO L ` te
qUFK UU Ub UOU WdA v uKUF
lu bF r ,UB UU{ l WOU
rNU s UB UU{ uQ sOUL
uL u aU c v uc ,vM
dOOG s rdU .a ,rb{ XF v WLd s
UUO v WU{U( Wb ,UUO v
)vM nMF rzd v W bF u d
oKF U ,dO dOG r Ud UJ dN
qu .UM vK uK UI UBU d_
dJ q UOU UO fL dOOG ldA v UIL
Wd `M s UB tKL c UMK oOLF
.)4(WuN

U u .d WDI rU .qQK dO WDI

,U v uL UM s b ,Ub b
VM c ,"U fLO" ubK dB dO vK
.qHD _ UbF XU WdBO WOKL tO
,d V WOK v VD ,1795 U U b
gO v VDK tUN Wb XU 1813 U v
d v ,qu se dL v vUDd
UOU d UL ,tH VFB h tQ UN
q tQ U fLO n b .UC WOD tUN
WIOI v U tMJ ,WFKD vN dO r qO{
b b .d ,t vMNL ,d_
WbL o UbM dL s dUF v tu
bF .b U vK dLU luLU p sJ r ,VD
uU ,p U_ s tz rEF vH ,tU
U Ud UMUu qzUL ,cJ .)2(tOK rOF
p U bI ,U WU v .bbA oLFU r
UM bb UM s rdU .U XL v
.UOFK WU sJ r UN ,WOM WB l

b dHL s U bI ,dD s c
vMF ULz vK oKG bI .WOM WB s
UULL u q )1( :vMF qN ,WOM WB
jd U - WOKUM UC_ uJ vK WOM
)2( .UUF WLOK -d_ b e s UN
U v vMF U u ,WOB WOM WULL
.WOM WULL UJ rEF UF sdOJ
uJ d s d lDIU v WOM WB

WB U .UE lC WOM WBK bFM

sO UL d_U tA UN bI ?WOM
7

XO
,UOU .)UB s eF( WMF WOF fH
UUO s UD d d UU UM UUO
v d d UM e r ,l{d UH_
,WUML hI dOH bFK U d
rN s UU( dL c l{d sNUH_
UUC ,lDIU ,pK .)sOOzd dO u U sc
dLR qO s JL U c s .WOM W
WULL Zd tUL b s bF b
U WH WU b UNK q ,f MK WM
?W_ Ud

W B r N H U L , U N U O W O M d _ i O I
.)*("dKU bHU" qCH ,U tu
tO bu d :WOM WB vMF q )3(
?fM WUL ?U U ...U WO UuF
?tOK uB ?fM v Wd ?fMU UL
fM WB sO q_ vK dO b d UM
fO sJ ,UO ULOK uJ bd U q :u
fM bd U q .fM v Vd U q
U u ?UO ULOK uJ Q qJ rN sJ
? WOM WB U q bd qN , c

rN ,lDU rN fMU ,Wb WOUM s sJ

bIFL s bbF rN UH u WOM uA
.U WB v dR v UOuK s dOJ
UMOK sJ ,UU UK WOM WB b v
.UNOUL oKF ULO sO{ uJ

qUF d{ WB fM sO jd c vMF b
uD ,fM WUL d_ s WUu l
UO p uJ UL ,WOM WB u v
WBU WIKF UuF u WIOI uI .UO
.fM WM v lDU rN fMU UL U
.v uD d uN pc U u d_ vK

WB UUC" s bF c v WbIL U_
U UO U vK bO dR dF "WOU
fM Vu UL WOU uI WB
UN r vGM v VOU_ ,WOM uA
v UFOL UM WK v bOQU dOA v .p
v dL b U U ,WOM UMUO s UB
U u ,uB cN UI UNO UMF d b
,UL c v Y eM sJL U l{u vA
.U U vGM U

UA" UM vO V ,dL vKL WUML

dLRL v n UbM Lancet "tO" d "uu
vK bA qL uOu v nOM v b vb
UN bF WB tOu ULC e sOAL UI
UNOB v oUML v sOOLUF uL UL s
:uB t vK UOId v ,b s dC d
v U v WUA u_ pK wO pc
dO fL WKJA ` b b v dLRL
rNM sOOKL- Ud v ,bOF b v sOOKL
UOId v fO ,UNNuL uU -sOOKL dO
.jI

q v XO sOM sO UL s rdU
dF fM ,fMU d_ oKF UbM T
,qd UO dO_ sB ,bb Vu s
.UL ed v UM lC uEM s q_ vK
,q_ vK UMK WMU ,fM WM b s UL
vH UbM WBU WKB oO tKF u vK
.vM nMF UM d

U v d h I , p v W U { U , U M U
sODd WOL_ s UNH Wb vK sOOCI
vzUu qLF k r , :UL UIO UU
UN X vD UF WLKJ :UL s qOKIU

s WU UNQ WB ndF r bN v ,v{UL dI s UOMOF v UOMOF v WOLUF WB WLEML UF dbL *

)dL( .WU dL UO d fO ,WOUL WOKIF Wb W UL

) (

:ldL
1.
2.

Miller A, 1998. Behind the Lewinsky affair, some may discern the work of the Devil. Guardian,
16 October. Reprinted from the New York Times.
Devor H, 1997. FTM: Female to Male Transsexuals in Society. Indiana University Press,
Bloomington. Referenced source: PR Kirby. South African Medical Journal. 1970; 25 April:50616.

.WOU ed rKO u ,UUM rKOHK rUO U

4.

Aitkenhead D, 1998. They hate women. Guardian. 16 October.

.3

dOGL UNuNH WIdL

db qOdU U
:hK
WLEM( WM 19-10 sO rNM d sc U_ r uIdL ,WOLUF WB WLEM ndF UI
v uAOF rNM %85( rUF UJ s %20 vu uKJA sOIdL s rdU .)1998 WOLUF WB
UO q rNHOMB r ,UNc WLzU WbN WuLL WOM WKdL c qU r t ,)WOUM b
sOIdLK dEM u -q_ vK UOze- p v V .qHD dL WB UL U v ,d_
WOM `zdA WUILU dL qUA s vUF ,UO bO WB lL WOM WdA uLM rN vK
U ,WO qUA sOIdLK Q be UO UM .sOML l{d UH_ q d
WOU WOM WB sOb dD u U sLC UA sO UOu dL
dL Wu v WIdL WKd Q UOUM UuNH UM p s d_ .)1998 WOLUF WB WLEM(
,uK bF U WKd u dH c UM VJL vuK UEM dL `dL s t_ ,bO WBK
WLEM( WIdL s v b v UOuK V sOGU sO dJL UOu s UdI %70 b YO
WOB WOuUI WOUI WUB WOUL quFK WO Wu c dF .)1998 WOLUF WB
rUF U lOL v UA dF ULMO t Wu c dNE .WI dL WKd vK dU qJA dR v
v R dOG c UN dH v WIdD ,WIdL d UM UNH WO WOUL dOGK
.d lL s dO qJA UH v WOuUI WOUL UdL iF uN
.UB vUL l{u ,WOU WB ,WOM WB ,WIdL :WOUH ULK
d Wb v U UM b ,YuMuJ
.24-10 19-10 24-15 19-15 s WIdL
"sOGU UG" "UA" q dOF bIF
U s dOF UNMJL YO ,qC_ v "UOH"
WOM WdA cN sOLML d bb
.rUF u vK

v "bO XdU" UOuud_ WLU uJ b

Wd WOLUF UI WObB v pJA s
XU UbM ,UOMOL d v p ,WIdL
UJd s q v sOIdLK WOM UO sO
,Xu p cM .UN jOL uM WOULA
buL ndF dBI vK U qJA oH
UNQ WKdL c n vK - d_ vK -WIdLK
s rdU UGU b UNO dF WOUI WKd"
.)1995 ,sd vu U( "
H U sJL t

WOuUI WOuuO bL s bbF UM

v WOuK WOduLb WOUL WOU
,UOJOUM UuNH )UA( WIdL WKd s qF
ULMO ,uLM WKd v U tQ b iF v b
U WIdL jd .d v U b
s Wb ,uLM WKd UM WOuuOOH dOGU
WKd v )uK( WuU WOM UL uN

c sOIdL W u{u v V UL UI
bL r_ UNO UL WOb ULEML tOK dDO
WUu s WuLL( focus WOLUF WB WLEM
v UA ZUd )WOb WOLMK WOJd_
10

s dOJU uO sOIdLK vM UAMK dEM

b ,dG vH .rUF s dO e v U
UAM nMB fHM rK UL rK q UuK
UM ,vd uK U v sOIdLK vM
bM U WOM uA WUF UAUML
vu U( qUALU WKL UUU sOIdL
U v K q O { e O d U M n . ) 1 9 9 5 , s d
q ,UAK vB vFOD vM uD tOMF
r s WU ULOLF bu ,p s fJF vK
iF v WU{U ,UAK vMK UAM
UAK o U U vK WO_ UJ_
.U W s be UL , UOM UDA uuJ

WOLUF WB WLEM( vU vM ZCM

bL v t k rNL s t .)1995
b ,se dL dOGK W{dF WOuuO
uIF v q s v UOH bM _ YLD
WB Uu s v eF U u ,dO_
.)1995 WOLUF WB WLEM( WcG WUF
b U d v UFLL rEF b
U U v uK WKd v UI WOuU WOM
sK v b bu cJ .WM 2118 16 s uJ
WIuL ( vzU{d fM WULL ,eK vuUI
WUd Ub vK uB WOUJ pc )sOdD
q_ WIuL UO WOU WOM WOB
WOM WKdL WIdL uNH .)1994 IPPF(
d v WOUM b v bu r WOuU b UN
vu U( sdAF dI qz dA lU dI
.)1995 ,sd

v t v ,UNAIDS UNd U l uHR U

dF ,vC ULO ,UOH XU b s bbF
dH bF uK s bM vM UAMK bF
,p s fJF vK .p bF se r ,WKu dO
pK v XU v l b lOL v b
tQ v{UL v UFzU U UI ,UdI Ub
WU v uuJ ,uc s UA mK dL
WUL v vF U .WOM Wd u v
uc s d_ Ub vd l fM
qON vML{ lOA r UM d_ bO
s WKzUF d s UM d_ uc s dU
v UA dQ j v U bu t .e
d WUD ,sOGU rNuI rNF{ U
,WUD Wb V dOG vK rUL
U AM v d s rN FML W dB W OMU
sOKO qO s UOFO d U U u ,vM
.(UNAIDS - 1999) UOC

v WOUM b s bbF v WIdL WU XU

.UO Wb dLU uu dO U ,bOF fO s
d dL od s sOGU "uB" UH_U
WOUL URL Uu v dL uI
bMN v .UNOd q_ uI v Ue ,UU
d ,WOHd oUML v WU ,UL qO vK
r r ,uK s q UMK U VOd vK UF
b cJ ._ iO b bF UOKF e
s b UdI WM 16 s v U WOKL
U( sNUMd l qUH WbL v Uc
WKd bu ,UOH RN WMU .)1995
Wu HD WK d s bb Wd sK IM :WI d
bOK I lL L v .)1995 vuu( Wu_ v
uu dO WKzUF r UJd v
l u p c .e K b F uK s v U H
,UMU `B e U dJ UbM UA s
_ ,uI dO d b UI YO
"UM UM fO" -uuI UL- uJ UA
.)1998 pOe(

,WU U )1998( d qbU b

UO UOId v WIdL uNH uA aU oOu
WUB dOGK" WOM WOMO UJd
lu s X v WLC WOUL WORL
u d pc ,vdG UB ULF
uNH uA jd ."UFLL UB WLu
11

,WKu dH uK bF U v e qOQ s
dH Wb v UEU rNUM U `L UbM
qbU( WO dO U v qLFK b ,u
.)1998 ,d

d vK uBK UA jD WIdL WKd

v UE ,We UD U U v qL
s d s v eK WOM ,u dH Wb
.UbOKI UFL

Wb WIdLK bu uNH u s rdU ,uO

bLU oKF ULO b s bbF v dO
vMF ,uCM WdLF UH q WOuuO
dH c vCI WU/UU hA uJ
v dC vHd rOI WOID WOUL
Ub dN bI .(UNAIDS - 1999) U
,nd v d c uK WuLKL dOQ l
WAOFL d vK dOQ v WU{U- qJ c
UD vK sOM sO U_ -WOuO
U uM UU dOJ bL v( l
.)WO{Ud UF_

v U b U , U L q O v K U O O b v
u sc - WdC oUML v sOIdL vF
v -dL WHB uI v qLFU sbOI dO
UO vK UB qb d_ s UuL suJ
v rN s t Q e uCL ,jI Wd_
VOd ,UOH l WOd bOu qL WU
v U .sOM s UA rC WOUL UIK
b oK U UF ,UOU bMN v WdC oUML
WKd vMF ,WDKL dO bLU UOH s dO
UuL v Xu iF UC sN U qJA WIdL
s rdU .jI UOH s WuJ UMdI s
dU ,b U sOM sO
b ,UdOO v .dM b VdL e
UEU WDd sOM s UA bM WIdL
UEM U v qL Wd U WU Wb v
WOMO UJd s bbF v .Yb UB
WIdL WKd Wd UOHK WdH ` r ,UC

vKO UJUu v WuK U dN b

dOIH WUB WOUL UID s UA sO
rOKF u YO s jI fO ,sduL UA
rN b YO s UC UL ,WFuL qLF d
.(UNAIDS - 1999) WOM u UA R
12

s ULF dDC U dO .uA v gOF

u_ :q WH d uI UA UH_
d X qLF ,d qLF ,WCHML
WLEM UNdA v dUI XK b .rNB U{
UB G u nOOuO WOb qLF
,d ,qLF vK d ,UML v b qLFU
)bb UOHK( UU fM WUL G
.)WOUL_ WuFL WO - 1999(

,UOMO v uU uUL v WOHd oUML v U

U UM q ,WDO dOG iF d bI
UA UO uK vK UIOL dOQ ,ld od
U d G T s UNM Z UL ,oU ML c v
,sU_ c v )uM UMUA vIzU(
dD c u vK bb WOMJ UFL u N
,"WOUA" vIOuL WLu U . (UNAIDS - 1999)
UUJF ,iOIM vK uJ bI ,"U{uL WUI"
"WLu" v v Wdu dOGK U UNM d
.)1998 ,d qbU( WIdL

vNuOM ,bMN b iF v ,UL qO vK

UL v qH 300000 vu qLF ,UJU Uu
,WbO UdF l ,UO qOG WOL dO
,u vK uAOF ,dDL UO UB nOEM
UM .)*(WULI Uu s uQL lL
s X U 800000 uM bI b "bU" v
.)**(UbU qLF s sNu u sJ WM 20
dA u bIF ,U d s bbF v
ULQ uKLF ub sc UA s
)UNOUF( bL lu v uu q ,WOL
WOd WDA_ s bbF Ub WUL
b WOM d_ b dUL WDdL
s dOJ dQ ,UOId v .)1999 ,nOOuO(
dN WOK_ UdD{ dU sOIdL
vK rU UOH d d YO ,WdI
b nMFK UOH dF ,gOU U
.)1996 ,nOOuO( WOM

UAK eOL UO uK_ vb uNE j b

U LJ ,WbOKI Wd_ UOK vb UONU
,WOUL bu WKzUF q_ b beL
,UL qO vK dOUJ vH .d _ vU M
uK v d OG b v b L dU
d s e s u XMLC dI UO
UO Ud Ub_ UO v U_
W d I v l _ l L L b LL WK zUF s
UC v dOG c b .(UNAIDS - 1999)
` U L M O , U A K d H u D v d _ W O L
X UL ,dOJ u dOQ qzU d
UOuK u rNK sOIdL sO U
.)1997 WOLUF WB WLEM( UuO d sOIdL
rb UOI v WOUM WuF U b"
"lLL v d UGB WAM `BM rbI
.)1994 ,dbUJ(

d UL "XO" WRL u uA qL
,rUF u od qH uOK 200 v 100 sO
WB WLEM( rNzU rNKQ rNK WK XFDI
ru vK bLF rN YO .)2000 ,WOLUF
s WU rNOU UA R dJ ,WU
UJ qUO ULO rNH_ uFMB ,UI q
nMFU bbNK qF U uJ v ,WU U

,WIdL uNH uA v ULN bL VF b

rNb bF r vHd UA UNAOF v dEU
d ,rOKF s U j vK uB vK
.dH X ,WbIM ubL ,WOLd qLF
U- dC v UA d XU{ ,qUIL v
qu -beL WOK_ d dIH V
,vLd dO UDI v qLF U :q bb

(*)

MOW,UNDP,UNICEF,WHO,NACO, 1996
International Clearinghouse on adolescent's Fertility 1991)

(**)

13

 . tF qUF t b r d u
WB Ub q- UAK WbIL b
nOI ,UO UN WOLM ,WOU WOM
l vK ed v -bL U q vM
uIdL UNM d UL ,rNUUO UA UO
.dJ WKd v UFOL e ,rNH

UO q bK vH .)WOUL_ WuFL WO - 1997(

UA nOMB r )1994( dbUJ d ,

U , u K L F s , u b s : q U v
dOG UN_ ,uA U sO ,dC
V .WOM UuLL rNLOI d s b ,s
vK rN dOQ UN uJ ,ozUI c WNu
Uu UUO vK v Zd UUO b
.WuML UA

UNQ WIdL eOL ?UUO c v U

s WOUL WOuB WOU u WKd
dLF s WKd UNu v WU{U ,uK v WuHD
s rdU .UOH UOM UOuuO eOL
Wb dOGU dL rUF v UA lOL
v WIdD ,dH c UM UNH WO
iF uN v R v dOG c UN dH
dO qJA UH WOuUI WOUL UdL
dUF v U UUO ,L .d lL s
WOzb WKdLU Wb v WLEM ,UdL s
UUO s Uc nK ,UNUd Uu uI
qL UNu Uu WO d uF UNM q v U
.)WOUL_ WuFL WO - 1997( .UJ UOR

,sOIdLK WOU WOM UO h ULO U

b UA uIdL UNAOF v dE bF S
,WM dO WOM UOuK v -rd - rd
dO ,udL qL Wd u v R
,WOM d_ bF dF ,tO udL
vuU V jd UA WKd .b
WDdL- Vd WeM WOM uAU vUML
jd UL ,fM U v -bb s cN
sOGU lL UF d b s bbF v UC
.WOdA dO WOM UFK rNC ,WOzbF
vM uCM s sO U be u UM
.WOd WOM UF UbM `B v s

oKD sJL dA s WuL bu "

b WOOd bu "UA" UNOK
.(UNAIDS - 1999) ".rNUd Ub sJL

bM WOM qzULU vM d b dUC

V UOUL rN oK v UF WL UA
,dULK rN{dF l{ oK v ,vM rNUA

14

:ldL
-

Baru R (1995). The social milieu of the adolescent girl. In: S. Mehra [ed]. Adolescent Girl in India:
An Indian Perspective. Saket, New Delhi: MAMTA, Health Institute for Mother and Child.
Caldwell JC, Caldwell P, Caldwell BK et al (1998). The construction of adolescence in a changing
world: Implication for sexuality, reproduction and marriage. Studies in Family Planning. 29(2):13753.
Disanyake JB (1998). Understanding the Sinhalese. Colombo: Chatura Printers.
Goswami PK (1995). Adolescent Girl and MCH Programme in India. In: S Mehra [ed]. Adolescent
Girl in India: An Indian Perspective. Saket, New Delhi: MAMTA; Health Institute for Mother and
Child.
Deutsche Gesellschaft fr Technische Zusammenarbeit (1997). Youth in development cooperation:
approaches and prospects in the multisectoral planning group Youth. Eschborn: GTZ.
International Planned Parenthood Federation (1994). Youth and Sexuality. IPPF South Asia
Regional Bureau: IPPF (Workshop report).
International Clearinghouse on Adolescent Fertility (1991). Reaching sexually exploited youth.
Passages. 10(1):1-2,7.
Kliem CG (1993). Growing up in Indonesia: Youth and social change in a Moluccan town. Saarbrcken:
Breitenbach.
McCauley AP, Salter C et al [eds] (1995). Meeting the needs of young adults. Population Report,
Series J, 41:1-39.
Ministry of Welfare, UNDCP, UNICEF, WHO, NACO (1996). Reducing risk behavior related to
HIV/AIDS, STDs and drug abuse among street children. National Report. New Delhi: WHO
Mkandawire RM (1994). Commonwealth Africa Experiences in youth policy and programme
development (unpublished). Lusaka, Zambia.
UNAIDS (1999). Sex and youth: contextual factors affecting risk for HIV/AIDS. Geneva: UNAIDS.
United Nations Childrens Fund (1996). The state of the worlds children 1996. New York: Oxford
University Press.
United Nations Childrens Fund (1999). Women in transition. The Monee project. Regional Monitoring
Reports. No.6. Florence: UNICEF International Child Development Center.
World Health Organization (1995). Adolescent health and development: the key to the future.
Geneva: WHO, Global Commission on Womens Health.
World Health Organization (1997). Young people and their families: a cross-cultural study of
parent/adolescent discord in Cte dIvoire, India and Nigeria. Geneva: WHO.
World Health Organization (1998). The second decade: improving adolescent health and development.
Geneva: WHO, Adolescent Health and Development Programme brochure.
World Health Organization (2000). Improving the access of health services and making the
environment safer and more supportive for young people living/ working on the street. WHO,
Department of Child and Adolescent Health and Development.

15

:bL v WOM u_ u rOKF fOQ vK bN qLF

*
pOJL v ub UOOd
d wdO ,uHO UU ,pO u
:hK
bI .WOM u_ u rOKF dJH bOQ be wJOJL UF d w d dOG dO_ bIF bN
UAK wM UAMU d vUM v WB eeF WU WUF UN UNc w WHJL uN
ULEML b qL UM Y c .Wu UO U W UuKFL w rNUO ,e q
q U s s UH WOM uA u nOIK Zd b w )UHO( WOuJ dO WOJOJL
r UL ,wLuI Y vK UM Zd c XLL .rNzU rNUN_ pc ,WIdL WKd v WbL
WOM uA u nOIK l uEM v -d ULEM l- ub v UHO WLEM jAM .UNLOOI
UbOQ rOKF XMK UbM ,1998 U w UMU qKJ c d_ u ,bL w WOUO UNL
U N F w U O O d , W O U _ W O b Z U M L v q U q J A W O M u A u r O K F s O L C
v UuN ,WOU W w WOM uA u nOIK qUJ ZUd rOOI oOD b w UHO WLEM
.d tuD U
uL uJ sJL WOMu WOb ZUML w ZUd c q sOLC ub
,WOUO WOKLF ,ub ,uIdL ,WOUO UNL ,WOM uA u rOKF :WOUH ULK
.pOJL
oUML s q w Ud UM sOIdL
W U A L U , U H O W L E M q L F . W O H d W d C
,WOuJ dO ULEML WOuJ URL l
ed .wMH rb Vb UuKFL rbI wK
lOu r sJ ,pOJL w t uI c UAM
WOMO UJd w d l qLA UMd
.UuO WOJd_ bL Uu

w UHO WLEM WUA u WUIL c s bN

`dK WU dO WOuJ dO WLEM w ,UNd
wK qLF 1985 U w XQ pOJL w UdI
WOUO UNL WOM uA u rOKF sOLC
Zd duD uI s .WOJOJL bL w
eeF bN ,uK s w dJL WuHDK WOLOKF
,W WOUO UNL UuKFL rbI uI
WIKFL dI U lM s d q sOJL r s
.UN /tB

Zd WDA_ bLF UNF qLF WuL q w

;UUO rOOI wK UbF w uL rOKF Vb
sLC ,bOF VdI bL wK UNM q rOOI r UL
.UNb UD lOu UNOM ULC WOU WDA
,sd sOJL u UHO WLEML wU_ bN
.rNUO WOu sO s ,rOKF s

,WOM WOU uI WB vK ed s
.U s WUu ,UM b{ nMF s WUu
sOKUF sOLKFL lLL UO Vb uI
UH_ w uu sJL rN s ;sOOB
2000 dLu - 8 nK - 16 r bF WOU WB u *
16

rOKF U w WF uD pOJL c bI
w ld qCH ,bL w WOM uA u
vUM ,vbL lLL VU s dLL jGC
c qL sOLNL sOOuJ sOuL iF bU
UF rOKF uU U .dO_ uM w u{uL
uL wK dJ uD u 1993 UF
uA u rOKF s u uUI sLC .vuJ
:WLN dUM W vK qLA .WOM
d_ rOEM Uu{u WAUM d{ )1(
.bL w "WuL Wbu"
qUJL uD w " rOKF rN d{ )2(
."dHK
.rOKF w sbu WUA d{ )3(
WLEML WOLOKF WHKH v WOU Vu UNK
.UHO

UN l UHK bN Xu ,UHO WLEM

1998 U WUO ,dOG c u WOLd WUF
UM UL ,p l .UFOL UM ULN dB qL
UuLL bI p l bI ,t UOIK dOJ
rOKF b{ bAK UOM WEHL WOJOJL
.WOM uA u qUA
vJOJL UO
rOEM UO WU Zd UNb pOJL sO w
WdFLK UO UM UL ,1973 U cM d_
r r sOOHd sOOK_ UJ sOIdL sO
uB U qJA sOIdLK U UU .)3(tOK
YO rNO tu r ,qL lM qzU vK
v UMK UU UNNOu r Zd c q
qL lM v ,u sO bUL v sd
qL WQL c .tKOQ d sL fO - UUL
c dLF ju U v UMF{ ,WKJA
15 u pOJL w WOM UULL tO b
.)4(U WM 16 ucK WM

uA u rOKF u{u r 1998 U v

WU WU sOOb sOM w WOM
vK u D lOL vK U U s
.WOUO UNL dA UO_ rK s UuKF
w bb WO U rbI r 1999 dL v
w bL lOL v )vbL w_ Vb(
WM w Ub r WMU WFU WOb uM
WOb UL c u .o UF w WFU
rOKF WOUO UNL duD u dBM vK
WOJOJL rOKF XU .WOM uA u
s ,UuLL UJ s b ub p bF
v WUALK , UHO WLEM l qLF dU rNML{
.u{uL c s u WOL V b WIU
wK ,sd sO s , UHO WLEM V lu r
c w )1\800\000( VU n WzULUL uOK
)2,1(
.QA

dO qL U b wM UH vI
WUML hI dOH WU pc ,t jDL
WU vK uC pOJL w b / WdA
WB d_ rOEM WKUJ Zd uu WKL
w sOIdLK WuB bFL .sOIdLK WOM
15 s s bO 1000 qJ uu 70 u pOJL
vOU w tH bFL u ,WUILU ,WM 19 v
qd UOHOu w bFL s OK q ,bU
.)5()wu wK bO 1000 qJ uu 73 79(
wMu fKL UN U v UOzUB UI
tOK dDO b d s WUuK wJOJL
42\762 UM U ,1999 U WUN w )bOUu(
be b .)6(pOJL w b dL WU WU
cM ld qJA dL cN WUBL U b
WNuL tKL V c dOJ UM ,)7(1996 U
.U c

WOKL bL XU ,dOG c Xb v
WUO s sOuL r WU bL db
bL v WOM uA u rOKFU WU
UNML{ s ,ULEML s bbF Xc bI .WOJOJL
17

qL lM qzU dc wu b q
w WU{U ,WOM Uu{uL u UB
b ,UL qO wK .WHKL qb d WOKU
d_ s 865 s WKL WMO l Xd W XHA
,UOM UDA UId UO UNO bu w
WOUL WOUI d_ sKI w p
q qJA s{dF ,d qL lM qzU sb
s WLNL t_ s UM oKF .)11(qL b
qO wK( wUL uM Q d_ c sO
WDK t qd sOM s q UI UL
U UBU pc )dI U w u_
UUA S ,UL qO wK .fM Uu{u w
lM qzU fM Uu{u w b dF
WdL vK uD qL d sNzUd l qL
fM U sNuK s dO e b .WF
sNuB - dU dO WIdD - qL lM qzU
.WF v Ud UFu U nu s

U wUL s %87\2 U ,1996 U WUN w

rNM ,WM 49-20 sO rUL d bU WUBL
Uc .)8(WM 29-20 WdLF WH s %31\4
WU bFU WU sO vMe UH U w
sc VK `{u UUO c S ,bU WKUJ
s r WdA WUML hI dOH uUB
.uK s Wb w sOIdL
b iHML bFL UM c rb
td ` wH .UuL pOJL w dc wu
,1992 U U s v UM vK WB
qL lM qzU s %3\2 dc wu q
lM qzU b bF lu .)9(WbL
,WU WCHM s dOG UuLL sO qL
sOIdL sO qL lM qzU b W
w WM 19-15 sO rUL d sc sOeL
d sF{ w UIdL UM sO s .%36\4
dO U dO_ sNKL sNM %33 U ,d
.)10(t jD

WILF WKUI 127 ZzUM U_ c q r r

UI dO- WMO l )UU 6-4 s UNM q b(
rUL Xd Ud UM s - ZK d uK_
WOUL-WUB Uu s WM 50-14 sO
.pOJL WMb w WDuL u WDu dOI
w vUL uMK UI U UC dN b
bIFL d_ WOM uA u UB
,UL qO wK .)13,12(UN WDdL UULL
UM_ U sO fM Uu{u u UB
,UOM WuIML d_ wK UU ed uc
b lM )b( /WdA WUML hI dO
s q sO U{d UM S ,fJF wK .qL
,rNF WKUIL d r sc ,sOGU sOIdL
XO r s UOM UDOA s UIdL UOH
UL .UUCI c q WdFL WU sNb
fM s b dF UGU UM UIdL
,p s d_ .Ud UO UMOA d d_ l
uG{ u v d UGU UM UIdL
UH sNzUd l b b{ Wu WOUL

s WKU u qIM dL U_ c q
sc d_ ULEMLK pOJL w sd l{u
S .WOM uA u rOKF U w uKLF
WOJOJL WdU WU WOUI quF s bbF
_ wUI U dF .qLF c q mB
fM s U w hIM ,wUL uM
.qUAL c s dOJ bB WF d sO
uU Ud w WOUJ U_ X{ b
U w 1986 U cM pOJL w UHO WLEM
dQ WOM UULL WOM WB 1992
.)13-11(WOUL WOUI UL_U dO qJA
ZzU lOL UHO WLEM XU dO_ bIF
WOM uA u rOKFU WIKFL U_
duD bN pOJL w WOUO UNL
wK Ub ed .UJU WU bL
,uK wK dR w WOHM WOUL quF
18

qL (FAME) WOJOJL WKzUF (UNEP) WbuK

p c u L U N b S , w J O J L V F A s W O K
w Uu VFK wJ v uu WOUJ
.)16(WOUO WU

s WUu qL lM u sNU u rNF

VU s u_ c q w b bF bF
.WOe WUO WI b dUE s dNE UM
bI s sNu dc w UGU s fJF wK
w sN s UIdL iF d ,sN
.sNzUd l dc wu b u{uL dD
U uIL dO s t dF rNS UA U
WULL v sN s fM s bU UM
s UFu s b dJ dF .WOM
uL dO rNUUO WOM WF w sOdD
.rNF WKUIL d r sc UA sO UN

WEUL UuLLK uI dOQK Wu WK UM

bI lM UNM ,WOJOJL Uu w UOM
1996 U uUu/uO w UN s dLR
WLEM WDA UG ,UOU qOU fI s WOu
WOuJ dO WOM WLEM w ,(Mexfam) UHJ
d_ rOEM s UuKF bI wuu u U w
Wd s q XU bI .WOM uA u rOKF
WU W{UFL WOMu WMK WOOL WKzUF
vUL d_ rOKF WLEM ,(Provida) UN
pK v Wbu U ,(Family Educated in Faith)
u ZUM bI UNQ UHJ WLEM UNU Wu
WFLK WKOu" WOM uA vK ed UuD
.)17("WOM WULLK wIOI vMFL We jI

WOM uA u UIM UB UO b
jO v ULdK b u WF vd sO
W b b .d_ q UNM UIM UB
u A s W O F A b I F L s 1 9 9 5 U X d
b w U I d L , p O J L w W O M
db dO dF WOM WdF d sNb
uGC c q .)14(q_ WKu WO W WU
WMU Ue UOF oK WOJOJL WUI w
XO WOM uA WIOI .WOM uAK
U dO UIzU oK WdB UIMK
U Uu{u
sOIdL WOUG `O c d_ ,UIM UB
WU WU w uuJ UbM b UO u
.bUL UuKFL w

qLF e U r ,pOJL oUM iF w

WMK ,WbuK wMu U s q bR vMu
WOMu WOFL ,UN WU W{UFL WOMu
vU uD WObL Wd WLEM ,dLK WObL
qLF .UOUO WDAM ULEML s v ,qUJL
UuLL vMu qLF e UUD sO nU
U lOA r UMN ,WOL dO WIdD WOFd
WMK UC rE ,uM c vK .WU bM
WOU WU WKL UN WU W{UFL WOMu
,vMu qLF e UC dO s sOdLK UC
rNU r sc- qLF e UC rb rNU s
jD -Wu u vK vKL uL vK
.)17(UOM WEUL UuLL UNFC w

u rOKF u{uL W{UFL UuLL

WOM u_
- WOK u S ,WOUI UIF v WU{U
d pOJL w UOM WEU -uB WOU
u rOKF Zd oOD vK WOLd WIuL dO
t "dd wUA" V UL .WOM u_
fUM fMK Wb rOUHL s rd vK
tO p UL S ,)15(WbOKI WOJOuUJ rOUHL
U UOM WEUL WOJOuUJ WO_ WOM
WEUL UuLL s rdU .dO dOQ UN
wMu U q WOJOuUJ WOMJU WDdL

uA u rOKF V s b dA ,dR r b
WOM uA fb u rK d w WOM
.WHF UNM ,"WOLUF" rOI vK uI V
WDK L sbu VJ pK dF ,p vK
19

UuLL c UUM w dEM WN vK UL

kU wJOJL lLL b b ,WEUL
ZM `O dO tS ,p s rdU .UOM
rOKF u{uL u{UF VFA s vLEF WOUG
,fJF vK q .bL w WOM uA u
vLEF WOUG v WOMu d UD `{u
qL v ud pOJL w UN_ U s
WOM uA u rOKF WOu bL
WLEM d ,1993 U w .WOUO UNL
WKL WMOF UD "uU" WR "UHO"
WOJOJ W 31 w UN_ U s 2595 XL{
WdC UFLL s q w ,WObH WFUIL w
WOUL Uu WdL UuL s ,WOHd
s %90 s d Ub b .)21( WHK WUB
uLKF V UA bIF UN_ U WMO
,tO udL dO qL b uFML nO
d UuKF WdF rNb uJ V sObL
d s UuKF p v UL ,Uu{uL c s
wu b WOHO ,qL lM qzU ,b
nOI u b U s uK UbM .dc
U ,pOJL w bO qJA WOM uA u
UuLL WUI v ld V Q %38\4
WUL s UM" Wd d sJ .WEUL
X{ ,WOJd_ bL Uu w "jI fM
s rdU ,WOK_ c u s suN sJL t
.d UU v WFu WUF bUL

u{uL dF bM VJ c vK WUdK uBI

U s rd vK ,WOM u_ u rOKF
.)18(WOd c q v dIH rNH
,WOJOuUJ WOHI_ XM ,1991 U du w
d b{ WO WKL WbuK wMu U
Xu w ,"WOM uK" lC tQ rN ,rOKF
WUuK wJOJL wMu fKL UC uH tH
rNQ )bOUu( tOK dDO b d s
XLN ,UNH WKL UO v ."WCd uI"
WOJOuUJK "WOLUF" rOI qU UHO WLEM
qzU s UuKF rbI "wM uH" Zd
WKb WKOu Wd UF l qUF ,qL lM
WOOzd UM s sOM w wM UAM s dOFK
jD nO( UL WOM u_ u rOKF s
.)20,19()WId/od U( )pUO
WKzUF WLEM XK ,1999 U dL w ,dR
w WuU uHB wb lOL v WOJOJL
VJ s W tO bIM UUD fMOUJu W
XI w ,wbL w_ suJ u{u s
c sL{ s ,rOKF q s UNOK WIuL
WO tOK XI UHO WLEML U W VJ
WKzUF WLEM XGK b .sUAL s WKI
,W VJ c we UNQ sObL WOJOJL
UO ,WO WO UO" w rOI UM UN_
c `{u s .WOe WO We ,WO{d
WLOI dOb ,UOK UC U suJ U VJ
uAOF Q UA dG ,d_ eK WOUL
".rNeM WU WFL q s

WOML WOM uA u rOKF Zd

Y vK
WLEM UNd w WOUAJ U_ vK UM
WMU UuL vK w{UL bIF UHO
WuM oUM s UL_ WHK UOUL UUB
rNuO rNbIF rNUF Wb pOJL w
vB rOKF Zd `C ,rNUOuK rNd
uDU oKF w UUCI vK ed V WUFH
UB uM ` :UL qO vK( ,wBA

u rOKF rd v UdB c q vF
dH UNS c w qAH UbM ,WOM uA
d s WUu lA WOM u UuNH
uFA oK UL ,UOM WuIM d ,b
.sOIdL sO VcU
20

uA u nOIK ub WOOd
WOUO UNL WOM
uA u qUA rOKF WOC bR wF UL
,u vK UM bFL Zd qC v ,WOM
wUO jOL sJ r b uJ UNOKU
uBK wF S ,V cN .UNIOD bR
uA u rOKF u{uL be wuJ r vK
Y UOKL q UUL ,uB Wu t WOM
WKI WU WOKL UHO WLEM XM .duD
v ubK WOJOJL UDK UF d s q l
UL ,WOM uA u qUA nOI
WLz dUMF c q XO .U nB
c q du D w .d w UNb
lA sM ,l UD w UNIOD ULM
UC UNd UMUA WOUM b w ULEML
rEF s rd vK .iF UNCF l
,WONb U vK uI Ud o UOOd
oOI WKUA UuJL s WuL UF qL UNS
.)25(sOuL l bI

,d_ d q s ,_ sO UIM
dI lM ,fHMU WI ,rOI ,wUL uM
s UUO UMb bI .dUAL w rJ
q s sOIdL sO WFzUA WU bIFL
WAUML WBB qL bI q WDA_ duD
WOUA ZUM b ,ULz .bIFL c q
,Wu_ WK_ UK ,UF_ ,_ VF q(
b ULC )WbI OK UNF w dI
.WbOKI d{UL s b uO qUH UAUM
UHO WLEM b ,WO WOKLF c vK UL
UNL WOM uA s WOLOKF dI u
bI .rNUN rNzU sOIdL UH WOUO
sOIdL UH WOLOKF ZUM bS UML
U( vL )WO WM qJ UI( s qJ WBB
UN U UNM Ub UL .)22()lOD U ,b
UL ,)U U `B nO( WM 12 s X UH_
UUM bM( sOIdL UN U_ d UNM Ub
UbM sOFz uuJ u ,uIKDM sOIdL
.)24,23()uCM

j q v uuK UH
oOI bOu UMKO u j q v uu U
WOD WOKL d dOOG b bI .UMb iF
uD v s b w .c wUO XOu dO
,UMOF qz w wUO uL vK bI
dEM UHO WLEML W WuL d
rOKF w UJ sOuL b VJ U
XK ,lOU W bL .UNKUI vK ou v
r w qLF u uL VJ U bFI vK
b u uL dOdJ `{u _ s
,YU u_ WUN w ,dO .WKUIL c WOL
XdG WU bF ." uL pKUIO" :UN qO
s tIu s u uL Ud ,WIO 20
v UNK ,WL EML U dI vK bL YO
UM .qOUH WAUML rOKF u WFU d WN
l rOKF XF{ ,WIL UIL vK

nO( wU_ ZNML ubL vIK ,Wb w

wM rOKF buI rbL c )pUO jD
qJ hBL ZUd uIK r ,WOUO UNL
,1999 U w .)19(sbu sOIdL UH_ s
rbL c sdOLK bI Vb ZUd UMH{
sLC .UNOKU WuLL WOU{ Q
UNL WOLM UdB q s Uu{u Vb
_ vK UE rbI wUL qLF WUOI
.UM qJA
U .. b U" ,"pUO jD nO" Zd U
bL w sObLK WUO Zd wN "lOD
WOLOKF ZUML s WuL s e w ,WOuJ
uBK WKOu sObLK rOKF UNbI w
.UdL U v R WOHO U vK
21

dD b u d_ UUCI c vK eOd bF
, W O M u A u r O K F Z d U u _ ` H
.bK U d Uu{uL bF ULO dD w

s _ u ,wM dLR bIF WD UHO WLEM

VbK WOJOJ W q s bL dbL ,tu
nO" WOM uA u rOKF UHO ZUd vK
.)12("pUO jD

sO vK bR w Zd rbI qN s t
pK s d UO U lOL w bOHL UNL
bF WU ,WOM uA vK ed w
UM Wu vK (WHO) WOLUF WB WLEM b
r w WOUO UNL U WUI Uu{u
s bbF qHD uI WOUH w UNOK uC UI
WOUO UNL duD .)26(d_ WOb UOUH
pc ,WOHUF WOKIF WBU lL vK bR w
WOuL qL dI lM q- WH_U uFA WOL
vK VKG nUF c `HML UB
uNHL qL ndF rbI vK bU -dUAL
vK bI d s d vK bR WOM WB
d_ s WUu qL lM qzU b
WOUO UNL u{u vK eOd .UOM WuIML
d WOM uA u rOKF Zd d qF
uA w b dF w b w WU UGzU
.UdL s WOM

vb ,Vb Wb oU uO w ,p l
tJ v ZUd wLEM dOJ u uL
U sL{ s ,p :dLRL bI UGS rd
WOM WOKL u{u uAUMO sObL _ ,d
WU Uu{uL b ,uK UI ,dF c
b w gUM V w ,bK dOL
.rOKF tLb
WLNL dUMF b UG UMzUO s rd vK
uL UHO WLEM b bIK ,ZUd v
,WOM WOKL u{u UM s ZUd Q u
Wu c q b .bIFM dLRLK `L r s
uD dF c bIFM tKLQ VbK sJ r
Vb vK wL d vK uB w dO
.WOM uA u rOKF Uu{u vK sObL
uU dLRL w sOUAL S WUNM w X UL
U ,WOM WOKL u{u WAUML sOuG
r t s rd vK ,WAUMLK UIK w u{uL
.ZUd w UOL b

s Ub sLC w Zd X ,p s d_
b W l w dOQ d uJ WOUO UNL
WLEM UNd WLJ W w .qL lM qzU
sc uU s 1076 sO WUIL XL ,UHO
c ,)pUO jD nO( wb ZUd uIK
uA u rOKF ZNM vK WOb WU 24 qLA
WDU{ d WuLL ,WOUO UNL WOM
ju U YO ,WuU WKdL s 556 rC
q d WU IL X L .WM 16\7 D dL
WFULK d r ,Wb Wb v UO D
uK WdFL w dOG UOI dN W bF
qzU bU oKF ULO pc ,DK wM
wLOKF ZNML b ,dN W bF .qL lM
wM UAM vK dOQ t fO "pUO jD nO"
sc sOb sOUALK WMU U ,sOIdLK

dO Uu{u sLC Zd dU b
bK dO
,u l UHO WLEM Wd s UM{ UL
WOKL q Uu{u b s dO w lu S
dO Uu{u bF UN Wd UF WOM
WKU Zd UF w V uJ sJL ,bK
uM Uu{u .Uu{uL c q sLC
s WUu qL lM c d wUL
UB b /WdA WUML hI dO
Uu{uL w ;d_ ,fHMU WI ,WAUML
pOJL w UUDI s dO bU qI w
.WOUO UNL U WUI ZUd w UNMOLC
22

WDuL UuL v WuJ uHu ,Zd

uuL Vc UbM rNFu v uIO sc
U u UL ,b uu rNK q uOU
.uM X q r v UU bF pOJL w
oK dNE U U ,UHO WLEM Wd s
u_ u rOKF ZUd rUM b UbM U
rN rNU s UU oKI c bu ,WOM
w .WIKDL W{UFL V fO ,rNKU r b
rOKF s WOb b w sObL S ,lu
w uK WOUO UNL WOM u_ u
rbOQ VJ p ,Ux WOb bI VK
sc U s bbF Ub bI .WOKLF cN
,)sbu Wb( q WOb b w UMF uKL
u_ u rOKF u{u s sOFbL s u
.rNzUM b w WOM

UA rN uJ q WOb b dC
qzU b w WuK U rNb XU ,wM
dC sc -Ud s % 57\6 b( qL lM
sO U dH v fM uU wb ZUd
qL lM qzU - WFUL UH ZUd uC
:WDUC WuLL w Ud s %36 WUILU
ZNML c w UM s % 81\1 Xb ULMO
U M s % 7 5 W U I L U q L l M q z U w L O K F
.)27()WDUC WuLL w
vK ULEML d_ l UF UH
WHK Uu
w dOOG b d uKDL qLF uJ ULz
s bbF UNc WLd uNL WO WUO
sO u b u b .d_ ULEML
sO ,e sO qLF w sOcL ,bN Xu
bM .wLOKF ZUd rOLB q b U oK
s tS ,rOKF q WOuJ WN l UH
,WHKL UuL vK sOHuLU UB rNL
.WOKLF c WOUJ UuKFLU d q be
d UL U UM uJ s WIdD cN
vK .dOOG b bM U dO WIdD tQUH
vK qLF UHO WLEM XU UbM ,UL qO
dbL wMu uL vK wb dLR bI
sJ ,u uL l jI fO UMb ,bL
uL d UbM r s .UC
U bU l
l qFHU nUF c- bUL U ,dLRL UG
tKUI s WOM uA u rOKF WOC
dOFK uL vK jG{ - UHO WLEM uC l
dLRL wLEML XU w WdH ,tU s
.d_ uK b UL c q uUM

oUM w UHK sOKL u vK qLF

bK s WHK
WLUF w uu UHO WLEM Wd `{u
WFd UH wK UMbI s b b ,uJOJ
wKL uL wK UMd UL dUE s
s t Ub ,V cN .Uu u vK
WOddOU WdF wK sOKL u wK qLF rNL
v bL Uu w UUO WOKL
,WObH WDK X ub UM UEUL
sOOL sUA uKLF sJL uKLL R
ULEML q s rNOd sJL sO sbR
.WOKL WuJ ,WOKL WOuJ dO
s qJ WUM WOLOKF ZUM duD
W UNL WOM WuN duD b V
dJ s cM WO WOM U v ubK
uU sc UA UL .WIdL dL
U b q WOUO UNLK WOd Zd w
d Wb qL lM qzU ub ,WOM
,tO ud dO qL b W{d q uuJ
UNL UFL rbI v b rNL s S

u rOKF Zd w sbRL U U
WOM uA
ub uN UNbN V d UUD UM
UNL WOM uA u rOKF Zd uB
uIDO sc ubL U UNML{ s ,WOUO
23

wd( ubO jd US UHO WLEM XU

qUA s _ UNO vUF d WB d c )tM
.WIdL tMU WU WOM u bB WOHO
UOu sOd d UOK jdA c d r
u wLOKF ueHOK ZUd s U bL
U wK jdA c lu w WU{U ,rOKF
.bL sObL wK sOLNL

u_ u qUA rOKF UNOK uI w WOU_

ULO dL uJ dJL WuHD s WOM
U N L U w K b O Q W K u q s . b F
UO UMN ,s qJ WUM Zd rOLB WOUO
eOd U uEM ,fMK l uEM vM
WKK .tu wM UB wK bOKI
WLEM UNF{ w ) lOD U ,b U ( Zd
WKd cO p ,b dH WdFL b UHO
sOOb sOKdL w ,WbL u q U
s Uu{u D b WU WU
WbI WO qd w ,WdNA b uK
.qL lM Uu{uL u{dF

wK sOEHL sO{UFL s d q WKUI

WdAL b_ vK bOQ b
WIKFL UdL WOUL WOUI d_ VFK
w Uu wUL uM WOM uAU
sO{UFL sOOJOJL s bbFU .wJOJL lLL
qJA sOFMI uO ,WOM uA u nOIK
WU uF rNMJ ,qC_ u rNHu oOL
R l UUL .UOUL rNM lu u U
.dL uJ sJL bb d_

w sU_ w d UD b
UNO bu
w b w WU ,d UD w uK
qC w ,bzU UD vK WOK_ UNO dDO
sL sdOJ UM UJ WOK d vJ WId
d D S ,UL qO wK .rNK dJH
nA "uKU" WR "UHO" WLEM td c
UN_ U bOQ v ,WUHL WIOI s
UNL WOM u_ u rOKF u{uL
vMu uL vK ZzUM c UdA bI .WOUO
W WUB w WHJ WO WODG s
UHO WLEM XK ,UL qO vK .ueHOK
wzb rOKFK u qO rOKF du UUD
,UO UuKFL c dA bF .ZzUMU tO rNLKF
u rOKF u{uL bRL qFH WFU XL
XL UL ,Wb U s bbF w WOM u_
XU w Uu w W{UFL qFH WFU
b { u I b A U O M W E U L U u L L U N O
c XKF bI .WOM u_ u rOKF u{u
XF ,sO{UF sbR sO wKL b ZzUM
u{u rNz s dF wK UN_ U
rOKF u{uL bRL UN_ U v .d
qzUu rNUdB bL w WOM u_ u
.

b dO wuJ u qU UUML b w
eF u tQ t d ,UHO WLEML sOKUF
sJ ,pOJL w WOM u_ u rOKF WOC
uI ,p qL v UNO dAO w WEK w
b bAU UOM WEUL UuLL
d bI c .u wK jGCK uI UdOQ
c iF UO WKUIL UHO uI uL
u{u fOQ WOLQ rNUM WEUL UuLL
UML U u ,bL w WOM u_ u rOKF
.qFHU t
sO{UFL l UH w UHO Wd `{u
dOJ UUL ,WOM u_ u nOIK
dU WOuub WdF v u vN ,`M U U
UNH WEUL UuLL UNO dD ,d_ qJ
WLEM WNu v ,_ WKOCH qL UUU
pK w ,V cN ."bUH WcL" UHO
UOI WKUI UHO WLEM WKL XK ,WKdL
sI ,b wK b q UuLL pK WOzUM
24

b w UDK XJ bI ,p w WU{U
,bAL WEUL UuLL b s Uu
bL w sObLK WU UuKF XD
."d_ tOu" wL UK s WOuJ
w ,Wu w ubFL uuL UM VK bI
c tb U uK" :sOKzU ,UMF WI WKUI
."WEUL WuLL

.rOKF u s WOu wK UM p wK
wK UHO WKL e ,w_ UIL w
,W{UFL nu WLEML nu sO U
e UbM UNMJ .WHOF{ ZzU vD ZNM u
rOKF ,UM bU q WdAL Uu{uL wK
bF d U{UFL UM U ,Wbu
WOM WOdK WOU wuM WAUML
U qJA .UNb WLEMLK b sNH dF
WOM u_ u nOIK u{UFL u r
sOL U sOHUF Ub v ,bL w
UAUML pK q sJ ,WOCI c s UbK
oOD U dO ozu - q_ wK - X WU
.wMu uL wK Zd

q_ WKu WFUL Vb rOKF eeF

UMJL uJ UbM
b_ WKu WOKL ,UOuK nuL dOOG bF
bU wu .Xu d vK ULz eeF VKD
WOHOJ ZUML WdFL w dOOG UOI WOL
rOOI WOBA UIL q ,b bF UL
WOUO UNL U u vK ZUd dOQ
dOOG WOKL eeF sJLL dO s .WOc WOKUH
dS wu ,p sb .u bL WFUL uK
WcGK UK bI ,WR UuLL UAUM
b ZUd UN s uN bF WFdL
rOEM v UMKu ,U qJA .WOb
,sdN q sOM u bL WFU WODOAM
vK , UNFU b UH vK bOH qJA fJFM
Vb ZUd dJ s v_ WM q_
UO uK dU s WUu WU w .sObL
b ,WdA WUML hI dOH WIKFL
ee F rb rb I WO L vK "wKO" q U LK
b lML p ,dOOG b bF d
.)29(uK w WUJ

WbFL W{UFL r V

b d_ UC_ l Wb v qLF s
V WeFU dFA scK l ,WuL _
d_ s WJ suJ sJL ,WdDL UUO
WOM u_ u rOKF u{u w dEM sc
d_ s UOU b UM S dO .WOU dE
UuL qLF bM dJH sOLNL
.UMK qC dH vE rb
l dLL UMKL u WOOd c WK b
WbOKI WEUL Uu b w WOuJ UON
u s rd vK .pOJL j WIDM w
s bbF w WDK v WEUL dUMF iF
U UMN ,WOUO e qUO s Uu
UC_ s bbF ,e_ v WOK UUI
.)28(UHO WLEM t uI U U UH b d
b WuJ v UDK UM XK ,UL qO wK
sObL qJ Vb rbI pOJL j w Uu
dOu UMFD "lOD U .. b U" ZUd wK
UMd b UN c XK UL ,VJK quL
bL wUF s WUu WOC wK eOdU
.)bF ULO bK U d dUM U qbL(

vK ZzUM dA bb Wb Zd rOOI
UuL lOL
vD qJA U V ,U qb rOLB u
v u K . Z z U M v K U M t K b F t L O O I U
w W{u dO UD_ s ULOLB Zd qC
eU Zd uJ V .UU u `C
.WuL UN vK UN{d q oODK
25

"wbL w_ Vb ZUd" oOD qL ULMO

ZUML ZUd qK sK ,U UOUO UbI
,pOJL w WALNL WOHd oUML w WObL
q WbL v Uc s dOJ nu YO
.ZUd oOD UNO r v WFU WOb WM
s_ UEM WOHd bu l UFU- UML bI
qUJ dA rOLB -pOJL w wUL
uJ ,d U vK wM u( vL UM WB u
dI U v UOU qB c )d U vK wd
WU{U ,UU W w WOH d 38000 s
WOM uA WOUO UNL s Vb v
s UUAL sJL ZUd ,WcG WB
,qIL w .sd W sN Wd
WALN d WOH oUM qLAO ZUd w luM
ZUd dOQ UNO uJ w oUML pK ,pOJL w
.`{ dO )wbL w_ Vb(

b sJL ,ZUd u WuI v WU{U

vK ZUd oOD rb V w U ZzU
bb ZUd vK u qO uu .l UD
dO WOL t d ,udL ZzUM oOI w bU
WOOzd quF s .sOuL l UH bM
qC_ s ,Zd d WOOd XOu UC
wUO UMLK W d_ Zd t vK eOd
b u UU UM u ,UL qO vK .wU
s bK b b sJL ,d_ nMF s
WOUO UNL UUC s bbF UM nMF
qUA rOKF u{u vK oDM w wUL uM
.WOM u_ u

l UH s dOJ v U d VU UM
sOLC u ,rOKF u WFU UN WOU
WO M u A WOUO UNL s wb ZUd
Vb UOKJ WOLd WOLOKF ZUML w
UHO WL EM e ,WEK c v .sO bL
)VM ( fb uuI sc sObL rOKF vK
WOUO UNL WOM uA Uu{u
s t ,bb uM b vK UNH WIdDU
pOJL w qIL wb be UC dC
Vb WOKJ suJ uM UNL WdFLU
.sObL

pOJL w WOKIL dEM

bL w WOM u_ u rOKF qI
WOuub_ uOL v WKOK Wb bLF WOJOJL
U dL w rJ vu w bb WuJK
vK wbL lLL b vK d bLF tMJ ,2000
w WKUJ UNU Zd wM sOuL U UM
rOKF Zd wM qFHU r b t_ .WuJ WUO
w Wb s id UD vK WOM u_ u
s rUM wLUF jGC V WuU bL
e bIH lu UMS ,sOJ dUI dLR
X uM v UUM v _ s dO
s rdU ,p l .bb WuJ d ,WUI
w UM s qOKI XL WOUb UMOOd
lOD c dOJ UM UL ,WDIM c
.UHO q WOuJ dO ULEML tbI

UMDOD ,rOKF l WF bI s rdU

w sObL Vb UOK vK UuN eOd
eOd w UU bF bM ,VdI qIL
UOOd sOb WB u UMUL
UMHA bI .WUIL c w W{dFL UNH ub
WOM uA s d_ UuKF XU ULN t
rbL r rU u qAH b UuN S ,bO
lM qzU WOD Vu s WKUJ UuKFLU

w qQ ,1998 w UUb w uNL b

ULEML s WJ suJ u ,qIL w dL
U w qLF w WOKL WOLOK WOuJ dO
ubK WdA u uuJO ,WOM WOU WB
dO WLEM sOL UM , v .dOOG q s
UB rOOI Y ZUM U v WOuJ
UNu w WOLOKF uL v WU{U ,dAM
.UHO WLEM
26

cU_ "WOB WUd v sOKUF WOU U

c wzUu b vK ed c ,WOB WUd
,idL VOD sO U WOL ,U_ tFK
s UMb .)30(WOM uAU oKF ULO WU
ZUML w ZNML c dUM sOLC u dAL c
.VD WOKJ WOLd

vK Ub sOOB sOOMNL rOKF sLC .qL

uB OQ ,WOHM WOUL Vu
UB UO .idL VOD sO UB
WIKFL qUAL WAUM VM UF U tLUH
ub qu u V cN .WOM uAU
UB" dR Ub c ZNML oOD v luK
:dbI dJ

dOJ dJA UJ u .WO ULNuN vK fdO sU fOKdO UUL UMUM s dF s

.UM UFOL rd sJL ,UHO WLEM t XU w qLF b sc d_ URL s
:WKdL
Susan Pick, IMIFAP, Mlaga Norte No. 25, Col. Insurgentes Mixcoac, CP 03920, Mexico, DF, Mexico.
Fax: 52-5563-6239. E-mail: [email protected]

:ldL
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

10.
11.
12.

Pick S, Givaudan M, Troncoso A, Tenorio A, 1999. Frmacion Civica y Etica. Yo quiero, Yo Puedo.
Primer grado. Uteha and Noreiga, Mexico City.
Pick S, Givaudan M, Troncoso A, Tenorio A, 1999. Frmacion Civica y Etica. Yo quiero, Yo Puedo.
Segundo grado. Uteha and Noriega, Mexico City.
Pathfinder in Mexico. [Electronic database]. 1999. Pathfinder: Mexico City.
Available: http://www.pathfind.org/html/CountryPages/mexico.htm
UNAIDS, 1998. Epidemiological Fact Sheet on HIV/AIDS and Sexually Transmitted Diseases:
Mexico. [Internet] http://www.unaids.org/hivaidsinfo/statistics/june98/fact_sheets/pdfs/mexico.pdf.
World Bank, 1997. Reproductive Health: 2.15. [Internet]
http://www/worldbank.org/data/wdi/pdfs/tab2_15.pdf.
CONASIDA, 1999. EL SIDA n Mexico. Fax Transmission, 1 March 2000.
CONASIDA, 2000. Telephone conversation, 1 March 2000.
Ministry of Health, and CONASIDA, (1996). Situacin Epidemiolgica del SIDA. SIDA-ETS 2 (4):
I-XX.
Ministry of Health, 1995. El Perfil de la Practic Anticonceptiva. Poblacin y Salud, Secretara de
Salud, Cuadernos de Salud, Mexico City, from Sayavedra H G, 1997. Fulfilling Providers preferences:
four Mexican states. In: Hardon A, Hayes E (Eds.), 1997. Reproductive Rights in Practice. Zed Books,
London. 95-111.
Alan Guttmacher Institute, 1998. Into a New World: Young Womens Sexual and Reproductive Lives.
Alan Guttmacher Institute, New York.
Pick S, Atkin L, Gribble J et al, 1991. Sex, contraception, and pregnancy among adolescents in Mexico
City. Studies in Family Planning. 22:274-82.
Pick de Weiss S, Hernandez JC, Alvarez M et al, 1992. Prueba operacional para la institucionalizacin
de educacin para la vida familiar en escuelas secundarias de la Ciudad de Mxico. Report to Population
Council, New York.

27

13.
14.

15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.

26.

27.

28.
29.
30.

IMIFAP, 1996. Adolescent sexuality: a qualitative study in Mexico City. Report presented to Rockefeller
Foundation, New York.
Rodrguez G, Amuchstegui A, Rivas M et al, 1995. Mitos y dilemas de los jvenes en tiempos del
SIDA. In: Bronfman and Col (eds), 1995. SIDA en Mxico: Migracin, Adolescencia y Gnero.
CONASIDA, Mexico City.
Amuchstegui Herrera A, 1998. Virginity in Mexico: the role of competing discourses of sexuality
in personal experience. Reproductive Health Matters. 6 (12): 105-15.
Donavan P, 1998. School-based sexuality education: the issues and challenges. Family Planning
Perspectives. 30 (4): 188-93.
Gonzalez Ruz E, 1994. Conservadurismo & Sexualidad. Como propagar el SIDA. Rayuela, Mexico
City.
See Cuauhtmoc Snchez C, 1995. Volar sobre el pantano. Ediciones Selectas Diamante, Mexico City.
Also see Cuauhtmoc Snchezs Juventud en xtasis and Un grito desesperado.
Pick S, Aguilar JA, Rodrguez G et al, 1997. Planeando Tu Vida. Ariel, Mexico City.
Pick S, Vargas Trujillo E, 1995. Yo, Adolescente: Respuestas claras a mis grandes dudas. Planeta,
Mexico City.
IMIFAP -Gallup, 1993. First national poll about sexuality education. Report presented at Prospect
Hill, Moriah and Merck Foundations, USA.
Pick S, Givaudan M, 1996. Yo Quiero, Yo Puedo: family and life skills education for grades preschool
-9. idame, Mexico City.
Pick S, Givaudan M, Marnez A, 1996. Aprendiendo a Ser Pap y Mam. Idame, Mexico City.
Pick S, Givaudan M, 1998. Deja volar a tu Adolescente y Ser un Gran Adulto. Idame, Mexico City.
Most not-for-profit organizations, including IMIFAP, are prohibited from using certain donated funds
for lobbying purposes. For this reason, it is important to make a clear distinction between project
time and lobbying time, although we encourage NGOs to actively disseminate research and
programme results to authorities.
World Health Organization, Department of Mental Health, Social Change and Mental Health Cluster,
1999. Partners in Life Skills Education-Conclusions from United Nations Inter-Agency Meeting.
Geneva. WHO/MNH/MHP/99.2.
Pick de Weiss S, Andrade-Palos P, Townsend J, Givaudan M, 1994. Evaluacin de un programa de
educacin sexual sobre conocimientos, coducta sexual y anticoncepcin en adolescents. Salud Mental.
17(1):25-31.
Gonzlez Ruiz E, 1998. la Sexualidad Prohibida: Intolerancia, Sexismo y Represin. GIS, Mexico
City.
Kelly J, 1995. Changing HIV Risk Behavior: Practical Strategies. Guilford Press, New York.
Troncoso T, Givaudan M, 1998. El rol del personal de salud en la sociedad: un enfoque humanista.
IMIFAP, Mexico City.

28

:vc vu vK rzUI vM rOKF

eM v vKL dE ZNM
eu bOdO
:hK
s q UeL UUA qL WOMO UJd v qCHL s q ,vFOD s U ,WO{U uI WFC
dULU UL b ,uK s v uKB dL UOM sODA UOH uJ lu ULMO ,sdAF
UM b ,dOG dEM c sJ .d U p uKFH s l ,UN u{dF sJL v WKLL
WuIML bFU WU ,UN b ,WIdL s v qL b lML rN "rOKF" UU UUL
u QA UH v uu U XKA b .vM c ,WdA WUML hI dO ,UOM
WUIL c gUM .WOM uA u iUM V p :tLbI X WOHO pc ,tUJ rOKF
)AVESA1( eO WLEM UNF v rOKFK WbIM WdEM dF ,WOM uA u W{UFL rOUHL
nB .qb vM rOKF UNKUA WOM uA vK UNKL ed WOuJ dO WOKeM WLEM v
u rOKFK dL Zd WU ,UA )promoter( vNu Vb v eO WLEML WOKLF Wd WUIL
`OB rNH vc vu fR vLOKF qb v eO ub .UA q s WOU WOM WB
rNd u s uMJL v ,sOU td tU q ,WUALK d_ lA s" .vUL luK
.WdA WFL Wu WKU WIdD WOM
eM ,WOM UF ,WOM uA ,vM rOKF ,uIdL :WOUH ULK
q UeL UUA qL WOMO UJd v
sODA UOH uJ lu ULMO ,sdAF s
UL b ,uK s v uKB dL UOM
l ,UN u{dF sJL v WKLL dULU
vK ,UH UM ,uO .d U p uKFH s
jOD WUF WUO s sOuL sO q_
s t ,WIDML U lOL v td vUL
,WIdL s U bF UOH VM qC_
WU s dEM iG ,d sdAF s v
,WBU W UN U_ p ,WOUL
.vHM ZCM UB

d ,U uOK dA WL vu bK ,U q v
sO WF dF ,UH WM 19-15 s sUL
v U v uOK WzU UB ,UN Ud
WKUI UOM WuIML d_ bF WIdL s
UL .dU d U uOK 2 `B ULMO ,FK
qL UUO c tJF c lu tO p
UD vK UNU sJL Vu UN ,dOD WKJA
UN UL .UOH WU ,UJ s sOIdL
UO WOu WOMu WOLM vK rU dOQ UC
.dI d_ b lDU v dQ d_ b v
ULO ,WOMO UJd v b bI b bI
.WU W WOC u l{u c Q dU oKF
qCHL s q ,vFOD s U ,WO{U uI WFC

b UIdL qL UUC UM r ,WU

WUML hI dO UOM WuIML d_

qb vM rOKFK WOKeMH WOFL r UB u eO 1

29

s fM s nu vK U cN WIKFL
UC dH t UL ,dU rOC od
`L ,vB uKU WIKFL d_
.UNu U d UNAUML
t vK fM l qUF :vU U >
U c d .U WOuuO WHO
UNHO V jI bu WOM UC_
dOF UJ q dA c d_ u ,WOU
WOBA UO vUM q WOM uA s
.WOUL
UAM s dB :vJOUJOL U >
WKK d v vM rOKF u vM
s ZM dH v UOMI UOuK s
qU qJA WOM UOU UL UNUL
.qO
W O U J V u v K e d : v { d L U >
vHM vD uEML s WOM uAK
e fMK WO{dL vuM dF .vUL
vuMU UN W ,WOM uA s
O
l VM v UM U c dO .WOUL
tuA vK UU qLF ,UF .v_ U
.WOM WFL vMF
v ub :u s vc vu U >
vu ld WOU Q bIM qQ u
WKU WOM UO oI bN ,WOM uAU
b vK U c uI .Wu WFL
,jI WOKUM qzU d XO WOM uA
Wd Vu nK v UOb UN sJ
WOuB Vu pK d s ,WOU
.WOUL WUF Vu pK v ,WOLOL

UUCI dBI UH vM c WdA

b WOzUu Zd s ,WKBHM WKI
q ,W{UF UOOd b UN uJ v
WOD ZUML s rd vK .UUO WCUM
VKD qUAL c q l qUFK WOHM
UbM t vK sdQ vMS ,WHK UOOd
,sOIdLK WMU q_ vK ,WUu WOC UM
JAL sO dA vU qU UM uJ
.rOKF u ,
WOL t "rOKF" vK UU UUL UM b
uuK WU sJ ,JAL c UM v d
,tLbI X WOHO tUJ rOKF u vK UH v
sJ r u WHK dOUFL bDB UOL q ,U
Zd UdI v dJH UMMJL .W{UF
uA WOU WOM WB s WOLOKF
UOOd Uu UNKJO p v UL ,WOM
WUO WOMI qzU UN vK ,WOLOKF uL fb
b_ lLL UOuub s UNKB sJL
vK q .2WUO WUI UB q tO lI v
WOUO sOUC t vM rOKF S ,iOIM
.dOD WOuub
dO WQ sOIdLK vM rOKF bF ,UBU
b u dEM UN v U lM .bK
UMuB :UNM ,dO u s u vM rOKF
UNIKF v WOL_ ,UU dL u tOMF U u
UMLN ,UMUO v WOM UF uA vK
U U ,vUL uM s UMbIF
.d UO sL{ s p , uI UAK
uOL bb sJL tS ,"d" nOMB s UMIKD
oKF ULO )vuub_ vMFLUWOUM s( WOU
:3vM rOKFU

v ,dO_ U l uIH sc p dA
UL ,WOU WOM WB uNHL UC UL
:dUI UL v tM dOF r

Ub ,vK UH v bN :v_ qOL >

WHF WcF q ,WOKb WOUL rOI s
tUM rOKF UOOd uI ."UIM"

Wb W UL s WU v WOU WB"
dL UO jI XO ,WOUL WOKIF
30

rOLB v WbL dOUFL nAJ

WOM WB Uu{u WUF UOOd
WU ,WOM uAK WOUJ dE s WOU
UM r ,UL qO vK .UAU oKF UbM
.UOHU dB oKF WKJAL UIdL qL u{u
dD ,d s U_ d U r
qJA qd odL ,qLK d vU_
qQ VM sJL t eO sR c .b
uA s UUMLKF v U rOUHLK bIM
U rOKF Ub UM V t ,WOM
uEM s sOIdLK WOU WOM WBU
r sOIdL UH_ b ,vu l ,u
.)t uFH( UO uO ,uKI uKU

tHzU vU UNU WIKFL u_ q v :eF

eM v "eO" WLEM v UMKL bN ."tUOKL
p v UL( U uI oOI v WLUL v
.uNHL c s WFUM )WOU WOM uI
qb vM rOKFK WOKeMH WOFL
)eO(
cM UU v XQ WOuJ dO WLEM eO
UU{ bUL UuN Xd b ,UU dA W
vM rOKF rbI ,vM d_ nMF
,s .WOU WOM WB eeF ,lLLK
"u s vc vu " U l ,eO v
U vK UMKL ed . uuL
,UN WIKFL qUAL ,WOM uA :WOU
.qb vM rOKF

qb vM rOKF "eO" WLEM

t vK fb rK qUF b dE ZNM UM
suJ uF v uI U qu v WOU
vK ,sOOduL sOKI dQ lLL UC
nu .sOMuL rNuI rNUOuL qU v
5
"bIM fb rK " vLOKF ZNML c

vU e v WOM uA eO d
UF fMU jI oKF UNS ,UO s e
v u cM UMUO v bu UNMJ ,WOM
WOUI WOHUF quF Q WLEML sR .uL
vK ,WOM uA s rNuNH UM d b
uA S ,d_ UuOK U VM U fJ
.jI WOuuO quFU b dAK WOM

qB ,WOU s ,c qb rOKF v eO ub
d UM p ,WOM uA s UOuub_
dU u WOUJ UUU WOM uA v dEM
s .l u UO u ub_ U N O V ,WO uu b
v u eF qb r OKF v e O u b ,d WOU
luK bIM rNH lOA od s vc
U vK d_ lA qb c .vUL
vK VKGK WOBA rNd rNU l WOKUH
rNb vK dR v ,WOUL WOUI UuFL
Wu WKU WIdD WOM rNU u vK
.WU WFL

WOuB UM Vu dQ WOM uA jd"

:WOuL vFLL qOL UJ dQ ,UdUAL ..
4
"WOuJ UUO
uA v dOJH rKF ,WOFLL UMKOJA WOKL v
vMF e UMLKF .WOUJ UUU WOM
.WOKUM WOuuOO UKDB v WOM WuMOJ
dF UMLKF .WOKUM v WOM uA u UM
,WIdD cN ."r" "uO" "edG" "fM"
UF dJ ,WOM uA UNU uI
,vUL uM vd sO WUL dO W{UFL
UM Ud sO uI U UMOO v qI
.WOFO XU u UL

UL vK uI WOLOKF d s ZNML c uJ
WOLOKF UULLK dUG ,b WdE
vUO bF WOLM v vF ,UFL WbOKI
.vLOKF UAMK
31

)action-research( vKLF tu u >

vK WLzUI WOLOKF UULL l sLC c
and action approach( WOKUH WIOI ZNM
b .WOU WOUL ozUI v )truth
sOUALK WdOH WbIM bI ZNML c
j ,luK WuAL UbL nA qOK v
WIKFL dUEL pK vK VKGK qFHU qQ
dF .vKIF dOG uF v ,vUL UEMU
UNO dOG WOb WOKL vKLF tu Y
rOUH V sOF T qL v rNId s UM
qQ qFH jd WIdD cN UI .bb
vK jOD qQ r .WEL jODU
r ULMO ,)WGK s ( UD u
oOD s WEL qFH sO jd
.9WULL duD

WBU WdF u d v "UdO" pJA

R U UdO f bI .bU
WdEM :WdFL bOu v vU UL UNO
VKG Wdd WdFL VKD .Wdd WOKLF
v ,WOUO WOUL WOUI dE vK
rK WdE vM .dH vc ubL qJA
vu dOOG v UNOF v uNHL c bIM fb
vK VKG v dH uI v ,rUF v dEM
WIKFL UCUM vK vUU ,WU tUCUM
.7vUL uKU
eO WLEM tO ub v vLOKF uLM Zb
,WOU bF v WOKLF WdEM ZUML s bbF
sOKU suJ v rN rOKFK sJL vJ ,UMd v
uAU oKF ULO sObI sOu sOKI
:vK U ZUML pK sLC .WOM

,"WUd c UM" q ,u qF eO lu "

ULO tKQ v q cQ WdH pODF UN q
WOKL v qb pS c ,pK tu r ,bF
)eO U s UF uC ,UU 21 mK U( "WKU
vK UNIOD r UL ,WdFLK UM dEM >
fM UB sJL t `{u ,vM rOKF
WOuuO WdFL ,WOuuO WHO d v
WLN S r s .WOUI WOUL WdF v
,sOUALK v UAM oOM v dOL
rNdF uM U v uu pc
.10UAM

fb rK v WLN WOU U W >

vKd rKFL ,"d uU" UNF{ ,bIM
:"suNIL rOKF " U nR
sOKU sOUA uLKFL uJ d{ )1(
.WOLOKF WOKLF v
eG WOLOKF Wd uJ V )2(
.rKFLK
v :tNu v UbI rOKF uJ V )3(
UL ,rOKF s uM c S UO c
sOLKFL d uEM dD ,d tH
.8WdFL v sOLJL r rNKF ,rNMJL

."sdI v X" ,pHM sOuI . . eO bF"

..vM .fMK "" vuI s uU sdFA
UbM rF vuI sbd XM U sdI p
V ,t sdFA U u p U ,sOd
pc d dD dFA V ,dUA vLJ
v" :u_ VU v sKI vUIb . . UC
,u{u sNz s dF sN . ."dI pIb
sN ? UL .d c U U . . dOJ sKI

W t T ,T Q r s r vM lu"
WLEM XHA ... . vK WOM uAU
WId s d O d O bI ... q LF eO
,vM .UO_ rN v UC d vMMJ .dOJH
WOL sJ WO M u AU oK F U j I f O
rNu WAUF v rNId ,UM UO
v WD A u C ,sd AF mK ,WU ( ".WOM
.)eO WL EM
32

.6"dO UO s sH ,sUI bIH sOA

s WLEM dO uC ,sdAF WFd v WU(
)eO WLEM U

pQ sbIF p - bUB s - uI pMJL

vuJ r UO sOdF p_ ,dC h
tK c . . . UbI XII p vM ,q s tOdF
U sc UM ` nO X bI .vF b
s d bb Wd UN . . . vM d UM v
uC ,sdAF WU mK WU( "WO_ WOUM
)eO U s WLEM dO

UUU Wd WOU s Ub V >

uU fu tuI U c ,U uI s UI
WOU . . ." Q tUM s UD ,ud
V v WOU UF uL v Wd
V u U q UNO u v oUML v UNII
e - uD uD - r YO ,vUO ZM
rO d bF UNOK XMLO v oUML q
11
"O eG UC UI

rJ dJ vK b fb rK uI >
l ,WOu{uL s d W UM qL vHUF
.XLB uJ VKD fHM j{
UB UJ s qJ j WIOI
v WOuNA WOM WdU b
q d_ WbL VFK .UU s UMUBH
v Udu d_ WOUL URL
b V .rUQ UM U qOJA
UuC -UN UP UC sOLKFL .WG UN b v b U UMHu b
,WOM uAK WKU W s sOFbL ,U
bU UU U rOUHL c sOLC v
WOKLF c v rNNOu v qQ sc p
ZUML c oOD s bN .12qL uKFH
vK dR v qUAL u lM u WOLOKF
WLEM bIF .UAK WOU WOM WB
vK UH v uuK vKL WIdD eO
s JAL c WUF v dOQ dD d
UL s WAUML d u ,vLOKF uEM
od s p ,vLU_ UL v vUO
Zd UdAL s WUM UuKFL W
.qFHU UcOHM r v

UM . . . _ ,eOL l{ vK XKB b vM bI
.tM UMb T q v dO UD uJ UU
nMF U tKL sJL c U ,UL qO vK
qL l qUF nO ?qL lM qzU ?vM
b lML uKFH U udF rN . .?UIdL
,uKFH U udF UU X bI .UO_ c
q S d VU vK .UuKF rNb fO t_
bI . . . dIL c v UMU sc s .. UM d
mK WU( "bF uJ tM d d q X
)eO U s WDA dO uC ,sdAF
v uuK UM bU v bz rOKF VFK
s ,eO vF pc ,WOUK vUO bF
VOU v UOU dBM WOU uJ ,v
fLKU tM dF c vUL UBU .rOKF
nDK b WbL U pC dEM
,sd uC qUJ dQ dOQU UM `L
v o .WE q WOuB h q dH
gOFO vU VKD ,UdE WN s ,WOU
.WFL Wu WO WOM Wd dL

WOuL eeF WUL s UA sOJL

WOM uA v
s UA vNuL UAK vb ZUd U bI
eeF eO dA s e WOU WOM WB
,ZUd WUNM .1997-1995 s dH v WB

,UO sOb pS . . . eO v ULC q "

. . . dJ pb -q_ vK- sOB ,UbF U
33

WOM WB eeF bN ,1997 U v UA

rOKF WOOd bU sOIdL sO WOU
v ob s( UF X .d_ sO dLL
,UO UNuM 36 WLEML X )dI X :ob
:s bK Uu{u l XLE
WOM u_U WIKFL ULd >
uK >
WOM uAU oKF ULO WOuL >
vM nMF >
UuKFL vK uB >
WUML hI dO ,UOM WuIML d_ >
b /WdA
WOM WuN >

rNFOL ,WNu UNu sOF WzU Vb r

v eO VJ s dIU lI WuU b l v
ZUdK UF bN U .UU v tu U dz
WOc WOLM rOKF qQ qOK WOKL qON u
,dOOG q s qLFK sOUA b UNQ s v
eeF UOOd cOHM rOLB vK sU
.UA sO WOM uA s WOuL
20 d ,uN WL bL vb ZUd rOEM r
bU ,UU l UNM q dG WOu WK
, eO v fb rK U l WOUL ZUM
WOd WDA_ s WuL XMLC v
Xb v_ WKdL v .WOIzUu WOUA
WAUML bIM dOJH qOL q WOLOKF ZUM
WDA_ dUML uBM qOK WOUL
b WFO rNH WDdL WOUL UF_
nOI WOM uA WOU WOM WB
uAK WOUJ dEM ,WOuO UO v vM
UOH qOQ ,sOM sO UL b ,WOM
WuIML d_ ,UIdL qL ,UOM UOH
nMF ,qL b s UNM WUu ,UOM
uAU oKF ULO WOuL ,d_ vM
.WIdL ,WOU WOM uI ,WOM
,UOI ,vBA uD UC ZUd sLC UL
.vUL UB

WF s WKK l ,WOFL jzdA c nR

uA vK cU( uMF dOB ubO jzd
WuL ,sONuL qO v WU{U ,)WOM
uL U lOL v Ud u WOLOKF
sO WOM uA v WOuL eeF vLOKF
.sOIdL
_ ,Xu p v WFz WU v XM bI"
UOK ,UOU UOK UB uM v ` tuL
U rN ,vKb UO vK U X ..
WLN UO XU :odL t d U rN ,v b
vM s .UN d XM v U WU v b
.vUO eO qb r u tO U UL qQ XM
hA u_ s r .V v uu q UUL UN
dLF s mK U( " eO U s s r u tH
) eO U s jA uC ,UU 21

Ub UOH UA vIK ,WOU WKdL v

UuKFL jd UOOd bU ,UB vK
vMI Vb l v_ WKdL v UNOK uKB v
.ubOH WO UNuM ,UuDL b
jzd WF UO UNuM 52 uUAL b bI
UNF{ dOUF UNFOL l ,WU dA X ubO
sOBB d X UuL v uUAL
.UL c v

dA v Uu{u WF dAM eO U U bI
U( WOUuKF WuD )Youth-Full Stop!( UAK
d U :vUDL TA( WOd u ,)uOI
U bL dL v ZUd ,)b d b{
uU UL ,)b tO b ULO d b(
vM :WOueHOK WO UIK s bbF rOEM

d_ sO dLL rOKF : eO U
vNu Vb ZUd s eO U dJ Xd
34

b Wu XM vM UC bI .u q UUL
bI .rNL TA u c ,WOM v v
tOuB d dD b Xd vM
Q XU ,WKU WOM vd u .tOM
dLF s mK WU( "UNH WIdDU b d
)eO U s WDA uC ,UU 22

Ub rzL vM nOI s WO L
WDA s e( UAK WOU WOM WB
s sdAF sU v dL WB vLUF uO
UIK s bbF v rNUA s C :)uU
.UAK WOb WOMu dLRL
dOFK UA lOA vK eO WLEM v qLF UM
u vK rNbI uFMI s .u{u rN s
v rNI s lb s .vu WOM rNU
s ,Wu WO WIdD WOM rNU u
vK uKB UbM ,dA dzU q ,rN bIF
ozuF bb vK bI uJKL WIOb UuKFL
dI c u ,bI qJA UNKOK WOUI
.WOM rNU UM rNUO WOu s ld v
WKUJ WIdD WOM vd XC vM bI"
t vD ...dO b d v ...WFL

,WOU WOM sOIdL uI s UMU v

WOUL WUAL ,WOdILb v UMI lC s
( rU bK v uB s .b )WMuL(
,UUA UA WOU tO dF )UMJL U
,tO udL dO qLK ,dI d_ p v UL
,b UOM WuIML d_ , UN
lu t qH UL ,a .. UG ,vM c
.UOU

:guN ldL
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.

Salud Reproductiva de los Adolescentes: Los Programas que Marcan la Diferencia. Outlook. 1999;
116 (13).
Torres J, 1996. El Curriculum Oculto. Morata, Madrid. p14.
Aller LM, 1992. Pedagogia de la Sexualidad Humana. Memorias Congreso Iberoamericano de
Education Sexual. Compiled by Jorge Paniagua, Medellin. Pp55-63.
Munoz M, 1995. Aprendamos a hablar de sexualidad: Cartillas para adolescents sobre sexaulidad
responsible. AVESA, Caracas.
Gore JM, 1996. controverias en la Pedagogia. Morata, Madrid.
The quotes from young people in this article are taken from interviews with six young women and
six young men trained by AVESA Youth, as part of a qualitative research project about the impact of
the youth promoter training programme on the sexual and reproductive health of the participating
adolescents and in their role as social promoters trained to provide alternative sex education.
Carr W, Kemmis S, 1986. Teoria Critica de la Ensenanza. Martinez Roca, Barcelona.
Freire P, 1973. Pedagogia del Oprimido. Siglo XXI, Buenos Aires.
Grundy S, 1994. Producto o Praxis del Curriculum. Morata, Madrid.
Barragan F, 1991. La Education Sexual: Guia Teorica y Practica. Paidos, Barcelona.
Restrepo LC, 1994. El Derecho a la Ternura. Arango, Bogota. P17.
Baz M, 1996. Metaforas sobre el Cuerpo. Un Estudio sobre la Mujer y la Danza. PUEG, Mexico.

35

WOU WOM WOB WUd sOLC

WOUM bK v vD rOKF ZUM w
)>>(uuu wLOu , )>(dKU UU
:hK
Wdu UHJ vK ,WB U w sOKUF s rdO U_ Vb WOu VD wLKF oU vK lI
WB WU u e ,p l .WOKL rNUFL w WOU WOM WB l{ sO WuKDL
w sOOMNL s rdO U_ v WbIL WOb ZUML w dO b v b WOU WOM
Zd w - WOMNL WOLM Zd dLL wD rOKF w UC
bL Uu s
C ,WB U
YuMuJ WD" qLF ,bB cN .WB U w sOOMNL s rdO sOULL U_ v WNuL
DK VD rOKF v tU sJL ,WOU WOM WB u w UNM uL duD vK "WOD
uD WO Wu c b .dLL wD rOKF U w ,W bF d bF ,tb
U UOOd d s C ,wb UNML w UN sJL w Uu{uLK WCdF
sJL w Uu{uL duD od s ,wb UNML w WOU WOM WBK WOOzd UuJL
Uu{u UNHu d UL WU{ ,WOLKF dH bF vK uI uKQ UF wb UNML w UN
dIL v - sOIdLK WOU WB wUL uM UUC q - WKb UUC rbI ,WUO
JAL q ZUM b `UB WO Wu c U UL .d_ U_ Udb w WOLOKF
U w sOBBL rOKF VOU_ qC UNHu ,d{UL vK ,WU U vK rOKF
UUO WODG UC ,WOU WOM WB u rb uAL UuKFL rbI WOHO WB
.Ub c vK uB v uF sc Ud UMK F WUu
WOM WOU WB ZUM ,Wb vbI Vb ,vD rOKF :WOUH ULK
qLA UL ,WOU WB ndF v u WUD
,WO_ WOB WUd UO w ,WOM WB vK
UbNL d_ b_U bK b v
Ub UuKFL dOu s sJL v WU
U u .WOU WOM WB U w bO
c d_ u ,U wGM U u UO fJF
,WOUd UL :s WHKR WuL u VKD
bI UM ,ldA ,WUF WB UUO

,U_ Vb WOu VD wLKF oU vK lI

UBB vK ,WB U w sOKUF s rdO
WOM WB l{ sO WuKDL Wdu
`L b qL .WOKL rNUFL w WOU
w bI c ,WOLM UJK wb dLRLK eOLL
w uM fL bF tFU )1(,1994 U dUI
1999 U bL r WUF WOFLK WU b
U w )2(,)5 + WOLM UJK wb dLRL(

.bL WJKLL ,bM ,WOD YuMuJ WD U db :(Haslegrave Marianne) dKU UU )>(

([email protected]) :wdJK bd
WFU ,VD WOK ,WOU uKF UM d bOu r fOz U :(Olufemi Olantunbosun) uuu wLOu )>>(
.bM ,uUJU ,uOAUJU
36

W UOOd WOb ZUML duD U

N
WOU WOM WBK Wdu UuJL U
q uK b ub .ZUML c w
v WU{U ,WU U vK rOKF JAL
sOOMNL rOKF VOU_ qC UNHu ,d{UL
rb uAL UuKFL rbI WOHO sOOB
WODG UC ,WOU WOM WB u
uF sc Ud UMK F WUu UUO
.Ub c vK uB v

.wKL lLL UD vK uN c ,WOLOKF

iF b w dR u VD uLKF b r
UNM w WOU WOM WB US UL
WUL W WUA b ,W t UL .VD W
UMU ,WOD sNL VD wLKF qL WO
UJK wb dLRL w ,WOD YuMuJ WD
r WUF WOFLK WU b w WOLM
.1999 U bL

WOb dIL duD ZNM

l v WOb dIL duD WOKL rOI sJL
,wb dIL b ,UUO rOOI :qd
.wb dIL rOOI ,cOHM wb dIL U

UNd UL WOU WOM WB S ,n

WOFLK WU b c ,UJK wb dLRL
v qO{ qJA u bu ,bL r WUF
WNuL WOU_ WOb ZUML w dO b
,WOB sNL s UdO WOD sNLU sOKUFK
wD rOKF Zd w UC tKOL WP{ s C
s dO w VD wUL v WNuL dLL
rbI sOOB sOOMNLK sJL vJ .WOUM bK
WOM WB U w WdC UNOu
WOLOKF ZUML VK dOOG s b ,WOU
WFU v WNuL qFHU uuL
.dLL wMNL duD Zd c ,UOKF Ub
dOOG UdI cOHM p ,dOOU fO b u
VKD WKu d dG U U VD rOKF ZUM
s bb u q v WU ,WU uN c
lu sJL ,p vK .WUML Uu_
bOu q Uu{u w sOLKFL iF nu
VFB WEU WeM r UM d
.UdOOG

v WOLM UJK wb dLRL qL ZUd ub

,WOU WOM WB Ub UuKF dOu
U vK :WO_ WOB WUd s e UNHu
Ub v uu bOIF d_ UK
UNbI v YU uL v WUd ,WOBB
dL d{ p vK Vd .WOLOK edL
,UM d bOu U w WbOKI dIL
ULMO ,WBB WOJOMOK Uu{u qJA UN p
WOM WB U w WOB WUd Zb
Wb wU_ UNML w UC
qUJU WOU
Xu w .d q U WKd w DK VD
vK eOOL q - WKbL UUCI dF ,tH
Vu ,U uI ,wUL uM U
WUM Uu{u - sOIdL W ,WO_
u vK WOLKF dH nK w UN sJL
)4(
.d q U WKd w rOKF

)>>>(

WOD YuMuJ WD uI ,dOOG r bN

WOM WB u wuL w ZNM duD
WFU D VD rOKF w tU sJL WOU
bO w ,WUML bF d bF ,tb
WO Wu c dD .dLL wD rOKF

U{dLL qB ,tH bIU ,dC s

juL uL s UF s sdO ,UI
U vK ,WO_ WOB WUd U w

WB WU( WBU uNM q s p ,uI vK uI UO UN WOD YuMuJ WD WDA c )>>>(

)3(
.WOUM bK w WU dL s WUu )WOU WOM
37

UAL U YO ,WFULK qL W UL
uU bMN bM w VD b uKL uud
Wd U UO r v b v - bb UOMO
UdIL qOUH duD - tFd XL c dIL
UIL c gUM .UA UL s X v
.sOOUL ZzU

WB U w WOB WUd QA WUM

WOUG WUMF w s p ,WOU WOM
s WOUM bK w UIdL UOH UM
s , d _ l w H . U _ s b e ` d L
oUM w sAF w UM qB `dL dO
vK ,v{dLK U_ V UH l ,WeFM WOH
,p s rd vK .dU qJA VOD s
w uKLF sc U_ bI U luL s
uAL bOF oUML s dIU lI w edL
wUU ,UI U{dLLK WBBL bUL
.UL c w WUM U vK rNuB b

WOM WB UOOd
WOb dIL w WOU
b w ,UdI WbIL bK lOL b bu
WOK WOM UO ,WOUM bK s be
vu ,qLFU sOOMNLK hOd s UOuU Wu
WOb dIL u u bd uD b
r U U .WOD bL UNF V w
WOLKF dH vK eJd WOuLFU U c
VD r U ,u{uLU WDdL WOJOMOK
b ,W t UL .WUF WB uM X wzUu
cN U w WOU WOM WB l{
WB d s Wu t Ud UNHu ,dG
dU dO qJA tUM d U U ,WOzUu
WdC v_ uD b qL ,r s .V
wF ,U c WFd w bK u vK
d bOu cU WD" XM b .UNKbF v
eeF 2000 U WOOd c "UM
WOLOKF dIL v dL W u WdFL
)4(
.bM WOJd_ bL Uu w VD bL

YuMuJ WD XLE ,2001 U s U w

U_ WOJKL WOKJ" w UUA UUL WOD
c XL{ b .bM w "UM d bOu
UM d bOu U_ UOz 27 UAL
WB U w d s C ,UFUU
rOEM U w sOBBL ,WOU WOM
dO ULEML ,WOzUu WOB WUd d_
q U w sOBBL ,WOU_ WOuJ
d/WdA WUML hI dO wUL uM
UL - YuMuJ bK s ,sOIdL W ,b
bMN UOeM UU UdOO bM UOMO p w
Uu s UC
- bM bL WJKLL uUGM
)5(
.WOJd_ bL
WU WOD dIL UA UL l
w UduD r v ,WOU WOM WBU
WJKLL WOJd_ bL Uu UdOO
bF w dIL bU U UL )7 ,6(,bL
s C ,WOU WB U w WOLKF dH
wD Vb w t W UO bb
WOzd UuJL UC UL gU .DK
UL ,D UUO p w UL ,U
WU{U ,WKLL UuFL ,wb dIL rbI
bU eeF UUIL s WuM WuL v
w bI 2002 U v )5(.d_ WU UF

UA UL UM UUI Xd b
eOL s UNM qJ U v XMU v ,d oU
Uu bM w UNOUF X UFOL UN ,uO
:wK U ZUML c rC .WOJd_ bL
WOM WB u Uu{u duD >
UF wb dIL w UN sJL WOU
.WOLKF dH bF vK bLF uKQ
wb dIL v UNc WLzU b WU{ >
.WUO UNHu wU
q ,WOU WOM WB s Vu qI >
38

WOJd_ WOFL tLOLB XU c ,WOU

UL duD U w dO UUL ,UMK WOD
UU w ULM w ,WOU WBK d
Uu{u UNHu ,WOzUNM uM v D
wGM )8-7(.wJOMOK rNb s e ,WUO
WB s Vu pK vK UL ULM dBI
UF wb dIL UNUM w WOU WOM
WUML hI dO q ,eu uB
nMF U vK dF ,b d/WdA
UNU WIKFL Ud u WUF lM ,d_
,WMOF WOb dH jd vGM UL .wU
bF U wFU rOKF s dO_ WM w U
dF w uLM c eOL b sLJ .wFU
w b q WU ,WOOz UUCI oLF D
d ULM U WuN l .WOJOMOK WULL
WMU W d wN ,wzUI rOLB bU
sc WOB sNL wUL ,VD v
U w wMN hB U Vb v uF
.WOU WOM WB WU

WOU WB wUL uM UUC

U UNb w dIL v ,sOIdLK
.UH_ V wUL uM U q ,d
qUJL uLM
uLMK qOCH UM U UA UL UM
jOD WdL vK kU t_ ,qUJL
-6(
.VD rOKF Zd s UD d rOOI U
cM v{dL l D qUH ,uLM c v )8
UN duD vK bU UL ,Wb w _ uO
aU vK uB ,rNzU v{dL l UB
dIL w UC D UA UL .wJOMOK
rNMJL UL ,WOJOMOK UNLU WIKFL WOLOKF
U sO jd vK bU ,UHJ v{dL h s
w tuLKF U sO ,WO{dL U v tb
qIMU rKF b .UC_ nzU `dA uK
qO vK .wKL lLLU WOU UOF sO
UFL rOOI q ,WzUD dO U UM UL
QA UF_ d b U qL d w
u VUML Xu w bI r ,rd oM Ud
rd U qL q ,WzUD dE l qUF
.UOHAL w dF u

nOKJ uL
fb dHM U nOKJ vK uLM c uI
WOU WOM WB U w UNMOF Uu{u
XM b .qFHU WLzUI WOb hB s
WOMNL ULEML s bbF WOD UOKJ iF
U w WU WHB UUM tHu uLM c
,b .WOB WUd wbIL dLL vD rOKF
c fuUU WFU uL ,UL qO vK
qLF WM w d_ nMF fb w vML c
d_ U bI sOO sO dF )9(.wJOMOK
uU U{dLL UM d bOu
,d_ nMF u{uL WKU WUI ,uOUL
u_ s
C ,UM UUC s q uK UM
WOKJ XU ,qLU .eML w U_U WIKFL
u uL duD UM d bOuK WOJd_
,UO U Vb q s U vM tuA
)10(
.dLL vD rOKF Zd UuJ b tHu

WB U w WOU_ uKF fb wGM

.WOJOMOK Uu{uL l uU ULz WOU
oKFL dIL qLA wGM ,UL qO vK
WbOB q ,WuM WOLK d vK qL luL
WUF od s ,UM d WO_ WUd
sOLKFL q ,WKb WOLK Ud uUM sOLKFL
U_ WOU_ uKF fb vK sOLzUI
vK .d_ rOEM UA ,U{dLL
WKB uKF fb tH Xu w wGM ,p
,W_ rK ,lLL W ,qL lM u{uL
.wUL uM UUC v WU{U
d uLM
WB uLM U wb UNML U bI
39

WLE_ UN vK ZUd uI .UN WR q

v WOOzd WOD uKF fb w WHKL WOLKF
uLM tOM e r ,Wb s sO_ sOUF
U UA YO ,WOJOMOK uM w nOKJ
,d_ V ,W_ rK wKL lLL W :q
d ,bOu ,WMU d_ ,UH_ V
.WOU WB s b Vu fb w ,UM

UM qFHU WLzUI WOLOKF dIL nOKJ

WOU WOM WB U w UNMOF Vu
WuN sOIKL wM Wd WU eOL r
WFU w "uK" W S ,p l .cOHM
w WOLOKF dIL nOKJ v dOA UU
sJL UM W Uu{uL WLzUI U_
UL ,oOM U WOu XA v R
,d{ dO dJ ,WLN u UH v uI
)8(
.ULNOK

WOLU_ qUON s ,Ued uN oOM bM

oI `dL sL ,WOLOKF WRLK W
c rOOI ,WOLOKF b_ w WUFH WUAL
v R UL ,d UO U s sOLKF rC
c d_ u .wb UNMLK UFH cOHM WUH
s WOLOKF dIL wIML U{ bb VKD
Vu nK WOu uu sc ,U_ nK
uIM wIK d_ VKD UL .wb UNML
rOKF U db l u vK wLOKF dIL
,WOLOKF b_ D rOOI WAUML wFU
UNML Yb WudL UHJ U WUH WOG
.UEU wb

qUJL uLM sO wOzd sLJ

WOM WB w sd sOuLM
e w WOLOKF Wd U q w WOU
qL WKJO U qUJ uNH sLC .jI UNM
WOM WB r YO ,wb UNML
.WOU_ uKF u s b ,Wb cM WOU
`dA w wLOKF dIL rC ,UL qO vK
U d WOHOJ UO{u U b u
wu eU b WOHO dL rOKF ,u
.vKNL

sOFU w VDK UOK U UdOO v

WB u w UNM S ,qFHU ,sOObO
w WOLOKF ULNdI q WOU WOM
w VD WOK dHM UL )12(.WFU UNb
WUH vK dBI r UNQ bb UOMO uU
wb UNML q WOU WOM WB
c Vb w UC tb UL ,WOKJ D
q lOL sJ :buL U{dLL tOK qB
d_ Wb b WIu w WB d uK
.)2003 dUM ,wB UB( WOLOKF

w UL ,qUJL uLM WO_ WHKJ lHd

,VUD W b ,fb vK sOLzUI p
WHKJ s ,rb ,WOU_ WOMU WIKFL uL
bI fb WKO UC
b UL .d_ ULM
vK rzUI rOKF w WKOu XU U ,WHKJ
b .UF sOM d{UL ,JAL qOK
YuMuJ WD tbI c UA UL d
,quD bL vK WOKU d qUJL ZNM WOD
UJK wb dLRL rOUH U vK qLF t p
.oOL u vK WOLM

w WOU WOM WB Uu{u

wb UNML
U w cR wGM ,ZNML U rOLB bM
q v uFKD sc DU WU UUO
Uu{uL rC .WBBL WUF WULL s

UuU UOHO w )MCP( ULU WFU XU bI

ZNM b U w bz WOJd_ bL
c ,UM W U WOLKF dH bF qUJL
)11(
,wb ZNML d t oOM bOQU sJ
UUO ULM nK W WOHO vK U bF
40

f v nuL l qUF WOHO QA bdL

.dOL{ tUUM l UF UN WOB Wb bI
r ,WOU WOM WB Ub rbI bM
,WU WOLQ UL c q w w_ tOu
w UL( Wd UuKFL w o d q
)vuUI dO UNU WU dUIU oKF U p
dOu UC
wGM UL .WdFL vK WOML WIuL
l WBU sOOMNL sOKUF W u tOu
v{dL uI U U sc ,sObOKI sOUFL
WOJOMOK WUd vK rNuB q rNUAU
.tH Xu w v ,sOOD sOOMNLK

hOKI oKF ULO UA UL UNd v

WOUM bK w WOU WOM JAL V
,qL UHUC ,_ W ,d_ rOEM :wK U
hI dO ,UOM WuIML d_ ,rIF
,WOM UO ,UN ,b /WdA WUML
UN UUd s WLUM JAL
UULL lM ,UNM WUu wU wKUM
UN ,sOIdLK WOU WB ,UC
.UB
,wD rOKFU WK U dF w UUCI U
uAL rbI UN rC ,UNUM b p l
u_ s UB ,UUO ,sLC v ,UB
UdA d d nO v ,WLOL WOBA
d bM p w UL - idL d UC
hI dO/UOM WuIML d_ U
dOQ -t pdA WFU ,WdA WUML
uu dO vK dIH UB wUL l{u
nK U Wb vbI nu ,Ub v
dO sOO_ ,UL qO vK( v{dL UL
vK WOUI WOUL quF d ,)sOLKFL
WOUFH WOUL UF ,WB UOuK
qL rIF q JA vK WdL WOHM
,WB vK UM b{ nMF d ,udL dO
,WuKDL Ub v WU rb rbI WOHO
UI v U R w dOUIF vUF
WUML hI dO/UOM WuIML d_
WOB UUOU UL d{ ,WdA
tOu s b nUF uK U WOL ,sOIdLK
UM sO U ,UJ_ b UI
,dO .UNMOF WO{d U d v Ud
wUL uMU WDdL Vu UM UO UM
UC
du s .Uu{uL pK s u{u qJ
U w vuI w_ ZNM D b
.Ub UuKFL dOu

U_ ndF b ,WOMNL rNUOu s e

UUO sOuI lOL buL U{dLL
WOb UOUH ozUu s C ,rbK w
sOu bF .WOU WOM WBU WIKFL
UM sJ ,bB c w U `{ UN
q ,WOL_ s tH bIU r d Uu{u
s UG b VUML s vK UH
b q ,qL lML WIKFL Ub UuKFLU
s WOJOMOK uL UKD ,rOIF WOuU
WdA WUML hI dO/UOM WuIML d_
uLL d v U ,fM U w sOKUFK
v ,juL uL s Ub wbIL UN
. dO p dO ,UNMOF W_ dIL b
d bOu w WbOKI WOLOKF dIL
UO w UOU ULOKF DK bI U U UM
UO u r u wGM .UO u WOM
WOM rNUO D w duD q s WOM
u rNH duD ,v{dLK rNU vK UdOQ
.U uc b WOM WU WOuuO
dOQ rN vK D bU uLM cN
nzUu vK WOHUF WOuuOH WOUL
dOF UL nK u ,WOM
d b u vK WdL U ,wM
.wc

buI WOD UO_ UC V UL

41

wKL lLL vK rU{d vK dOQK ,wzUM

vK UzUM dOQ dR sJL w UOuK b{
vK rNFOA rNUJS ,WOU WOM WB
U ,cN )13(.WM wM uK UL wM
vK rNb duD v uOD uULL
d{ w V u c .tOK dOQK UC uK
U
U ,rN Wb cM v{dL l D UL
,d sOOJOMOK sOb U X
.d{UL uC d vK d_ dBI

wGM w bU UC D ndF V UL
p dO ,rU{d u U_ uK w UNUd
idL VOD sO WF w dR w u_ s
WB QA Ub UuKFL dOu oKF ULO
qLF ,U tu ,rNL s .WOU WOM
WuKDL WUML UNL duD vK D
Uu{uL u v{dL l UF u vK UB
.WOM
UULL Wd bb s D sJL wGM
w UL ,WOKL rNUFL w UM b{ UC
uM vK rzUI nMF ,U vM tuA p
w ,WOU WOM uI UN ,wUL
dO uI UF UIO UU UNFOL jd
b V UL .UM Ud sO WUL
bUL WUL WOKL uL v U bO D
.UNO qu WOHO ,UUC

,wEHK uK VM D rKF V , dO
WdDG WUEHU r c ,wEHK dO
j v ,WMONL UEL b b ,WUu
dO UNM wJA w UOuK w ,v{dL b s
W O M W B U b s b v U M s
.WOU
UNOKU vK WMd XL v UULL
eeF v wD rOKF U wU ZNM vF
Y s UIL sOdK UFH b
sO q s UuKFL UOuuMJ wJOMOK
.WOU WOM WB U w WbIL WUd
v WBK uULL uOMNL D U
UuKFL b qOK bb vK b
u WKU W U ,WOU WOzUu WOJOMOK
WOB bOH dF w sOd u nK
.WB U w dI lM

WB WIKFL U v U U tu r
bKU WU VD UOK w UIdL/sOIdL
X UJ s dO vK V bu YO ,WOUM
s UA D rKF wGM .WM 25 s
,WU WUB WOUL U
uG{ uNu sOM
ZN wM vK rNb vK WzUM U s dH b
.WOU UUCI WOM UO UUC U u
lOA UN UOuK U v D U
UuKFL s UH vK UIdL/sOIdL
UL ,WOU WOM WB U w Ub
WdIL WOUFH WOuuOH dOG rN p w
UC
UIdL/uIdL U .WIdL uKU
udL dO qL VM WOL bU
W U , U O M W u I M L d _ U W U d U
D U ,WdA WUML hI dO b
v uAL rbI WUML UNL duD v
wUI wUL UO q UIdL/sOIdL
.tO uAOF c wKL lLLK
u vK ,u l{u uOD uULL lL

X b VD UOK s dO s rd vK
vK rzUI VD U w U rbI v WU
fb WId qC bb bF r r tS ,sOd
lLL W" q UU .DK UNL c
"UJ" "WuO UB" "W_ rK" "wKL
V "duOLJ uK" "wUL uM U"
VD U WOHO `O{u w ULN VKF
WB UuJ fb WOKL w sOd vK rzUI
,WOU UOuuO vK ed w WOU WOM
42

WOLKF dH rOUHL sO UF dS dO_

oI UL WHKL UHJ sO UD ,WKbL
YO :Vb s WHK UI bM UN rKF
VUM UL rNUF nOOJ s ub sJL
WU WOL UN UNu c q .WuML dE
,WOU WOM WB U w WUd rOKF v
bK U ,n_ l .lLL W rOKF
WD tLE c ,UA UL w WKLL
c w ZUMLK UNb ,WOD YuMuJ
.dO b v UI sJ r d_

suEML s WOd WOD UL vK

)14(
.wzUu wF
ZUML w WU U JAL q
WOb
v WMU WMF UuKFL w WdHL Ue bF
VK w DK WbIL WOU WOD ZUML
ZUML u hOKI U d UM .bK
vK V eOd ,WuU Vu s hKU
UUFL dL V U w rN w U
hOKI tIOI sJL c d_ u .UJ b
U rbI s d{UL UU b
eOd l ,JAL q uK b ,WOJOMOK
w D UNNuO w dJL U vK
.wMNL rNKL

WOLOKF WOMI JAL qOK vK rzUI rKF bF

,JAL q UN duD s D sJL
WOJOMOK WOU_ uKF u WdFL U
.v{dL UNdD w JAL l qUF s
wLOKF bb vML w wU UNM t
bL v WU{ ,URL s dO UM c
WbOKI WOLOKF UNdI w ,WU vK eJdL
sOd `{u .WOJOMOK WOJOMOK q U u
UNM s uLKF sc sOd WUL
WOU Wb dFA JAL q vK rzUI rKF
WOFU Wb WKd UM rNb s U{d s
WOBOA WOJOMOK UNL rNU
)16(
.WOF

,WOU WOM WB U w WUd U v

v{dL l UO_ s dO w D qUF s
l uKUFO U bI ,bb d s uUF sc
w Ub UuKFL vK uBK uF s
lML ,WOU WOM rN wL sJL
d_ ,udL dO qL q JA b
d d UM ,p l .rIF ,UOM WuIML
bM UL qO vK ,WHK UN v U
UHUC u w WzUD U l qUF
UNL s sOuM .s dO UN
,r s .v{dL l qUHK bb WId v R
d UNL vK UL v UUO UM S
WUd wb s WuM WuL b uuL
p ,wD rOKFU sOOMFL sO UI WOB
UNML v bb rOUH U dOO eeF WOG
.wb

WD bM w UNbI w qLF W w
d bOu r fOz U ,WOD YuMuJ
w UNL nu "ddOU" WFU w UM
v ,bOF oUML w qLF VO UNU
.WzUD u WU w dL UO UI s sJL
X v U d bOu VO du sJL
nu ,wUU qHD dL dOB S ,uIF
,WBK ed d w uuL VOD vK qUJU
WuL l qUF vK U uJ tOK vGM c
b sLJ ,cN .uD U s b WF
WOKL d vK VD uB UL{ WOHO w
Ub rbI U w rNUB w JAL s

,d{UL w qLL bOKI qJA v WU{U

q - JAL q VOU b eeF wGM
UuL v rOKF ,WU vK UM rOKF uK
c rN )15(.rOUHL jOD uK ,dOG
43

nK uU ,fb U w v{dL
- UOb rU uIu ,WOJOMOK bL
fb .u b U :UL qO vK
UuUMO nK sJL ,UB UN
iF uI YO ,_ qOL od s WOJOMOK
D iF db ,WMOF qOL D
7 v 5 s d bL sOOUO v{d l UI
v{dL d_ s WOUd WcG p wK ,ozU
DK WDA_ c du .sObL sOOUOI
v{dL l qLF q rNUN duD Wd
)18(
.sOOIOI

s vLEF WOUG r ULMO .dE c q w

v UOHA L w WbIL bK w u
l { u u f J F S , U O H A L s W d s U
.WOUM bK VK w
Xu s d D wCL dC s ,cN
q s ,bOF oUML w WB edL sOIK
l qUF U w sOO d Vb vK uB
UM rNU dO YO ,uD U JA
sJ .VUM u vK eN UOHA v uu
UNML q dO uJ b pc U X hOB
.WOUM bK w VD bL wU_ wb

wMNL duD wD rOKF

WOdFL bUIU rEM u vK UI wGM
s p ,UULL qCQ rNdF ,sOULLK
l{u iOI v K )19( .dLL wD rOKF
s dO w WB UD S ,WbIL bK w
wD rOKF Zd nK s vUF ,WOUM bK
sOKUF hI ,uL UI v p ld .dLL
U XRL UOG WODG WOUJ b ,sOOMNL

C ,dLL wD rOKF dIL uIK sc

v dH WU u s WLUM JAL s
cOHM l UHJ Vb rbI UNMJL w URL
.WFUL

DK Vb ULJ UC
dC s uJ b
Vb rbS bOF oUML w qLFK bF sc
XK bI .dOG UuL w bI wU{ wMN
WULLK wMNL Vb WM 30 cM bL WJKLL
dIL c dL ,)WO_ WOB WUd ( WUF
UL l WM p w UL ,uM bL wLOKF
wMNL Vb bF )17(.Ub tHu bLF U
WOUM bK w WO_ WOB WUd U w
r s b WOU WOM WB dF YO(
.UO bb UuNH )UuJL
bb UOMO uU w VD WOK bOL d
,wGM bOF WOHd oUML v Vc c VOD
UOKLF d vK U uJ ,v_ b w
WOKL vK ,rd UB WdBOI
.)2003 dUM ,wB UB( WUML db
VD D UL w p U d b qL
d pK w bULU WOU v_ sOM w
UN `dA rNdF sO r s ,WOd
bM WI s beL uFA vK rNbU wU
UOKLF w WbL WUAL l .Ud d
rNUN qI sJL ,UOKF uM UM WOd
.WOd UOKLF w
b w bz UM d bOu rK U
qLF vK ub d r ,"sOOUOI v{dL"

,U tu ,WOMu WOD UOFL lKDC sJL

UNzUC UuKF Yb vK UH w bOKI b
UM .dLL wD rOKF d dOu od s
WOb WObHuJ" q - WOMNL ULEML iF
Zd UNb - "UeOUL WOD WOFL" "buLK
UuKFL WU p w UL ,UNzUC_ UL
- d UOFL UM .WU UNdA w WKB
dLR rEM - "UJUU w WOD WOFL" q
UL ,WOU WOM WB Vu u UNzUC_
.sOIdL W p w
bb UN rKF v uOU uOMNL U
44

,p l .WOU WOM WBK Wd XO

,UNM Wb UFD v q ,WOb VJ wu
wb dLRLK ,b ,UL s qOK u
WOM WB u tuNH WOLM UJK
WOB WUd UuJ s ULNHu WOU
u wM v VD ub U ,cN .WO_
dH bF w UNM u d w UOuL
.WOU WOM WB U w WOLKF

WIKFL WOMI Vu :UL qO vK ,UEU

UOKL d ,qL lML bb qzU US
s nAJK bb UOMI ,1WIb UMI lD
bb UOuuMJ b ,rd oM Ud
UNOK vH w UULL U .UuKFL U w
,lOu ,u bM dH W o q - se
v UC U - dJL UN w XJ
vK WMd r v UOMIU UNb UN bB
.U U d UN

- bb UUCI c q d lzUA dO s
wb UNML UKD w - vK UNO dO
eK w `UB w( YU `dB QA
d q s UNO UU VD b
d_ UNML w UuKb WOLKF UbU
U UM .)WULLU hOd vK uB
c c , w D r O K F W K u v K o D M W K U L
w VD WUL hOd bb ULN U KD `B
.WbIL bK s dO

dOOG eeF sObL eH

dOG U WOOzd Ub b qL
uB ULC- wb ZNM w WuKDL
WOM WB U w VUML tOu vK VD
u vK VD wb eH WOHO w -WOU
WOM WB .dOG pK wM eeF
b_ VOU_ l U tu VUM WOU
uKB r sdO sJ .UM WuuL U QA
,VOU_ pK b w wL Vb vK b
WI uJ UuHQ v bUL v uU
s ,UL qO vK - UNb w
b bu .fb WO UC duD qLF
fb w rNUN Q U uB UC sObL
bIH ,UM s .rNUuD rNu s WLO q
.rNUF Yb bb UN rKF v lb U
QUJ v WU bOQ w UGL sJL ,wUU
UOd od s ,sbO sOOJOMOK sObL
.rNHzU w rNO

UNML w WdC dOOG d S ,cN

U lOL l UA b VKD wb
e ULMO .WOB WUd rOKF sOOMFL WKBL
s UdO Ub v uu sO v U
UdO Ub U qUJ WB rE UUC
vK uI ZN wM WB UD U s
WUd fb sO U w bI S ,uI
W UNM w WOU WOM WB U w
UO UM .dO q dLL wD rOKF VD
WB b oOI q s d uN c v
.2015 U uK l WOU WOM

v ,WBB Uu{u UM d bOu

dJ ULK
s O U A L , W O D Y u M u J W D U f O z , U U u . U N b w b U L U M U U H R L b I
.ULNbUL bM w qLF W bM UA w

.dc uCF v WuML UuO Ud qIM v UMI

45

:ldL WLzU
1.
2.

3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

8.
9.

10.
11.

12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.

United Nations. Program of Action adopted at the International Conference on Population and
Development, Cairo, 5-13 September 1994.
United Nations. Key Actions for the Further Implementation of the Programme of Action of the
International Conference on Population and Development adopted at the twenty-first special session
of the General Assembly, New York, 30 June 2 July 1999.
Commonwealth Medical Association Trust. At: ><
Collins KS, Schoen C, Joseph S, et al. Health concerns across a woman's lifespan. Commonwealth
Fund 1988 Survey of Women's Health. New York: Commonwealth Fund, 1999.
Commonwealth Medical Association Trust. Sexual and Reproductive Health in the Medical Curriculum:
Report of an Expert Consultation, March 2001. London: Commat, 2002.
American Medical Women's Association. Fourth Year Elective Curriculum in Reproductive Health.
Washington DC: AMWA, 1997.
Cain J, Donoghue GD, Magrane D, et al, editors. Women's Health Care Competencies for Medical
Students. Crofton MD: Association of Professors in Obstetrics and Gynecology Women's Healthcare
Education Office, 2000.
Nelson M, Nicolete J, Johnson K. Integration or evolution: women's health as a model for interdisciplinary
change in medical education. Academic Medicine 1997;72:737-40.
Jonassen JA, Pugnaire MP, Mazor K, et al. The effect of a domestic violence inter-clerkship on the
knowledge, attitudes, and skills of thirdyear medical students. Academic Medicine 1999;74(7):82182.
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Female circumcision/Female Genital Mutilation.
Clinical Management of Women. Washington DC: ACOG, 1999.
Association of Professors of Gynecology and Obstetrics Resource Network. Curriculum Model. MCP
Hahnemann University Women's Health Education Program. Washington, DC. USA 2000. At:
<www.apgo.org/resourcenetworld>
Campaign Against Unwanted Pregnancy. Curriculum for Nigerian Medical Schools on Reproductive
Health Care, 23 February 2001.
Epstein RM, Hundert EM. Defining and assessing professional competence. JAMA 2002;287:22635
Gastel B, Rogars DE. Clinical Education and the Doctors of Tomorrow. New York: New York Academy
of Medicine, 1989.
Weiss LB, Levison SP. Tools for integrating women's health into medical education: Clinical cases
and concept mapping. Academic Medicine 2000;75:1081-86.
Antepohl W, Domeij E, Forsberg P, et al. A follow-up of medical graduates of a problem-based learning
curriculum. Medical Education 2003;37(2):155-62.
Lipman T. The future general practitioner: out of date and running out of time. British Journal of
General Practice 2000;50 (458):743-46.
Wagner PJ, Lentz L., Heslop SD. Teaching communication skills: a skillsbased approach. Academic
Medicine 2002;77(11):1164.
Novack DH, Suchman AL, Clarck W, et al. Calibrating the physician: personal awareness and effective
patient care. JAMA 1997;278:5029.

46

:sOIdL sO UOM WuIML bF

WLz WO Ub v WU
Ub UdU ,s . U
:hK
,s UG sO b rUF u UOM WuIML bF U vK WOLUF WB WLEM bI
Ub rbI S ,r s .)1995 ,1993 WOLUF WB WLEM( UMdAF qz v UA sOIdL
Zd vDD UL b vK uJ V WdLF UH pK UOM WuIML bFU WU
W O M W B e e F U . s O I d L U A W Z d v F { c , U O M W u I M L b F
qFHU uUF sc p_ Ub rbI nK ULMO ,UA rOKF WUu vK v e UAK
.vM nMF UOM WuIML bF qL p v UL ,WULK bIHL WOM WDA_ Vu s
WOM u_U WIKFL hzUBK WFd qLF GTZ WOUL_ WuFL WO XU ,2000/1999 U v
WUdK uU sc sOIdL UL ,UOM WuIML bFK sOIdL dF dU qO ,sOIdLK
Ue ,sOIdLK UOM WuIML bF Ub rbI UL nK U qz u ,bF pK s
WuIML bF Ub rbI U v UAU WU UL duD d{ UM b v ,UNM q uO
WuFL WR l UFU dF c dAMO .sOIdLK WOB Ub rbI U tu ,UOM
WO Ub v WU :sOIdL sO UOM WuIML bF" :uM X WOLUF WB WLEM WOUL_
.tUUM UJ p euL WBK u u vK U ."WLz
vUL l{u UOM WuIML bF Ub ,WOU WB ,WOM WB ,uK :WOUH ULK
.UB
bF UA u Xd v Ub WOK
-sK UI WKBH UUO du v- UOM WuIML
vK d v dOGB UOH sO Ud r
s qOK v d_ rOEM u q U WU Zd
XU ,WOJd_ bL Uu ,WOId_ b
bOLJ Uu bb v U_ YO s bN
bb W s b sOd qE .O
U{dF d_ sOIdL s WOUJ UuLL
f M U sOKG AL U GB q ( dDK
l fM uUL sc UOH ,rNOK sdL
UH ,rNM d U l WOH s rdO
oUML :)uO v UH_ v q ,uA

r v Uu{uL b UOM WuIML bF qL

u UM UL .U u vK YU UNUM r
-WOUL ,WOuK quFU UL v dO
WuIML bFU WDdL WOdG ,WUB
rd vK .Ub rbI UL nKL UOM
bF s uUF sc sOIdL b Q UI s
ndF S ,WOUM b v lHd UOM WuIML
WuIML bF ndF c s h ULO WIdL
UdDHU dL U v UNM u( UOM
d :q W UUU ,bOLJ :q
UL ,bK WUO WbK UI nK ,)WOKNL
.UNUI ZzUM dOH VFB s qF
47

Ub sO WUILK WLJ Wd ,UOU UOeM

ubL ,WUF UOF v uULL UNbI v
, UOM W uIML bF U l qUF WOHO vK
rbI sO , qJA UA l qUF ZNM vK
dAL .sOb dO d q s Ub
bF s WUu rOKF dO UuJ UC qLA
Wb VUM dO tKF U u ,UOM WuIML
vK UOM WuIML bF Ub d rOOI dO
.)AMREF, 1999( qI u

:)WOMO UJd UO v ( d_ WOdG

q UC UOM WuIML d_ bF UJ
.WOKUM WdI edON
WOuK qu sO U s rd vK
WuIML bF dU UNMOF WUB-WOUL
s tU r UNM qOKI S ,UOK b b UOM
s b dOQ b S , v .WOzUu Ub
d l WOM U v d q - quF
v WU ,rEML vM UAM ,pd s
WOF{ ,Wb v UE ,e ,dC
Ub vK WMO dbI d bF -d_
.WUL WKOKI

UOKL S ,Ub b UUO h ULO U

vu V c :UJU du bF vKI rOOI
r v U r dOH v bbA c
s UG s sdL b q b .UNM
300 s be U v UOM WuIML bFU sOUBL
Ub QAML UA UO b v UdN h
UK b vK rd c dF , v
UN{dF r v Ub lUAL lOL sO
,`{u dO s t .)Mnari et al,1998(
vK d sJLL s U LF p s W
,qFHU WLzUI sOGUK UOM WuIML bF UO
b v .XA bb UA UO sJ r
c r r t r ,"U" v WOFA UOF
s %30 ,UAU WU Ub rbI bN
sOIdL s uU UOM WuIML bFU sOUBL
b `dL s ,)1998 ,WOLUF WB WLEM(
uuI ,sObOKI sOUFL dOA uU d
sOIdL UOuK .rNHQ rNH WUFL
nKL WOM WOL_ ,WUd vK uBK vFK
UN r r ,WUF Ub rbI dF v ozuF
dO s vI ,r s .WOUM b v U qJA
pK b qI WOU ,bOF b v ,uKFL
:q quF t v WHK lu v Ub
du b s u ,uLU Wb bI lL
.nOUJ qL vK bI ,Wd

UbK WKOK ULOOI

v Ub rbI UL UdAL nK uI
oKF U{d vK ddI c v UN{dFM
,UL qO vKF .UOM WuIML bF UAU
bI v UA UO ed lOL UdI lI
oUML v UOM WuIML bF s WUd
vK ed v WKOKI UdAL v .WdC
n v ,UL qO vK ,bL v uu
Ub fOQ vK :)AMREF, 1999( UOeM
sOKGAL UGB sO UOM WuIML bFK WU
,UMO v Wb oUML b v fM U
)uAM dO( WOK UUM vK UC bLF
v W U v W b N L U U L Q U F u v K
.Ub pK q
Ub s bbF v pAK U UM fO
s X ,"UAK WIbB" UOM WuIML bF
s be / dO b c v ,bL YO
WLJ U qL r r t .UNb UA
rbI WOM WLOI dbI bN bO qJA WLLB
UBOB bFL UOM WuIML bF Ub
,uuL WUF Ub duD s b ,sOIdLK
v d .U qJA UA l qUF YO

u h ULO W_ s bbF S ,p vK
48

bb U ULNb U sOdAL ,dL v

.UOM WuIML bF v{d s

s dOO cM vK WLzU b Ub
Wd qL UN U sJL c ,WIuL ULOOI
lOL v sOIdLK UOM WuIML bF Ub
,WOzUu UUO l U u ULK .rUF U
bF Ub u dUIK vLEF WOK_ vQ
UOF q s WbIL ,sOIdLK UOM WuIML
WOU WB UO ,UAU WU WUF
bF UA ed ,WOuJ dO ULEMLK WFU
dUI UL .dB uM UOId s ,d_
UM U u .b WKOK WOMO UJd s u
UJd v sOIdLK WOB Ub s bbF
UOM WuIML bF WU Wb rbI WOMO
.UNIOu r rK ,

(Newton, 2000; R Kulker, personal

communication, 1999)

Vb u WIuL U s qOKI UM UL
bF U l qUF v sOGUU U
UdAL d UL WUF ,UOM WuIML
vUL ou ,WOKL UFLL v uuL
,bb sOIdLK UOM WuIML bF dOUIF
c UJ v .WU WHKL WLE_ rOOI
dR u (Adamchak et al, 2000) tb
d U b v bF c ,sOGUK WOU WB
fJF UL ,UUCI pK qU t b ,uL
WuIML bF WUd WIKFL U Wb
.qC qJA WIuL Uu UdA v UOM

rEF WIOI ,oO qJA ,uH cN jd

sOIdLK WbIL WOB Ub bd UL
,rNF qUF v UNOU b v dBM v
Ub pK u WIKFL u_ s v{UG ULMO
WB Ub UdA s bbF .UNuM b
v UNB r v ,sOIdLK WKUA WOU
Ub ou ,UL qO vK ,WOMO UJd
bFK WU bI XU U p v UL ,Udu v
,d sU v qO ,U dI v UOM WuIML
vK UOM WuIML bF v{d qI UN
sOGU Ub Zd s duL W_ .
rNU r UOM WuIML bF v{d `d
.)sOGUK( WBB UO v
)Dehne and Snow,1999(

Favorable

uM v d c bI s rd vKF ,r s
beL ,vzUu Y s beLK WU UMN ,dO_
Ub rbI WHKL qbL u UUO s
uJ b .sOIdLU WU UOM WuIML bF
WLzL UKDLU rzu qLF UC WU UM
,bK p `L b .d Ub rbI ULM
,LF hzUB ,WOzUu UNd vK
, W b b I e O L d O U I F h O A u
Ub WHKL UL_ s WdL ZzUM lu
.sOIdLK WbIL UOM WuIML bF
bF WUd sOUL sOIdL hzUB <
UOM WuIML

ud b UJ s b s rd vKF ,qLU
edL WHKJ WOUFH vM hIM rNU s
UOK WLzU r bO ,d_ bF UA
u UNFOL UJ fK U v W_ vK
.uUL ,UOMO ,UU v UA ed WHKJ WOUF
qJAU UNIOu r r Wb d_ U UL
WuFL WO tLb c dAL v : ,vUJ
SEATS tLb c dAL vU v WOUL_

WuIML bF sOIdLK WOM UUCI

UOM
p v UL ,d WUB WOUL dOG UM
UG s u ,rOKF qd U u U
WUB WDA_ WUMB v qLF v WeU
,d_ WOL ld ,WdC U ,WOLd dO
49

bF s b HIV WUML hI W u
WuIML bF b ,WOJOJ UOM WuIML
v sOIdL sOGU s q sO UA d UOM
qz cM UL ,vUJ dB uM UOId
WOdA U v WOUI UB v UOMOF
.oUML s UdO s d

UO UL qOJA v d_ dOQ U l uU
WKdL WIdL uN p q sO U ,UA
pK iF n sJL ULMO .dH UO v eOL
dOOG v UdUE ,WOLU UNuJ UNu
s U Q bu bF WOM UOuK UF
WOM ,WbOKI WOe UUB .u_
Wd sOIdLK `O v WOMb bIFL ,d_
WOM WDA v d ,rNdQ UI v
WU ,sU_ s bbF v WLzU e e q
UM s bbF UMN ,r s .UIdLK
WOM UULL UA U v ,WUF bUIK
s sO uH U V e q sOIdL sO
.e s vM ZCM

(UNAIDS/WHO, 2000; Rowley and

. Berkley, 1998; Borisenko et al, 1999)

- q UOM WuIML bF UA bIFL s

ULO( UO s d oUM bMN v -dO tMJ
uK UUO `d ,WOMO UJd v )sOB b
pK v UOM WuIML bF vM
s bF vU qJA dNE b oUML
v (Rowley and Berkley, 1998) .WIdL
bIF ,WOUMB b rEF j_ dA
sOIdL sOGU sO UOM WuIML bF UA
U vK qOb S ,p vK .UO qOK
s d O de h ULO u WOLOK
WUILK UUO UdI bu d VU s .bOLJ
WuIML bF u s UdO UuIU oKF ULO
(Rowley and Berkley, 1998) .UOM

Wu XO UOM WuIML bF dU UL
v udM sc UA lOL sO UU
WOM WOKLF v UdA fM .WOM UUL
UB du b u ,rNBzUB rb
,nMFK dF UL ,vu b ,vM
uL vK UOM WuIML bF UA WFO
sOIdL dF dU vK dR qu UNK ,vKL
vK .bF pK WOM UUL v sOdAL
Ub s duL WKOKI qzb s rd
,dO b v ,`d sOIdLU WU WOzUu
sO dAM UOM WuIML bF u nK
fM uUL c sOIdL q fOK ,sOIdL
,fJF vK q .UOM WuIML bF dUL W{d
oUML v uAOF s sO be WU bF S
,)U WMOL( bF UA bF UNO be v
,t Xu v ."UEU" fM uUL sc
sO UdO s UA d bF s u UM
q( UM d_ UA sO UNM UM dG_ UA
.)de OU WUI bOLJ

U U WOU_ UuLL
`C qLL sL ,Ub s beL du
rOK v UOM WuIML bFK vKJ UA b
WOUL hzUBU oO qJA jd U W
dAM v sU_ v .sOUBLK WOduLb
qFHU UB s S ,UOM WuIML bF UNO
e v UuLLK uLM sc p r UU
uLM sc U , WU dD UL UNMO
bI WU dD UL UNMO qI UuLL
,dDK W{d d_ uJ U U .WU u{dF
,UdA s dO b rNb sc sOIdL r
UOH ,rNOK sdL fM U sOKGAL
WOB s rdO U l fM uUL sc
sc dC v URL UH ,uA UH

WOLOK U
Ub s UIL W_ U v Uc U
Ub sOGU sO UA U WOuK
50

sOUBL sOIdL rEF U ,UA bF

YO s UOM WuIML bF u d- deU
WUB WDA_U sOKGAL sOKUF s -oOu
WbL v uc sc UA ,WOLd dO
sO s UC uU vLd UDI v sOHuL
(Borisenko et al, 1999) .sOUBL

,VUG v .vM nM WUB uGC u{dF

dO sOe dO UuLL pK d uJ
uF UJU sJL ,k u .bLU sOIK
dDK sO{dFL sOIdL p s U W vK
.WOUM b v uB t vK
v oUML b v sOGU u UUO
bF vK sd UN r ,UA UNO qI
v UUL sO UA WF UOM WuIML
UNS ,WU dD dF UL UNMO e
UOM WuIML bF dU dO qJA bR
s WDuL q_ UUL sO l qJA dAM
UM p v UL ,dDK dF UL YO
qJA fM sUL vz UeL UOHd
qd gM q WHK bK v .rEM
,pOJL UOOb bMN dB sOB vKOA
U sO b sU de O s q U
d_ rOEM UO vK d vz UUA
d_ UA Uu UL .u q U WU
v- sNMO UuuJd bOLJ q WdDH
v UuLL s q X U -UN UL sJL sO
.UA V UNMO lHd

WuIML bF UNO dAM v sU_ v v

UuLL s q sO -WUH Ub- UOM
vLOI iF S ,dDK U{dF q_ d_
Ub WIOI bF UNOFd UdAL
v UOuK rNMO dAM sc p v qB r
vK vUU ,dULK dF UL s be
.UOM WuIML bF bF
(Lubanga, 1997; Ndyanbangi, 1999)

uM U
UOH vK UUL UM b ,p vK
bFU WU - WOuuO WOUM s - W{d d
V UOze dH U u ,UOH s UO M WuIML
b F U A b U b i F v t
UOM UDAM UIdL sO UOM WuIML
U bR .UOM sODAM UOH sO tM vK
,UO Id v WU ,HIV WUML hI W
.UM sO WU vK WOuuO WOKU u
hI W Y UI (UNAIDS/WHO, 2000)
WUL sO U UM ,sOGU UG sO WUML
WOuuO WOKUI U sO dA od s fM
fO .qNL od s dUFLU WUI ,WU
sOIdL U s WOCI c vK qO s UM
.WOUM b v UOM WuIML bF

(RamaRao et al, 1996; Zuryak, 1995;

Kaufman, 1995; Grant and Measham, 1995;
Daili, 1994; Faundes and Tanaka, 1992;
Alvarez, 1992)

UOId v UA UNO e v b v ,qUILU

bF u lOL S ,vUJ dB uM
dF U ULO dAM WdFL UOM WuIML
t UI s rd vK ,WOU_ UULU
W S ,UdOO v ,UL qO vKF .
vz / UOHd dOGB UOH s dO
.O bOLJU UUB s WbL v sc
UM sO dO bF Uu XU UOMO v
dOGB UOH sO vK XU UN ,UeL
(Costello-Dally et al, 1999) .UeL dO
UNO e v b s d W v ,UO v

WOM WOL_ S ,UL c s rd vK

uD b v WOuuO WOuK quFK
uc U sO ULO UOM WuIML bFK WOM
qO sJL r s .bOF b v WuKF dO e
bFK UOH s dO b dF be YO ,nuL
51

WuIML bF Ub rbI u WOKLF WOzUu

sOUBL UL `d b s b v UOM
nK sOODLM sOKLL UOM WuIML bFU
ub sc sOIdL s rdO UL s
U O u B n O I U : W O U W B U b
,u q U Ub ,d_ rOEM ,Wd_
v WU v sc UA uJ .UN
UGB sOGU s Wd_ UO uB nOI
fM uUL r sc p v UL ,sOM s
c ,WOM rNd Wb v sc p ,bF
.WUL UNO du WOM UUL v sOdML
v WU s UG UL qLL s ULMO
pc sJL ,dUL UNH UOuK qIL
WuIML bF Ub sOKL sOb rU
X v Ub c uU s S ,UOM
v ,bF pK uUBL UA jI r tMOF
.oO{ u vK b WuL

fMK WLEML WULL s UL qO vK(

WOuuO WOKUI s )fM U sOKGAL l
sNOU XU U WU ,UOHK UO vK_
.UdA s q b l q bFL fM sUL
b dOGB UUA UOH s rd vK
WU- dH uL vK WU W{d d sJ
dI lM v rJ s qO{ bI sFL s U
b p v UL ,WOU WOM WOUM s
-Ud fM WUL nMFK s{dF ,vu
S , U u L U J u v K t Q d s J L
qJ A s UO M UD AM d OGB UIdL
bF sNMO dAM ,dDK W{d d ,U
.UO M sOD AM UOH s d UOM Wu IML
sO UOM WuIML bF bF WUIL
v UU 44-15 s O rU L d sc d_
vKdO v bI ,rUF oUM nK
U bF (Rowley and Berkley, 1998)
UM uJ u .dO Wb fO sJ ,qFHU d
WO UJ UuL luL WU UbK WU
bFU WUBL WOUJ UUDI bb ,b
.U lL v

b qL lM qzUu sOUL UA UL
p UL s U s bbF v nK
UOH S ,r s .UOM WuIML bFU sOUBL
dI U uAOF sc uc s sUd
U U ,qL lM qzU UU s u
WU dU XU ,U ULNMO
Wb V ,b UOM WuIML bFU
,qUILU .WOM sNU WJ q UUA
v U r ,fM U sOKGAL UGB S
.We WUL WU

sOF v - WOzUu UuKFL du WQ s rUH

-bb Wb bb ZUd l{ o
d_ UOM WuIML bF u WOU WIOI
.UOH s dOJ b d b uJ UA
UOH sO UOM WuIML bF UA S ,r s
Uu b ,tMOF X v q uJ b
UI .rNMO UA d bF d_ uN s
vK dDOK WbL WOOzd WOOd
vKLFL hH vK UL - UOM WuIML bF
s v{d u ULU -d_ l qUF
sOIdL UuL sO WU ,U s d uc
.WU W{d d_

WuIML bFU sOUBL sOIdLK Ub

UOM
`{u s sJ ,ULJ s bOF dF c Q dI
Ub bu t sucL d UD b s
v bb sOIdLK tu UOM WuIML bFK
UdOO v U u UL- r
-(F Okonofua personal, 1999; communication)
rUF U lOL v UA s vLEF WOK_

UOM WuIML bF Ub v WU
WdEM UuKFL v U b ,WUNM v
52

d_ rOEM vK UeOd U ULzb ,UuM d

bLU WLzUI WOB Zd ,U ,l .U{
,Wd_ UO u nOIK WbL ULM
Ub s b ,WO_ WOB WUd rbI
.UOM WuIML bF Ub q WBBL

rNMJL UOM WuIML bF d rNb sc

UO UMU .WLz WUF Ub vK uB
UOId v WdC oUML iF v UA
UULK WNuL WOuJ dO ULEML UdA
dO Wb dDK sO{dFL UA s dOGB
WKOK WUL Ub S ,WOdA U UO v
UOH s bbF S ,r s .WOUM b v b
rNH uUF )sOGU s bbF qLU( UOH
vFzU ,UObOB s UNOK uKB v W_U UO
s bbF UL .sObOKI sOUFL dOUIF
r UOH b UOM WuIML bF d
.hH Zd od s UNUF UNBOA

rbI sJ r ,UN{dF r v Ub rEF v

q :vOzd bN UOM WuIML bF Ub
U qJA UAK WOU WB Ub rbI U
u v ,dO ,dOA .sKFL vU_ bN u
qLF uI v UA Zd UdA s bbF
UNMJ ,(Klofkorn, 1998) nOI UB UUA
, vK UOM WuIML bFK Ub bI
.UN{dF r r

WLzUI Ub b
v WUF Ub s bbF S ,bF U_
sOIdL WUd WOuJ dO ULEML UNbI
WMLC ,rN UOM WuIML bFU sOUBL
_ W WU/d_ rOEM Ub U v
Ub rbI UL vK uI (Webb,1998)
uU s U s rd vK ,UNH
UA UdA s bbF .Ub pK v
X U ,wJ q_ v XA UOHALU WLzUI
UN bF U u bF U WU bI ,pc
bF UA ed s rd vK .UMK
sd c UNUb Xu b d_

d W M WU W{d FL UU L bN
UOH rUF u UA Zd s qOKI bN
d WM bF dD sO{dFL UOH
bI v Zd pK v .(Klofkorn, 1998)
UO_ VK v vF UOM WuIML bF Ub
U A : q U A s W H K U u L l q L F K
v uc sc c ,Wb v rEML
sOKGAL UGB vK q qJA ed ,WbL
UH ,UML v UH_ ,fM U
,UO v UA Zd WUJ dF v .uA
53

s sOIdLK WU UUO vK Ub pK
s ,UOM WuIML bF U l qUF YO
.dD s WOU WM sO{dFL p_ tu YO
v dUI s bbF dOA ,d_ WIOI v
UL .nUF qJA UOH l qUF r Ub
pK bF b v `{u dO s e t
sO{dFL p l WHUF dO WHUF Ub
UGB ,UOM WuIML bF dD s W vK_
G u{dF sc )UOH( UOH sOOKL
sOKGAL uA UH ,UB wM
WOKLF hzUB qN r U .fM U
b v ,v_ Ue v F hOA
bF W l qUF duD WOOzd UL
.UOM WuIML

qJA jI UdA W d ,UL qO vK

fM uUL sc UA bN UN `d
.(FOCUS, 1999) sbF Ud l
Ub d_ bFL UA ed bI
rOK F UL ,p v UL WuM WDA
q U Ub qL lM qzU UA
Wu IML b F WU c ,U N b F U u
v ` C r ,UO _ i F v t .UO M
rNb WOU rNH Zd cHML
Wb q J ub N UU L ,WOU _
s (Phiri and Erulkar 1997; Daniel, 1999)
UAM WOu WOUL WU s fM YO
,UUO hI V p uJ b - vM
(SEATS, 2000) .d U_ ,WOUO U_

v U b qJA dUI s bbF dOA

sc ,peer educators d_ sOLKFL WQ
Ub sO eOOLK vU_ dBMF ru bF
iF s rd vK .UdO UA l WHUFL
sdR d_ sOLKFL b UOId v Zd
sO ,UOHU WUI UOH v uu v d
v uc sc pQ WUI bL U
jI b ddI S ,(Herdman 1999) bL
bO ZUd v dOA ,WOCI c vK oK
UUL pK q v uu s sJL Wb
.(SEATS, 2000)

LF iF c b UN sO v ,Ub pK
r YO UNOK dK rNBzUB vK UA
dO U UN ,q s WLzU Ub pK sJ
sc p s dO b v uu vK U
.UOM WuIML bF WU v WU f v r

Ub rbI UL
UOOd d_ rOEM U X{
W H K U U L v q B U b r b I W H K L
tu ,UL qO vK ,pOJL vH .UM s
vKL lLL Zd v d_ rOEM qzU uu
UA Zd tu ,UeL UM v UU
,d WOU s .jI UOH v vKL lLL v
uNL -UO- UNOK d v UA ed S
.qL lM qzU s qOKI u r ,Uu d
(Townsend et al, 1987)

54

"UAK WL" b
bOQ v qOL hB v hIM cN jd
sO t s b WdAL quF vK
WB Ub q WHKL Ub dUM
UuL ` b .sOIdLK WKUA WOU
lL V sOIdLK WOU WB Ub
UU WOOd lu uJ ,WdU
sOb Wb vK sOLzUI uJ ,WU qL
WIOI .UA UUC vK U qJA
c v UN{dF r v Zd UdAL
dOUFL pK U b `d Wu qz bI ddI
,UOM WuIML bF WU rbI v bL YO s
WB Ub qF WIKFL UOu
U vQ ,UAK WOU d WKUJL WOU
v Uu{ q bF U .d_ rOEM uEM s
XU U u ,WuML UdAL rOOI n

bF du Ub b
UOM WuIML
s ` d q J A b , q u F q s O s
UOM WuIML bFU sOUBLK WUd rbI b
,UN sOUBL UUO UI Ub rOLB l
WU Ub b UM WOL d_ qUF u
WOLd UOF v u ,UOM WuIML bF
.lLL v WLzUI UdAL UA ed
UOeM UU v UN{dF r v UdAL dUI
`{u eOdU UNK eOL ,UMO ULUO bM
.UOM WuIML bF Ub vK uI

WLzUI Zd ,l UD vK ,tOK oHL s

bOu qO v uJ b vKL lLL v
p ,WU W {d d_ sOIdL v uuK
U e ,uA UH q uF s uUF sc
,bb uG{ X UFu dOGB
,b ,UO M rN G r sc sOI dL
WOKb UdD{ d UU{
`C t vK ,(Hughes and McCauley, 1998)
s v qB WOJOJ d_ rOEM qb
bFU WU W{d q_ sOIdL v u_
qbL vI .(Brabin et al, 1999) UOM WuIML
bF dA q ,UMLK uu vK WLzUI
v fM U sOKGAL UGB UOM WuIML
s rd vK .bOu UM v ,UMO
WuIML bF W l qUF WId
UA u v UU du sJL UOM
,U e vK WL zUI U b ,WO{Ud uM
Ud O ,uA v ,WK IML U OF s
: (Kishen and Hopwood, 1998) sU_ s
UO M WuIML bF Ub vLEF WOK_ e
sdOJ b .WOLd UOF lu v bI
U D d Z d U d AL vLL B s
WOFA bUI UL UN uI sJL v UNL
U ,UOM WuIML bF l qUF v
vK VKD oK ,UOM WuIML bF s WUu
b u p U UM ,WU Ub
u ,l UD vK uI UM .WU U
WU uO W U WH B sOI dL
oOu bu ,(UNFPA, 1998) bO
VI UOM WuIML bF Ub b
bbF v t `d UL ,UNO sOIdL WU
bFU sOUBL WU uJ b ,U s
b UNu s d oI dO U b UOM Wu IML
U DI b .Wb rbI v WUFH dUMF
ZUM UM Wb WDIM qL b UC U
v UOM WuIML bF Ub qOu
.sOIdL

v U UDI UO q ,d oUM v
UOId WuNL v UA ed ,uUL UO
WB UO v q Wb ,Ud vDu
,lL r ,bu uU UMOu v WOU
s UdO UOM WuIML bF Ub sO ,UM
l UC U u c U b .WDA_ Ub
v{dL WU r v ,duL UA ed iF
Ub p v UL ,rNFu v sOBB v UNO
.UOM WuIML bF
quF UbK lHdL b U `C b
W be sc sOIdL v uu :sLC d
uc sc sOIdL WU( WU rN{dF
sc sOUBL s dO W d ,)bL v
vK UOM WuIML bFU d rNOK dNE
du ,)UOH p v UL( Ub rbI ed
bF s UOzUBU Vu UL ,dOUIF
.sOIdLU WIKFL pK WU UOM WuIML
Ub UNc v uN v U vGM
qLF UU s e hOB WOu Wbu
UO v d_ rOEM WOFL uN ,UOHK
sc UAK uAL rbI b U hOB
rd vK ,uc sc ,bL v uc
WuIML bF WU Ub b bF s
sO s .UdAL pK WU sJ r UOM
W u I M L b F U b f O Q W u M L U L
55

WHKJ WOUF
WHKJU WOUFH W vK uC iF UMzU vIK
WuIML bF Ub rbI UL nKL WOM
d .UFU fO qOb s rd vK ,UOM
WOU WB Ub rbI uBL UeL
WO B cUML s UAK WLzL WKUJL
_ ,qOGA nOUJ dOu sJL t u ,sOGUK WUF
duL cUML b UNMJL UdAL
bb Ub bJ sO v ,(Webb, 1998)
Vb ,WKI UOF sU fOQ nOUJ lOL
.qOGA nOUJ ,sOKUFK bb WO ,Wb vbI

tKd v UNLEF e v ,UAK UOM

WO s WubL UdAL d ,dJL
oUML V WUF WBK bM WOK "AMREF"
bN UN_ p ,UOeM bM v uuL U
UAK UOM WuIML bF WU sO v
lKD lOL .bL v uc sc sOOHd
.UdAL pK s b UUO ULU
UL{ vK bI bR dUI s bbF
ULC ULU Ud dF dOUIFK WLEM b
.UOM WuIML bF Ub b s WOU V
rOEM d XU U u uJ UM ,V cN
.UOM WuIML bF Ub UNKI sJL d_
d u vK qL lM qzU b uF U
bL dF fO ,VKD WK uJ U sOGU sO
bF d dO ULMO ,WFHdL UF_
sJL UL d F vK d UK UOM WuIML
u WOC XU v .tOK WUF UbK
vH ,sOGU s d UA sO WOL d Ub
WuIML bFK UF du b uJ UNMOF d
s WOL d ,UNKL v{dLK sJL UFQ UOM
l Ub pK vM nUF WOU
qJA XUM v dUI s W UM .UA
pK d ,UOM WuIML bF UUC U
sL WBO dOUI du hI UO dUI
rOEM UL fO ,UOM WuIML bF F
u U ,WOU WB UUC s UdO d_
WU ,Ub pK b bL vU_ bL
W_ `d UL .(Newton, 2000) .UOH VU s
d_ rOEM Ub( sOGUK WKUJL Ub s
uc b Ud iF )UOM WuIML bF
bF dOUI vK uBK rNF v U vB
dD UNOK uB sJL v UOM WuIML
vK sOFO ,(Dehne and Snow, 1999) .d
sOIdL qL WOUJ v dEM U UDI Zd
t ou sJL c UOM WuIML bF F
.UOFL

WuIML bF Ub hzUB s bb
,U{d pK W u uJAU vIK UOM
WuIML bF dOUI nOUJ dOJ WM sLC
q uNL sO bze F dU UH ,UOM
d_ W l qUF UO ,dULK U{dF
b ,p s fJF vK .UOF lu v
,qC_ b_ Ub QAML Ub uJ
b ULMO :UL qO vK ,lu u UL UFH d
sOLzUI lOL rEF Vb WLzUI Ub VKD
Ub uI b ,UAK WLz ZUML UdI UNOK
d_ s sOHI sOKU rU sOOF bb
WLz UUL ZUM qFHU rNb sc
.sOIdLK
bFU sOUBL sOIdL b S ,d_ WUN v
U W ,rNO uu r sc UOM WuIML
uJ b ,Ub b s UM Xu v
UIL nOUJ .WHKJ WOUF bb v r_ qUF
s ,WOL q uJ b rNUOu sOKUF b
.Ub vK uB WU b vK UdOQ YO
v WU( q WHKL WU WLE U b
vbI v WU ,sOGU sOIdL ,d_
bJO q ,UF U UDI v Wb
UIH WODG WLE )? WOU{ WHKJ hA
WdA WuF U bM s :( WHKJ
56

WdA WL ` WUu vK bOQ Q uI sJL

WuIML bF/WOU WB Zd s bbFK
v -tM VU v q_ vK- ld U u ,UOM
v WUML hI W Zd l WIOu WF
qOKI u - WKu dH - tbI U UNb sJ r
WuIML bF u q YO .F h ULO
c d S ,FK WKU UM UNAUM v ,UOM
u vK UU ULN b b t b v V
XO UOM WuIML bF s WUu .dOD
:WUd s WOUF d qC UN b v
F UOOd ,dJL hOA bNU
cOHM v qN lu v uJ b UNMOF d v
UNKHG v WIOI v ,WUu Zd s WOUF d
ozU UL .WBBL sOIdL Zd v
UC bR 5+ WOLM UJK vb dLRL d
rbI vM nOI WUu vK U qJA
WuIML bFK bz UdA 14 dF b .uAL
UNHB bI- WOJd_ bL Uu v UOM
bB r UN_ , bIM -WOJOMOK Ub jI
,UNUAU XL q ,UOM WuIML bF s WUuK
.(Shriver, 1999) .UN ,UNBOA

b u{ v rOI v U )vUL ou
.WOKUH rNUF XL sc sOIdL
WuIML bF Ub rbI UOOd
:sOIdLK UOM
F qUI WUu
bF Ub qOu UOOd UL r bI
VU s U t qJA sOIdLK UOM WuIML
UO bu ,Zd vDD WUO UM
v WKOKI UuDL .WOCI pK u WOIOI
hI vK bR q ,nAJ UUM{dF UUb
Okonofua et al, 1999; Brabin, 1995) .Ub
c S ,r s (Hughes and Berkley,1999;
U `{u dO s .WLN u b dF
WuIML bF s WUu vK bOQ hI U
ld ,sOIdLK WbIL WOF Ub UOM
v ,vKL vb vUO jOL v
.Ub pK cOHM rOLB UuF
dUMF S ,WO UO dA UOu UI
X lI WOU WBK WKUJ Wb WOOzd
q U W U , d _ r O E M : q ( U U U H O M B 1 6
,uAL ,u bF U WU ,WM u ,u
hI W ,UOM WuIML bF Ub
tuL U qJA )rIF Ub ,b WUML
(Hardee and Yount, 1995) .WU Wb 76
sOIdLK UOM WuIML bF WU S ,r s
,d_ dUMF s bbF sO b dBM v U
l{u sLC V b v :u R
.WUOFL WOU WB Zd Uu sL{
R c WU bM UNUM V v v_ WOCI
WOU WB WUd eF v WOL_ bL oKF
.sOGU qUI sOIdLK

W UO M Wu IML b F sO j d
e O d h I q U qJ A d H WUM L h I
Y O ,UO M Wu IML b F WU rb I vK
UO M Wu IML b F U b U L
vu qO s qzU rbI v UC bL
vGM ,d_U .UdO UN UOKL
u I oK F U LO WO ML{ WUI u v dO JH
UD b v ,sOIdLK vM UAM
Wu Wu_ Zd vDD WUO UM
(Brabin, 1999) sOU d OA UL .F hOAK
r U C Z d vD D WU O U M S
- rNKLF Uu uEM udD b ,U rNH
qOu eeF v uKAH c - bB s u
b LFL WU u UL uF A ULMO ,Ub
.p s b UM vK

rbI v Zd UdAL s bbF b bI

,UOM WuIML bF u uAL nOI
.UOM WuIML bF Ub bI UNM qOKI
57

nK s "UA d" rEF UM sO bI

ed -dF c q s rN UMKB sc- UON
WOU WB U v vOz qJA rNKL d
udF uU U `C r .d_ rOEM WU
Zd UNOK uI v ,dL v rJ q rOUH
d rN ,UOM WuIML bF WUd WUM
bF W U l qUF bOIF qU
s rNOU ,rNOK sdL sO UOM WuIML
v sOBBL s bbF S ,qUILU .UM
,rN UMKB sc ,UOM WuIML bF U
Ub rbI WU uN Q udF rNQ U
bF Ub qF ,UAK UOM WuIML bF
.UAK WOU d WLzUI UOM WuIML

.WOuub nu s U lM q sOd vK
rOKF UL ,F s dO ULz XO WUuU
UA Wb WDI qC ULz UO UA
WuIML bF s uUF sL WMU .Ub
Ud F v uu uJ `dL s ,UOM
bK WMOL u WDI ,uK dOOG Ud{
v WUuK vF UU uK dOOG q s
u{dF UJ lOL fOK d VU s .qIL
UOHU ,UOM WuIML bF dUL U qJA
,UOM WuIML bFU WU dD U{dFL
dO qL b U{dFL sNH s sJ b
nK `dL s d VU s .tO ud
WuIML bF Ub s q U WOuM nuL
UL l tH d_ ,d_ rOEM Ub UOM
s ,t Xu v .Ub c vK dL
d s uUF sc sOIdL WOK `dL
vK d ,WL UOM WuIML bF
UM uJO ,cN .UOH s U r Ub
WuIML bF Ub rbI ULM qC sO sU
.d_ rOEM UOM
UOM WuIML bF b dU lu rOOI
WOUJ qOK ,U VF d sO )WOuK WOzUu(
l{ o V Ub vK UA uB
UUO v hI UM U ULO .Ub Zd
sOGU( sOIdL sO UOM WuIML bF u
WK v .bb Ub WU UM uJ ,)UC
UB ZzU rOI bOHL s uJO ,d
-WOUL hzUB s vK WLzUI
U qL sJL ULMO v .UIML WOduLb
sOGU / WOuK UUO b bI ,bb
bF UA UL `dL r s dJ qLF
s UGBK WFuL hzUB ,UOM WuIML
.vKL lLL v UOM WuIML bF v{d
V U v cR rNL s ,p vK
bLF .d UN uJ UOM WuIML bF
U vK bOF b v WLzUI qb UO UD

sOIdL UL uJ UL ,p vK
b UOM WuIML bF Ub v sOUL
v rNL qUF c UL v d qJA XLN
U vU hIM U v c_U .Wb
S ,WuIF UFQ UOM WuIML bF u
b UOM WuIML bF WUd bb Ub
d_ VF U v ,UOH v UNNOu eK
.UOH vK lI UN
WO Ub rbI WU sO v ,WUNM v
fM U sOKGAL Ud sOIdLK WOM
UD s e ` WALNL UH s rdO
vb s UM e ,UJ dLR bF UFL
UuLL pK s bbF qF uIL dO s t
.uL hOB s bOHL u
Ub odD
UAK UOM WuIML bF WU q s
WUO U v dEM V ,UNI v WUMF
vK eOd .sOIdLK Ub qOu WOB
WF ZUM vK UOM WuIML bF s WUu
UOM fO ,sOIdLK WOU WB h ULO
58

)bOLJ hH WU( WOKLFL Ub XU

.WU UOM WuIML bF dOUI

UO Ud uJ `dL s t YO ,UN
uJ b ,UM{dF UI .d dD v UN
vM d _ b K j I UMJ L h H p
q WOUI b s qOKI UL ,bu q
.(Silma, 2000; Lenin, 1996) UOu

W b v bOH qJA dEM sJL ,cMO

U p v UL ,Ub qOu WHKL UO
l UOM WuIML bF Ub U V U
`dL s ULOOI pK UL . d Ub
sO WHKL luL v WHK ZzUM vQ
UO UOOd UAK WHKL `zdA
rz U U V ,WHKL Ub qOu
l oH UMS ,bB c v .WOKL UU
sO UL qO vK - sOOJd_ sOU iF
uL b s" : uE sc )1999-( d
WUJ UOM WuIML bF WU UUO b
."rz qJA sOIdL

`d W_ s qOKI UM ,p vK
WL UOM WuIML bF vNML rbI
WUO qJA b bLU WOB Ub v
b v UOM WuIML bF v rJK WLz
,UA UNO e v oUML UMU .WOUM
uc sc UA S ,dB uM UOId q
_ WuLL uuJ `dL dO s bL v
Ub pK q S ,r s ,dDK W{dFL WO
vK .WHKJ YO s WUF uJ `dL s fO
WLzUI WObL WOB Ub rEF S ,U
VU s W{UFL UL ,b WHOF{ uJ
WBK Ub qOu b{ WbL vK sOLzUI
qF UL ,bb uJ bL UIL WOU
sJ r t ,WAbK ub UL .U UO c
WLzU UOM WuIML bFK Ub W UM
.WOUM b v bLU

v WLzUI UOM WuIML bF Ub

bL
UIH qL s bL bK s qOKI sJLO
u ,UA lOL UOM WuIML bF Ub
bL Uu vH . UNO WU v uU
WuU bL v uC bF bF YO ,WOJd_
U ,bLU WLzUI hH Zd S ,UdI
WOOd v uJ U d uJ ,UNKL sJL
qNO ,rNM UGB p v UL ,uIdLU .WOU
.UJL c v rNFU rN rNB
YO ,bL v WLzUI UbK UuO UC UM
s b U vBI UuKD uJO dJL hH
dI U fM WUL v UdA UL ,b
.(Cohen, 1999) rNO uu r s WbL

WLzL UOM WuIML bF Ub

UAK
e v oUML v WUF WB PAM v
UA UNO
Ub rbI uUL UO UOeM v Wd
PAM UIL UAK WLz UOM WuIML bF
/ UAK U UAS p ,WLzUI WUF WB
vbI UAK WBB qL UU bb
p b WOUJ s q X ,Vb Ub
dO b c v ` YO v ,tMOF ZNML
s bbF .UOM WuIML bF v{d s
Vb v WU ,qFHU bL WUF Ub
v UuFB Ub vbI s dO b
ULC WU h qJA ,Ud sOLKF UI

WUIL dO hH Zd nOUJ WOUF WODG

bFL LF u vK bOF b v bLF bLU
Ud sc sOIdL s d b h .rN
WuIML bF s WUFLK d_ rOEM Zd
s WOKU q uJ b ,UL qO vK ,UOM
UO vK sdL s q b h
59

u q ULO WUd u WUL UuKFLK UO

b v u{u dOA d_ rOEM Ub
dO qJA dAM s UOM WuIML bF Ub
s bI U vK WU{S Ub pK XK U
.d_ rOEM /Wu_ WUd WO Ub
v ,sOIdLK WOU WB WU Ub rEF
Xb b uM c vK "WKU" uJ bL b
UOM WuIML bF v{d s jI OK b
WOId_ oUML v v ,)WOU WHB U s(
.uD UNO e v

WLN WK dO UNK ,dOUIF s WLEM b

Ub qF v WU .Wb b u
WU UQ UA U jd ,UOHK W d
WOB WUd Ub s b sOOU v{dL
p ,u q U Ub d_ rOEM/Wu
.WOKL d Ud v ,uc s sOKU sOOF
v uu q s tQ )1997( UUu d
rU sOOF v U b ,dDK sO{dFL UA
,sOdL sOOUL UL :q U_ dO s qL
.oOI VF b

q_ v b v UbK WHUCL Ue
uJ b ,UeL UGU UM U_U b
UAK WL h ULO ,oUML iF v WMJL
b UIF sJ ,UOM WuIML bF U
UO vH .(Dehne and Snow, 1999) dO
UA UNO e v oUML v vKLFL hH
s qOK b UF v qL Ub pK ,UOU
s WUF uJ s ,UM s OLF s U
UFu S ,WOL d v UL .WHKJ WOU
WLz XU u d_ rOEM Ub s bbF Q
s dO b b UNMO qN r , UAK
uA UH fM U sOKGAL c( UOH
bF U s dO W uKJA sc )a
uH .WOF dO b WL UOM WuIML
d_ rOEM bOF b v Wu_ WOU uB sO
WF uc UAK WOc uB ,Ub pK
bbFK WMU WOIOI b UN qUAL UL .b
s uMJL ,sOGU sOeL Ud s
v UOM WuIML bF UI vK uB
UBOB WLLBL Ub ,UNOK uB VFB
WuIML bF Ub ZNML p bzU .rN
:vK U v pc b b uc sOIdLK UOM
v{d s dO b c vK UI UOF pK -1
VM sO{dFL uc s UOM WuIML bF
b rbI UNMJL v pK -2 WOU uD
,deK UO WHKJ bO h q ,WOzUI
.UIdL OLF

rz XLL v WUF UbK WKOKI ULOOI

v bz UdA UdI UNFOL XU UA
UNb v , v UN WDOL WdC oUML
sO{dFL LF s dO b c UOzb WOUJ
ZNML fH U U u .dO qJA dDK
oUML v WHKJ YO s UF Ub uJO
UNO qI v oUML v v ,UOId v WOHd
fO ,d oUM s UOM WuIML bF UA
uI "euL" dA S ,bB c v .U{
bF U s q v Ub vbI Vb
UNMJ ,UAK WLzL ZUML UOM WuIML
s ,UAK WBB Ub UUL `L
vK uB sO v .d W bI uQL
S ,bzd UdAL pK s qzb s beL
Ub ,VFA u vK ,UDM l rbI
UU UAK WLzL WUF UOM WuIML bF
. UIU uJ b b uL

60

v UAK UOM WuIML bF Ub

:WOU WB UO
WOzUI UOOd
UOF v UOM WuIML bF WU U
db v ,d_ rOEM /WOU WBK WLzUI
U_ v l V ,WOK_ ULEML UNLEF
bbF sJ ,WUF WB Ub q UNH dOUFL
uJ b d_ rOEM /WOU WB UO s
dOJ WOLJ .UNIOI v d UuF UM

WuIML bFK bb Ub fOQ

UOM
WU s WOU Wb sO{dFL UAK
WuIML bF Ub v UU UBI UM UL
UuF lC pK S ,sOIdLK WOU UOM
.UAK WLzL duL sOGU Ub U
WuL qL WL UOM WuIML bF v{d
UO l nK qL hzUB d_ s
rOEM L UGB sOOU v{dLK vU_
fOQ UO S c ,Wu_ W WU d_
dL v .bF V WBB bb Ub
t vdJ UNFu vK nOOuO dA ,2000
sOIdLK WBB W Zd fOQ r b ULMO"
v ,WU Y VbK dO WdC ed v
UMJL uJ s uLM p S ,luL s bbF
WMU WU c uJ b .Wb uB c
d V ,WU WHB sOIdL Ub
UOM WuIML bF lu UL .WQL WbU
fHM cR U UNS ,d_ sO U dO
d_ rOEM Zd ,UL qO vKF .WIdD
d_ rOEM Ub v ,WOLOKF Zd
u ULK UJ q v ULz cR b sOIdLK
j _ dA UO v suL iF v U
sOIdL s dOG WOK XU u ,WOMO UJd
WOM WOUM s UUA d_ UOM sODUM
bFL Ub UF sOeL sOIdL s
WBB UO fOQ .UM d_ v{dLK
lu v UOF v WLzU dO Ub sOIdLK
pc uJ b dUL Ue UA eOd UNO e
.WMJL d

UHL vU_ b .p s qC qJA

QF ,bO qJA WLLB UN v UdAL pK s
UUL XbN ,WUF WB Ub l W
bF WUd rNUUO b ,UA s UNMOF
q G r U d A L p K W d . U O M W u I M L
.qU qJA
WuIML bFK bb Ub UD
UNKJ UOM
dDK dFL UAK WBB Ub fOQ
bFK Ub ,Wb Ub uJ eK
dO uJ V UN ( jI UOM WuIML
V WbIL Ub qJ UD .)WOuJ
s qIM ULMO - LF UUO U vK uI
Ub h ULO qz vK WLzUI dO rOUHL
q Ub UHK WKUA WOU WB
Ub v WU{U ,UL qO vKF .duL
v uA UH U b ,UOM WuIML bF
UGB , Q vz WLN WO Ub
,WuH WU uU b fM U uKGAL
b UOH ,qbK WKb UO UOuU UL
Ub UL .UL PAM v uU
d( vu rbI U v cQ V bb
U s UAK qL lM qzU uN )u
s .rzLuM vK UN Ub uc
WuIML bF L rNUUO l se `dL
qL lM qzU IUDs rbI s d UOM
WUL v sOF UOH XU - WOudN
l Zb S ,r s .sOKO bU We
.tO ud WIU VOU_ bI v Ub
WB Ub dUM nF{ cN ,k u ,t
WLO UM uJ s oUML s bbF v ,WOU
.UNF UNb

ed q ,UdAL iF bO Wd
bLK WLz UO ,dL vU v UA
u_ b v uA UH_ UO ,bU v
rb ,UMO v XO vK bLFL dJH ,d v
q WUF Ub Q d s b .d c
r sJLL s U UA rz bFL duL

Ub pK q qOu qJ ,p vK
,UL qO vK ,qLA ,bOKI dO uJ V
UJ ,uA u v WL U
61

WuIML bF sO v qL d qbL
dO s WB U v sOKUF VU s UOM
UI sObOKI sOUFL WUOB q U_
dI v vB ULU sOKGAL UbOKI
U d O U A _ v , v U L o u Z d v
U d O v b L l L L U L V b . c U M L s
WuIML bF vK U_ dO d_ s
Uu p v UL ,bK U d b UOM
v c_U .WOLUF WB WLEM :q bzd
UOM WuIML bFK WUF Ub hI U
S ,sU_ s bbF v UNO UA u sJL
.dO bb qbL WK WU UM

s fM WUL sU v ,UO UE
v uu sJL YO lu v ,WKIM Ub
uu rNMJL dO Wb dDK sO{dFL UA
WKIML Ub" c S ,`_ vK .Ub v
dDK W{d d_ sOIdL v qB VKD w
XO "WOB UOF v Uc v sdL
vH . (Wassrkeit and Aral, 1996) bb dJH
.cOHM v U dJ d vI ,U s bbF
UND sJL WbOKI dO "UA UO" UL
bL Uu v Wd .UNMOF bL
b L U W I K L W O U W B e d X {
v uu UNMJL ,Wb s d b UNMJL
v r sc ,bL v u c sc UA
UOM WuIML bFU WU W{d d VUG
.(Fathergill and Ballard, 1996)

v ,t U U DIK WO Ozd Ue L b
U A r E F S , W U F U b n F { q
Ub pK qFHU ub ,uc WU
UNb v dL b ,ULOOI X { U L
U AK WL z d U b u q v v
bL v WU .(Kummend and Phiri, 1999)
Ub ubI vIK b ,WOHd oUML dOGB
qOL UN_ ,d qJA ULz uI U UDI s
,WUF UNKF ."WOuL" q Wd d uJ v
bF ou s ,UL qO vK
sO b qJA b WFLL UOM WuIML
WLz WUF UOF XKF u .WUF Ub
f O K , U O U L U N I u r v _ U A K
UuLL d q s b `dL s
r v b vK uUO sc ,UAOLN
.F VU v vUL

WuIML bF Ub U UDI qb
UOM
Ub qOu u tUM r uL q S ,U v
UF d tuJ d b - U UDI vK bLFL
.WOdG WODG uEM s q_ vK ,UH vK
_ sLC ,sOKb sO eOOL sJL dF c v
WOuJ dO ULEML s UA v uu
UE bUL UL ,UNO WU WUF Ub
s rOOI r r .U UD U v ,UB
Ub vbI UM r sJ ,WU UdA
dOUIF b UL F U UDI v
WU uJ WOUJ bF V UM uJ sK ,WUF
.WHKJ YO s WUF WMJL Wd

:WuK
WO Ub v WU :sOIdL sO UOM WuIML bF" UUM hKL dBL uLMc
"GTZ" s rd `dB UM l "WLz
:WKdLK
Karl L Dehne,
E-mail: [email protected]

62

:ldL
1.
2.

3.
4.
5.
6.

7.
8.

9.
10.
11.
12.

13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.

20.

Adamchak S, Bond K, MacLaren R. et al (2000). A guide to monitoring and evaluating adolescent

reproductive health programs. Washington, DC: The FOCUS on Young Adults Program.
Alvarez ME (1992). The prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases in the Outpatient Department
of the Comitan Hospital, Comizen, Chiapas. Final Report to the Population Council, Comitan Center
for Health Research. New York: Population Council.
AMREF, 1999. Mpango wa Elima na Maadili ya Afya (MEMA) KWA Vijana. Six Month Reprot.
AMREF, Mwanza.
Borisenko KK, Tichonova LI, Renton AM (1999). Syphilis and other sexually transmitted infections
in the Russian Federation. Inz J AIDS and STD. 10:665-668.
Brabin L, Kemp J, Obunge OK, etal (1995). Reproductive tract infections and abortion among
adolescent girls in rural Nigeria. Lancet. 345:300-304.
Brabin L(1999). Tailoring clinical management practices to meet the specail needs of adolescents:
sexually transmitted infections. Discussion paper prepared for the Adolecsent Health and Development
Programme, Family and Reproductive Health. Geneva: WHO.
Cohen DA, Nsuami M, Martin DH, Farley TA (1999). Repeated school-based screening for sexually
transmitted diseases: a feasible strategy for reaching adolescents. Pediatrics. 104(6): 1281 - 1285.
Costello Daly C, Maggwa N, Mati JK, et al (1994). Risk factors for gonorrhoea, syphilis, and
trichomonas infections among women attending FP clinics in Nairobi, Kenya. Gentourinary Medicine.
70(3): 155-161.
Daili SF (1994). Literature Review on Reproductive Tract Infections in Women associated with STDs
in Indonisia. Jakarta: University of Indonesia, Faculty of Medicine.
Daniel S (1999). Youth friendly clinics evaluation: November - December 1999. Kiev, Ukraine:
UNICEF.
Dehne KL, Snow R (1999). Integrating STD management into family planning services: What are
the benefits? WHO Occasional Paper Series I. Geneva: WHO.
Faundes A, Tanaka AC (1992). Reproductive tract infections in Brazil: solutions in a difficult economic
climate. In: A Germain et al (eds). Reproductive tract infections: global impact and priorities for
womenss reproductive health. New York: Plenum Press.
FOCUS on Young Adults (1999). Young adult reproductive health in Zambia: a review of studies and
programmes. Washington, D.C.:FOCUS.
Fothergill K, Ballard E (1996). School-linked Health Centers. Update 1995. Support Center for SchoolBased and School-Linked Health Care. Washington DC, Los Angeles: Advocates For Youth.
Grant J and Measham DM (eds) (1995). Reproductive Tract Infection. Lessons learned from the field:
where do we go from here? New York: Population Council.
Hardee K, Yount KM (1995). From rhetoric to reality: delivering reproductive health promises through
integrated services. Arlington, VA: Family Health International, Womens Studies Project.
Herdman C (1999). Serving the future means confronting the realities facing youth. Transitions.
10(3):11-14.
Hughes J, McCauley AP (1998). Improving the fit: adolescents needs and future programs for sexual
and reproductive health in developing countries. Studies in Family Planning. 29(2):233-245.
Hughes J, Berkley S (1999). Convergence in contexts and opportunities for research: STDs among
adolescents in developing and developed countries. New York: The Rockefeller Foundation and
International AIDS Vaccine Initiative.
Ikimalo J, Kemp J, Obunge OK, et al (1999). STI among Nigerian adolescent school girls. Sex Trans
Inf. 5:121.

63

21.
22.
23.
24.

25.
26.
27.
28.

29.

30.
31.

32.
33.
34.

35.
36.

37.
38.

39.

Kaufman J (1995). In: J Grant and DM Measham (eds). Reproductive Tract Infection. Lessons learned
from the field: where do we go from here? New York: Population Council.
Kishen M, Hopwood J (1998). Sex and contraception: contraception. In: A Garden (ed). Paediatric
and Adolescent Gynaecology. London: Arnold: 334-338.
Klofkorn A (1998). FOCUS on Young adults: survey of young adult reproductive health programs.
http://www.pathfind.org/progsurveyreport.html: FOCUS.
Kumwenda-Phiri R (1999). Reaching young people with sexually transmitted illnesses: an experience
with three public health clinics in Lusaka, Zambia. MA-thesis, London: London School of Hygiene
and Tropical Medicine.
Lane MA, McCright J, Garret K, et al (1999). Features of sexually transmitted disease services
important to African American adolescents. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med.153:829-833.
Levin K (1996). Youth Clinics in Sweden: socio-cultural contexualization and evaluation from a sexequitable perspective on sexuality education and services. Stockholm: Stockholm University.
Lubanga RCN (1997). Naguru Teenage information and health centre, Kampala Uganda. Evaluation
Report. Kampala: UNFPA.
Mnari E, Mhalu F, Chalamilla G, et al (1998).Setting up STD clinics specific for youths and adolescents
in developing countries. International Mulitsectoral AIDS Conference in Arusha, Tanzania, 6-10
December.
Nadyan bangi BA (1999). Review of health sector intervention for improving adolescent health and
development in four African countries (Botswana, Cameroon, Uganda and Zimbabwe). Draft, Harare:
WHO.
Newton, N (2000). Applying Best Practices to Youth Reproductive Health. Lessons learned from
SEATS Experience. Arlington: SEATS/JSI.
Okonofua FE, Ogonor JI, Omorodion FI, et al (1999). Assessment of health services for treatment
of sexually transmitted infections among Nigerian adolescents. Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 26(3):
184-190.
Phiri A, Erulkar AS (1997). A situation analysis of the Zimbabwe National Family Planning Councils
Youth centers. Nairobi: Population Council.
RamaRao S, Townsend J, Khan ME (1996). A model of costs for providing RTI case management
services in Uttar Pradesh. New Delhi: Population Council Asia and Near East (Technical Paper No.6).
Rowley J, Berkley S (1998). Sexually transmitted diseases. In: CJL Murray and AD Lopez (eds).
Health dimensions of sex and reproduction: the global burden of sexually transmitted diseases, HIV,
maternal conditions, perinatal disorders, and congenital anomalies. Cambrigde: Harvard University
Press.
SEATS (2000). Mainstreaming Quality Improvement in Family Planning and Reproductive Health
service delivery. Context and Case Studies. SEATS II/JSI, Arlington: USAID.
Shriver M (1999). Enhanced adolescent STD prevention projects: commentary on Accelerated
Campaign to Enhance STD Services (ACCESS) For Youth: Successes and Challenges, and Lessons
Learned. Sex Trans Dis. 4 (Suppl): S42-S43.
Silma J (2000). Youth clinics in Estonia - work and results. BA-thesis, Tallin, Estonia: International
University Estonia.
Townsend JN, Diaz de May E, Sepulveda Y, Santos de Garza Y, Rosenhouse S (1987). Sex education
and family planning for young adults: alternative urban strategies in Mexico. Stud Fam Plan. 18(2):
103-108.
United Nations AIDS Programme/World Health Organization (2000). Consultation on STD interventions
for preventing HIV: what is the evidence? Geneva: WHO and UNAIDS.

64

40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.

United Nations Population Fund (1998). Report of the round table on adolescent and reproductive
health and rights: key future actions. New York, 14-17 April 1998: UNFPA.
Wasserheit JN, Aral SO (1996). The dynamic topology of sexually transmitted disease epidemics:
implications for prevention strategies. JID. 174(suppl2): S201 - S213.
Webb S (ed) (1998). Insights from adolescent project experience 1992 - 1997. Watertown: Pathfinder
International.
World Health Organization (1995). Adolescent health and development: the key to the future. Geneva:
WHO, Global Commission on Womens Health.
World Health Organization (1993). Sexually transmitted diseases amongst adolescents in the developing
world: a review of published data. Geneva: WHO.
World Health Organization (1998). Improving the access of school-going adolescents to the health
services they need. Geneva Oct. 28-30. Draft report: WHO.
Zurayk H (1995). In: J. Grant and DM Measham (eds). Reproductive Tract Infection. Lessons learned
from the field: where do we go from here? New York: Population Council.

65

WIb Ub dOu UF UDI UO l qLF

UOId uM v sOIdLK

uJOu vM ,uHOO ,vO- uJ rO

:hK
WB eeF v ,sOIdLK WOB JAL s b v UU VFK WOB WUd bu sJL
b nJL Y s `C b .WOU UOuK qOJA w WU{U rN WOU WOM
W O M u U L . s O I d L K W L z W O W U U b r b I v X K A U O I d u M v W U F W B
WOB Ub u sO rL ZUd v )wK ULO WOMu UL( sOIdLK WIbB UOFK
UUO WU vK UF UDI b eeF WUd s WO_ UuL v sOIdLK WbIL
.dOUF l oDM v Ub UL ,sOIdLK WOB
rNuB WOUJ U sOIdL b u d WOB Ub qF :ZUdK WOOzd b_ sLC
b UM , U lOL v UOF v sOIdLK WOB WUdK WOM dOUF fOUI l{ ,UNOK
UDI UOF sOIdL b be uJO .WOU u Ub rbI WOB WUdU sOKUF
d u,"UO V" ZUd s UuC UuJ WOMu UL bF .WOMu UL U dR b UF
s UL vK UOF uB WOKL sLC .UOId uM v t r WUF WBK ZUd b
s rOOI v WU{U ,UNKLFK v rOOI ,Wb WOu sO UOF pK uI ,WOMu UL
WOMu UL ZUd oOD UOU d .U r U vK ezu vK uB p v UL ,UNU dUM
.UOId uM v WOuJ UO dA v sOIdLK WIbB UOFK
UOId uM ,WUd u ,WOU WOM WB Ub ,sOIdL :WOUH ULK
WOM WUL bM dLF ju bI wMu
UU dA WF ,UOH WU v UU dA WL
dJ qJA fM WUL UOH b WU .UOHK
,U tu .d bQ dO b v UOH s
WB WOU nzUuU sOIdL WdF bF
rNUO v dO b U b ,WHOF{ WOM
bF qL :qO s Uu{u u UuKFLK
vK VFB t .WOM UF UOM WuIML
v Ub UuKFL vK uB UA WOU

sL ,UA b v u dO be rUF bNA

U r b UM uO U WL q sO
UOU UOId uM v WOUM WFd s
qL UL sdAF s X d uOK 18 u bu
s % 21 rNM ,UJ b vUL s %44 u
.UU 19 - 10 s sO sOIdL
vM rNUA UOId uM v UA WOK b
uL vK ,WIdL s WKd nBM v

WOU WOB UUO l rN WOU qUF v UOF sOIdLK WIbB Ub/UOF: `KDB vMF 1
WFdL .UOU UUJ v b v tuOA dOFU UMEH b .sOIdL
66

UMdAF v bO v dOA qzb e

WU Ud sO be v WH s sUL s
.WUML hI dOH

.WOU WOM WBU oKF

v UU VFK WOB WUd bu sJL
eeF v ,sOIdLK WOB JAL s b
q O J A v WU{U rN WOU WOM WB
sO s p oOI sJL .WOU UOuK
`C b .sOIdLK WbIL WKUA Ub u
v WUF WB b qA dOJ u s
WLz WO WU Ub rbI v UOId uM
,UNOK uB sJL UN U UbU ,sOIdLK
UA uB WuN uF WMOF qL UU UN
uJ b sOIdL sLMOKUF nu UL .UNOK
,WOzb v ,WU WO_ rNHuL dQ
Wd uB WOMNL d_ UL r U U
.nUF

v UeL dO UIdL sO qL U dJ
b YK UIdL qL U qL YO bOF b
UN s WOMu UOzUB dOA .bOuL
r vuUI UN U s %11 u v
v U b ,dA WMU s XUOH
WOdO d ` YO tKbF r b UN uU
qL lM qzU ULF bF lHd .1997 v
15 sO sUL d vz UIdL UOH sO
b qLF UId WF q sO sL :19 sO t v U b .qL lML Wb WKO
sOK Wd b ,UOM sODAM sOIdL
pK sO s .qL lML Wb UL UOU rNM
pK b YO ,UuO Ud sI bF ,qzUu
WOK_ .UOM UDAM UOH nB WKOu
b rN o r UN U UA s vLEF
tub WOM WULL UM dc vu
.rEM dO u vK

UOu v dO qJA WOU WB JA rN

UA vUF YO :UOId uM v sOIdL sO
,p v UL WOU WB JA s bbF s
,UOM WuIML bFU WU s WOU bF
udL dO qL U WUML hI dO
WU U s dO W UA qL .tO
qB v UOId uM v UOM WuIML bFU
.UuM WU sOWF w
dO h ULO UA u UH s rdU
,)b( WJL WUML hI W WUML hI
sO WUML hI dOH WU UA bF U
d s uN oKIK ub UOId uM v UA
WU 750 vK be YO rUF v UA bF
bF UOI WOMu Wb dN b .UOu
dO UA W 1998 U Xd v UA
v XK sdAF s X UM sO WUML hI
U UNKO r v WM nF{ UI U %21
UH sO UA W vK v ,)%12\7( 1997
hI dO UA W s rd vK ..WdLF
1999 U sdAF s X UM sO WUML
t ,1998 U tOK XU UL XCH )%16\5(
.dO Wb tM q .13 WOL U{UH sJ r

U O I d u M v s O I d L U O W O u M U
WOU WB JA UM dC sL ,s
UF UDI Ub WOU U UL ,rN
.UO pK WOu sO Uu d bF sOIdLK
sOIdLK WIbB UOFK WOMu UL
UL- rNUUI rNd vK UA dF
WKUL s-UOId uM v UA p v
uU v WOB Ub WOu h ULO
WIb UNuJ WOB Ub n sJL .UNO
:uu XL U sOIdLK
bu v UA c eOL UUO ..."
bU UAK WLz Wd WO du ,ZUd
67

XO sOIdLK WIbB UOFK WOMu UL

ZUd v wU uJ v UL ,eFM UUd
WUF WBK ZUd b d u ,"UO V"
U v UO V .UOId uM v t r
WOM WB sO vK ed UF_ bF
bN .UOId uM v sOIdLK WOU
ULO WOU WOuK dOOG b v U_U
v qL U qOKI UOId uM v UA sO
hI W UOM WuIML bF WIdL s
UO V U db .b/WJL WUML
WB U v bzd ULEML s WuL
,WOU WB U b :WOU WOM
U ,WDDL WbuK UOId uM WOFL
l .vB UEM bM ,dUML ub
qbK UOOd UO V U
,lu vRL rb ,rOKF vu:v
WOMu UL bF .rOOI Y WFUL
rb UuJ b sOIdLK WIbB UOFK
.lu UOOd vRL

WFULK UA s UNOK sdL vK UH vK

".Ue dJ
WIbB UOFK WOMu UL qOJA r bI
wbI db be UOId uM v sOIdLK
oOI WKN WOKL WIdD WUF WB Ub
vU rOOI WOKL w WU{U ,WOc WUdK
vK sOIdLK WOB Ub WOu sO
UDI b eeF ,WO_ WOB WUd u
UUO v rz qJA WU vK UF
vK UOF qLF ,UN sL .sOIdLK WOB
pc , WOM dOUF ,vK UH , v uu
.UN d s WHK Uu w UOF qB
Ub qF v ZUdK WOOzd b_
WOUJ U sOIdL b u d WOB
WUdK WOM dOUF fOUI l{ ,UNOK rNuB
, U lOL v UOF v sOIdLK WOB
Ub rbI WOB WUd v sOKUF b UM
b be uJO .sOIdLK WO U u
U dR b UF UDI UOF sOIdL
sLJ .sOIdLK WIbB UOFK WOMu UL
WOB WUd Ub wbI l qLF bN
uM v UA WOU uB qON v WO_
oUM v UuKFL WOD Ub vK UOId
,WO{UL WKOKI u_ .rNUM s Wd
rbI v WU WOK_ ULEML s b
dOUF U UC rNUJS ,UAK "WIb" Ub
.sOIdLK WIbB UOFK WOMu UL fOUI

sOIdLK WIbB UOFK WOMu UL b b

b ,UO V ZUd VI ,1999 U v
UF p v ZUdK WU uD v XF{
.WOMFL d_ q sO l UD vK UNFu r
dJH WAUML vM UL bI ,1999 dLu v
Zd db s q XFL b ,WU uD
u vK wMu uL vK WOuJ
UAK sOKL ,WUO UM ,UEUL
ULEML s UdO UA b v ULEML
dJ sO vK UL bU b .U WOK_
UNb sOIdLK WIbB UOFK WOMu UL
.WU UNzU bb vK

WIbB UOFK WOMu UL r bI

WKI WO ed u U vK sOIdLK
/WHKJ U W s UMJL d uJ b UAK
sJL UL ,WdL W s ,WOUFH
WOU bQ -UOId uM v q_ vK- UNOQ
.UA WOU v WUd rbI

sO lL ,2000 dUM v d UL bI UL
,sOIdL WB WOMFL WOb WOMu ULEML
,UL dOUF U v WKUF ,u sO
68

WOMu UL dJ duD v WLUL UAK

b b .qC qJA sOI dLK WIbB UOFK
uI v dAF fOUIL dOUFL UL p
uM v uuL odH vC b .UL UNOK
dA s sOOJd_ rNz s wM rb- UOId
pK sO v 2000 U WOI -u UL{
rOOI vc rOOI duD dOUFL fOUIL
.WLb uL s UdO vU
sOIdLK WIbB UOFK WOMu UL uI
UN bd V v WMOF WOU U vK
sOIdL q o s : .sOIdL Zd WU
WB Ub s qUJ UD vK uB
WId /od qJ dEM V :UOU .WOU
UuKFLK WU tUUO t d rNM q UU
s :qO s qu Ub v ,Ub
dE WOUO d WUI fM
YO WU uM U bF :UU .WOUL
UO eOL uM U vK U UL b
dR ,sOIdLK WUB WOUI WOUL
WB UUO UM sJL .ruD rN vK
s qC qJA sOIdLK WOU WOM
b rNU U sOF cQ qU qb
jI fO bO sLC .wUL vKIF
UC UL ,WU WOB UUO WU
s WUu vB uLM h ULO WOBM
UA UUO WOK ULC dD qC .WB
jOD v UA WUA lOA u rz u vK
r UL .UNLOOI UduD Zd Ub
pK Wb U dBM u ,q_ WU ,lLL
.Zd

.sOIdL sOOB sOKUF sO UNd

.)1 b M(
WOU_ Ub WuL 2 bM dNE
Uu v WU sOIdLK WIbB UOFK
WOU WB Ub iF .WO_ WUd
:q WO_ WOB WUd UO v UNLbI r
UN ,)bIFL U v WU( u
qUF ,)U ld sO qL uN v WU(
:WOM b U l qU qJA
WOMu UL ZUd v WLCML UOF
bu UNb uJ b sOIdLK WIbB UOFK
v U WU bO bF uud bd
.WUML Ub
dOUF fOUI
sOIdLK WIbB UOFK WOMu UL bN
WLzL Ub u wUO bOu qL v
UO _ vM v ,UOId uM q sOIdLK
UNFu s dEM iG ,sOIdLK WLz UNu re
WUd s uI u bI , v
UN s r fOUI dA b b.UAK
.)3 bM( sOIdLK WIbB UOF vK rJ
WUdK WUF UL vK fOUIL pK bLF
sOIdL WIbB Ub hzUB LFK bO
.rNH uIdL b c uM vK

sOIdLK WIbB UOFK WOMu UL UL

WB v rNuI sOIdLK WIOI vK uI
W{d sOIdL UL .WOU WOM
U b I , U N d b p K r N u I U H
uI pK b WIO WUOB UL uIM
69

1 bM
:sOIdLK WIbB UOFK WOMu ULK UI sOIdLK WOU WOM WB uI
v U L l { u W UI WU b dBMF fM d L F s dEM i G s d O G h q J
:sLC v WOU_ WOB uI Wb WOKIF bI
.WB u UuKF vK uB v o >
.UL UN qL sJL v WOB Ub s qUJ UD vK uB v o >
.WOB WUd vIK U WOuB v o >
.WOB WUd vIK b d WdJ qUF v o >
.WOBA UuKFL Wd UL{ v o >
.WOB WUd tOIK bM UA UN dL v UOKLFK d vK uB v o >
.qL s t uuI UL WdFL s b vK sOb d VU s qUF v o >
.Ub WdL v o >
.t dF UbK bI q s F v o >
.WO{dL dO WOB Ub s uJA WbIL Ub u b v o >
.sOM sO UL v o >
.WM WO WO v o >
WFL vM dOFU WIKFL u_ v WdFL vK vML d UO v o >
.vM tu WOM
XU u WOOzd luL b ,WOMe
UOI d WKd sLC .rOOI UU
UOKL UNF ,UNMO UOFK WO ULOOI
UOF dFA ULMO d v ,WOU rOOI
,dO_ WKdL v .vU oObK bF UNQ
sOIdLK WIbB UOFK WOMu UL Vd
nOu ZUd rOOI ,UN dFL UOF dOUF
.vu b jOD v UHL b

c WUd s UOU u fOUIL c qL

WKK fOUIL c s q jd .tIOI sOF
,UL qO vKF .UOIL p oOI dOUFL s
d sOKUF rb oKF UOF UOIL
UH ,LF WLE vK UH ,rNOK
s bI v WOJOMOK UbK W{ WD
WOB UUO bb UUO lL ,UOF
lLL sOIdL WUA ULC WLE ,sOIdLK
fOUI duD r bI .UNLbI WUd jOD v
WuL sOIdLK WIbB UOFK WOMu UL
oUML v UOFK vM v WOU_ UNUb
.uL q l d s u oOI WOHd

ZUd U v UOFU d WKd bF

r b .sOIdLK WIbB UOFK WOMu UL
ULU d oOI WKOu uD l l{
v_ uD .sOIdLK WIbB UOFK WOMu
s od t uI c ,UOFK vc rOOI v
sOKUF p v UL ,sOKUF U WU qLA sOKUF
bUL wc rOOIK duD r b .sOOMNL dO
fOUI l UOF UUL vUL UO v sOKUF
.WOMu UL dOUF

cOHM jD
WIbB UOFK WOMu UL cOHM r
WKd XMLC b .qd WF d sOIdLK
buI duD ,UUO qUAL bb rOUHL
WKd b b .UL eeF ,ZUdK bdL
b UUAM ,ZUd b jOD
70

2 bM
:sOIdLK WIbB UOFK WOMu UL UNbI v WOU_ Ub WuL
. WOU WOM WBU oKF ULO uAL rOOI UuKFL
.WOKIF WB qUA vM G nMFK WLzL WU uAL UuKFL
qzU ,qL lM u :sLC qzU rbI ,qL lM qzU u uAL UuKFL
.dc wu sI ,WzUD qL lM
.u bF qL UM WUd,uAL qL U
.UN bF q WU uAL
.WeL WUL UOOd p v UL UOM WuIML bF u UuKF
.UOM WuIML bFK W
WLzL WU ,U bF q uAL ,WdA WUML hI d u UuKF
.Ub du b U v vuD U
WB U b d X uJ UOzb
WOMu UL oOM rOK jD l , WOU
WOB d v sOIdLK WIbB UOFK
.WuJK WFU UFUIL UO_U

>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>

vK UL UOF sO WOKL v WOU uD

rOOI uD dOO rO .vc rOOI ZzU
UL dA vIM q s u sO vc
tb r od s e uKLO sc ,WOMu

3 bM
sOIdLK WIbB UOFK WOMu ULK dAF fOUIL
WLzL UbK WOU_ Ub WuLL UFH rbI rb WLE u >
.sOIdLK
.sOIdL uI rb UOKL UUO UOF b >
.WU du sOIdLK WLzL WOB Ub >
.sOIdLK WLzL WOB Ub rbI WOu WO UOF lL >
WOU_ Ub WuL rbI W eON b W_ UOF b uJ >
.sOIdLK WLzL WOB WUdK
.WbIL WOU_ Ub WuL l vUL UL uAL rOKF UuKFL rbI >
.sOIdLK WLz WUF Ub rbI sOKUF Vb WLE bu >
.UIO UOUL UOH ULOOI sOIdL vIK >
.UK WOUOI uud buIK UI Wd WU sOIdL vIK >
.sOIdLK WUd WdL UOF bI >
fOUIL e b UOI WOu{u dRL
.sOIdLK WIbB UOFK WOMu UL dOUF
:b Vu WF s vU rOOI qLA
UL UOF l UI d ,ozUu WFd

UL UOFK vU rOOI v WU uD
.WOMu ULK dAF fOUIL UJ WU vK
WOKL VI vU rOOI VKD UOF bI
WOUO b rO .UOF sO
71

p qLA r ,Ub qOu u sO

UM XU UL .sOIdLK WU Ub rbI
WbuK UOId uM WOFL ULN UUO
UOF qb"UAK WIb" edL WDDL
b q "UAK WIb" UO r .WOuJ
WLE_ duD b s rb WOuJ UOF
wU r WOuJ UO dO_ ,WOB
.WOK ULEM VU s

,sOKUF s rdO sOOJOMOK sOKUF p v

UI ,UN WDOL dzb UOF U rOOI
qUH WE ,UOF vK sdL sOIdL l
U iF v .Wb vbI sOIdL sO
qOLF sO qUH u UE c s r
.UULK LF WUF rO ,Wb bI
vK WLzUI U ezU vN WFd uD U
Wed WL vK UOF qB .vU rOOI ZzU
,dOUFLU e s WzULU 59 v 30 XII U
dOUFLU Ue XII WOC WL vK qB
WO ezU vK qB ,WzULU 90 v 60 sO U
r .dOUFL s WzULU 90 s dQ Xe U
s O U b L U O F U d u J Q d r b I
.dbI p `ML WOu WO VU uI vK

l{uK ULOOI qL r du dL v
UL ,rOOIK UQ tb dAF UOFKK}KFH
rOOI d WOHOJ tH Xu v U q t
q v Uu p dG b .wuLM wU
vK U WF s uJ od pc U UO
ozUu dF vK rOOI ZUM XKL .q_
w b I , U O F d b l U I d , U O F
WE ,sOOMNL dO s sOKUF WOB WUd
l U I , U b w b I L F s O q U H
.UOF vK sdL sOIdL

v WU{U WdOO UuD b b

UuDL pK b UM .vc rOOI VO
qUA UM W WOD uud d
WUJ rOI `{u d ,sOIdLK WOU WB
Ub rbI v sOFUC UOFU sOKUF
uL ZdU qO v WU WuDL ,sOIdLK
sO sOIdL WB WIKFL WOU{uL
uL WU rbI rO . v WUL u
WOMu UL vIM q s UOFU sOKUFK
.sOIdLK WIbB UOFK

UOF WU WOKFH U{_ ULOOI dN b

u v UMO dOOG qL v b b
WOMu ULU UNU s eO d bF u
lC rOOI qL q sOIdLK WIbB UOFK
U L u U I B K U O F i F b . l O U
s WOU WuL v UUO XKu UL ,WOMu
WO U UA rNF uKLF uU sc UA
UL rbI v UOF iF b b .UGBK
WOMFL d sOIdLK WIbB UOFK WOMu
Zd lLL UbM s rNUFL q
.WU Wu

WIbB UOFK WOMu UL rbI

sOIdLK
t oUM WOH oUM v UO dA bb r
,UMUu ,WOULA- v UFUI l v WdC
WOMu UL rbI -WOdG VO ,UUuu
UNFOL XU b .2000 U nBML oO{ UD vK
UNLEF U UL ,WOuJ WO WO WU UO
XU .WLzUI UL s UOU UL vIK
bM UNO bI oUM v UOF pK s X
WIDMLU WOB odH rb WOB WLE_

dOJ UM U t UC ULOOI dN UL
u oOI vK UOF bUL tKL vGM c
s jI UUO b U b .UN d s
UOId uM WOFL X XU v UOF
U fM UL WDDL WbuK
72

uL pK ub r rNE XL sc WF
vu U b .UNE XL v UA UM
UOF rEF v ,UOF qJ} du dc
qN YO sU v uu WKOu pK XU )%90(
rb I vK sO LzUI U A UNOK uB
v p U UOF rEF v t ,Wb
U U v s q J sJ L YO Wu AJ sU
.p W UE

UOF v UuKFL pK b .sOIdL uC

vK uB s odH sJL r ,d_ vUL
vK sOIdL d r u WOU_ UuKFL
.p WOOzd U_ UOF
u v WOLOKF u UOF WU b U b
s b u WI u uAM UIBK
U b v b I s W , ) 1 b ( U U C I

1 r b

)10 =bF( WOd UOF U ozUu WFd

rFM WU

u{uL
ozUu WFd

?bF v rJK uud WU uD UOF b q

10

?UOM WuIML bFK WL U oKF ULO WU uD UOF b q

?vM nMF WUd Ub qOu WU uD UOFK b q

10

dO U o v UA h ULO WU uD UOF b q
?WdA WUML hI
)bNF( UL WFd

?Ub wbI bU v WU du vu WKO q

?WO qOLF UL r UNO sJL WIdD WIDM v qO r q

10
10
10
0

?du WU WOU qL lM qzU q

)jI sOdd WFL( qL lM u sI dc vu vKNL vu -

5
7
8
7
7
0

?vK U u WOLOKF u bu q
uDK qL lM qzU vu WdA WUML hI d UOM WuIML bF s WUu qL Wb U/UB d_ uG{ 73

2 r b

)11 =bF( sdL sOIdL l UI

rFM WU

7
1
1
2

u{uL

:uO UOF v uC V
UNM UuKF qL lM qzU vK uB UOM WuIML bF WdA WUML hI dO h ULO U uAL WOU WOM WBU oKF dO d ?sOcN rNF XKUF sc d_ U q

11
11
3
2
3
2
2
0

?dU uKU q
?UOF c v p Wb rbI sOKUF s i q
:u Wb bI pb q
UOM WuIML bF VJL WUML hI d W/WdA WUML hI d qL lM qzU WeL WUL WzUD U v qL lM qzU -

rNF UI qL r sc Ub vbI vUL

s sOM bb s jI rNHB sJL b .d 24
lM U v UNb sJL v WOzb UHu
qL lM U rK vK uU jI sOK ,WzUD qL
s WU 72 b V WzUD U v
UC `C UL .WUL vM UB b
u WU uD buI s WU rNUuKF
uuJ r %40 WdI .qL UN VK rN o sc s
U N I u e K d O G U U N Q r K v K
UL bb s U{dLL rEF XMJL b .p vK
,WOKN d s vUF d vDF v dOUIF
WUFL jdL vB nOI qzU u
X{ b .)3 b( WMU XU d_ W
uU UI rNF Xd sc sOKUF U WU
WLzL Ub rbI uB tOu v WU
.rOI `O{u sOIdLK

b U ,rOOI UOKL tO Xd c Xu v
sI u dc vu s e UOF WU
s v du vKNL vu sJ r .qL lM
l qUFK bdL buI s rd vK .UOF
q uAL rbI UOM WuIML bF W
WU XU WdA WUML hI dO U d
uD UNb sJ r UNM bbF U ,UOF WU v
s WUu ,qL lM qzU u WuJ WU
q WKB bzU JAL l qUF bF
.vM nMF
b ( L F l X d v U I L v K U L
`C ,)3b( U b vbI l U IL ,)2
ULO Vb v WU v s U {dLL s bbF
Zd ,WzUD U v qL lM qzU h
mK b.qL UN UO uU ,2WeL WULK

q( vM UB UM bF UI lML tH Xu v qL lML WKO b WeL WULK ZdU bBI 2

)dL( .wKNL wu ,dc vu
74

3 r b

dF

WU
WU

WU
WO

1
0
5

4
5
2

19
19
17

3
3
3
3
3

12
3
1
12
12

9
18
20
9
9

1
1

4
6

19
17

11

13

15

13

)24=bF( Ub vbI l UI
u{uL

*)rF( ?dA WFd s s q sOIdLK WU Ub q

*)( ?Ub s vIK U WIu v sOIdL U q
?WOKN d s vUF WIdL UNODF v W_ v U
:odLK UNODF v UuKFL v U ,UOM WuIML bF W rbI bF
.vzb UEMU e .pdA UD .vu b .UM . WUL v b UbM sOIdL UNQA oKIO v WOOzd UUCI v U
?vM rNUA
.tO ud dO qL b uD .WdA WUML hI d UOM WuIML bFU WU uD v qL lM pM VKD odL ULNHB b sOOz sOUE q_ vK n
.WzU WU
odL tU c WUL vM UB s d bF Xu u U
*)WU 72( ?U qJA qL lM UU pO vQ q
U H W I u ( ? U U 1 3 d L F s m K U U N W u K D L U I u L v U
*)jI
WOB WU v dOA *

sNF Xd vz UOH dL ju U b
U ,uM 2\8 hI Ue 18\5 UI
WKUIL X v WKLJL Wb uM b ju
sNFOL d b .uM 1\8 hI Ue 9\6
sc sOKUF VU s dU sNKUF XLN
r t UO d b .)2 b( rNF sKUF
XU b .oU nu v sN Wb rbI i
qzUL oKF d_ UOF v dC b WOK_
sNOK dC sO v .WOU WOM WB

vbI sO qUF u WEL UK XU bI

sOIdL l UIL c ,sdL Wb
WK v p ld ,b WKOK UOF vK sdL
.ULOOI u v UOF vK sdL sOIdL b
sdL sO uA WK WF WE r b
U L , d A F U O F s W F v U b v b I
dL UIdL l WKUI dA b d r
.WHK UO X v( UOF vK
75

qUF v Wb bI dB WOHO WdFL WId

.bIFL WU qUAL WU ,d qUA l
Ub vbI b bb d WU v
WOMu ULK WOU_ ULU rNe rNUN
UL od uI ,sOIdLK WIbB UOFK
rOIL UNKL sJL UuUMO duD WOMu
d WKJA .v{d rN uKL d vU
u UuKF dOu tMJL t v wU rOOIK
uJ bI ,UOF WDA v sOIdL d WOHO
vK uO tMOF u v rNKUI r sc sOIdL
WLzL Ub rbI UOF uNL W
VKDO ,WOKIL rOOI UOKL v .sOIdLK
uJ rNKUI r UA iF Ub UOF s
UL .UOF UUA u UNA rNUJS
V vU rOOI d q Q odH v
d h ,UA s qL UNzUC sO rC
vK vMu uL vK WuJK qL ,WOJOMOK
.v WEUL u

qOK b U bI ,qL lM qzUu UK UOF v

qL lM qzU s UuKF sOD b sNQ sNM
WuIML bF ,WzUD U v qL lM
,b/WdA WUML hI dO,UOM
u UEL v ,qLU .WeL WUL
,UOF vK sdL Ub wbI sO qUH
rbI l Ub vbI s jI WF U
s WUu UU d WOM UUL u UuKF
.WdA WUML hI dO UOM WuIML bF
l UILU oKF ULO WKJA UM XU b
vbI sO qUH vK UEL sOIdL
qJA bLF v ,UOF vK sdL Wb
UOF v dC sc sOIdL b vK vU
s qOKI YO ,WOKFH U{_ rOOI u v
VFB s qF UL ,uO p v dC UA
u UEL dN ULMO .UUM qL
Ub vbI sOIdL sO uAL UK
UM sJ r ,qUH h ULO dRL iF

UM
tUO sJL rb UE duD sOIdLK WIbB UOFK WOMu UL U WOzd Ub sLC
UL vK UH WOHO v qL d b .uL qQ WEUL WIDML v WOB WLE_ q s
UNLbI r v d_ bbF UL Zd q v WOMu UL cOHM v Ub vbI UL
s b ,sOB ,UH_ d_ WKUJL :UL qO vK ,WO_ WOB WUd U v
vK WUd u sO v rU UNS ,sOIdL vK ed WOMu UL s rd vK .uHO
UFUI oUM UO WE lAL s .UL s UdO rb UNS r s ,UuL WU
.sOIdL vK eOd v WU ub rN vK dR u ,UN WOMu UL rbI VUD d
WIbB UOFK WOMu UL eeF UEUL v UUL s WKK 2001 UF jD qLA
vK WOKLF rbI q_ vK UO 30 bb rO .ULU WOMFL d_ e sOQ vF sOIdLK
c ON rb u ,UN d v uuK UOF tU c Xu bb oO{ UD
dA WOKU rOOI v WU{ ,nJ qJA WOKLF WFUL WOU WB U b uI .tO U
:UL qO vK ,UO V UL d_ Zd VU v WOMu UL cOHM rO .q_ vK UO
.lLL v uu Zd UOF Ub eeF vM vJ,lLL v uu d_ rOKF
WOMu UL s WO WL vK qB v UOF .bOu q fO bO WO Ub rbI
76

.u WOU Ub v WU{U lLL q UA b v ULEML l Wu Ud UN uJ

b UM YO ,UA v uuK lLL ULEM l WdA WOL vK WOMu UL ZUd bR
.rNUO v Ub rbI uKGAM ULMO U r luL WOB WUd Ub vbIL
dbI dJ
WR UOId uM WBK vuI ZUd s UOU UL UAK WIbB UOFK WOMu UL vIK
,vAuU UU ,U UOu :WOMu UL od UC v dJAU tu u.eU v dM d
dA s u u bO dLOKO UU ubK U dJ .rNOUH U rNKLF UUH uuu
WOMu ULK WJdA ULEMLK dJAU tu u UL .WOMu ULK vMH rb rNLbI u UL{
WOMu UdbI s dF .WOB WLEM bM ,WDDL Wu UOId uM WOFL :v
.WOMu ULK UNLb WOd UOF oUMLU WOB dH ,WOB
WKdLK
Dr. Kim Dickson-Tetteh, Reproductive Health Research Unit, Chris Hani Baragwanath Hospital, PO Bertsham
2013, Soweto, South Africa.
E-mail: [email protected]

:ldL
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

6.

7.
8.
9.
10.
11.

World Health Organization, 1998. The Second Decade: Improving Health and Development.
WHO/FRH/ADH/98.18.Geneva:WHO.
Statistics South Africa. Census in Brief: The People of South Africa Population Census, 1996.
Flisher AJ, Ziervogel CF, Chalton DO et al, 1993. Risk-taking behaviour of Cape Peninsula highschool students: Part VIII. Sexual behavior. South African Medical Journal 83:495-97.
National Progressive Primary Health Care Network, 1996. Youth speak out for a healthy future. A
study of youth sexuality. Johannesburg.
Richter LM, 1996. A survey of reproductive health issues among urban black youth in South Africa.
Final grant report, Society for Family Health South Africa. Pretoria: Medical Research Council,
Center for Epidemiological Research in South Africa.
Wood K, Maepa J, Jewkes R, 1997. Adolescent sex and contraceptive experiences: perspectives of
teenagers and clinic nurses in the Northern Province. Medical Research Council Technical Report,
Pretoria.
Buga G, Amoko D, Neayiyana D, 1996. Sexual behavior, contraceptive practice and reproductive
health among school adolescents in rural Transkei. South African Medical Journal 86:523-27.
Health Systems Development Unit, 1998. Adolescent sexuality and reproductive health in Northern
Province. Department of Community Health, University of Witswatersrand, Johannesburg.
Abdool Karim Q, Preston-Whyte E, Abdool Karim SS, 1992. Teenagers seeking condoms at family
planning services. Part 1: A user's perspective. South African Medical Journal 82:356-59.
Dickson-Tetteh KE, Ladha S, 2000. Youth health. In: South African Health Review 2000. Durban:
Health Systems Trust, 393-409.
South African Demographic and Health Survey 1998. Preliminary Report. Department of Health/Macro
International, Pretoria/Calverton MD.

77

12.

13.

14.
15.
16.
17.
18.

19.

20.
21.

Department of Health. Summary report of the 1998 national HIV sero-prevalence survey of women
attending public antenatal clinics in South Africa. Department of Health, Directorate: Health Systems
Research and Epidemiology.
Department of Health. Summary report of the 1999 national HIV sero-prevalence survey of women
attending public antenatal clinics in South Africa. Department of Health, Directorate: Health Systems
Research and Epidemiology.
Barometer. Reproductive Rights Alliance. 1999; Volume 3.
Dickson-Tetteh KE, Rees H, Duncan J, 1999. The National Adolescent Friendly Clinic Initiative:
Program Guidelines. Reproductive Health Research Unit, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg.
Senderowitz J, 1999. Making Reproductive Health Services Youth Friendly. FOCUS on Young Adults,
Washington DC.
Erulkar A, Mensch B, 1997. Youth Center in Kenya: Evaluation of the Family Planning Association
of Kenya Programme. Population Council, Nairobi.
Dickson-Tetteh KE, Ashton J, Silimperi D et al, 2000. Going for NAFCI Gold: A Clinic Guide to the
National Adolescent Friendly Clinic Initiative. Reproductive Health Research Unit, University of
Witwatersrand, Johannesburg.
Foy D, Dickson-Tetteh KE, 2000. The National Adolescent Friendly Clinic Initiative Handbook of
Adolescent Sexual and Reproductive Health. Reproductive Health Research Unit, University of
Witwatersrand, Johannesburg.
Pleaner M, Mangochi M, Dickson-Tetteh KE, 2000. NAFCI values clarification manual. Reproductive
Health Research Unit, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg.
Foy D, Dickson-Tetteh KE, Mfaku N, 2000. The National Adolescent Friendly Clinic Initiative
Resource Directory. Reproductive Health Research Unit, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg.

78

We dU ,We WOF
sOM_ v UIdL sO WOM u_ vUL uM WID
bOKU .t Y sUbK .
:hK
sOIdL sO vUL uM u vM uK sO WF u Y ZzU iF Wu c dF
fMu" WMb v ,WOUL UID v vK v UUA vK eOd l ,sOM_ v sOM s
rd sOM sO UL b WO{d vK Y U b .WOud WIDM dF v ,dJ "fd
vz Wb c `{u .)vUL uM u( _ s WOUI uB s ,uK v
sNH WUL v sKL ,sNuO vK d dDO sNb Q dFA ,sOM sO ULK u sOM
dO qL U sNMO qI UL ,UOKF WDuL WID UU sO sN lHd WOM UF UM
qQ sOE r s sO tb W lHd dULK qOL c vU vM uK U .t jDL
.vUL uM s WbOKI rOUHL sNMO u s ,WNUA U sNUN d vz ,WOLOKF d
c d L v , W U , R u v U U B l { u U b N A v U O b W I D g O L N W O K L
.WdHL WIK
sNLOKF sKLJ ,UL qO vK ,UIdL q lOD ,bb WOUL Zd UUO UO UM
rOKF Zd S ,WOM WULL Wb v qL UNMNu v WOM dUL rE UL .uU
.sNH WUL s sNMOJL Wd{ ,UU v vUL uM cQ v WOM
t jDL dO qL ,WOM u_ ,vUL uM ,sOM_ ,UIdL :WOUH ULK
WID vUL uM sO WF k
.dO_ bIF Wb s qOKIU WOUL
- WOUL dE WOL u UIM b r
s v UM U UF bb v WUB
d v U_ dBI U UF .dR ,dOG
vK ,sOM_ v sOIdLK vU uK vK
rU v dBM ,jI b WOUL WI
c rE_ u WU ,bL v sOIdL
s rd vK .lLL v dI_ UIDK vLM
e UU sJL dOG u UJ iF
jO c d q ,vUL uM u s
WK ,WMOF b oOI tu ,dDO

vM uK pc ,vUL uM u nK
W I D U d O U , s O I d L K w U
sO Wb c Xd V cN .WOUL
,WOUL UID WOM iOI vd v sOIdL
u b s rdU .ULNMO sU `{u v
UIdL sO qL U s WOzUB UuKF
UO WFHd WuB dFL s t ,bb
XO duL UOzUBU ,pc .UIdL sO
s UIdL bO .WOUL WIDK UF WKBH
UL sNMO lHd q_ rOKF u
bF UL ,sdAF s q UN sB
.dOIH oUML v UUB mK WuB
79

hK .WNUA Wd d WU 26 l WILF UI
dE .WbK WOuM WOLJ ZzUM Wu c
vK eOd sJLL s sJ rK ,WMOF r dGB
bL b .d q v dOGL s qOK b
.UU bF qOK oOD vK WOuM ZzUM
v cQ s WONML VOU_ c UMMJ b
v UNMO ULO WKBL quF s d b U
,dEM dU vUU ZzUM eOL :b X
.WOzUB ULOLF `L UN s rdU

vUL uM u uNH b v v rNM

uB s uNHL c dF .8,7UM b u UL
s qJ oKF ULO UM Ud
,U U rNHu WOM r rNU{ )(
,d fM l{ )(
u vK WdL WOM WOUL WLOI )(
v vUL uM uB .d dH
WDdL WOUL WOUI rOIK )v( UJF
e `B UMO d v ,uM UI UEM
.UdOJH WId s

,vUL uM u ,UO UdA

dUL uK
se Wb rNKL sc UIdL rEF U
sNM dA q s UM XU .WuU WKdL v
WOzb WKdL UN bF U ,WbL Ud b
qOK b U pc .WuU WKdLU U bOF
.UNUL q UNd WOzb WKdL v e sNM

pc ,sOIdLK WOUL WAM Vu iF

d_ WOM( UNO uAOF v WOUL dE
UN )UL qO vK ,WbLU U WOUJ
.wU vM uK bb v UNOL UC
U{_ U U qHJ ,WRL ,d_ UL
U v UOU UC _ VFK ,WOID
b .WOU WBU oKF ULO WOuK UL_
XO v q_ u WOL ,bB c v ,ku
5
.vU _ aU

sUMQ ,UOH p b UO UdA Wb

WU s v U sNH sKO UL
tO b b sJ dH c s u ,sdAF
UuO d_ u U .WOUO sNb oOI
ULMO ,"d suJ" u UOb WID v UOLML sO
b qCHL u u XU qLF Wb XU
r s b U .UOKF WDuL WIDK UOLML
nF{ UOb WID s sNuO Ub b
.UOKF WDuL WID v sb

,WuU WKdL v WU ,Wb v UE du

s r_ sJ ,WOU WB s UuKFL iF
u s be WbLU Wb u , w q
vM v WOIzF WOdFL WOUL uL
U s sJL WIdL UH UNU v ,UNM
UC WIO W t UL .UNH WU UNd
U uL v UO b ,rOKF dH
Wb u sJ ,Wu_ e u UNO vBA
WUMFU uK vM v UC p dR .qLF
,tUO vK dDO dL Q uFAU ,pc .fHMU
.tH dOQ t ,b UIM fO

UdA ,UOze ,dH X G fJF ,pc

WdL WOU{ Ub XK bI .WHK UO
b ULMO ,UOKF WDuL WID UU sO WOU
XU ULMO .UOb WID v UOLML UU v
sNH b v sd UOKF WID v UOLML
sNUF pc UFu ,qIL v vMN UAM
WIDK UOLML p XU ,WOMH WdJH sNb
l WIL WOeML sNUOuL qFHU sLI UOb
.d_ suJ

400 WdI qL ` vK Wb c XKL

WMU dA WU sO rUL d od
WID s sNHB ,UOH s rNM 211 U ,dA
Xd UL .UOb WID s sNHB UOKF WDuL
80

luL vK Ud WMLO U v UOb WID

,d_ WOLOKF WOFOD bI v WcOHM
d qJA UOKF WDuL WID UO XU ULMO
u v UM b{ eOOL u v UNU v
.qLF

WOUL WID s UIdL pL `{ b

oKF ULO ,d bOKI ndFU d qJA UOb
U{dU sNNu bMF .sOM s q Q
qd vK V ,d_ v" qO s WUNM WuH
UM b sN u sNR bM pc ,"....
UOKF WID v d v ,WOK Xd d_ v
WID v UNM ) sOM q sO s b(
d UN s ,)dA q sO s b( UOb
ULO _ fH ULN uJ V sOM s
.d_ vUL uMU oKF

WID s UIL sNF Xd s ,dO

WID s sNd nF{ vK ud bF UOb
s dH b lOD s dL ,UOKF WDuL
sNH s sdD :tc b c bN U U ,b
UO_ d b .sNuO vK dDO pc
dUL uK bL quF b WbI c
v rd UN ,t jD dO qL v R c
s .WOM WF vK dDO bIH uF
sJL UbM dU uK vM uK dF
d_U WU v ,t jD dO qL v R
13
.WOM WULL od s qIM v

,e bM UN d r dL b dF
U WKO t vK e v dEM s ,Ue
fO UN r dL U s rdU .Wu
s bI s be U cM sOM_ v U{dH d
sJ( UOb WID s UIdL vK S ,Ue
sIu )UOKF WDuL WID v fL s q
d r WeL dL qL u dJ vK
.UN

b( fM WUL v b dOQ s rdU

v d lOA )qL b dUL vu VOU
WID UId S ,lLL s UOb WID
dO qLK W{d q_ WH s UOKF WDuL
.sNUUL sNUOuK sNUF V ,t jDL
,sdF UOb WID s UM v WU{U c
YO ,qL lM qzU s q b ,juL v
qzU l vL sNM WzULU 35 u lD r
WDuL WID UM s WzULU 61 qUI v ,d
pK sO s lOL UNd v WKOu XU .UOKF
,qL lM u dc vu v dO_ WH
UO U .q Wb vKNL vu r VuK UNOK
d ,qL lM u UFOL d bI UOb WID
s W qB r ULMO .dc vu UO q b
WID UO nB vKNL vu VuK d
.UOKF WDuL

vH .d Uu UOUL UKD UC Wu_ qL

WID s UIdL s WzULU 20 ou r sO
v UH d" dJ vK UOKF WDuL
WID UO nB u XI ,"WKU dO d
.dJH c vK UOb
s UOb WID s UIdL d bI pc
eG v dL qd b oKF ULO WbOKI d
qd dJH WOK_ XK bI .fM WUL
UOFL pc uKF ,dL s fMU UUL d
UH dJ s U ."UOFO" d ,eL vM
bI ,tO ud d e v UNc vK UH
s sNd UF{ WF UOb WID s UN U
vK WM fH XI UL ,UOKF WDuL WID
UF v UL Ue cQ V qd
.WOM
s UOH XU bI ,WOMNL _U oKF ULO

sO Uu d UN WdFL XU v bOu WKOu

Udu UL ,sI v XU UOb WID UO
81

WOKL v ,WU b WULL vU v sN

WIDK UOLML p sO ,UOKL ,b d WuD
.UOb

UNb WOUJ ,WOKL UObOB v WuN

.VOD qb WOu WbL UNKD b dU
t U v Uc WKOu c WOL e
d_ oKF UbM WHUF nu rN U_ q fO
UL ,qL lM qzUu sOIdL UUOU
WFzU XO sOIdLK WBBL qL lM Ub
v UOHAL v ,WUF UOHAL v bF
,UM nOC V .UOb WID UO UNO QK
ULz WUOB UNb sI ,p l
ULz dF sJL UN UL ,`OB uK_U
.UM UO

,UOKF WDuL WID s U q Xb b

qJA ,qL lML WKO ,UN WOM WUL bF
WKO sNU W Xb UL ,q_ vK lDI
r ,iOIM d vK .WOM WUL q v
UOb WID s UO fL q sO s U b
sb jI sNK UL ,qL lML WKO
.WOM sNU q v qzUu b
bMK Wb WbOKI u vM sO WF
dO qL v R ,dULU oKF uK U
sO fO ,UOb WID v u{u dNE ,t jD
UO b bM YO( UOKF WDuL WID
X U ,UOb WID v .)U bOKI U uK sOM
qzU b b v d_ s bOKI uK
XFH vz ,WOM WULL qL lM
.qd b v qL lM WOu d UL sNMO

,sUd ,sN UOb WID UU nB d b

WULL v sNH WUL WKO ub r
v sOLML sO UF dO l{ u ,v_ WOM
.UOKF WDuL WID
sO UMU U WLN U k lOD
vH .sOID u vK WOM Wd d
UH UNb v qzUu b ,sOID
b hKI ULMO ,uK qJA WULK jI
t Q b d sO v ,sJ .Wdc qzUu
UUO c r sN UOb WID UU s
UO q U ,dO_ WOM sNUUL
qzU b sb b UOKF WDuL WID
.WUML pK v qL lM

,vUL uM u ,vM uK
.WOdE quF
UO sO vU vM uK iUM cJ
,U tu hd ,uK UMN .uI sOID s q
WDuL WID UId sO UuO d b
lOA ,U tu dUL v qOL ,d uK ,UOKF
U lC v .UOb WID UId sO d
R sO bFL WOuub_ WOuK WOdE
WKUHL quF b UMU ,UNUO v UUA
uL vUL l{u d_ WOM q ,UOK
v rd v sOIdL rOKF ZzU ,vQ _
W I D u I d r I M . h d d U U , u K
,UL sOeUL sOOd sOuL v UOb
WOUL UOHK r ,"UOUL bFL"
,"UOUL ubML" ,UUF d_ WUB
rOI c UbU b .qC_ dH r

u UM U , .sOdUE UUO c vA
v sOIdL sO v_ v dc s WOuL v
UI WMLO ,WOU s fJF U u .sOID
WUML hI dO s WULK WU u bF
WOU s ,dIL UF v b / VJL
qL lM WKO v WUU WUA b uF ,d
dc vu s WIOI p bR .qC
sI( qL lM u b OCH )eF (
WID UO `{u s ,UOU .)UOb WID v
rKF WOKLF ,p ,d b UOKF WDuL
82

WF v Ud ULN UL ,sOdD oU vK lI
WOu WQ v p bF u b v ,WOM
.WdA

U v UNIOI sJL v VUJL bb vK

od s ,dI_ sOIdL b WOU WB
.rNU WUL dH sO

WOM u_ qzU v d UUA XU b

WF b WOU UM UM Q dFA rK ,WOzUM
nu ,b vK d qJ U d tMJ ,WOM
U sNOK X{d UbM .U tC vK
v UL U c sc r Ud" q
d Ud" "rz t qJA WOM UF
WU U UNd "UM s fMU UUL
s lLL v WdGL nuL v UNMF
sUI v .Wu WOMOu UH eO
sN ,UdU fMU tH UL sN UM
d fM l UBU UL v tH o
UI sNuK U b .WOM WF vK UH
s q s d UFL V U .d c l
l r vM_" p WOM W Q bF sLI r
UF sL sL v_ WF XU "bF V v
XM vM_ ,V q s" p U .VO l qFHU
.UdA d U "WI

UOKF WDuL WID uK jL

WU UOuK UJ s WID c UO Xd
sO WDO U u k rK .bOF b v
sO s .tMUL r s qFHU fM sU s
Wb s WUL sb s UM ,tMU s
uF .rOKF s d bF ,bF ULO UNMb s
dE lb s v ,UOze , c
.WOM WUL Q WDOL
c v UuO d_ hzUB nB UMMJL
tu s ."WuL W{UM" jL tQ WuLL
sUL d d fMu WMb bOu s U
WKdL v U ,dA WMU dA WU sO
sOCL sN UL .WOFU WKdL Wb v WuU
VF v ,WOUI WOb WDA v sNd U
sd ,sOKBHM UU ,su_ l sAF :W{Ud
b .UdI vu qJA )U _( d dD
,Wb dL b UuL WID c v _ d
_ X bI ,qLF vLOKF UU oKF ULO
_ ,qL UN UL ,sdAF s bF _ UNKH
W O M N n z U u u _ l L . W O F U W , U C
sJ r ,UOKF VUML U s rN WOM
.WOJL UL_ v qLF rNM qOK b

c v WOM WULL Wb WFzUA s XU

WMU dA WFU w UOH s WuLL
,v_ dL v WUL WKO sb b ,dA
hI dO vU v WdAL WdK WOM
sb b .qL b / VJL WUML
td b .dG c l U v ,dc vu
s b ."UM uF dF" sN_ bO Wd
WOuL" lb qL lML WKO b vK
sb ,sNU d v ".vUK
vu UC
.dc

,qL lM qzU rEFL W vK UM UIdL

U ,UNM UuO q_ bOIF d_ v
UOH dFA .VOD v QK UN Wb s beL
,WOM UF UH v Ud sOId Q
UOU v WUL qzU iF Ub ULNOKF
r ,w q q b :fMU WDdL dUL
UOH d .t jDL dO qL bF vQ
,WF vd UHU UUO r V WKOu
UNb WOu UC
sd .UNML ULI

V U" oKF ULO sNUNu l uK c o

sO UL u l vM uK "tOK uJ
UNUOUJ s UNH s WIu dL u ,sOM
vK W{ WIu b dN b .u b vK
83

W UOU gOF UN s rdU ".UL c v

v .WOe UO qO lOD UNS ,U
,w q nBM" uI V d_ q d
".UH_ WU WOeML Uu qLF

UL ,WKU d XO UH b dL dJ
dF WIdL WKd v qH u sd sN
sd ."pId bI" vMF t ,UOK d ULz
v UNL vK WU b dL qdK
b . W u W u U U N U t u l L L U d
uuK qC Wd qdK bI lLL Q sd
u uL lL" t_ qLF v vK ed v
b .UbI oI dL Q dFA sNMJ ,"qd
UNM v dH s bH UIdL R
sF{u ,WOUL sNI Wd_ sNuO sN
sO UL u s UIL UJ_ UOuK
.oOD l{u sOM

,dA WFU s v WOM UNU XU

,dL s dA WMU mK U c UNIb l
mK v dE UN u u XU( Ub c u
,tO UM p s UMb" :uI .)dA WMU
WUGK OL d U .dO t X t bI
dL v dc vu b d b ".o
cN ,UM_ ,vM_" ULz UNH vL vN .v_
ULz dc vu Ub UL ".s WIdD
VKD v ".dOu UM WOKL d_ W]KOu[ t_"
dC s t bIF ,qL lM u UN WOB
T q ,qL dUL dE" c vu
."b V

s WOUL WID pK UO sO s UM bO
u v v ,WOM WULL v Ud q s
UJ WNUA d hzUB WOUO U{
.dJ s v Xb UN_ UL ,WKUL UOuK
WU d _ fM sU s W XU bI
WID UId s tMU s vUL s WzULU 20
UNQ Wd c sH b .14UOKF WDuL
WUL v sNM dL s ,b UL :"WNd"
dL c bF WUL WKO b v ,fM
.dU v_

UOb WID v uK UDL

ULNdN uK s ,bb U{ ,Uu UM
WOAOF dE ULNM q jd ,UOb WID UU
bFL" UL ,bMK WHK u WHK
."UOUL UbML" "UOUL
UOUL bFL UOb WID UId
"UALNL" UOUL bFL UIdL nI
.UE
d_ UDI v sNd s iOIM d vK
,uL q_ UL bK v UF v b bI
d v QA b .sOM_ UFUI dI v
UIK dO s .sbu UBH dN UN
WKdL Wb bF UF v UNM sd bI ,bLU
d sNM bbF XKL b .p q WuU
R sO sL .t jD dO L d b
,WOM U v sK U 48 sb mU UOH
U rEF sOCL .U 21 qFHU sNM XKL
.sNUH WU WOeML UL_U UOI v dH
bO , b sNUH U l sAF sNLEF

sNF Xd vz UIdL s qL r
.WOUL WID c s UIL
WODL WU v ,UdL s dA WFU v ,UMu
XKL b .WuL W{UM WOM WULL b
v v_ UNKHD X ,WuU UN UNb
tJKL uU v UOU qLF ,UdL s sdAF
WKdL v X UN ,qLF UMu .e
, d z U D d J V F " v U N d X q G , W u U
UI UF v UN bIF v ."bO d UUO
".WOUB dH v qL s Y b u"
b uJ sdAF WU v qB UbM qQ
qL vK XKB ,pOd rOLB W XL"
84

- uL s WKK VKD UNHM UH WU

dO - WOUB ,WOIzF ,WUB ,WOdFL
.dI_ WOUL WID UO s bbFK WUL
sOu bQ UF v sNM bu dL V cN
fM sU sNCF .dJL WOM U s
UU{ s ,dA WFd dA WU v d _
v mU q s U ,UB u dCK
v_ WdU d Ud .d_ tdF d_
WFU dA WU sO( U Uu dQ s v
14.)"Ub_" ( obB s jG{ X dA
WUL s u sb r ,dE c q v
b qd U sdF r ,WOM Wd
. WKO b

d sNCF UL ,WOU U v sK iF
.veML nMFK UU{ s ,WO qUAL
l gOF ,qLF U vN ,bO U sb XU
d bu d ,U_ b jI sbu b
s UF v sU .)U iF v _( U UO
.WU dO UL v uKLF sc dNL dO ULF
s v _ UNKHD sNLEF X bI UN_ U
uM lC XI bLU oK r ,WIdL
dO UL vH sKLF s ,WOzb WbLU
.WOeML Wb v U ,UC
WUN
,WOK WOM U v UUA pK X{dF bI
hK UL ,dJ Wu v sN UuK s
.sNH duD v ,
WKOKI ,sNd d qJA
uM u vUL gOLN v p ld
sNAOF dE WDdL UNMOM v vUL
.dL b uLM _ dOQ

v WOc WULK UI c sNCF XF b

r vM_" "WOuL qL b" ,"d b"
qzU[ Uc ": qOK b U ".p v dJ
sN v WU{U fMK "sNuC" ."q]L lM
lu sJ .c u v sN ,lU fM dLK
Q l{u vK dDO sNUDU sJ r sN u
dOQ ,bO U lu sNUDU sJ rK :qJ
s Uu b b qd s bQ ,WULL
U vULd qJA ,l{u c fJF .WUL
dD UNO qL v ,WKULL dO WFK WOK
.WdI v s uM U vK ,WDK d

UNLOKF qLJ r ,UdL s dA WMU v UMO

WFU v _ UNKHD UN X b ,vzb
UNKH b l ,sOKHD X v ,UMO gOF .dA
Q d b .U b UNzc v dH c ,vU
bI ,UdL s dA WFd v UN WOM W
gOF - sdAF WMU v U c - UNL "Uu"
XKL b ."d_ vMF U U b " rNF
UOU qL lM u UM v .s c v
lOD UbM UU VOD UN UNbI UbM
UA_ s UU" Xd ,lD r S ,Ud
dD v dL" dFA v ."U t UNB
pKL c u qd sJ ,UBd uJ bd c
.qL lM qzU b UNJd bd ".UL
UL UNUH vd u UI UF v UN rKF v
qd UN" bd dL d v . qFH
."td" dL s qd lu ULMO ,"UUd
UL" rN_ Ud s UdA U rEF uI
,Ud s d_ rEF "qC qJA uKLF
."uI tbK ,UNdO v Uu vK vI" qd _

uJ V U" UIL s XJ bI
,sK bI .WOBA sNU fO "d_ tOK
UOL WOM W v UFUC UH UA vK
dL vK bIF ."qL UOU" v ULNOH
s WuL v uJ ,qL lM WKO U
UN_ "l{u vK qC dDO" q s ,UNb
sd sNMJ ".qL s dC UNOB" v v
,UL tb _ U ,UNML lb V c u qd
.fM WUL v UL U cQ c u t_
b UO v sN sLKFO UOU sL sF bI
85

"ZCM" VK UN ,eOLL iF WIdL s v

."d"

bF sNH WUL v b s ,WUL WKO

b bF jI p sKF v_ WOM WULL
od s qIM dL WU uBI dO qL
WKO b v UUA R b b .fM
Wd s U s d bF ,U tu ,qL lML
c ,_ qHD O bF U ,v_ WOM
.UM d VOD d _ sNUB v V U
s ,dU uK v Ud dL b
Wd d v sNH WUL w sb
UBd pc sN UI - sb ,WOM
.eF U_ d q UNOK bLF WKO -

uM s WFzUA uIL l U v ,bIF

VKD v UL_ WQ rNMJL Ud ,vUL
WOKC b u ,d_ b vK b U
UL_ d qJA UM VUM ULMO , qC qJA
Wb vK "WOFOD" WOzUM bI jI VKD v
v UM d U b d bI pc .WOd
d " r N _ U d s U d r E F Q q L F u
uKLF" ,"d_ b bF d " ," U
s" sN UOH R bIF ."UM s qC
sDD u v ."sb s dH b sFD
qIL v sNH sd sNS ,tM s qLFK
.uO U UNQ

UF s U u WOM UF bF sLI r s U
sN sK bI ,"p b ,dOG vM_" ,

WKO UO b WOu qd su u
WULL b qOQ ."udF Ud" _ qL lM
vH v WbOKI rOI U vK rzUI WOM
lML v q_ WDK s u , dL WcF
UuO WUL UJ d v ,e q UF
.WOUL WUL c v

UIdL R sL{ WOd WuL UM

s "dUL" u v UNH Xd ,UALNL
s bB sNuK .sNuK sNz sNHu
v bL WuDK dE s UJHK U
:"XO d" We qL R N WMU qL .sNuO

qd Q qzUI UI UIdL R XM b
d UO tb" t_ dL s fMU UUL d
c u qd v V s sK UbM ."t
,WOM UF v UF v UL U cQ
bOKI vM UOFL s dF sNUU U
.dLK vFLI qdK vUL ,eL

U .qLFK v d UbM XOU YJ XM"

U .UD b qG vNDU u vK
uA UOI XOU uJL vK dH V
UbM .... vzUb l u d qC ,vu
bI....rNu vu v vK uJO vKH bu
vMuKUF rN ...XKL cM vK l v dOG
WFU v ,UMO d( ".d n DF ,q C qJ A
bF WuU WbL Xd ,UdL s dA
.)XKL UbM b U
UU{ sJ r s bM fM WUL Wb XU b
lb ,WuLL c v WdI WULL dC
."Wb WOU" ,"Wd" ,U UO "uCH"
XU UN_ ,U WOU sNU d b
sd sN bO ."WLN vQ dF" ,"ZCM" vMF
d qL lML WKO b WOu

s XJ ,WOKb Wd_ UF U v
bI ,pc .WOuO sNuO WOU dEU u
:sOM s qJ WbOKI _ dL qdK sK
,e bU ,XO nEM UNOK V dL
qd vK ULMO "UH_ vd ,uJ ,uND
."d_ vL ,d_ bB ,XOK UL VK"
,UN d r qL V dL UC
sd
r d" Q bOKI UI vK sIu sN UL
Wu_ v s b ."WKU dO d v b bK w
86

WuU WKdL v sb :rOKF d YO s

sd ,sKLF sNCF .Wb ULJ sDD
UII ,sdAF WU v sKB UbM sNH
v qLF rOKF s beL sLC UdAL
s Ue s .vDu WIDK UFL nzUu
d sd q_ vK ULb l ,q_ l sAF
s qOKI uE r q_ s rdU .dO
s e uKJA ,dNL ULF s rN ,rOKF
_ qHDU sNUN X b .WOLd qLF u
sd ,WOzb Wb sLL ,sdAF s bF
UL_ v sKLF ,WuU WKdL v Wb
Ub UF ,WU UL v ,WOUJ
.WOeML Wb v ,lUBL v

,p l U v .qd UB s UNb
dO" s sN_ ,v_ dL c v sNH sOL r
U U sb r sNCF "sFu r" "bF
r ,WOU dL v .WU WKO b vH
fOK sKF , vK UUO c
UL ,WUL WKO sb .rEM qJA
V ,dc vu bU U vH _
U b v sN XU b .cI q
."sKL s" sN UUO
uH l{ s UOH R UD nAJ
vUL uM bIF dUC V ,dULU
s WORL Wb qd vu v - WbOKI
WOM u_U oKF ULO WOdO UNu l - WUu
sbF s UOH p Xd ,dL bM
.WF WU v UL U c_
l gOF v ,UdL s dA WFU v ,
Wb qLJ r ,WOzb UN XN b .UN
UNd X vCI eML U qLF .p bF
`L u qLF u v .WOeML UL_U UOI v
,v `L u" ."qL bd tMJ" ,pc UN UN
U O vMQ UM WKU `_ ,t U O bI
uJ" UH UN uJ V v ".f WLLB
Wd Q d b ".qFHU vJK ,vMB w v
Ud YO ,UdL s dA WU v UN WOM
vM v .UbN U dA WFU v v UNOK
r .UNUO oKF ULO Wb UN UL ,WbOKI u
, e F W K O u v U U N U O p d l b
. qU v

WUBL dUL sOF UOH R _ dE

uFA vK U sb ,WOM UFK
u Ue sFu sN UL ,sNUF s WOuLU
W v u UH UA sd .qd s
WU vU WKO Ub ULNOKF WOM
,qL ) d( VJL WUML hI dOH
oU vK lI UNb WKOu UO WOu
.UNHKJ ULI V ULN UL ,sOdD
sN_ WOM U v ub v sNCF b r
v_ sNU XU tb s ".V v sFI r"
,V lb" dA WU dA WU v
UI ,UNO du WUM XU b ,"WI XM w_
.sOdD b UL ,sNd
UNMJ ,qIL v Wud ,Wu_ sdbI v
b b b .WIdL WKd vK T
,v_ dL v WUL WKO ,UL ,sOdD
qzUu d XU b .dU v_ dL bF
b vK Wd d - UuO WbL
R s qL r .dc vu v -u
pc ,WUu U bO sNHu lM .UOH
,dI d l{ s ,WUFH WOzUu sNUOuK

UOUL UbML UOb WID UId

,v{UL sOM s vI U qL WuLL c
WOUJ dOIH d_ UM_ du rOKF U UbM
.vUL rK UI
,"d fMu" WMb v WuLL c UU b
WOI d WOzU Wu duD qF u v QAM
UE
d s bI pc .UM d d cU UO
87

qLF rU v sNUA UL ,UbIU s s

oKF ULO ULK u vM sN XL rOKF
bIF .qL vK uB v UM Ud bI
UL ,UdA rEF v Ud r uU u Ud
_ "UF" V ,"WOU" WIOI
.u lL lLL

sN `L ,rOKF s WOBA WOLM sN qN

.sOM sO ULK u wM
XI b ,UdL s dA WU v ,U
UF v UN qLJ uM ,WuU WbLU
UUO s Ub ,XO W UNb .UI
UbM WKU d UNH d v .)qU( Ue
XU UL bQ dO v .sdAF WU mK
d" rK UNMJ ,s c v We uJ
UNH d UN s rdU ".UH W UN WDd
u qd Q dFA UNS ,WKU d qIL v
dDO ,qLF c u" t_ d_ rEF v bO
WeL dO dL "u_ db ,w q vK
V UN_ vK dF lD r v pK v
_ s qC bIF v ".sd vK dDO
."e bF ,sdAF WFU u WOM Wd
W tF rI r UNMJ ,ob UNK ,UNU WMU
X vM_ ,bF tO dJ r d e " t_ WOM
."t WLN

b WOuub UOH s WuLL c vM

b Wb WbOKI d sO WOUI WKdL
sUJ q dB iF v V U u ,dL
sO sNMO ,qFHU ,dH U u c .qIL u
WID UO s WOUJ U UML d_ WuLL
dF U b XU b .UOKF WDuL
"vc dB MF" UN UB U WU v ,qFHU
U bI vUU ,WM U C XU UNMJ ,d_ v
WOeML U L_ qJ u I b UN M UFu
.tH Xu v
,b e b ,dO b v dL d..."
,e b ....WOeML UL_ V vMJ
...bO ` vA v ,UH v uJ
,WO dL uJ sJL q :R cN WU
UN `B e p l ,WF W vK
"?v uJ
)WM 16 ,UUOKO(

v sOM s q b oKF ULO ,s XU b

UMU :UOUI UuL qJA ,WOb U d_
,WUB UOuL v UF UL v sUA
d_ q Ud WOu sAUM sNMJ
.UM Wu v _ WOL

W
uM u ,vM uK ,WOU bIFL sO bIFL WF Vu iF Wb c XHAJ
fd fOMu WMb v sAF v ,UOb WID UO ,UOKF WDuL WID UO bM vUL
WOHO bb v WHKL WOUI WUB Wd_ dE dOQ b `{u UMU b .)WOudL(
b ,_ tbI c uLM ,eML WO UM dN b .lLL v UUA R Ub
.Wu qu UNK ,rOKF d du
v dR v vUL uM u pc ,WOM dUL c WUL uK nO UM{ b
WbOKI uB R .u b vK WOM U v ,sdM r s ,sd s v UNF sJL ,ULNOK
s dO p sN ,dO_ vGL v UNO Wu_ dF UO UdA s UNO UL -sOM _
ULO ,WOM dUL v sNb W{UC u b v UOH RN - sNdDO s bF sdOB Vu
88

WOzU Wu ,sOM _ Wb u sOM vz UUA b ,d VU vK .qLU oKF

v U s c oOI vK qLA UO UdA UNUB ,sNuO vK dDO s sNMJL
.c WUL vu vM uK vK )sNuO( UOH pK UdA qLA .qLF Wb
vu c vM uK ,sOM sO UL u ,u{u ,UNO UMKu v ZzUM dN b
dF ,dH v UB
I oK dE cN .lbL dIHK WOu{uL dE v sOMJL dO ULNOK ,WUu
WID w s ,WeL WOF U v p l{ S .bI UDU dFA sNKF U UOH
jO v dE uDM ,d UF .WOM dUL uK U U r v R bM ,uM
d_U WU b WOU WOUL vK ,UOUL UdL UOH UN dL v WOM UFU U
.sNUM v tH dOBL sb sKIM ,WIdL s v UN sB / fM od s qIM v
,R u vU UB l{u q v ,lLL v ULF UUD UNNu v gOLN WOKL
c s .bb WMOF WOUL Zd UUO cOHM r r U ,WdHL WIK c dL v ,WU
U . U u d u U r O K F U L J s U O H s O J L U L { ` B , v U L u L v K , o K D M L
b v ,WOM WULL Wb v qL UNMNu v dUL rE UL ,vBA uL vK
sNMOJL Wd{ lDU dF UU v vUL uM cQ c vM rOKF Zd S ,dJ s v
.VUML Xu v ,dJ X v UUAK qB Zd pK rOLB r V UL ,sNH WUL s
:dJ
:WOU_U tH uMF qL VOJ hK v Wu c
Doble subordinacion, Doble Riesgo, Clase, Genero y Sexualidad de Mujeres Adolescentes

u" WK v WM c dAM UM rNUL ,dJA q UM rNK ,sOM_ v nOOuO VJL b

v WLOI ULNbUL ,U UUOKO eOMO UH OU v UdJ bI UL ."WOU WB
.Y quL dKH WR XU b .UUO qOGA
Rosa N Geldstein, CENEP, Casilla, 4297, Correo Central, 1000 Buenos Aires, Argentina.
E-mail: [email protected]
<mailto:[email protected]>

89

:dL

q 1001 qJ uu 81 v WM c XFH b .dA WFU dA WU sO sUL d U 1000 q

v U 0 uu 50 XGK YO ,v{UL dI s UMO UMOL XU UIdLK WK WuB W
bF s vK e UN ,p bF d d XCH UN s rdU .UMOUL qz UMOF WUN
:ld .UMOL
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.

12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.

18.
19.
20.
21.

Pantelides EA, 1989. La fecundidad argentina desde mediados del siglo XX. CENEP, Cuadernos del
CENEP 41, Buenos Aires.
Giusti A and Pantelides EA, 1991. Fecundidad en la adolescencia. Republica Argentina 1980-1985.
Direction de Estadisticas de Salud, Serie 8, No 11, Buenos Aires.
Oppenheim Mason K, 1984. The Status of Women. a Review of Its Relationship to Fertility and
Mortality. Rockefeller Foundation, New York.
GeronimusAT,1991.Teenage childbearing and social and reproductive disadvantage: the evolution of
complex questions and the demise of simple answers. Family Relations. 40(4):463-71.
Geronimus AT and Korenman S, 1992. The socioeconomic consequences of teen childbearing
reconsidered. Quarterly Journal of Economics. 107:1187-1213.
Geronimus AT and Korenman S, 1993. The socioeconomic cost of teenage childbearing: evidence
and interpretation. Demography. 30(2):281-90.
Grogger J and Bronars S, 1993. The socioeconomic consequences of teenage childbearing: findings
from a natural experiment. Family Planning Perspectives. 25:156-61/174.
Hoffman SD, Foster EM and Furstenberger Jr FF, 1993. Re- evaluating the cost of teenage childbearing.
Demography. 30(1):1-13.
Moore KA, Krysan M and Rhoads A, 1991. Teenage childbearing: no problem? TEC Networks.30:1-2.
Pantelides EA and Cerrutti MS, 1992. Conducta reproductiva y embarazo en la adolescencia. CENEP,
Cuadernos del CENEP 47, Buenos Aires.
Kornblit AL and Mendez Diz AM, 1994. Modelos sexuales en jovenes y adultos. Centro Editor de
America Latina e Instituto de Investigaciones de la Facultad de Ciencias Sociales de la Universidad
de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires.
Mendez Ribas JM, Necchi S and Schufer M, 1995. Sexualidad en adolescentes escolarizados de la
ciudad de Buenos Aires. (Unpublished research report)
Cvetkovich G and Grote B, 1980. Psychological development and the social problem of teenage
illegitimacy. C Chilman (ed).
Adolescent Pregnancy and Childbearing: Findings from Research. US Department of Health and
Human Services, Washington DC.
Chodorow N, 1979. The Reproduction of Mothering. Psychoanalysis and the
Sociology of Gender. University of California Press, Berkeley.
Plotnick RD, 1992. The effect of attitudes on teenage premarital pregnancy and its resolutions.
Discussion Paper No 965-92. University of Wisconsin- Madison, Institute of Research on Poverty,
Madison Wl.
McIntyre A, Saudargas RA and Howard R, 1991. Attribution of control and teenage pregnancy. Journal
of Applied Developmental Psychology. 12(1):55-61.
Devaney and Hubley, cited in Hayes CD (ed), 1987. Risking the future. Adolescent Sexuality, Pregnancy
and Childbearing. Vol. 1. National Academy Press, Washington DC.
Jelin E, 1993. Las relaciones intrafamiliares en America Latina. Paper prepared at Reunion Regional
Preparatoria del ano Internacional de la Familia, Cartagena, 10-13 August.
Buvinic M et al, 1992. The fortunes of adolescent mothers and their children: a case study on the
transmission of poverty in Santiago, Chile. Population Council/ICRW Working Paper Series, Washington
DC.

90

22.
23.
24.

25.
26.

Geldstein R and Delpino N, 1995. De madres a hijas. La transmision de pautas de cuidado de la salud
reproductiva. Paper presented at III Jornadas Argentinas de Estudios de Poblacion,
organised by Asociacion de Estudios de Poblacion de la Argentina (AEP A) and the Universidad
Nacional de La Pampa. Santa Rosa, La Pampa, 11-13 October.
Geldstein R, Infesta Dominguez G and Delpino N, 1996. Adquisicion de pautas de cuidado de la salud
reproductiva en sectores populares de Buenos Aires: la transmision de madres a hijas. (Unpublished
research report).
Zelnik M, Kantner J and Ford K, 1981, Sex and Pregnancy in Adolescence. Sage Publications, Beverly
Hills CA.
Newcomer SF and Udry R, 1984. Mothers' influence on the sexual behavior of their teenage children.
Journal of Marriage and the Family 46: 477-85.

v UNHB UOb WID v UNHB vLM ,WOUL dO ,WbL WMO s e v ,UMU WU WOdH WMOF 1
sJ rK ,vUU .hzUB fH uKL sc ,uc UA s VM fH l ,lLL s UOKF WDuL WID
c iOI vd v sOLML sOIdL qL UJ UNMJ ,sOIdL UJK WOUL WOM qJ UOzUB WKL WMOF
:ld WONML UuKFL s beL .WOM
-

Pantelides EA, Geldstein RN and Infesta Dominguez G, 1995. Imagenes de genero y conducta
reproductive en la adolescencia. Cuaderno 51. CENEP, Buenos Aires.

v ,WOuM dOGL s dO b bU `L ,dOGL bF WOH WOMI u bFL vKd qOK 1

UU sJ ,UU dJ b UU ZzUM dH V .vUAJ UUO qOK UJ s qJ dF
sOIdL s WHKL u_U ,vUU .WIL WFzUA WU UL UdNE v "u_" "WdEM "UuLL"
UOuK U{_ duB v bOH d u( vM qJA UL WFzU uIL WF{U UU V ,UM WuuL
:ld .dJ d_ dCU XO ,)UF bb
Weller SI and Orellana LC, 1995. Representaciones de los jovenes en torno a la salud. Un estudio
exploratorio de perfiles. Cuadernos Medico sociales. 70:57-71.

UI .rNO uu nMJ v UuFBK dE ,WOLOKF URL sOIKL dO sOIdL vK UMMO qLA r 1

fMu WIDM v dA WFU dA WU sO r sL WzULU 38 UM ,1991 UF sOM WOzUB UUOK
sO UUH d WM c uJ lu :WuU WKdL uKLJ r bLU sOIK dO WOudL fd
.sOM_ v bLU U v UM b{ eO bu .dI_ sOIdL
UF v UL U cQ ,d_ UB uLL u qd uJ V ,WbOKI UHdFK UI 1
b bOKI uNHL qL .dL v tM U
U d u t vK vM tUb v dEM .WOM WULL
.WOM UF UI d WOK ,eM W U UNu v dL
-

Moore S and Rosenthal D, 1993. Sexuality in Adolescence. Routledge, London.

.sNKON vK UUH UOH UL dOOG r 1

.d_ UF u WOBA hzUB oKF ,Wb c v UNKOK d r d qu UM 1

91

:uO vKO v UIdL qL

UN v e s
uKu UOKOO ULU Ud
UUA UA s fL q sO s b s q
uU d v qL lML WKO ub b
.fM UNO

s WHzU sNUQ ,vKO v UIdL XKL U

,sdUFL WUI lLL q v WMJLL UO
, b sNzUd l gOF e :v
v UH_U bNF ,Ue UN sB
,Wb c XU b .UN ,rUM s
s q ZzU v qu ,1991 WM Xd v
WID v UOLML UIdL vK UO c
q v UMKu b .uUOU v WdC WKUF
Ub UI vK uDM dULU TKL UO
s UM .WKzU UOC rbI UNOD sJL
bI s u v UUA ub U U_
q_ UO pd nD c d qIL
UbM UN qHD i s _ U pc .Ub_
Wd `B hKI UNuI UL .UNDI rKF
b WbL UNU qL vK UNuB
.WbF

WIOI ,t RM sJL qIL s rdU

WULL tO b c s UH be
sOIdL sO bOuL bF v dOA WOM
UM U bI .qb iF k r iHM s
- 10( 1989 WM WOdG oUML sO dO sU
v .WdC WOHd oUML sO ,)WzULU 18
WOHd oUML v vK bFL pK XU 1991 U
vK bFL pK XU .WdC oUML v UNM
WUB - WOUL UuL s UUA sO
qdL vK sKB sL sNLEF XU UL ,q_
.jI rOKF s v_
q v qH 38000 u vKO v UIdL VM
,vuU dO UN s rdU .WM
UOHAL UUO vK bL v Ub
u UM v U Ub s UdO
b Wd UN WU 150\000 v 130\000
UN WU ,U s v UM sO U q
sO s UN WU R . vU qJ b
v WUd VKD UHUC v U q
WUd W ,p s d_ .vHAL
q s sL UN UHUC V UOHALU
36 s XFH b vUL bF v WM 24 s
.1985 WM WzULU 49 u v 1970 WM WzULU
U qL UIS uL dO ` 1989 U cM
.WdJF WuJ s dI UI p ,V U

v sOIdL sO WuB bF XCH bI

bI fO sJ ,U Uu dO_ uIF v vKO
qJA XCH v ,UGU UM WuB bF
dI UMO v d_ rOEM Zd U cM dO
sO WuB bF s rd vK .v{UL
d bK WUI WuIF dF vKO v sOIdL
s sO qL lM qzU b ,WIDML v
W mK .WCHM sOIdL s fM uUL
bOuL vUL v s dOG UN_ U
WOL dU pc v ,WzULU 13 u UuM
v uu v d_ rOEM Zd `M r .WU
d s l X UL WM 20 s q UA
UM U 1988 WM v .WM 35 20 sO rUL
92

dOUF s b sNQ dF .WOHUF WO_

.sNH_ sNdE q_ WI lLL

UIdL sO UM tO UMd c UO u c
.dA WFU dUF sO sUL Xd v
UIM UuL UOMI b ,UOHO Y U
UIM UuL Xd b .WILFL UIL
UN_ s UuL l XKL ,U 85 l
,UeL UN_ s UuL l ,UeF
sNzUd l sAF vz UN_ s sOuL
Ud sOU l UI p qLJ . b
.rUM sL UH_ s UUM sOM ,UN UOKL

U UOU ,U T qL vK qL sd bI
U - "dE pK v qC_" sN b U u ,UOK
VuFK vu{u rOOI U vK UO_ iF v
WIOKU dF U vK d u v ,WOKIL
U XD b .Xu p v "u" t
sO s sNM q tU c UOU sN d ULO
c s vI ULO tHBM U u ,fL UO
.Wb

v WOUI WuGK VOU_ vK Wb e b

oKF ULO rNH s dOFK UN d_ qu
wUF oK "dOF" c . WOM u_U
d U ,uK n rOOI b
dAL dOJH s dOF qL v .UNF qUF
dOF vK UM b vK dR,U lL q
u rO U U ,rNUO UI dB
U vK UC p oDM .UO pK i
vK qL dR nO qL vU UIdL
.b UbM sNuO

UeF WIdL _
dO U WId U `B vMF nB lOD
:vK UL We
UNH s XR UO ,UE WU v gOF..."
UNKHD ,jI sd q s gOF.UNUO s
Uu dNEO c UNJdA UN UNO_ r , UNKH
".lLL WOI q s ,UOU ,U
l{u c v dOGB WOU_ WKCFL
?WM v q :w
XM...p b vM s rdU vQ dF "
rUF v T qL u UNKHD _ V ULz bI
vHM u tF{ U U UO...t dF vMJ ,tK
r vQ dF vMJ "vKH l{ c U"
".pc dF
:e i vK d sNFA U dO
,Q ve bd r u" :vK v U"
dN dL s e uLKF rN_ ?UL ".ve
,vKH dC Q t `L_ s r...b
".p qF u tK b .tzc d T qFH
VF vK sJ ,UN vK ed UH UO b
WMOb sdUAL ."WeL dO WIdL _"
v{UL WdL UI - "sOu sO" dUA v
.bF Q r qIL Q uF
t u b U ,XO s d u b U "
UF c lD r .v vN u

?UOH p q dA rO
,sNU WUL WHKL UO s rdU
dUA U sNMO lL UIdL p q
rUM qL Wd U pK r XU .b
UMFL UdF v ,dJL WOM UF s
dD qLF sLI sNQ v Q .buI Ud
sHAJ UbM sN WMU UF `B QD
WOUJS v vK sJ r sNQ sNK dF b .qL
s sb sNK ,tu qL b
.qL "bF" "q" sNuO v c
sN ,Wb lu dO d qL U bI ,cJ
vK sJ r sNQ dF .u b vK sd_
dOOG ,T q u ,q t ,qL cN bF
vK qL v dE bI .sNuO v UOU UIOL
uI bI Vc dUA UQ ,"sNDI" t
93

.WOFOD tUN v t uu
s nu v bd r ,qL vN
b "
sJ ,vKH b XM ...ULNK vM U ,Wb
u XUM bI .qFHU U_ bF vdF p
W v qHD b ,tK bL v b r sJ
".bO
X U" :vuQ uLKF uU qJ v vIb"
" "?WKU X U" ". " :VO XMJ "?WKU
v qFHU dF ". " "?WKU X U" ".
.qFQ U s r .d s bQ X
X U" :uuI ULz uU rNMJ ,qHD b XM
"?WKU
WOuL qL vMF u UUC U UM
,qL s hK v v_ qL :dE c v
UF dE v d d s r U nAJ t_
vF ,UN lML ULNOU .e q WOM
s iuF dOHJ qL vK UHK p s b
v ,e q WdAL dO WOM UF
.qL c v X

WKdLU o v bd . .vM V
...qL r u ,qL sK X u vMJ ,WuU
"...WO dUAL dF vMJ ,tK bL T q UNb
uF b .bF UJ s s ,UH bF r
,qLU jd UJ s X b UNQ sb
u ,"d" suJ bF bF XO p l UNMJ
.e WU tO u b d
pQ dFA ,dO WU v uU t t"
vGM UL bF vuJ ,tOK X UL UM d
".tOK vuJ
qHD U sJ ,UF c WHO vK qBQ XM"
v v uI ... qL u vMMJ .lD rK
.d vMb UNMJ ,WKJA qL vKL b ULz
U .dOG UH vUF vUdC
".WKH b r v dFA v qF
qH p uJ ,U vB rOE TA t"
".tOd u VFB e sJ )WJ{( tOMC
sNHu sNH s WOK dJ uJ UUA p
Ud bF r sNQ uFAK sFb sN ."UDU"
v WOUL URL UF WJ q sN
vK dR qL l .sNLU qJA b
- UdA Ub_ q_ l - WOHUF sNU
.Vc s dOHJ sNOK Q dFA
v sJ jI XO v fO ,dO JbIM rN"
".dQ lLL
bI r .b U q b U dOG XM UbM"
,U O qI r ...vK U uD ULz v U ,b v
"...uI bd UL dF vMJ
.U dI UO_ q v Ub sbIH qL UM"
".Ub_ u sbIH U d
v uLK rNK ,Ub_ UdA q_
UIdL i vA .bOu q u UN
/ iC vK tMd s p v UL( UO cN
UOU sNUS )WUF dO WKO sb
uF QD s hK s b .Vc s dOHJK
sKL" UUA p dI ,u_ tOK XU UL
qL v dLU WOM UF "WOu

YO s sOd sO UIO UU UM lu
cOHM s u )WOuUI WOUM s( WLd UH
:WLJL bB c rJ
d_ sJ ,Ju c WO u UO vKFH r"
p _ ,qL XCN p u UU eO U
"...tN p s b pMJ .tFM U q vMF b
tO dEM Wu_ UOU ,We c s
v K . " W L d " s i u F K W d A W K O t v K
c q vK dNE Vc s dNDK sNUO
qJA jI dNE uN ,UuLL UAUM v U
d UbM ."WOu qL" WQL dU dO
UNFU UuLL b v VcU UuF sb
UNuK ,"U O U O qFH r" UN vK bR d
W U W U U N X U N _ , b U N b
:WKUF WID UUD v t t d u Wu
- UL qO vK vK - iF u b U"
v ,WK Wu vuJ JOK pc ,sOU b
94

sOUF UUL b WFB U_ XKL u p_

."dO
.d d lLL sNKI d UUA R
Xu c v t sLK b UO dA Q ,vUU
u ._ b sNF s dCU dA
r v sNUd UIOI rUU sNUH_ dEM
s U uULz sL oKI sJ .oI
u_ XU U ,sNu s dOHJ sFDO
:sNUH_ WMU s
b ,Wud WUJ v `B ,qL b"
UN bI v_ ,v q ` cJ vI
UN qLJ r UNMJ WOKJU U lOD XU
."WOzb
r dU . W K K L U H U t l { u v b "
Ub UL t u tM b U S T q s
".cJ ,UM UU UMzU tH TA
pKH qF sOdF JMJ .qFQ ULO dJ"
."T q t uQ v_ ,WIOIU tMOUB UbM

UNO U v qUAL q V ,WU tH Xu

JKF b qUAL pK q u UL .puH cM
vK U WMOF s v pH sb ,UC d
".UOuL s beL qL
U qJA UC oDM c "WOuL qL "
uI Q sNUD v ,sNUH U sNzUd vK
.VUM qJA UH_ WOd d dOu U
WOUL rOI fJF ULO - bIF UUA p
UF sL "l" UC rNOK U -l_
dF sN vK .e q XF v WOM
:sNM WOuLK
L UC q sUd
V" :vHM XK , XM ,qHD X"
X v u .vA iF XC ,"ZC
WKH UM XU qHD d u sJ ,UUL W{U
."qHD WUd YJ vK uJO WKHK u VcO
iF s vUF UbM b ZCM s t .o c"
bI .UNF qUF tOK r WFB JAL
U fO c sJ ,ZCM u jI UbM t
."o WKd v ZCM UNOK vN ,dL
s ,d pMJL qHD d u" :t XK"
qL r ".t UL iF dN sJ p s pd
"...p d r t_ tKzU r qHD
,qHD b U dLU sdFA pKF U u c"

WeL WIdL _
UEM v b rCM e v WIdL _
VUF sJLL s U c ,td bF vUL
WUA dF ,d UF .WOU WOUL UuIF
UNOuL ,vL qJA ,e s qU

95

 dA WU v U qH v ` UbM"
"...v q ,v q d dA WFU
v UOuLK TUJL dNE sNdB s vK
s rdU .UU sNU ,sNOK X{d
:bb l{u sNu dC sL dOJ d
dLU uFA v vdG JFu fO"
WKdL v WOU WM qLJ U .U O vKFH
"...Wb v dL jD ,WuU
UN vK UNO dE .V UN vK UNO dEM "
".U vuJ Wd tK UD bI ,dE .lz T

vU vUU ,qL s WOM U WU s

:UuIF
s dG X vMJ ,e vK Q q vM"
U u :vU dD ULz ,WOuL pK qL
U XM ...nK dOB qI v
ULz .b c u u , dOG v V bI
,dOGB s c v Xe UL :vU dD
"...c U sJ
.v{UI u lLL ,vUL UEM pN bI
sNOK tLJ lLL b V dUL sN
rNFC dOGB sU .s UG sNuJ WDd
dH .vUL Vd v lU l{ v
:WKJAL q U sNHu dB
b lLL u UL uN , bb d_ "
UM u UL UMO dEM ... "dOG sN" U UMLU
tK UMU bIH cJ .UG UM_ d_ Ub b
"...
qLK WO t vK dH e ,p s u_
l{u c U UL qL b r uK .tOK qF
UL UM U UL ,UOFK dU b b lU
.tU TA UOIK WU
sO eK sUO sO UC W UM ,sJ
s eU .vBA sNU s d_ Vu
l{u s dNK WKO t vK tO dEM qHD b
s dNK WKO ,tH Xu v .UAK lU
q vUL uM s V lU l{u
:r i v WUL pK s rdU ,d_
vMF d V UM U ,qL v WU{U"
_ ,uI bb XU vuH vKJAL ,eK
eQ":vH v XK pc ,ULz vMdC U b
".d d vMdC v
D{ vMF b vDF U u ,e d qL
v Wu_ .sNK dB U{UM b
bb UOuLK dU Uu{ d_ dNEL
b v ,UNMNu UUA pK vK r v
,VUJ dzU vK p uDM .WUC WCUM
:sLU u{u dFA U Ud UM p dO

dO sN b ,qHD u s bOF ,p l
v uI WOK tu dNE ,sNb vMF
qJA u d dO e Q vu UL ,sNUD
.sdA u t vK jI tO dEM sJ ,l{u
- s dG qUA v WU{U - sHA bI
WOe WFU .vUL uM V sNuC
,dL qd sO WdH b U vK UNuF
.qu UI ,eML v UNU
.ueHOK U fK XO v qLF s v uF"
,dd v Vc r ueHOK bUA "?u_ nO"
,sOKHDU vM XO nE vK .uO dL cJ
u ,UM ,XO v u vQ r UM UM V
ULd "?pu U nO ?pU nO" R d Q
".UFz UO qFHU p U
tLOEM r ,b VU s t b vM UAMU
:b tK s e q s
bF r .Q vM dB tMJ ,e dU XM"
U ,vMQ sJ r , lL XM UL rN
"...U vMO" WU uI
.e sL t vK tO dEM U c b
- qC UO v `LD WU U W `B
d U v ,q vK qB qLF b
q l .UOHU UUB e vK UL
d I b F u F u W C U M L U K D L c
d{ eU pL WU `B WOe WF
uI v e dOOG sJL v qFH UNFb
96

 lOD ,tF sOAOF UbMF ...lu v tH

UH `B sJL .d U s e pd
."UH WL tM wM bF v ,t d_
X u Xu ..."bF ULO e u" :v U"
pHM wuI tuO uO wAOF pOK .p
".bF ULO e u"
tM dF wUO UO c WOd vK bOQ c
UO v UUA RN ,WuLL UD v uI
:UOUL uI dA UO tQ uFAK
U v c .s d b UF gOF"
".bF ULO pUH_ UNMd v
fO ,bOF b v dI dO l{u c lu
l{u ,pdA l WF WOu WOU s jI
,qHD tO QA
M c wuUI wUL UB
WO_ WOUL UuIF V UC sJ
q s v pK UNO UL ,UN s{dF v WLzb
WbLK ud WUL oKF ULO ,sOdD q
uB WU ,)ULz WD ULz d{U W(
.d U qL vK
b bL sNUH U s sNb uK wA
rNOB uKL UA RN .sNU dI
sNUH_ UP ,qL b s WOuL s
.WF v UdA
d{ t v ,bOF b v tF U V bI"
u uN .WdA Ub dD{ UUO .UMM
."dO vJ UbM
dUA .bLK UMb U ,t XOI UbM"
" .UMMO U wNMO wUF vK XOI u" :XK tF
.b bL s lKI s t rK vMJ
,qHD pdA u UM R UO qJA ULMO
UO rNODF "Wu WUI"v UA wLM
fO sJ ,bA l{u c s UM U .WU
UN rzUI l{uU uI u UO s sNU
.WF
Ud sO _ v odH ,b ,sNUD id
UOuLK VU U_ eOOL lu ,UM
nDF V qL ,lU l{u c v .XO q

:e qd tUu
"...tzUb s UIM u T VF U..."
dF ,Ue dO UH sNb vz p q
UN_ UD v vU d UH_ WU
U dI tK sNuO vMFL ,UC
UeL UIdL
dNE sNOK tH Xu v .UH_ u ed
,sNH bI sFD v pdAK dbI
.c d sNb qIO p b
U tOD v_ ,b WBK dO u s v rK"
v q tOD bu tOD .d d tFOD
u t_ ,tu s v UC rK ,U_ tOD
"...vMdF c bOu hA
v u_ vI - UuLL c v qI r dOJ
UUA UN_ R .uN v WIKF Ud sOA
sNH_ dJ sNOK Q dFA UeL
sN ,UMF o U d_ ,bO sNF{
UL t sN `B b p b .I
dO b qC_ s U t t{u Wb bF dFA
s tMOM U `{u s fO ,UL vK .tO
.td U `d e
U t_ b u .UF b v U ...)WOU( "
"...rdU ,XKL v ,U W vK wD
sNzUd l sAF v UIdL UN_
b
UF vMF UNIb l gOF U WIdL uJ
Y .tUuIF dF vUL UEM s rzb
v K W O d A U H { W K O s U L z U U A p
:eK U t sKIO obB l gOF
wA UdI UL b UF gOF e "
".c UMU v tH
".We p uI W sOKL p u bOu dH"
v q_ vI .dH qU sNOK qO t bO
W vUL UEM v vLd uI v e
:
O d ,qILK WMU
wA UO e b obB l gOF "
97

v q dOG sJ .qH l XO v Wu
u lOD wM dF ,U vK v WMU
"...wM UM WOI q
".wUO WOI WH qQ UL , n_U dF"

WKOu ,UNJd UNKHD tbI dL lOD c

UO_ q r .l{u vK WOd UH{ bOu
bR ,UNJd s sNM bu Udc v WOK
sUO V vMF u V vK UUA R
UbM XN UNUO WUA bIF .UF UOK
WF cN d ,UNJd l gOF U
.WHKJ bb uJ u
jLM ,"Ue u" b sNUOLK v dNE
UuLL c v UUAL UUA tc c
VUDL s `BH c ,sNU{ sNH U
sNUuL UN sNUD lLL bIF v
Wd tM dF c iO_ Ue u .WU
b ,bO UM v XO Wd ,Wd ,WOU
:td UL jL t
.dOF c V , b b l gO s"
s u tH wA UL e t uuI UbM
V u" u b UbM .e qC_
"tK WOAL ,iO_ u v `cL v
bU sdF ,UIdL UN_ RN ,p l
U q l ,sNH vK UL sFD sN
sJL U qC ,Wb s p tOK uDM
.UNUH s uJ s ,tO sNM bu uB
v WOUL sNd WKUJ WUD WOM
.UH_ vK UNK VBM qC qI
vM VKD r .vM e UN_ ,wM UN_ ,v t_ "
c vK dU U cN...rUF c v vQ
_ b uI UUO UMOK u cN .l{u
".sL Q UF _

uI .U qJA RK V Uu u UN bu
,vMF U UN ,dJ d ,UUA pK
UH WOHUF UF UF sN U t_
t UL ,qL V bN XU v v ,UNOK
UC dFA sNMJ .UO vMF UFU sN `L
uU U cN WOM qHDK bb WU
.VcU uF s tUB U
.WzULU WzU n_U dF ,wUO v dJ UbM"
u v rK ...WO dUAL dF ,UNO dJ UbM
,V lOD s wQ wd b VODK X
U u v ,vUO v e rE v p VO
bI .b_ v WHzU vMKF O tMJ ,UF d c
q , UM uQ XM U vM_ ,vKH qI XL
.vC dO UL ,tF VF ,vO v uQ XM
.vH u _ s r ,WHK uJ vUO XU
,UO_ t VK ,UOu UO uJ XU
."tOK oK ,tLL ,WKdL sK
b VcU suF v b d_ v iUM
WM UN vK Xb s `B ,bb "u"
WU U qHD X s ,b WU WU
.Vc s dOHJU qF lOD ,rOE uFA dF .UOU dF "
U vK XKB bI ,v" :u XOK u
.UFU uF V r ...UFU dFAO "WOU
Xu v UIb b , qC dUAL dF
".bF ULO UL ,vU
v uJ u ,vUN vF uJ d UbM"
u s vM vM ,p q qF V u .ob
w s XON b u u ,cMO WHzU
".tK WOAL
dJO ,dOQ t U b b qL _ ,sJ

UN UO
,WIdL qL vK qF tHu ,UN `O
,lLL bu UN vK WOU UF u
.UN c UuIF wKb UB `O UL
dUA qL U vK r qL UNS ,d UF
.c WLO bF U VcU WIOL
d V w_ ,wUO dOG v p XKF bI"
vH lOD .p q dOGO U qHD ,dO
98

,WKH pb sOKL sOFK XM u UL , WdF

.p d VFB s ...WOIOI WKH XU UNMJ
W v b UN_ WD .WDG WPJU dF XM
XM .U lOD s WUNM v vM_ WP ,bO
r ,WUMU dF .UM sJ r ,vMD f
".p vMe b ,fd v UN dF
Ud u v Ud ULUMKU UK UUA XU
U N O U d r v W O M W U L L , s O K H D u
U d_ UB ULb :qL v X
.U
t bIQ p b r u .V t qC_ s"
.tU dJU dF ,vMB bI .UMF qEO U
."b U u c sJ p dc b
qF vM VKD UD UL qFHU vM b U u"
t_ ,u RD U b U q bI U UO .p
rO vM VK r dH r tMJ ,vM t U
"...tF W
c r_ dUA ,QD sd b sN_ sN
s UNIDM d ,UH_ s dH t
s qC d v UH_ uJ v q_
v uK ,rN UdOu sNUJS U v pK
.qHD V lb r b vM
vMJ ,U{dU lDU dF ..XKF UL rdU"
U U ,UN dF v_ ,uB XKF vM dF
u UL qC U v uJ ,tO v c UJL
.. ..q )WKu Wd XLB( ... vF XU
v vM ,UNM XK b UN b nAJ q
."vUF q
.qHD tU c Xu UNM vUJS sJ r"
sJ r v .. WbL v V v_ qLF vMMJL
qLF sJ r .qLF UN_ UUd sJLL s
v bOu vN ,qOK u ,UL v UM UM
UN V vE UN_ ,WKHDK qC t ....qLF
sJ r U q UNUODF UNbUO ,vMU UNO
"vUJS

vK ,vUU ,uI ,v{UL UD vU qIL

dC s u ,d d p b s u
dEM ,dC c vU WU ,qIL v
".U O d" U t vK tO
XK ?bb UIb p sc q :v vMQ"
U b vA vMJ p b vM vM .
b s u s w UM .d d b
p uJ s u ,d d tH d_ vK
".WOU UNOKFH ob
b UL bF qJA sNUO UDL bN v{UL
.uB
.e UbM WOM WF u s v XK bI"
c .qOL iO u v e ULz vLK U
lOD s vM rK .b r tMJ td U u
b b s vM dF .WKUA pK vK e
,tF X v_ vM e vF dL bd
"...b r v_
vM UO
vK qF d ,UM sL qHD s dL UM tUA
UL u t YO s UN l ,WIdL qL
_ sJ .UNUO s lLL bu d v dOA
vMF qHD s UM S ,tUNM qLJ qL
v UC
R U u ,UNM hK Wu_ d
.c UI VcU oOL uF
dF vMJ ,dc U dO .XKF U b v s"
X M v q H v v , b v K d { U q E O t
sb vu UbM UUO .p v U ,U
U XM vM rN u ,UNQ sdUA s
XLB e vK vM .lOD vMJ ,UC

."d_ s U O sLKF sN_
.RKL U v U uU U
U UC
vM nK
u c q qO ,UN fJ vK sJ
qL Wd - WM VzUG s ud
.Uu qO qFHU XAO
VFK U U .Ud U U ... U vF X U UbM "

VKD qHD s vK tHK c u vD

99

w q" bUB s t ,dQ UNKIL oKF

s d" UNQ uFA UM r ".UHK `BO
Xc ,td lLL rO XJN UN - "WLd
nD U dU ,UNM d v tFu U
.qLF b WOUJ pc ,rN UNM sOdI
v .dP qJA ,VcU dFA UN WOM
tKFH U U U t rKF "d" vK uF UNU
UNUO vK dR WOU Vu t uJ u
.UdQ
,tO VJ nu t u UNKL WOOzd WL
UNKF
dNE ."b VJ r :l{" tQ UNKL nu
"tOK b l{ v U" :Q u v UNKF
bI" " qFHU UNKF bI" "T q b bI"
."WFzU{ U" "XON
u ,v q ,l{u c q v UNb
U ,UO v UdL vK UNH vK kU
d" Ub "UNUO" bO .pc UNHdF U
v dB qC tdF U UNUO v "uLNL
UNu UNJd UNK WIu v U v .UNd
rNbU ,d UNzUb UNU UNu
.WOHUF
vUL UEM wKL r UNu s `B cJ
UOI UNOK bIF U UN uuI rN .UN WMU
U O n K U v L O I r u E M s t
rN s ,lDU ,r dF .UNUO vK WMJLL
UNUO vK fO ,rNUO vK UNKL dOQ WOBA
.jI v
U UUA RN WMU vMF UO v UI
q vK uDM t ,vB qJA sN WMU b
.WU sNd v dEMU ,d{_ dUL
t b UO sCd u ,p s fJF vK
.d dC sN{dF dUL s WOU W qL

v Wd jK .qIL vK UH UC
s uU ,d qL vU v WdU UOM
s .LN UOK d bI d qL vMF
dA bN dU u L , ,dC
eL .UOM tO sJL qI v dOJH `O
b oI" WOb WOKL v qIL UOM
b uu US gOFK WOuO uN v "b
` B s J L L s , " U U u " , U N K F O c u U
. tOK v c dO d UB

uJO v_ ,bF ULO bO ULO dJ b "
dRO d d pK ,UH_ vQO e vK
u ,d d U `Q v_ ,tKF U UNO vK
".b U d d gO
,vu lL ... lOD UbM ... U "
b U dc U v WMU t vM ...
U UO vM_ tO dOJH vId v vC v
nO ,U ...e vMOB ,dc UbM...
"...UNU
q s UOQ UOI vK VBM t b "uO"
dUE WOM s rdU ,Wb q ,qIL
v , tOK v UL UHK UO `B v
".d v" RKL u qI
UUM
sNdE ,UUA R qJ WMU ,qL b bI
sNU WOUL Wd_ sNU sNH_
v suu" bb uK tM bu ,sNzUd l
u qL dL UN sO UO ".rUF
l{u v UN bO .t UOI V UO
v ,d qJA r ,UuU dA dO "vKOA"
v qAH b ,UNHM UH td dO UO
v dL qU WIdL d u .WUL
gOF ,e sO U UNOKF ,tUN v qL
,bO U `B , b UNJd l
U UO U ,d UMO qHD s UM
.UbO
d_ ,UO cN UNUO U ,b U Ud

?d U q U UL
vz UUA U WUL WL UO sO s
tO QK b c UO `C r ,sNF UMb
100

pNM r UN u UL UNdB lLL buI UNUN

.vUL UEM
WOu L vKL pOK F t v u I u"
"tM
sN u UUA R sO dAL d qFH
,tMKF U sL sFb s{uF ,dP qJA ,sNOK
sbOQ l v .vUL UEM sJN sN_
sNUO "QD UO qFH r" : dJ d
v ,VcU dFA sN bR iuF lb `{u
.UL U UB WU v
qIL bI s ,p v o sN ,sOA sN
.Ub_ q_ pdA nD c d
."UNDI" rKF UbM UNKH UNCd _ vA
Wb qLF v sNI b sNuI e
.tM sd
WIDK WOU WOUI WOUL WOd q v
WIdL U WUL UO q ,vKO v WKUF
uI UMMJL .eOOL dULU W OK qL v
vK uDM UNM qJ ,d s qC UO UM
UOC rbI UNOD sJL Ub UI
.dO vB bN c WKzU

. tO Uud qL U UL jd
qHD s UM UN d vz l_
dE .U U nM Wd d d UMO
UM U bI U cN bbA WFODK
UNb UNH U sNM q u bN bb dD
v dL qF UL ,UO v dL vK
WMU .
O d qHDU UH / qL
b pdA l gOF e U bI ,Ud
_ U te _ W b vK nu
bO Q sb gOF .UOK qH v U
UO u U d UMO qHD s UM
UO q WU X tO QK c dO_
.d_
d sb lOD v ,d WOU s
qzUu Ub X du VO ,UN WOKL
tu UNUDU uJ ,pc UOIK W
dJ WKd v p dI V UL ,U UO v
p v n{ .UMJL UN `B v qL s
i d t vK vKO v tO dEM UN
,b v ,qL t YO ,vUL UEMK c
U uL ,UNUO dL UF WKO vC
WuK
Y hK v Wu c

EmbarazQ Adoles- cente: Desde el Matrimonio al Aborto -Res- puestas Posibles en Relaci6n al Proyecto de
Vida

U Carlos Chagas UU uU WRL U uI U ZUd s e ,1991 WM d c

,vKOu u Uu WOU _ s tLd .d U .v sdU . u WR s rb ,qdU uU
.ULU quL tF

101

c UBU dUL qL UN_ Yb lLL v d UN dD bOu UI U q UO 1

.p vK b U sL lLL s
-

Viel, Benjamin, 1988. La planificacion familiar en Chile y sus efectos sobre los indices de salud.
Boletin APROFA. 24(7-12).

Taucher E, 1986. Fecundidad y salud materno-infantil. Boletin APROFA. December.

Valenzuela M S et al, 1988. Encuesta de salud reproductiva en adultos jovenes. Universidad de Chile,
Departamento de Salud Publica. Informe Final. (Mimeo)

Anuario de Demografia, INE, 1989.

Perez L M, 1991. Adolescente embarazada de sector rural. La Adolescente Embarazada en Chile.

Diagnostico de la Situacion. Ramiro Molina (ed).

Ruedi N, 1989. Cited in Fecundidad Adolescente: lnfarmativo 2. Instituto de la Mujer, December.

Molina R, 1988. Embarazo en la Adolescencia. Taller Nacional sobre Salud del Adolescente en Chile.
Ministerio de Salud/Oficina Panamericana de la Salud.

dE UuLL WAUM WOMI ZNM WdEM qOK u Ibanez, Jesus. Mas alla de la Sociologia. EI
Grupo de Discusion: Tecnica y Critica. Siglo XXI. Madrid. 1979.
See Pina, Carlos. La construccion del 'si mismo' en el relato autobiogrcifico. Santiago. FLACSOChile. 1988. (Documento de Trabajo 383}.

102

UeL UIdL - WOU WOB WUdK vF

bMN - dUU w
u sOKU U UJ
w uUbL WFUI w W Xd b . U e bMN w )WM 19 - 15( UIdL VK :hK
c v UOHK WOU WB UUO WOK UM q WdFL 1997 v 1995 U s bMNU dUU
WuB qUA ,d_ rOEM ,UM dQ oKF ULO WU p r nO , WOM WdA
53 37 U 74 l WILF UI ,s c w We U 302 l U Y sLC .bzU
ULMO ,WOeML UL_U UOI s sNuF w d_ s uH vK sUF UOH Y `{ .UL
U e q L l u L s t U L , W O U U M I U N d W d N A b U d D { r r
sO bUL qL dOQ WOUM WU UM XU p v WU{ .eK v_ WM w UIdL
d_ s F v wF WOKL vK dRL quF u s .qM bb b u l d qL
WBU WIKFL qUAL s d s ZUM XLB ,WuB vK UH ,WOeML UL_ d WOU
.dI c vK UUO uL dR F vK rNU uB d _ c U U .WOM
ZUd bOH ULO UUN Wb c qL .tOK dOQ dI U WDK sJKL Ue U
.dUU w qHD W WOU WB
bMN ,WOU WB ,e ,UIdL UOH :WOUH ULK
%10 u bMN w )WM 19 - 15( UIdL qJA
s q UIdL s %40 wu e .UJ s
sK UN u juL w WM 16 s w 18
W w UL b b ,)WM 18( bL wuUI
dO sOIdL sO WOB UuKFLU dO_
s WOU UuKF bu sJ ,bMN w sOeL
UUO XU U WdFL UeL UIdL
.p r nO , vK sN WOU WB

UOH t Vd UU ,c d_ , dU e bF
qL e s ZM .WKzUF w sNF{ sO
WBU oKF w pK WU ,bb WO qUA
UOH vF U U ,p s rdU .WOU
s UNI UNOH WIOI w ,FK UIdL
.V WOB Ub hI dOH
WKOK WOB WUd Ub `OB s t rd
UC `OB s t ,oUML iF w WbFM
w duL Ub sb UbMN UM
s FK sOF UL `{u s fO .UFL
VUL u bb ,d_ d_ iF
s bbF XK .Wd UNNu r w WOB
,WOF WUd v uK v d qO Ub

.bMN w UMK WUH u WKd w WIdL

l sJO sNK uO e Ub UOH d
YO ,UUL d_U sNH b ,e WKzU
tu .WKzUF d wU WMU uU lu w sJ
sKL v WKzU WOKzU WOUL UuG{ UOH
103

UUO U .qL dQ d_ rOEM UM

UL .qBHM qJA UNAUM rO ,bOuU WU
WUF d_U WU UUO Y sLC
.WUILK

UM iF .WOzUu UbK ,UO ,q b

,WOeML Uu V tM sFML F dR
WOB sNU XU Wd tO QK sNMJ
q ,U iF .WOeML UNLU UOI s sNFML
tM ,bb t vK WOU UMI UUN
d WOM qzUL _ ,wUJ bIU UNO
d XLB WUI w Wub U uJ UM
q d_ iF dF b r s .uK q
.F wb wUU "WOFO" WOKNL d

Wb lu
WFUI w dU WIDM w Wb d r
Uu s bF w dUU W w UUbL
WUB WOLM r YO s bMN w WObI
UUbL WFUI .)1 r b( UN WOUL
w uO WMb d UL r 120 bF vK lI w
Wu w rNKC UFUIL d s b
.)2 r b(

UFU UM XO ,bMN s bb e w
dI UL ,FK wFU d_ oKF UbM dI
Vu WU XU U WKzUF s d UC
.UUIK V w WUd u pc , F
sN dQ w UIdL UOH U u c
.dI U WOKL s WKzUF wNM sO v
dI U w uK t bMN w e
vK UH qL lM qzU bU WU
dDO UC VFK UL ,WOB WUd
sOeK wKUM uK bb b v qB
s w qU bO 100 vK W w .sdOGB
s %56 XF ,d U WIDM w WuB
v WOB qzUL w dI U WOKL UM
.sN v %15 ,sNuL

w WFUIL c w U UO r w d U WIDM
UNUJ bF mK ,_ UIL w WOH WIDM
UdNJ XK b .Wd 131 w WL 210000
q_ vK s b bB UN bu ,dI lOL
UO vU_ bBL w We bF .UOLK
WK ,dJL UH t ,d hI sJ UJ
uO WIDM v Ud d v qLF d
.UC Uu v q ,UL
WIDML w WOB WUdK WOU_ WOM sLC
UOd ed 38 ,WOOz WO ed WF
v WU{U ,dd 30 t b UOH vHA
UI UM .d WU WO WU UN
UDI s WuJ s Ub qOu w `{
qJA WOuJ WOB Ub ed YO ,U
qOu UE s WUF WOB WUd vK dO
c WKUI UE UNM ,Uu W vK Ub
b YO ,WOB WUd rbI WOAU WN dF
U UDI uJ qUIL v .WL 5000 wu
WLE_ sOUL Allopathic U v sOULL s
bI ,WOKL WUFL bOuO q WKb WO
.WOF WUd Ub wOz qJA
UEM U WR bU ,1994 U cM

s d c Y s ddI Wu c bI
WIKFL lb UL_ u 1997 v 1995 U
d W U F d _ s F K w F U O u K
- 15 s s w UeL UIdL sO UM
UL .bMN d "dUU" WIDM w WM 19
UeL UIdL XU UL Y d
qC qJA WOB WUd vK uB sFD
sNuL U l WOB sNKUA ou UbM
uL UL l{ l .UF sOM sN
Y d ,U w sNzUM U WuB
We UUO e WKzU WU b UC
d d p w UL ,WOU WBU WU
104

W b c d J X F b , d U W I D M w q H D
.qLF c s

vK WOB UbK dUU Wdb wB

W WOU WBK ZUd rbI b U

1 r b

WUB WOUL dRL

dUU W

bMN

%82

%60

%82

%78

%61

%51

%56

%39

%19\8

%19\7

dRL

UdN UN uO
WM d UO UN uO
UM rOKF
UF UM
)UOHK( e bM s ju
2 r b

WOU WB dR
% UUbL WFUI

% dUU W

41

35

34

35

91

89

60

53

21

27

65

59

dRL

18 s q se UO
+3 bOuL VOd
qL UM WO WU vIK
WOB URL w u
vKUM UN b s sOUF UO
qL lM qzU UA bF
Y ZUM
19 - 15( We U 302 sO wL ` qL r
vK UM Wd 33 s UOzuA sUO r b ,)WM
UO r .WIDML w UeL UIdL b
VUM YO ,1991 UF UJ UB s dI
`L rOb r b .UJ b l UO UL
UuKF s UNO q WCOH WOB UIL
,dL UM FK wF UOuK ,XO u
UM d ,u bF UM q WUd
XU .UN d_ rOEM rIF ,STDs

d vK e ,WLEM t UIL
l UIL qL r b .WK_ vK sOOL
XL .UN `L qL r w UNH WdI s WMO
53 WId UH U 37 ,U 74 l UIL
ed w WKU 37 sOO sOKU 7 UIdL UL
,p v WU{U .l WOOzd WOB WUd
WOD rNUb ubI UU UO 20 WKUI XL
VDK sOUL rNMO U wOz qJA UOH v
bN UIL w sOUAL UO r b .qb
WK_ vK d WU rNb uJ u ,b
105

 bM sUL ju U ,b d q_ vK
w UOH s %14 qL vN b .WM 17 qL
%4 ,XO s OM u %5 q L uI sKL
.u b F sO M U u
qL d b e s wM lu U b
u U ,`L w UOHK UNUA u aU
.%14 WO_ W ,jO qJA qC rOKF

uL _ .WKUIL d w Wd rNb
sNKL w UOHU sODd dCU uuJ r
UU 29 - 20 sO _ lOL dL d .`L
%87 d qUL qJA ,UU 35 dL mK b b
sO d sN UL `L w UOH s
20 - 18 s %6 WM 38 - 30 s %7 WM 29 - 20
.WM
sOO sOOUL sOOzUB WL UUO lL U
WM 22 - 20 sO rUL d ,sOb sOKR
U w d rN ,b q bO WF rNMO
wUU UNH WIDML s UFOL uU ,UUO lL
.WOKL WGK WNK bO

WOB Ub b b
s sOUF s sNQ `L w )%39( U 118 d
e UF q( oU dNA w WU d
b )bB WAd l d W UH d
b( WUL WOD Ub s sNM %97 UH
sNQ U 302 s WuJL WMOF nB d .)3 r
WMU e q v ,WOzUM VUL s sOUF
UdD{ w UuO VUL d XU .sNCF
)%25( dNE qH )%27( WdNA b
)%6( WOK NL d )%12( sD q H
b .)%2( rd u )%5( u Ud
VU sNb sL jI WMOF nB wF
. FK WOzU

UeL UIdL s WOHK

se `L sNKL w UOH s %80 s d
,sNuL UM se %28 ,UU 18 sGK q
XU WMOF fL .d_ XO s bF wUU
,dIHU sNM %16 UB l{u n b ,WO
WMOF s %60 u .U qC sJ WMOF wU U
WU sNuI w %35 qL ULMO ,uO U v
UOH s %67 wu XKL b .UHu %5

3 r b

)302 b( WOB Ub b b
WbK wF

WbK UO

bF

bF

97

114

39

118

49

75

51

153

17

43

80

24

80

243

dRL

WUF d_
UM d
d qH q sO WOMe dH
qM bb
sKL r UO :WuB qUA
qL lM qzU sb

106

.rIF uNH v dEM U

qL q sO dH WU v WU W U
s .%80 XGK YO ,WOU qM bb w Wd
,`L qL X sLIF sKL r w UOH sO
.qL dOQ WKO sNM jI % 17 b

V l qJA F v wF W XUH pc
XK YO ,UNF qUF r w WOB WKJAL
%8 bF r sO w WUF WDO d %97 v
.qL b w qAH v R w d_ w
_ UOH l WOBA UIL X{ b
.UH c U UUO iF uL

U 89 `L b ,WuB qUA h ULO U

qL lM qzU sb sN dUF
sNR r r t .se cM sKL r sNMJ
W U r .ULOI sNH dF s UL
vK UM rIFU WU WOB Ub b
WuJL WMOF s b U 89 s WuJL WMOF c
sNH d w ,UOH s q b s
v U 89 sO s jI UO 7 Q .ULOI
WOM d UM sJ r .qL vK sbUO F
UL u _ ,rIFK qUH b w dF b

UUO UF U
WU b U d uN UUO U
bb uD WOU WOKL Wb v R WO{d
UNOK uB WOUJ WOB WUdK WU b
.)1 r qJ(

1 r qJ

WKJALK vc b
)WbK UO(
WKzUF UC l UO c WAUM
)tM dOF r c UO(
UO c WOL vK WKzUF UC UH
)UO rOOI(
WOB WUd v vF
)UO WOK(
WOB WKJAL dJ -/- WOB WKJAL q

107

Uu sNzUM U XU w WDO d_
.WOeML UL_U UOI s dN s

UH tOK dF d uN l WOKLF c b
d b d r ,F v WUU tF dFA
vK WKzUF UC UH r ,WU cN WKzUF
w WOKLF uD r ,F Vu WU c
wFK WOB WUd rbI UN WKzUF Uc
c UI T qL sJL .tLbI FK
bI b s U .uD c s w WOKLF
nK ,F u WOB WUd v WU
UUAL U pc ,WU dF U
.wK ULO `{u u UL

Wd qE w ... UdI dN q dL UOu "

dL wb UN bI .UN{d d u dH
qL vK U dO uJ ULd ,WHz UUJ
."Wd iF UM UNId w c XO UL
Ue UL ULN uL s sOM XU{ b
R YO ,UFzUA b jI F wIK sNzUM
s w w UI qOI s dOJ v d_ pK
.Ue W
,lUI idU tu uL pJA s rdU
b .U WFC F wIK dOQ w `M t
UIL UM ,UOH pc ,uL bI
sJL WOU dF WOeML UL_ s d
.UNKL

WUF d_
d_ iF s w UM s %97 u XF
F WOB WUdK `LK oU dNA w WUF
37 l XL w UIL XHA .d_ c
vK rNU uF ,UO b u rN U
vK WUF sN{d_ WOB WUd v wF
.XO UL_ wuO sOd dQ v ,uH

v sOF r , eML w F UOH d

sNUu UOI sNOK VFB UbM WOD WUd
, l A e U W O e M L U L _ u l . W O e M L
WuIF Wd UUO UF U UO r
.WUF d WMU

:U VO v UcQ ... w X{d b "

eML w s lOL wuO sOd vK dR UN{dL
q ,V UN U qLF dQ ,dO qJA
,VOD v UNDB c hA qL dQ pc
."UC WdNA UMOeO pd UN{d UL

UM d
iF d sNQ `L w UOH nB d
b d b ,)%51( UM d qUA
,WDO VUL s UNUE b UNK WdNA
uK dL UCO WOKNL d v dE ULMO
WU v R UN bIF YO ,uD d UN vK
:uL b XU .UdU

U d ,d Q UH dFA UbM Wb w
w UOH s %69 XGK .UN UNUL s q
uN Wb u w sNKzU WO{d dQ dF
.d_
uL pJA s rdU WOU FK wF W
YK u XH bI ,d_ c WObB w
d_ c UIL w sU w uL
w qOb UO V UL V b UNQ
w ,e q sNUN uO w Ue UNU
uNL s qOKI qL vK U dO sNKF
d b .sN uO w wU{ wb

WOKNL d s sOUF w UM vK V"

UB X Wd sd dL UCO
b UM sNzU w rOd uLM ,dJ rdK
... UdU sB WdNA
108

VUL d w UOH UK b r ,`LK UI

bI .Wb w b l VUL pK s WOzU
sNu s e UN ,WMe VUL pK sNCF
d iF d b .U qL V U
:sNU s UF eU suF s

uL s rdU dL UCO d
VK sKIO s sN v d sNKUI XL w
WMU UM dQ .U pK q w F
,qUA sNKG bF w WuBK bbN qL uLK
UH sM sKL sUM U vK YO
:eK _ UF
."bb UNO dL jd qHD ..."

,Xe cM de UCO d s XOU bI"

bI .w l UOM qB UbM u WU q
wM_ ,wUL fO wU s jI w d
."d_ c s UNO b s q

,UFd wD F v wF V t uL dFA
dR dOD UF UN uJ UM d iF _
:bF ULO WuB vK
d q qUAL iF s UM wUF b"
d b .rd sHF Ud dL UCO
bF UCO d s wUF wzUM U
v UM d_U wMd b ,WOd WOKL d
v WU{U sOMI ULd UUD c VOD
s UOH q ,U_ c U .d_ iF
w d_ sOH u_ pK q s b
sNOK q ,tMKFH V U u UNM sOUF
."uH vK VOD dA

Ud q U w sNUN v UOH YK Q
b WU ,WdNA b UdD{ u
w sN v QK ULMO ,e q U pK
,WNdJ Wzd ,WJ ,WOKNL d U
dc r sN ,fM WUL UM r_U uFA
.sNuL VUL pK

)%49( UdI `L w UUAL UOH nB

,F v sOF UM d s sOU w
.sNUN bUL e q p sKF sNHB
WU w UeL dO UOH sO UM dQ
t_ ,dU s v ld F Vu
s U .e d s b UM d bIF
jI FK sNCF XF ,UeL UOH sO
UOI s sNU v d_ XLUH UbM
Wd od UJ d iF U .WOeML sNULQ
q w sNU b UUO UF U d
.WKd

s s VOB sJL WU d W d "

v .d W s wUF w ,UNM q w
,d_ cN rN b ,UNCF s sOUF s
V W O u O W A O F L q W O U d u U M N
".UN rN

qH U dOQ
q d_ rOEM qzU _ s qOK b b
w sU w U WzUL s %11( _ qL
WU Wb qzUu 7 b .)`L
v v_ WM sO ULO d qL q sO dH

WKUIL UM sOFMI )37 s 33( _ VK sJ r

W uN bM WOD WUd v s rNU
bI q ,td d WOL uu r WOzU WKJA
UM od s q sJL qUAL c q
:qC uB WOBA WUEMU

U{d qUAL c d sc uKOKI _ U

rNU vK V t dF bI ,U dL
FK wF sNOK ,VUL pK s ub
sc _ s q b UM U .sdHL
, w D e d L v r N U U D w u d
.sdHL Uc w sd r UOH
109

WU w FK sNU sNuL UOH d r

uM bF qL dOQ q s wM UB
WN s uL b d b . d bF
:XU sO dOJ dE

UF{ _ qL dOQ .e s WU
V p ,wU qHD U dOQ s UHK
W qF .We WuB vK oKI dDO
Qu dFA UOH qF d_ c w uL
s rdU .v_ dLK sKL v sNOK jGC
_ qL dOQ w ud _ YK b p
qUAL UuU w U_ sLC ,rNUe
WOM WFL UH uuL nF{ WOB
dOQ _ b l b .dJL u WO
:WU U v _ qL
W U _ q H D U d O Q V t b I "
,WU wU w .WM 19 s q We s U
WIzU{ s wUF U uO XO wKzU S
dOu lOD s l{u c q w ,XO w WU
vK ou UN 'we sOUML cG b
."uH vK H VM bd p

UH U ,WOFOD dOQ VOU Xb bI"

qF wM W s lu uM l wzUM sO
bI .q_ vK uM u sO bL
vK U .sOU bL wM UB bF UNB
c UAG q WHKL d_ rOEM qzUu W
qL lM u wUM VuK U_ td
s dOJ X bI . tubectomy dc wu
,UFOL Ub{ wMJ ,ueHOK vK qzUu c
t wM `L s ,bb JA V UN_
."UNbU
UO l sN UOH qUF nO s U
bb VF d uN ,sOKL q sO WU qLF
qJA bL b sJL WOU sL ,WOL uB
:UOH b d UL wFO
bM b bL _ T b r UOB U"
s dN bF Xe .(palna) wFO qJA
XU .e s dN WF bF XKL (menarche)
bF _ wKH X bF w WdN
b r pc d d XKL r ,sOUF u
."dH pK w T

QK iF Q WOB Ub ubI U b
uOuJ U_ lL .dx X s UN
UN rNFOA b vK rNKUI XL sc l
s UU UO 15 b ,iOIM vK ._ qL
b s rdU rN vK ,rNKUI XL UO 20
iF ubI rN ,_ qL UN rNFOA
sdOG U sOe dFA UbM UM
.H uF vK sU dO

UIL w b UOH s jI %15

qLF d qL q sO dHK WOFOD WU
sO WOU WUM b `O ,WKu dH UHJ
dOL s .Wb qzUu b u
r WKUIL sd w UOH lOL UL
.qL dOQ WOFO WKOu WOFOD WU{d dc
rOEM qzU _ s jI %18 17 b
`L UIL w UOH d UL Wb d_
qzUu b W UH ld .VOdU
sNAUM b v ,UOH VK X{ UL ,Wb
.Ud tO b sN_ ,sN l u{uL c
qzUu sb w U sOF_ U

d qL sO dH WU
s d UOH s %80 `L ZzU s b
w .d qL q sO dH WU w sN
w rN vK _ UOH XFL UIL
VK XFL b .d qH U q dH WU
vKL bL ,_ pc ,UeL UOH
.uM w sOu sO
b uL VK X{U ,d bOFB vK
t bI )54 s 30( Wb qL dOQ qzU
b "WOFOD dOQ VOU" b sOF
110

U XU d qL q sO dH WUS )%80(
.(Tubectomy) rOIF Wd dL d wMF
Wd d _ s lu ,d UH_ b U
lOL d .W sOKH VM bF rOIF
bb w ud rN UIL w sN UOH
rOIF od s p W sOMU rNUH b
.d w _ l uL XIH b ,We
Wd sd b UO `L w dN b
sK b sN YO ,WM 19 sNuK l qFHU rOIF
.sd d_ udL bF v qFHU

e q ,rNU tb UL rK vK Wb
WUAL )12( tHM dI c U d_ l w
c bI ,UOIL fL UOH U )23( t
WU{U .sNHQ WUML WKOu b d
sb w UOH s bbF d ,p v
.p vK uIu WKzUF d )21( Wb WKO
_ iF bF WOuM UUO dN b
qL q sO dH WU WKOu UN uI
._ R W `{u r UUO pK ,d
QA dI c sc r _ dN UL
.UN

rIF v dEM
qL UbM oKIU sNuL UOH iF dFA
UB s rdU e s U w UH
lM qzU b e l rEML wM
eK _ UF qL dC uFA .qL
._ iF uL UOH bM b UK uJ
r w s %8( `L w jI UO l
r sL UOH iF .F v sOF )bF sKL
_ bI _ ,sN sJL tQ dF sKL
vK sNb dI w UO_ w b d
s dU suF s sNCF d b .U
:F v wF dJ

XKL ,sOU q d d VM Ub "

."qL iN UNKF u ,dH c w
lOu" r UN uK vK oKD U U
U I UC b uK_ c ."XJ
28 s 16 d U L M O . q L uI bF neM
UN sN b w WKUIL sd w U
bF WO WU W v s r sNQ wFO
lOu WOKL d v U 12 X ,UN
XU UN U rEF s rdU .XJ
uJ qLL s t ,U 12 sO WOFO
.bLF UNM iF

eML w s lOL .qL lML w qFH s"

b s qL sJ ,dJ qL wMbd
w fO w c ..b t bI uJ UbM
."UMb
.sN_ rIF s sNU s UOH iF d
)37 s 4( rNU qL r sc _ U
s qL b vK UIK d sJ U U Ue
)74 s 7( sKL r w UOH b b ._
rNIK s d bI _ U ,UIL w p
:WUH Uu vK
,bF qL r w sJ sOU s Ue s"
,sd sOU bL U vK UHNK X wM_
,hHK UJ _ Uc r pc UIK X wS

UIdL U dD UO bLFL UN
uL iF b UuNH b sN UeL
XU b .tM oKIU dFA tOK sIu w
:UOH b
sJ ,dU e bF qH U w V r"
VODK wcQ r ,qHDU kH wUL
dFA wUL XU d_ l w .dN W bL
XU pc ,qL wN_ VODK V s VdU
."VODK UcU UIKD w `L
d_ d b bb
UH fHM qM bb v WU W XU
111

WUEMU UL od s UM d iF
vK UUO _ o v ,dO .WOBA
uKCH rNS ,UM d s rNU d{
d_ u ,sdHL F v Ue vF
sNb bF UeL UIdL iF dF c
.tKF vK

".F hH vK b WHNK UNMJ

UNMJ u q UOM qB U s Ue s "
s dF qH U bd U .bF qL r
".UMKJA s qU dFA s .dA s Vc
F v sNzUM U QK uL qCH
U vK bI b bIF sN_ ,wUd
qL b r .bI _ V uJ
v uK r ,e s W sOU
s rdU ,uH vK Treatment Allopathic
dO nKJ
u U dG F s uM c
.UM uLC

s UB F v WUU uFA s bOF

Wb c w UeL UOH VFK ,uFA c
v wFU U dI U w UdI
sNUUO vK bI .UM d d s F
.dI c c e d UL WOB
,d_ c w dI U WDK uLK b r
u U .sNzUM vK t Q dOQ sN U
WUL uN ,Wb dN UL uLK dOQ
w sKL v sNzUM U vK jGC
_ qL dOQ u{u dN .eK v_ WM
W c r rNMJ tdC dF _ VK
rNUN dOQ V QA c w WOKL uD
UOH s q d b .d_ VU w rNOK
U s u qJA uL _ UeL
r .W sOKHD UH d_ rOEM wUML
.dU uO W rEM qJA rOIF UOKL
,dOGB s c w UOHK UUH rOIF b b
tO udL d_ b v uu qL sJ
ZzU dN UL ,bMN w dJ s w Ub
.dO w d W
_ UOH W UC Wb c dN
sJ d qL q sO dH WU w uL
qzUu vK UL u iF UC dN
VOU_ b dOGB UOH sO WOFOD
qzU b{ U uL U .qL lML Wb
UOH iF UNb p l ,Wb qL lM
uFb b rN _ s qOK b d ,sN
dH WU ULC dC bM UN rNU
.d qL q sO

UOu UAUML
UOH b vK UH w Wd ZzUM dN
sNuB WUL eML ULQ UOI vK UeL
c UF eU uFA dK wK dOQ
quF u s UNK w ,WOM qzULU jO
WB UUO WU b vK dRL
.UeL UOHK WOU
u vK UOH uL _ oH UbM
WK_ .Wd UN WU r ,WK WO WU
WUF d_ w Wb c w p vK WFzUA
rOIF h ULO U .qM bb UM rOIF
v u YO ,UbI dI U rO ,UM
.uI UOUL UUE X dOGB d_
fHM WOU WB UUO iF U
UN U U iF w ,UFL w Wd
_ F dC dFA r U iF .dLU
iF q "WOFO" d_ pK Q dF UNU
uF UM uJ UbM v .WOU UMI UUN
eU uFA V UNM `BH ,F v WUU
e dI bI ,UNM sK b ,d
sJL t rNCF UI q ,F Vu WU
112

WOL_ WGU UO_ s .u bF v_ uNA w

UO WOKL luD WUML qzUd u UL{
qOBH sJL UL ,UOH UUO UI WKOu
r .UC _ UUO VU qzUd iF
s Wb c w UeL UIdL Q
UOUJ dF V sJ UN UOKL sd
WLNL Vu s UN Ub rbI WUL
.bb qHD W WOU WB ZUd w
fO t ,bMN w wuU UN s rdU
QK YO ,bMN uM w U u UL ,ULz UM
UOKL d Wb dO UN v dOIH UM
w WU WOUO dO VOU bU UN
UGB _ iF UL .WOHd oUML
qL dOQ Wb qL lM qzU ub
bb ZUd sJL ,qL q sO dH WU pc
UIdL nB .pc WUML VOU_ dOu s
UdD{ sd Wb c w UdI UeL
Wzd WJ WOKNL d WdNA b
vF sJ ,wM UB UM r_ WNdJ
bb ZUd bI V .FK jI sNHB
d uB du F qF UuKFL s dOJ
s .)bb U w sN_( dOGB UMK
WOLOKF Zd b bB c w UC VUML
b ,dO .sN UeL UOHK WOK
o UeL UOHK uJ V t v U
qUJ UM d s FK wF d U w
WOC XO c ,tO WUU dFA UbM sN
VKD UL ,UNK WOB WUd UN Wd
.WF WOUL Wd

oKF w pK Wb c w bA d XU
,dOQ uL X{U bI ,qL dOQ bF
_ UF U w sN UOH dN
d_ u ,WOUL Wd pK sOK v eK
qLK qzb .tF uUL _ vK U c
UIdL UNO UM WIDM w b WKOK dJL
sKLF sNOU rOKF s O{ UD UeL
U 11 Xb p s rdU .Xu q eMLU
XK bL Wb qL lM qzU Wb c w
.uM X v
WBK UOu UUd UOU WbMN WuJ cHM
WOB WUd UE s qHD W WOU
sLC ZUd cN uBIL .wU WO_
UUN dFL u U w WUd rbI
UULK WU v WU{U WOU UMI
s sOIdL q UbU sbOHL s bb
c oOD bB dUU W WuJ ,sOM
.dOOG
rOLB bOH WLO UuKF Wb c du
vK uC UI od s p ,bb Zd
WUd UE l zUF t qUF c uK_
UeL UIdL WB oKF ULO WOB
WUS oKF ULO U .sNF wF U XOu
w uKUF UD bI ,d qL q sO dH
ZdK dOJ uKFH WOB WUd U
UM ,Wb qL lM qzU b
qL lM vK WOFOD WU{d dOQ dOGB

113

:ldL
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.

16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.

International Institute for Population Sciences, 1995. National Family Health Survey (MCH and
Family planning) India 1992-1993. IIPS, Bombay.
Abraham L, Kumar KA, 1999. Sexual experiences and their correlates among college students in
Mumbai City, India. International Family Planning Perspectives 25(3):139-46.
Mutatkar RK, Apte H, 1999. Sexual behavior among adolescents in rural Western Maharashtra. AIDS
Research and review 2(2):89-94.
Jejeebhoy SJ, 1998. Adolescent sexual and reproductive behavior: a review of the evidence from
India. Social Science and Medicine 46(10):1275-90.
Santow G, 1995. Social roles and physical health: the case of female disadvantage in poor countries.
Social Science and Medicine 40(2):147-61.
Dyson T, Moore M, 1983. On kinship structure, female autonomy, and demographic behavior in India.
Population and Development Review 9(1):35-60.
Barnett B, 1998. Family planning use often a family decision. Network 18(4):10-14.
Singh MM, Devi R, Gupta SS, 1999. Awareness and health seeking behavior of rural adolescent school
girls on menstrual and reproductive health problems. Indian Journal of Medical science 53(10):439-43.
Basu AM, 1990. Cultural influences on health care use: two regional groups in India. Studies in Family
planning 21(5):275-86.
Murthy N, 1982. Reluctant patients: the women of India. World Health Forum 3(3):315-16.
Bandopadhyay M, MacPherson S, 1998. Women and Health: Tradition and Culture in Rural India.
Ashgate Publishing co, Vermont, USA.
Vissandjee B, Barlow R, Fraser DW, 1997. Utilization of health services among rural women in
Gujarat, India. Public Health 111(3):135-48.
Improving womens Health in India. World Bank, Washington DC, 1996.
Leslie J, Gupta GR, 1989. Utilization of Formal Services for Maternal Nutrition and Health Care.
International Center for Research on women, Washington DC.
Evans C, Lambert H, 1995. An ethnographic study of sexual health and related health-seeking behavior
among commercial sex workers and poor women in northern Calcutta slum. London School of Hygiene
and Tropical Medicine.
Antrobus P, Germain A, Nowojee S, 1994. Challenging the Culture of Silence: Building Alliances to
End Reproductive Tract Infections. International Womens Health Coalition, New York.
Dixon-Mueller R, Wasserheit J, 1991. The Culture of Silence: Reproductive Tract Infections among
women in the Third World. International Womens Health Coalition, New York.
Prakash A, Swain S, Negi KS, 1994. Who decides? Indian Pediatrics 31(8):978-80.
Singh K, Bloom S, Ong Tsui A, 1998. Husbands reproductive health knowledge, attitudes, and
behaviour in Uttar Pradesh, India. Studies in family planning 29(4): 388-99.
Sharma V, Sharma A, 1993. The status of women, fertility and family planning among tribals of South
Rajasthan. Journal of Family Welfare 39(4):20-25.
Barua A, Kurz K, Health seeking by married adolescent girls during pregnancy, childbirth and postpartum period. (forthcoming)
International Institute for Population Sciences, 2000. National Family Health Survey (NFHS-2) India
1998-99. IIPS/ORC Macro International, Bombay Calverton, MD, USA.
International Institute for Population Sciences, 2000. Reproductive and Child Health Project, Rapid
Household Survey, India 1998-99. IIPS, Mumbai.
Padmadas SSP, 2000. Intergenerational Transmission of Health. Thela Thesis, Amsterdam.
Varkey P, Balakrishna PP, Prasad JH et al, 2000. The reality of unsafe abortion in a rural community
in South India. Reproductive Health Matters 8(16):83-91.

114

115

W
vUL uMU UN uUL v WdA WUML hI dOH WU UL
UNM UM sO WFHd b/WdA WUML hI dOH WU v dOA v W_ r be
v UOU d W nAJ .Uu UNO dAM v dB uM UOId bK rEF v Ud sO
uM dLF V eUL `d .t WKLL U_ Uu s VU c WFO ,uULe bUJOU
s d b UB ULMO .e bF WdA WUML hI dO bF uUB sdOJ vUL
WO bFU UB UM s d b S ,e U U WOM UF WO bFU Ud
v ,p l .Ue s d WOM rNd ,UM d uuJ U sc ,_ l vM UB
.UA s UN UB s UF{ W bFU sB vz UUA WM ,U v s qU c bF
UU S d VU s .Ud s dOH WUI v UOuuO nF{ UM u U
Od d_ V
b/ WdA WUML hI dOH WU ,UOuuO ,W{d d dH qF fM od s qIM v
WU s u dH sOUF U U UM UL ,)UM d_( Ud s rNzUd UUA sO d dAM
v d _ b F W U B L d v K u B K v F q u d H d Q s ,
uN v ULU VFK vM UL bIFO ,p l .WOM WULL od s qIM
.UA UUA sO Uu
Gregson S, Nyamukapa, Milo M, 2000. Are women or men more affected by HIV in Southern Africa? Insights
from studies in rural Zimbabwe. SAFAIDS News 8(4): 2-7.

**************************************************************************************************

v WdA WUML hI dO/ fM WUL od s qIM v d_ s WUu

UOd
UOd v WdA WUML hI dO/ fM WUL od s qIM v d_ l{u rOOI dN
:u
.WUF WB Zd vM uKU oKF ULO ,vUL lu dI UM W sO iUM >
.UNM UF dOF WOM UULL sO iUM >
.Ub v lu q s UNdO UOd v bF uG{ >
vK lHdL VKD vK vI vUL uMK UI WU d UL WOM dOUFL >
.fM U
.UF d qOJA v qzUu rN >
,uc tu v WMU bIF U vK ,vLEF WOUG vK uD u UJ vK UL >
hI dO / WOM WULL od s qIM v d_ dU gOLN tM ZM UL ,sb ,WOuI
.WdA WUML
.fM U v sOKUF UM Ud sO deU WU W UH >
:v_ qb bN WOU UOu XF{ b
. qzU ULd UC rNO sL ,d U dI UM v l )1
.dOUL v l )2
116

.fM v sOKUFK WMU qb duD UUO rOOI )3

v d_ / WdA WUML hI dO l qUF vK vD qI v sOKUF Vb )4
.WOM WULL od s qIM
1.qUFL d v UNM bQ u Wd )5
1.

Aral SO and Fransen L, 1995. STD/HIV prevention in Turkey: planning a sequence of interventions.
AIDS. 7(6):544-53

**************************************************************************************************

fM rOKF v dF vUL uM d
v W d C W u U b L b S s O I U W K D s 2 0 f M v b s 1 0 l U I X d
d rNKF fM rOKF s WKD d b .vU qJA u b v ,bL Uu UL
u b .UUL d qL lM qzU b v UUE d ,WOM qzUL v Ud c
od s qIM v d_ s dO WdA WUML hI dO V fM WUL s d uA
,vb qBH U .rUQ d W vK rNH v d WI vK u rN UL ,WOM WULL
.tLO fM UUC s ub tO uFOD c bOu s UJL ,U s bbF v
dDO UOH UOH dF bI .sOM s WDKL uBH UOH UOH s bbF m r
.qBH v UOH l WU Wd vK uuJ uFOD s rN dFA uUJ UOH U .UAUML vK
uJ sNKOCH s UUA Xd .WKCHL v b fM vK dBIL UuLL s d b
dF dN pc .uLM u uJO q bL rNUO s UA d UL ,UNO uIO bO WbL
iF dF UL .rNM d tU dFA Ub uKCH rN :WKDK WMU dR WOUL WID
.WOdF dH V UO bF sObL
qL bF s ,d_ s pH r .u s" :v uBH c s UA Udc WU d
b vK dDO ,pH vL ,Ud v vI " : WUd XUJ UUAK WMU U ".pUF ZzU
v WLNL qzUd b ,U U ,u b vK ,ubL WKD d ".WOM u vK
.WF v sNzUd s d_ s u vM UAM v sNFb uGC sUI V UM
Ud ,UL qO vK ,bF lU qL dL qd sO WFU WIKFL qzUd XU U
vMF "Ud r Ud" d UL .WUL VM rNMJL U ,nuL uKG ucJ u
WLzUI _ fdJ -bL dO s- r cJ .vM UAM vK U b sLI UOH vK
1.uBH pK v vUL uM vK
1.

Goldfarb ES, 1995. Gender and race in the sexuality education classroom. SIECUS Report. 24(1):
2-6.

117

UuD
WO UFLL v WOM uA UM
2000 UUJK UMO :dd
UUCI rN ,UOd v 1993 WM XQ v ,"UM uI q s U" WuL s UJ c b
UL v UMK WOU uI UUN ,Wb sN WOM uAU WIKFL UM
UOH dU UU UDOA UOLU UU d s WF WHzU UJ c lL .WKB
.WO UFLL v UMK WOM uA Vu UNO sHAJ ,bK nK s dOUJUJ UUM
WcF :V Wd WFL :WOM UUO WOM uA :e W v UJ r b
vM d :UM sO WOM uA V WOJOd :UMK WOM uA vK dDO e
.WuM UOOd WuM UUL :vM G UB
Women for Womens Human Rights (Kadinin Insan Haklari Projesi)
Inonu Cad. Saader Apt. 37/6
Gumussuyu 80090
Istanbul, Turkey
Fax: 90-212-251-0065
E-mail: [email protected] <mailto:[email protected]>

:b du

**************************************************************************************************

dUM ( :)bO( dL b{ eOOL UG WOUH WM v bI dze s uL ddI

)1999
sAF v UM WLEM l UFU ,UMK WOU uIK WOb WOuUI WuLL ddI b
dze v UM UNNu v WuL UIF vK uC ddI c vIK .WO sOuI q v
UbbN ,WOL ,WHOMF WOMb WOu_ uF" :q ,WOU sNuI WUL eOOL UG sNUC v
Wb qF ,UM vK UNUL UNOuub WOu_ Wd uF aU ddI dF ."dLL
v" : WMK ddI UOu ub .UL vK UM uB vK p dOQ ,WOu_ u UNU
v ,]dL b{ eOOL UJ q UG WOUH ,WOUH vK UNUEH V eU UNUD Wb Y
v UMK WM U - Wd_ UO v WU - U bR UL b vK WOdA vHC v UEH
sL ,wu_ nMF UU{ uB ULC WKU uD c " ," UNM dG WOUH b pNM
p v UL ,WUM WOUL Ub vK ,vM UF sFC UB s{dF vz UM rNO
.sNuO UM U sNH_ sNd UF s sNMOJL ,WOHM UA UN Ub
:b du

Women Living Under Muslim Laws

B.P. 20023
34791 Grabels Cedex (Montpellier), France
E-mail: [email protected]

118

1999 du WOU WOM WB v bI :dUI b WU

UdAL WOMu Zd nB .rUF U lOL v WB Zd vDD dI UMB vKL bB
vK uC vIK UL .1994 WM WOLM UJK vb dLRL s UB qLF ZUd cOHM WIKFL
U v qU tu U WKUL UIF UHL b ,WU dH ,WUM UOOd
WOzu oUML d WUF WBK bM Wb l UFU tF{ r .WOU WOM WOB WUd
.UJMOU bNF
Family Care International
588 Broadway, Suite 503
New York, NY 10012, USA
Fax: 212-941-5563
E-mail: [email protected] <mailto:[email protected]>
Website: www.familycareintl.org <http://www.familycareintl.org>

:b du

**************************************************************************************************

WOLUF WB WLEML WOU WB WJ

,W_ vK WLzU UN uu UuKFLK d vK u v WOdJ WKL s _ bF u c
,du WJ s U U{
d 27 vK qLA .WOU WB Uu{u v WuC U s WUM
,UuuJd b WUF :UNM ,WOUM bKK WMU uAML UUO WOL vK UIOKF WuB
WOzcG LJL :ULU uuL oUML v qL UL s WUu ,UbOLJ O
WU{d ,u bF U ne ,qLK WUBL b jG{ UdD{ :qL UM vUL rb
.WOFOD
Technical Editor, Reproductive Health Library
Special Program on Human Reproduction
World Health Organization
1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland
Fax: 41-22-791-4171
E-mail: [email protected] <mailto:[email protected]>

:b du

**************************************************************************************************

UIdL W
.3 bF ,54 e , 1999 ,WOJd_ WOD WOzUM WOFL WK
v uI v U lOA hB u ."sOIdL W" WK l UFU U bF c b
WOU WB WU U v WOuUI UUCI u vK bF u .UUAK vB uLM rb
uFL Wu_ ,sOOJd_ - sOuO sOIdL b u vK WdL ZzUM ,W{Ud dOQ ,sOIdLK
U uI ,WB ,UH vH sO UIK UM nMF ,sOb ,UMK WOU WOM WB U
.UUG v UIdLU WU
American Medical Womens Association
801 North Fairfax St, Suite 400
Alexandria VA 22314, USA
E-mail (editorial office): [email protected] <mailto:[email protected]>

119

:b WU

b/WdA WUML hI dO WOM WB U v UA l qLF

ubOH WbOuJ UML UF_ rOKF VJ WOb W_ nB UB We
s WOM WuL .UNOK uB WOHO qOUH UNM bbF vK WK l ,UBL rzu Wb dAM
"UF UMb" WJ , U WO s WuDL c b .UA l b WUML WO WOKLF uL
1996 U
:b du

AHRTAG
29-35 Farringdon Road
London EC1M 3 JB, UK
US$ 10 or free to developing countries.

**************************************************************************************************

:WU uD U
.dOUJ UdOO v vUL uM WOM uA u sOIdL nOI
2000 ,sOd Ub

od s qIM v d_ ,b ,sOOM G nMF UN{dH v Ub u{ v

WOM uA rOKF bI V ,s dO UN ,t jDL dO qL ,nMF ,fM WUL
.UOuL uI WdF c d sOM sO UL l UNQ s v WUML rKF d UAK
UNO gOF v UUO nB UL ,dOUJ UdOO v UAK WNuL Zd WuDL c nB
WMU p UM r pc .WOM u_ rOKF Zd U{
dF bI q ,sOb v uIdL
.WUL d Wb vbIL
:b du

International Womens Health Coalition

24 East 21st Street
New York, NY 10010, USA
Fax: 1-212-979-9009
www.iwhc.org <http://www.iwhc.org> web
E-mail: [email protected] <mailto:[email protected]>

**************************************************************************************************

1996 - 1993 ,sOIdL U vK UH :`d Yb

dAL b .WOM u_ u bM v sOIdLK UuKF dOu dA u "`d Yb"
pc .,bL U q ,U_ sO qu VOU pc , qzU s UB vK
UA s v_ uM ddI c dF ."uLM" UUC u WdN bd dAL bB
.dAL
:b du

Straight Talk
PO Box 9815
Kampala, Uganda
Fax: 256 41 235 209

120

:WU uD U
.dOUJ UdOO v vUL uM WOM uA u sOIdL nOI
2000 ,sOd Ub
od s qIM v d_ ,b ,sOOM G nMF UN{dH v Ub u{ v
WOM uA rOKF bI V ,s dO UN ,t jDL dO qL ,nMF ,fM WUL
.UOuL uI WdF c d sOM sO UL l UNQ s v WUML rKF d UAK
UNO gOF v UUO nB UL ,dOUJ UdOO v UAK WNuL Zd WuDL c nB
WMU p UM r pc .WOM u_ rOKF Zd U{
dF bI q ,sOb v uIdL
.WUL d Wb vbIL
:b du

International Womens Health Coalition

24 East 21st Street
New York, NY 10010, USA
Fax: 1-212-979-9009
www.iwhc.org <http://www.iwhc.org> web
E-mail: [email protected] <mailto:[email protected]>

**************************************************************************************************

UAU UAK :eO

1997 ,)dd( UUO v sJd v
,WDDL WbuK vb U lU UAK UA fKL s b dL WKL c b
bL b .UNOK WU ,UF fM V s rUF u UA UNdD v WK_ U q s
v )WM 20 UL_ ju ,UOH s qOKI WzULU 60 s q( UA s 689 vK Xd W vK
.1997 "UO" WK v Wb ZzU dA b .)WOU WzULU 88( W 54
:b du

IPPF
Regents College, Regents Park
London NW14NS, UK

121

Editor
Marge Berer
Editorial Office
Rosa Tunberg
Finance
Paula Hajnal-Konyi
Editorial Advisory Board
Rashidah Abdullah
Carla AbouZahr
Regina Maria Barbosa
Toni Belfield
Mabel Bianco
Cordia Chu
Rebecca Cook
Jane Cottingham
Christopher J Elias
Mahmoud F Fathalla
Claudia Garcia Moreno
Rosa N Geldestein
Adrienne Germain
Asha George
Judith Helzner
Margaret Hempel
Frances Kissling
Barbara Klugman
Marta Lamas
Ana Langer
Sophie LeCoeur
Deborah P Maine
Philippe Msellati
Jo Murphy-Lawless
Judy Norsigian
Fredrick Nunes
Nandini Oomman
Nuriye Ortayli
Mala Ramanathan
Silvina Ramos
Susanna Rance
TK Sundari Ravindran
Sunanda Ray
Aida Seif El Dawla
Michael Lim Tan
Nahid Toubia
Paul Van Look
Sylvia Wachuku-King

Trustees
Frescia Carrasco
Amparo Claro
Angela Davies
Jocelyn DeJong
Bene Madunagu
Rosalind Petchesky
Juliet Richters

General Information:
Reproductive Health Matters
444 Highgate Studios
53/79 Highgate Road
London, NW5 1 TL, UK
Tel: +44-20-7267-6567
Fax: +44-20-7267-2551
E-mail: [email protected]
RHM Website: www.rhmjournal.org.uk
Submission of papers and all other editorial
correspondence:
E-mail:[email protected]
Subscriptions, single copies & ordering
information:Elsevier:
www.elsevier.com/locate/rhm

122

Papers in this issue are from:

Reproductive Health Matters
Number 6 November 2003
Reproductive Health Matters 2003
Translation:

Amira El Nady

Osama Mostafa

Shohrat El Alem

Naglaa taher

Soher Soliman
Cover Design:
Spider Web
Cover Photo:
Maggie Murray/ Format
Other Photos:
From RHM. Different Issues

The RHM journal is indexed in:

Contemporary Womens Issues, Cumulative
Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature,Current
Awareness in Biomedicine, Current Contents, Excerpta
Medica (EMBASE), Feminist Periodicals, Health
Promotion Information, International Bibliography of
the Social Sciences, Kinsey Institute for Research in
Sex and Reproduction (website only), List of Free
Materials In Reproductive Health, Medline/Index
Medicus, Ohio Database of
Womens Studies, Popline, Public Affairs
Information Service (PAIS), PubMed, Research
Alert, Science Direct, Social and Behavioural
Sciences, Social Sciences Citation Index, Sociofile,
Sociological Abstracts, SOPODA, and Studies on
Women Abstracts.
Available in print and on the web at:
Elsevier Sciences Womens and Reproductive Health
Resources Online at:
www.rhm-elsevier.com

RHM is a registered charity whose work is

supported by grants in 2003 from:
Ford Foundation (USA), John D and
Catherine T MacArthur Foundation (USA),
Netherlands Ministry of Foreign Affairs,
Department for International Development
(UK) and Rockefeller Foundation
(Southeast Asia).

Information about all of RHMs publications,

subscriptions and orders for back issues,
author/submission guidelines and RHM web features
can be found at:
www.rhmjournal.org.uk

Arabic edition published by:

NWRC (Center for research & studies)
90 D, Ahmed Aurabi St.Mohandessen

Cairo Egypt
Tel : 3455319 Fax: 3048085
Email:[email protected]
123

lU bF
2004 dLu

sOIdLK WOM WOB

 ,fMU d_ oKF UbM T q v XO sOM sO UL s rdU

uEM s q_ vK ,qd UO dO_ sB ,bb Vu s dF fM
,q_ vK UMK WMU ,fM WM b s UL .UL ed v UM lC
.vM nMF UM d vH UbM WBU WKB oO tKF u vK

v WuHD s WOUL WOuB WOU u WKd UNQ WIdL eOL

rdU .UOH UOM UOuuO eOL dLF s WKd UNu v WU{U ,uK
,dH c UM UNH WO Wb dOGU dL rUF v UA lOL s
WOUL UdL iF uN v R v dOG c UN dH v WIdD
s dUF v U UUO ,L .d lL s dO qJA UH WOuUI
Uc nK ,UNUd Uu uI WOzb WKdLU Wb v WLEM ,UdL
.UJ UOR qL UNu Uu WO d uF UNM q v U UUO s
.)WOUL_ WuFL WO - 1997(

,WOdILb v UMI lC s ,WOU WOM sOIdL uI s UMU v

)UMJL U ( rU bK v uB s .b )WMuL( WOUL WUAL
udL dO qLK ,dI d_ p v UL ,UUA UA WOU tO dF
.. UG ,vM c ,b UOM WuIML d_ , UN ,tO
.UOU lu t qH UL ,a

,WB U w sOKUF s rdO U_ Vb WOu VD wLKF oU vK lI

rNUFL w WOU WOM WB l{ sO WuKDL Wdu UHJ vK
dO b v b WOU WOM WB WU u e ,p l .WOKL

C ,WB U w sOOMNL s rdO U_ v WbIL WOb ZUML w

WOMNL WOLM Zd dLL wD rOKF w UC
bL Uu s